Difference between revisions of "Alan Kay SCIx Keynote Presentation (2012)"

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<subtitle id="0:0:1">good evening</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:0:4"> I'm Chris Johnson I derived the scientific</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:0:7"> computing and Imaging Institute here at the University of Utah better</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:0:10"> known as the ski Institute and I</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:0:13"> want to welcome you to our second ski X open</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:0:16"> house and to the to our keynote presentation</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:0:19"> this room welcome especially</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:0:22"> for people who are from outside of Salt Lake City</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:0:25"> of Utah who have come here from all over the world</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:0:28"> as part of this info conference</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:0:31"> and welcome also the people from</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:0:34"> Utah so it's my great pleasure to introduce Alan</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:0:37"> Kay and one of our University of Utah alumnus</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:0:40"> and he is one</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:0:43"> of the true innovators in computing we</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:0:46"> were just talking just now about there were</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:0:49"> fables about his dissertation when he was here as a graduate</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:0:52"> student and I was getting</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:0:55">some clarification on what really happened so he was one</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:0:58"> of David Evans PhD students and</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:1:1"> David Evans view was that you</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:1:4"> you needed to do first-class research in</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:1:7"> order to to prove yourself and get your union</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:1:10"> card and move on to do interesting research and</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:1:13"> Alan was doing a lot of</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:1:16"> interesting research and if you look at his dissertation it</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:1:19"> includes hardware design a software design</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:1:22"> network design user interface design</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:1:25"> and as some of the elements from which he</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:1:28"> was able to move on and do some fundamental research</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:1:31"> in object-oriented programming and hardware</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:1:34"> design and interface design with the Dynabook</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:1:37"> with with computer</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:1:40"> engineer manufacturing with</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:1:43"> many many things that that he</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:1:46">worked on since he left the University</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:1:49"> of Utah so along the way he was at Xerox</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:1:52"> PARC for about ten years after</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:1:55"> that he became a Tori's chief scientist for</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:1:58"> three years some of you may know that Nolan</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:2:1"> Bushnell was here just last week and</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:2:4"> so we were able to hear about some of the</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:2:7"> times that's at Atari from Nolan about</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:2:10"> ten years ago he founded</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:2:13"> a nonprofit organization called viewpoints Research</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:2:16"> Institute in which he's continuing</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:2:19"> his work on cognition and learning and</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:2:22"> programming or with children</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:2:25"> Allen has received a number</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:2:28"> of awards and maybe I should just note the</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:2:31"> 2003 Turing Award for</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:2:34"> his work in object-oriented programming and the</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:2:37"> creation of the Dynamo so please</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:2:40"> join me in welcoming Alan Kay thank</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:2:52">so the aim of this talk is to</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:2:55"> give you a sense of</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:2:58"> what the research community</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:3:1"> was like from</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:3:4"> whence all of the stuff we today we have</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:3:7"> came from this was</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:3:10"> suggested by Chris based on a a an</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:3:13"> essay I did in</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:3:16"> as a tribute to the community when several of</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:3:19"> us won the Draper prize and we</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:3:22"> all felt that somehow the community</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:3:25"> should be getting these awards and I'll try and give</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:3:28"> you a sense of that because Utah salt University</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:3:31"> of Utah was part of that committee in</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:3:34"> one of the Thornton Wilder</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:3:37"> plays he has an old</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:3:40"> fortune teller one</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:3:43">mechanical fortune tellers and she says I tell</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:3:46"> the future it's easy but telling the past is</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:3:49"> really hard and the reason is is the</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:3:52"> past is so detailed and</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:3:55"> a lot of the details actually are important</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:3:58"> another part of it as all</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:4:1"> of us discovered when we</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:4:4"> were asked to write histories some 20</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:4:7"> 25 years ago is that</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:4:10"> many things that</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:4:13"> many pathways are taken</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:4:16"> are taken not just</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:4:19"> because some idea beckons but</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:4:22"> also because one has been disgusted</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:4:25"> by work</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:4:28"> one season round and for instance IBM</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:4:31"> back in those days was a constant source</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:4:34"> of inspiration to do better and</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:4:37"> this makes</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:4:40"> telling an honest history</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:4:43"> almost impossible because you can</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:4:46"> praise somebody in a sentence so-and-so</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:4:49"> was great and we got some ideas from them but</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:4:52"> when you do the opposite</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:4:55"> of praising somebody was saying this work was so bad</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:4:58"> that we decided to do this you can't just</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:5:1"> do it in a sentence it's not fair you have to</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:5:4"> explain why and so the histories we all</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:5:7"> wound up writing emitted many</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:5:10"> of the main motivations for some</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:5:13"> of the the things that we did but so</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:5:16"> first I'll give you a little outline of</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:5:19"> how this worked some of the people here</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:5:22"> I think are old enough to have been alive</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:5:25"> when when this stuff started and</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:5:28"> this slogan goes</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:5:31"> back to the world</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:5:34">two radar effort at MIT</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:5:37"> building 20 radiate</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:5:40"> radiation lab and many</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:5:43"> people don't realize that radar was actually</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:5:46"> the technology that won World War two force</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:5:49"> because we're in Dane danger of going</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:5:52"> under from German u-boats the</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:5:55"> British had invented more</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:5:58"> radar than we had people were fooling around with</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:6:1"> it and for</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:6:4"> a variety of reasons they did not have the resources to develop</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:6:7"> it so they came over not</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:6:10"> just with the ideas but with</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:6:13"> the fundamental technology that made radar packed</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:6:16"> practical which is a device called a cavity</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:6:19"> magnetron yeah and gave</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:6:22"> it to MIT</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:6:25"> and if you</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:6:28"> think about world war ii remember December 7th 1941</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:6:31"> was in December so</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:6:34"> 41 had already happened so it was 42</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:6:37"> 43 44 and a half of 45 so world</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:6:40"> war ii was a big deal but it was only</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:6:43"> three and a half years compared to what we're used to</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:6:46"> today of things that go on for a long time</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:6:49"> and this group of</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:6:52"> people in building 20 turned out</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:6:55"> more than 150 different radar</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:6:58"> systems invented</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:7:1"> engineer packaged</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:7:4"> and had them built by the route 128</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:7:7"> companies around Boston and installed on every</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:7:10"> kind of ground installation</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:7:13"> seagoing and air going vehicle so</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:7:16"> it's one of the most amazing bursts of</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:7:19"> combining science and engineering</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:7:22"> done in a short time to</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:7:25"> make things that actually actually working</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:7:28"> were effective and another</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:7:31"> somewhat similar effort was at</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:7:34"> Los Alamos working on the</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:7:37"> atomic bomb all of the atomic bomb</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:7:40"> was not nearly as critical to ending</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:7:43"> the war as as radar was so</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:7:46"> part of the</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:7:49"> both of these groups were funded</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:7:52"> by President Roosevelt's science</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:7:55"> advisor Vannevar</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:7:58"> Bush and Bush had been an MIT</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:8:1"> engineering</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:8:4"> professor and had done some of the early analog computers</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:8:7"> and so you can think of this as kind of an old boys club it</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:8:10"> really was and these are pretty</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:8:13"> good old boys</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:8:16">they're basically gentlemen</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:8:19"> and then right after World War two</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:8:22">Cold War and one of the big efforts there was</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:8:25"> to try and deal with threats of</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:8:28"> Russian bombers</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:8:31"> and so this incredible system called semi-automated</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:8:34"> ground environment was made those</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:8:37"> are displays that those people are peering</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:8:40"> into the air and enormous computers</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:8:43"> were built</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:8:46"> and they were built by many of the same</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:8:49"> people some of whom</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:8:52"> worked on the radar were now sort of in more of an administrative</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:8:55"> fast for instance Jerome</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:8:58"> Wiesner was an undergraduate at</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:9:1"> MIT during World War two and</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:9:4"> later was a head of the department</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:9:7"> of engineering then later became president MIT</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:9:10"> and then later President Kennedy's science</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:9:13"> advisor so these</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:9:16"> these things go on and on meanwhile</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:9:19"> Bush at</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:9:22"> during the 50s created</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:9:25"> NSF in order to deal</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:9:28"> with a little bit more</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:9:31"> look ahead than we had in World War two and</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:9:34"> in the 60s</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:9:37"> ARPA</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:9:40">actually in the late 50s ARPA was created</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:9:43"> because of Sputnik to do something about</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:9:46"> what was perceived as a great threat and I'll</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:9:49"> tell you a little bit about one division of it that</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:9:52">created in the early 60s called the information processing</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:9:55"> techniques office from which</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:9:58"> it's not an exaggeration to say most of the technology</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:10:1"> we have today got its initial funding</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:10:4"> MIT was the first recipient</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:10:7"> Carnegie Mellon and in</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:10:10"> 1965 the University of Utah so they're</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:10:13">about 15 places two-thirds of them universities</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:10:16"> and about a third militarily</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:10:19"> defense related companies like mitre RAND</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:10:22"> Corporation systems Development</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:10:25"> Corporation in and so forth and</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:10:28"> these places created</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:10:31"> an enormous number of inventions and</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:10:34"> part of the inventions they created were</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:10:37"> PhDs over the six</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:10:40"> years or so this was operating and those PhDs went</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:10:43"> in the 70s to Xerox PARC and did</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:10:46"> personal computing as we know it today so</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:10:49"> this is kind of a oversimplified capsule</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:10:52"> summary but it's basically this</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:10:55"> idea of making progress is more important than anything</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:10:58">something that was carried through in each one of these generations</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:11:1"> it was the secret to</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:11:4"> making this work because of course being</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:11:7"> humans and anybody who's ever spent</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:11:10"> any time around a university and gone to faculty</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:11:13">too well how easy it is</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:11:16"> for people who have</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:11:19"> gotten awarded for being rational to</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:11:22"> be irrational in a meeting and</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:11:25"> so and of course there were rivalries</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:11:28">and everything else and the thing they decided in</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:11:31"> the rad lab was they didn't have time for any</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:11:34"> of that so somebody</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:11:37"> nobody knows who came up with this ideas hey well we're</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:11:40">is the only thing we're interested in forget about everything</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:11:43"> else that is all we're going to work</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:11:46"> on that gap passed into the 50s that got passed into the 60s</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:11:49"> that's what I learned when I came here into the ARPA</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:11:52"> projects here and that was what was</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:11:55"> carried into park and the thing that none</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:11:58"> of the histories of</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:12:1"> these efforts</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:12:4"> has really gotten clear enough</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:12:7"> I believe is why why</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:12:10"> did they work it was because the amount</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:12:13"> of cooperation that actually happened</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:12:16"> would be remarkable I think to almost anybody</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:12:19"> today it's just hard</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:12:22"> to believe just</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:12:25"> how open how</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:12:28"> everything was shared and it was just part of the part</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:12:31"> of the deal and so</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:12:34"> the</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:12:37"> when you have cooperation amongst really smart people</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:12:40"> then you get synergy that</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:12:43"> is out of this world you can</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:12:46"> get 185</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:12:49"> different radar systems in a couple of years you</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:12:52"> can get nuclear</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:12:55"> fission in a couple of years you</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:12:58"> can get enormous</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:13:1"> computers the size of football</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:13:4"> fields running on vacuum tubes that never crashed</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:13:7"> in a couple of years it's</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:13:10"> just unimaginable and of course I can't tell you</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:13:13"> about all of it but I'm just trying to get you into</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:13:16"> this era where</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:13:19"> the we basically</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:13:22"> live in an era today where the components are</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:13:25"> really reliable and the people are less so and</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:13:28"> back then it was exactly</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:13:31"> the opposite the components are like the worst things</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:13:34"> you ever if anybody here old enough to do vacuum tubes</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:13:37"> and the 50s 60s yeah</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:13:40"> so it</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:13:43"> was just incredible</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:13:46"> doing that but because everybody</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:13:49">cooperated in a way that is very difficult to explain</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:13:52"> wonderful things happen so here's</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:13:55"> the first exhibit here and</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:13:58"> I'll direct your attention to where</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:14:1"> it says second floor there</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:14:4"> and it says computer a and computer B</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:14:7"> and computer</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:14:10"> a is the size of a football field and</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:14:13"> so is computer B</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:14:16"> so that second floor is the size of two</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:14:19"> football fields so it's about two acres of</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:14:22"> vacuum tube computer</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:14:25"> down below is all of the power and</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:14:28"> stuff for it up top</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:14:31"> so when I when I visited one of these in</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:14:34"> the I guess</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:14:37"> in the late 60s at Systems Development Corp</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:14:40"> they took me into a room that was bigger</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:14:43"> than this but it's like a typical</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:14:46"> glass house mainframe machine room and</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:14:49"> lots of noise and raised floor and all that</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:14:52">hey said well what are you thinking I said well I</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:14:55"> thought it was somehow I thought it was larger than this they</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:14:58">said well you don't understand this is just the console</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:15:1">and</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:15:4"> it went over this is just like out of a James Bond movie they</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:15:7"> went over and pulled these drapes and down</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:15:10"> and we were up on the third</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:15:13"> floor there and you could look down onto</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:15:16"> these double football fields of the</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:15:19"> twin Q 32 s there</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:15:22"> and there are wonderful stories</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:15:25"> about this machine I'll just tell a couple</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:15:28"> first first interesting</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:15:31"> one is the last one of these</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:15:34"> did not go out of commission until the</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:15:37"> early 80s and</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:15:40"> so some of you might be wondering well</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:15:43">where did they get all these vacuum tubes from</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:15:46"> somebody</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:15:49"> knows to tell us yes</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:15:52"> isn't this great yes</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:15:55"> as these systems went on and on</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:15:58"> we we ceased making jet vacuum tubes</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:16:1">Japanese he's making vacuum the Russians are still making vacuum</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:16:4"> tubes so we started buying vacuum tubes from</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:16:7"> them in order to put into these this</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:16:10"> defense system against them</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:16:13">Kemp</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:16:16"> can't beat it the other interesting thing</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:16:19"> was that because they didn't want</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:16:22"> the thing to crash they</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:16:25"> did several things one is they had two computers running the same computations</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:16:28"> and checking them so they had a kind of a corpus</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:16:31"> callosum between them but</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:16:34"> they also the part of</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:16:37"> this huge room that was just the console where</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:16:40"> other computers whose job it was to do Diagnostics</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:16:43"> on the big computers while they were running and whenever</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:16:46"> they detected an instruction failing they would patch</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:16:49"> in a subroutine that emulated that</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:16:52"> instruction that was made up from the instructions that were still</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:16:55"> working so one of these babies</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:16:58"> started crashing it took like five or six</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:17:1"> days we just get slower and slower</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:17:4"> and pretty soon it was almost all software patched</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:17:7">in there's maybe two or three instructions and they</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:17:10"> always were able to fix these machines before they completely</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:17:13"> went went down in spite of the fact that</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:17:16"> they would be having back in tubes going</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:17:19"> out every few minutes on these</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:17:22"> and you could see that display screens</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:17:25"> that they had</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:17:28">on them and that thing the guy is holding there as a light gun</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:17:31"> so the way</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:17:34"> graphics was done in those days the</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:17:37"> segments there actually plotted points</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:17:40"> were plotted in sequence and</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:17:43">could register when it saw one in the computer knew</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:17:46"> when it drew that point and what it belonged to and would cause an interrupt</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:17:49"> and so forth okay so that's from</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:17:52"> the 50s so here's another thing from</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:17:55"> the 50s this is John McCarthy as he looked</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:17:58"> back then and John took one look at</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:18:1"> these sage consoles and said well everybody's gonna have one of those in their</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:18:4"> house before long and so</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:18:7"> his idea was because we've already got</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:18:10"> elected electricity</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:18:13"> utilities we've got water utilities</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:18:16"> we've got gas utilities why not an information utility</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:18:19">what they call it back then so this is a cloud idea</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:18:22"> the first time around and</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:18:25">he started thinking about that so he wrote this memo</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:18:28"> in the late 50s to the</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:18:31"> provost at MIT</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:18:34"> trying to get him interested</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:18:37"> in paying for</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:18:40"> doing a time-sharing operating system for</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:18:43">new computer they were going to get from from IBM and</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:18:46"> one of the things he says in it suppose that the programmer has</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:18:49">keyboard the computer then he can try his program interrogate</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:18:52"> individual individual pieces of data or program to</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:18:55">find an error and make a change in the source language and try again</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:18:58">ability to check out a program immediately after</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:19:1"> writing at save still more time and so on now</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:19:4"> actually if this were a history lesson about</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:19:7"> back then instead</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:19:10"> of about Utah I would show two other</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:19:13"> pieces of writing that John did</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:19:16"> in the 50s also one of them called</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:19:19"> for an artificially intelligent agent</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:19:22"> to serve you through</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:19:25"> the terminal and the other one called</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:19:28"> for the invention of a programming language now</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:19:31"> called Lisp in order to program</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:19:34">artificial intelligent agent and John by the way was the guy</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:19:37"> who made up the term artificial intelligence but</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:19:40"> it came actually from thinking about what</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:19:43">future this guy was</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:19:46"> smart and even a few years before</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:19:49"> that here's Dave Evans and Harry husky</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:19:52"> dave was a an executive</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:19:55"> at Bendix and at</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:19:58"> various times on this project he was a</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:20:1"> staff engineer and I</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:20:4">wound up actually running this project but</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:20:7"> this quite a few of these but I</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:20:10">would call this a personal computer wouldn't you</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:20:13"> quite a few of these G 15s</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:20:16"> were hairy husky by</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:20:19"> the way he had worked with touring on the pilot ace in England</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:20:22"> and later went to Berkeley with with</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:20:25"> Dave Evans so not only had</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:20:28"> these acres size machines we had people thinking about</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:20:31">what does it mean to have your own machine</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:20:34"> okay I'm gonna pick the Year</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:20:37"> 62 here now we're in the 60s for a variety</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:20:40"> of reasons first it's 50 years ago this year</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:20:43"> that's a nice round number second it's</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:20:46"> when I started programming my first programming</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:20:49"> for money was on this machine the IBM</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:20:52"> 1401 maybe some 1401</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:20:55">programmers here it was a bit of an odd machine to</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:20:58"> put it put it mildly but in many ways it</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:21:1"> was completely utilitarian in</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:21:4"> the purposes that IBM had</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:21:7"> put it out which was to replace</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:21:10"> without doing any psychological</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:21:13"> damage to anybody these enormous</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:21:16"> punch-card accounting machine floors</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:21:19"> that's what it was for so</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:21:22">wrote programs to do what the FAK you work from the actual flow</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:21:25"> charts back then I was in the air force</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:21:28"> doing this so</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:21:31"> you think computing is mundane today well it was</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:21:34"> mundane back then and that's because they're just a lot of money</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:21:37"> people in computing</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:21:40"> and partly</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:21:43"> because business is so Monday they</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:21:46"> never look into the future they always want to find out what happened</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:21:49"> in the past so they're constantly doing</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:21:52"> accounting instead of doing something like</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:21:55"> making probes into the future but</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:21:58"> oh well ok so that</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:22:1"> is our mundane slide however</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:22:4"> there's also the 50th birthday</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:22:7"> of what</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:22:10"> most of us think is the world's first real</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:22:13"> graphics system first</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:22:16"> real personal computing system and I've</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:22:19"> got a little movie here I hope you can see it looks</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:22:22"> a little dim but let's see</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:22:25"> so the reason it's twinkling</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:22:28"> like that is it's plotting individual points and</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:22:31"> to keep you from</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:22:34"> getting sick they would be randomized</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:22:37"> in memory so about half of</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:22:40"> this this is done on one of these acre-sized machines</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:22:43"> notice it has a clipping</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:22:46"> ability and</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:22:49"> if you notice it straightened up that</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:22:52">flange now it's going to straighten up these lines</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:22:55"> automatically for you now</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:22:58"> he's asking it to be collinear so</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:23:1">he draws these lines they're going to lay down right</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:23:4"> on top he's using</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:23:7"> those full lines he did as guidelines</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:23:10"> for these dashes now he's going to make the guidelines</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:23:13"> transparent he's got a hole</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:23:16"> in the flange</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:23:19"> sketchpad doesn't know anything about</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:23:22"> flanges or rivets</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:23:25">going to make a rivet to put it in the flange here and</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:23:28"> notice he can just sketch</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:23:31"> without trying too hard it's</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:23:34">going to use that as the center for that arc because he can point</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:23:37"> at things and tell sketchpad to solve a</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:23:40">make all those edges mutually perpendicular and there</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:23:43"> you see sketchpad solve that problem</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:23:46"> it's a nonlinear problem</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:23:49"> and can do many solutions</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:23:52"></subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:23:55"> and</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:23:58"> of course he could constrain it so</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:24:1"> that the</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:24:4"> edges are fractions</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:24:7"> of each other and so forth so sketchpad</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:24:10"> had three problem solvers could</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:24:13"> solve fairly complicated problems now here's another interesting thing this</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:24:16"> is an instance of that master</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:24:19"> rivet that he just drew you can</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:24:22"> see it can be rotated and scaled he's gonna</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:24:25"> lock it into the flange there</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:24:28"></subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:24:31"> little flick and</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:24:34"> now he's going to show us he could make some</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:24:37"> more instances of those rivets so</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:24:40"> this is the first object-oriented system that</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:24:43"> I know of he forgot to get</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:24:46">hese Crosse things so he goes to the Masters and makes</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:24:49"> them transparent and so the rivets feel</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:24:52"> that change</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:24:55"> and anything that he makes he can make into</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:24:58"> a</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:25:1"> into a master</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:25:4"> so he's made that into a master</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:25:7"> and now he's going</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:25:10"> to make instances of that thing he just drew</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:25:22">pretty cool huh so</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:25:25"> what sketchpad had</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:25:28"> here was real</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:25:31"> time interaction it had</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:25:34"> masters and objects which we</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:25:37"> call classes and objects it had this powerful</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:25:40"> problem-solver so</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:25:43"> it was programmed not in terms of</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:25:46"> procedural programs but in terms</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:25:49"> of what you wanted the results to be and</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:25:52"> it could do some fairly hard problems like this</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:25:55"> bridge a problem here</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:25:58">now the bridge is something we don't have a movie up because this</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:26:1"> acre-sized machine was so slow</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:26:4"> it would take the bridge about 30 seconds to</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:26:7"> solve and it was too slow to make a movie of so in</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:26:10"> honor of I would say ask Ivan</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:26:13"> by the way how could you this is Ivan's Ivan's</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:26:16"> PhD thesis I</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:26:19"> still think it's the greatest single</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:26:22"> PhD thesis done in computing and</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:26:25">I said huh Ivan how could you have possibly done</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:26:28"> the interactive graph he had to program the display</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:26:31">sakes it was just that's just an oscilloscope</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:26:34"> that's being used there how</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:26:37"> could you have done that the objects and</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:26:40"> the problem solvers all by yourself</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:26:43"> in one year and he said well I didn't know</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:26:46"> it was hard</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:26:49"> so in honor of the</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:26:52"> of this 50th birthday</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:26:55"> we actually have recreated</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:26:58"> sketchpad here so</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:27:1"> we have the twinkling here and</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:27:4"> I can turn on gravity</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:27:7"> and of course my my little Mac</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:27:10"> Pro here is thousands and thousands</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:27:13"> of times faster than the acre-sized machine back then</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:27:16"> so watch what happens to notice this</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:27:19"> little beam is saying</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:27:22"> it has zero stress and strain on it but if I if I</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:27:25"> drop it in here notice that not only does it change</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:27:28"> but the entire simulation feels</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:27:31"> it similarly I can do this here</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:27:34"> and</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:27:37"> sketchpad didn't know a darn thing about bridges</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:27:40"> which</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:27:43"> is part of its charm so and on some weights here</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:27:46"></subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:27:49"> and of course one of the</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:27:52"> things that this led to was the desire for nicer displays</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:27:55"> and we certainly did</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:27:58"> and of course if you think about the you know looking for the keys under</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:28:1"> the lamppost instead of in the inconvenient dark place you</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:28:4"> lost them when you're faced with something like</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:28:7"> sketchpad you could either make sketch</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:28:10"> pad better which means you're</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:28:13">operating in eivin's range or you could make the display better</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:28:16"> so virtually everybody in computing decide</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:28:19"> to make display is better so we have better looking</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:28:22"> display here's here</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:28:25"> it is a modern time we can do</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:28:28"> a few few more tricks here so for</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:28:31"> instance we can say thanks Ivan</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:28:43">words have weight</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:28:46"> and</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:28:49"> we did the we did the constraint</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:28:52"> solving a little bit differently but basically this whole</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:28:55"> bridge simulation just has three lines</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:28:58"> of code in it and here</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:29:1"> they are they're in the the</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:29:4"> bottom weight they're the top</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:29:7"> one here is Galilean</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:29:10"> gravity constant acceleration gravity this</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:29:13"> is the spring constant so one way two simple</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:29:16"> way to think about steel is that it</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:29:19"> is actually springy you've ever seen</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:29:22"> the Tacoma Narrows Bridge come down</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:29:25"> it's brought home right right away and so</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:29:28"> just putting a vector</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:29:31"> strain constant on every every</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:29:34"> line in here will do it and then this bottom guy is</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:29:37"> the pins that are holding the beams together so</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:29:40"> if I get rid of the top guy here</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:29:43"> gravity is turned off</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:29:46"> and this whole thing should settle down to zero</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:29:49"> because just being being drawn by the string</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:29:52"> forces okay so I turn it back on and</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:29:55"> now we have to think about what</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:29:58"> will happen if I undo the pins</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:30:10">okay this is just to make the</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:30:13"> point that what you see on the computer</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:30:16"> screen is just a costume what's interesting is</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:30:19"> what's down below and</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:30:22"> we generally don't get to see what's down below the costumes</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:30:25"> seem to have fixed purposes here and</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:30:28"> I'm gonna repurpose all of these beams</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:30:31"> into the user interface of the system I'm</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:30:34"> giving this this demo in</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:30:37">and</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:30:40"> I don't</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:30:43"> really like this steel look here a lot of Steve</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:30:46">so we could try a different color here that's</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:30:49"> to Microsoft like</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:30:55">and so this is this is actually the system I'm</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:30:58"> giving this talk in here's the sketchpad thing and</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:31:1"> it's Turing slide here I'll go back</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:31:4"> up to full screen here the stirring slide here is to remind</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:31:7"> me to to tell you</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:31:10"> that one of the things that was happening around</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:31:13"> this time was thinking about biology in</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:31:16"> computational terms and vice-versa</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:31:19"> some of us had degrees in in</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:31:22"> in biology and</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:31:25"> Turing was one of the first to work</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:31:28"> in both areas and some of us I in fact</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:31:31"> read Turing's paper on morphogenesis before</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:31:34"> I read his paper on on</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:31:37"> Turing machines and one of the</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:31:40"> interesting things about biology is the way systems work so here's some</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:31:43"> ants and you notice when they wander into food</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:31:46"> there they start putting out a perfume which starts</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:31:49"> diffusing and one ant wanders</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:31:52">perfume and it doesn't have food it goes immediately upstream</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:31:55"> and finds the food very efficiently and</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:31:58"> then goes downstream so now all the ants</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:32:1"> are occupied as though they've</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:32:4">programmed in some coordinated fashion but</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:32:7"> in fact they're all working independently</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:32:10"> so this is highly parallel programming</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:32:13"> here organized by</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:32:16"> sending messages</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:32:19"> so we call this particles and fields and</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:32:22"> it's something that works everywhere</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:32:25"> there are people in in the skee x</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:32:28"> exhibit that we're studying some of these</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:32:31"> how biological gradients work and</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:32:34"> once you start thinking about computing it is very</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:32:37"> very difficult to not</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:32:40"> start thinking about the system's properties of</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:32:43"> biology and this community that I'm</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:32:46"> telling you about certainly did</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:32:49"> another thing that happened in 1962</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:32:52"> was this machine which</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:32:55"> is since it has a display is</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:32:58"> probably the first machine ever to have all the essential</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:33:1"> attributes of a personal computer and</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:33:4"> the fun part of it is that this guy Wes Clark was</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:33:7"> the architect of the acre-sized machine</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:33:10"> that Ivan did sketchpad on and also</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:33:13"> did this one for biomedical engineers because</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:33:16">couldn't wait for the University mainframe they want</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:33:19"> he wanted to have something in the lab and the fact the first 20</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:33:22"> of these were built by these biomedical</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:33:25"> technicians Wes organized this machine</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:33:28"> into a kit and in order to get</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:33:31"> one of these machines you had to go to Lincoln labs and prove you could build it</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:33:34"> and that meant you could take care of it when you took</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:33:37"> it back so by the way about 2000</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:33:40"> of these Linc machines were actually built</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:33:43"> and used in the in the 60s so</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:33:46"> this is not onesies or twosies another</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:33:49"> thing that happened in 62</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:33:52"> was the B 5000 by Bob Barton</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:33:55"> came out and this this</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:33:58"> is still one of the most advanced piece of hardware</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:34:1"> ever done more advanced than any of the chips</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:34:4"> that we have in our personal</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:34:7"> computers or iPads and stuff like that this guy was a</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:34:10">complete genius and we'll meet him again pretty soon</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:34:13"> 1962 was when angle</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:34:16"> Bart sent his proposal</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:34:19"> into the</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:34:22"> DoD complex saying</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:34:25"> we need to augment in human intellect in computers are</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:34:28"> the way to do it and this is a great picture of him because</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:34:31"> he was very much Moses wanting</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:34:34"> to lead the children of Israel out of the</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:34:37"> darkness of Egypt this was</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:34:40"> his personality and</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:34:43"> then things got started</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:34:46"> because they had already been started</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:34:49">and I think people have studied the history of the Renaissance</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:34:52"> know that the Renaissance happened before the printing</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:34:55"> press it antedated the</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:34:58"> printing press by 60 or 80 years</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:35:1"> so that when the printing press happened</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:35:4"> it happened in something that was already starting</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:35:7"> and it provided an enormous acceleration</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:35:10">what happened here with Licklider Licklider</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:35:13"> was a psychologist who'd gotten interested in computers</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:35:16"> he said</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:35:19"> the destiny of computers is</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:35:22">become interactive intellectual amplifiers for all people</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:35:25"> universally networked worldwide whenever</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:35:28"> they asked him what he was doing with this millions</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:35:31"> of dollars he had been given to pass out</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:35:34"> this is what he would say and</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:35:37"> here's a memo he wrote a year</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:35:40"> later in 63 to the members and the</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:35:43"> affiliates of the intergalactic computer network</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:35:46">asked why are you calling it the intergalactic computer</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:35:49"> network he said well engineers always do the minimum</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:35:52"> says I can't get them to realize</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:35:55"> that I want to connect every person on the</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:35:58">planet so I've been calling it the intergalactic Network</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:36:1"> to force them out of doing it the way AT&T</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:36:4"> might try to do it</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:36:7"> and of course we have that network today he funded</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:36:10"> it and here's the nice thing he said if we succeed</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:36:13"> in making an intergalactic network then our main problem</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:36:16"> will be learning to communicate with aliens and</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:36:19"> this</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:36:22"> what's interesting about this is we gave</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:36:25"> him the first thing but computing</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:36:28"> has been terrible at giving him the second because the aliens</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:36:31">means not just communicating with other people means communicating</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:36:34"> with other software means software over here</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:36:37">communicate with other software once you scale this thing</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:36:40"> up you have an enormous</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:36:43"> communications problem which</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:36:46"> most people have been afraid to</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:36:49"> work on the last 30 years</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:36:52"> and another thing that Lickliter</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:36:55"> decided was that you couldn't think of</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:36:58">good goals inside the beltway in Washington so</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:37:1"> he said I'm gonna fund people not projects so</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:37:4"></subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:37:7"></subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:37:10"></subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:37:13"></subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:37:16"></subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:37:19"></subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:37:22"></subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:37:25">lot of these people have actually won the the</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:37:28"> Turing award the equivalent of the Nobel Prize</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:37:31"> and computing and fact all of these this</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:37:34"> just from the first five years this is for up to</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:37:37"> about 1965 and quite a few</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:37:40">more people who are funded by this funding</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:37:43"> agency and want it since</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:37:46">okay</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:37:49"> so this is a real picture</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:37:52"> I will not tell you where it</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:37:55"> was taken the sign there says do not</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:37:58"> touch any of these wires</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:38:1"> and</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:38:4"> this is one of the most honest slides I've ever</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:38:7"> seen about how most people do things</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:38:10"> and of course software is much worse</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:38:13"> because this might have only 10,000</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:38:16"> wires and software has hundreds of millions of</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:38:19"> lines of code which is tangled very much in this</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:38:22"> same way and it's basically</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:38:25"> the tendency of humans to be tactical</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:38:28"> rather than strategic and to do</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:38:31"> things incrementally because it seems rational</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:38:34"> you know we won't do something</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:38:37"> radical we'll just adapt</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:38:40"> what we've got and that doesn't that sound reasonable yeah</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:38:43"> except it doesn't scale and</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:38:46"> you wind up with this awful stuff here and</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:38:49"> a simple way to characterize this</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:38:52"> community that Licklider</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:38:55"> was funding these 15 universities and</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:38:58"> companies was that</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:39:1"> they were exactly the opposite of the way IBM</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:39:4">thought about doing things in almost every respect</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:39:7"> and</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:39:10"> and it was also a much smaller</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:39:13"> group of people and they had much bigger ideas and</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:39:16"> so in order to do that you something has to</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:39:19"> give and basically they decided</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:39:22"> that they would give up on performance in</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:39:25"> order to get system integrity and</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:39:28"> this they didn't have a meeting to decide on this</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:39:31"> it just was the thing that was happening I</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:39:34"> saw it happen when I was when I was</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:39:37"> here starting in 66 and so</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:39:40"> the way they would think about this massive</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:39:43"> wires is Wow this is just</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:39:46"> a communications channel with everything</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:39:49"> that wants to be communicated with hung on</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:39:52"> it period that</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:39:55"> is what it is and we'll we'll make different</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:39:58"> kinds of these and this will give us all</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:40:1"> the crossbar combinations that we</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:40:4"> that you could possibly do but it'll be simple</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:40:7"> it just has the the problem if the first order</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:40:10"> is a little bit inefficient because the</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:40:13"> you have channel contention of one kind or another but</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:40:16"> this is just the way this group</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:40:19"> thought about things and this</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:40:22"> idea that this is a recursive idea</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:40:25"> that you can extend all the way down</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:40:28">of the layers of software all the way outward through</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:40:31"> all of the layers of networking is something</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:40:34"> it was completely out of the way IBM</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:40:37">Burroughs and the other vendors thought at that time</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:40:40"> so mid sixties here's</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:40:43"> Dave Evans at Berkeley and Butler</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:40:46"> Lampson one of the most brilliant people any of</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:40:49"> us have ever met it's</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:40:52"> frightening to realize the butler wound up as being the principal</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:40:55"> investigator for ARPA on this project in</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:40:58"> 1965 when Dave left to come here in</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:41:1"> a 1965 Butler</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:41:4"> was 22 years old and he</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:41:7"> was always a senior</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:41:10"> you know Butler from the moment he lit</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:41:13"> his eyes on a computer he got in a high</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:41:16"> honors</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:41:19"> degree in physics at Harvard and came</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:41:22">out to Berkeley to study physics and went through the wrong door as</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:41:25"> he put it and found</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:41:28"> this project to do you know a lightweight</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:41:31"> time sharing system that could actually be practical</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:41:34"> he never came out of that room</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:41:37"> and so this machine was called Project</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:41:40"> genie back there but it became</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:41:43"> a commercial machine called the SDS 9:40</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:41:46"> and it actually launched the time sharing industry because</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:41:49"> it was the only one that actually really worked</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:41:52"> and gave very good value</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:41:55"> for what it cost and it</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:41:58"> also was adopted by the ARPA community</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:42:1"> so here's angle Bart now a few years after</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:42:4"> his proposal because Licklider funded him</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:42:7"> giving this incredible demo</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:42:10"> called the mother of all demos in 1968</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:42:13"> in which pretty much everything that we</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:42:16">have today plus a few things that we don't have today</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:42:19"> we're shown so this picture was taken back in</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:42:22"></subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:42:25"></subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:42:28"></subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:42:31"></subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:42:34"></subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:42:37">at once and talk to each other with video that was shown in 1968 and it was done on</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:42:40"> this project genie machine</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:42:43"> and of course the</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:42:46"> ARPANET was done right around then</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:42:49"> so here's Khan and Cerf who</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:42:52"> later got the Turing award for the Internet</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:42:55"> but they were heavily involved in the</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:42:58"> in doing the ARPANET university</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:43:1"> of utah was one of the first few nodes</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:43:4"> here had this int machine which</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:43:7"> was invented by guess who Wes Clark again</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:43:10"> how he has never gotten</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:43:13"> the Turing Award I do not know except they don't like Hardware</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:43:16"> people but this IMP</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:43:19"> was West's idea and today we would call it a router</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:43:22"> the idea was you need to have routers</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:43:25"> because they</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:43:28"> can figure things out they can be</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:43:31">independent of the different kinds of hardware that they're connected to and so</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:43:34"> forth this is Lenny Klein rock as he was back</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:43:37"> then okay</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:43:40"> and then Dave Evans came here in 1965</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:43:43"> I came in 66 so</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:43:46"> I'm just going to pick up my impressions so</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:43:49"> the first time I saw Dave he was wearing</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:43:52"> a polo shirt remember</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:43:55"> this is in the days where everybody wore you know white shirts</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:43:58"> eyes and I couldn't find</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:44:1"> a picture of Dave in his polo shirt that's all he wore</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:44:4"> except when he had I guess when they took pictures of him he</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:44:7">so</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:44:10"> he was a 44 back</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:44:13"> then looked like he was 25</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:44:16"> or so and</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:44:19"> when I walked into his office he said take this</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:44:22">and read it and what this was was Ivan Sutherlands thesis he</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:44:25"> had a big stack of them on his desk and the</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:44:28"> new graduate students had to explain</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:44:31"> this to him the next day before they got a desk</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:44:34"> so and to me that was the biggest</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:44:37"> life changer I had because I really</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:44:40"> as a programmer for four</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:44:43"> or five years beforehand I</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:44:46"> really didn't know anything all I knew how to do</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:44:49"> is program a computer and sketchpad</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:44:52"> as you saw once you see it you realize oh wait a</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:44:55"> minute it's not that</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:44:58">computers can do computer like things the computers</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:45:1"> can do anything you can actually make</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:45:4"> a computer out of a computer that is not at all like the</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:45:7">computer that it's on that's what was interesting about sketchpad</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:45:10"> there was nothing about the tx2</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:45:13"> that was remotely like the program</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:45:16"> that manifested sketchpad and that means</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:45:19"> something really incredibly important</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:45:22"> Dave was</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:45:25"> his it was a bit of a ploy I</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:45:28"> discovered later but his his basic idea</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:45:31"> was to be invisible this guy was the</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:45:34"> greatest motivator the greatest make</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:45:37"> things happen around him person I've ever met I</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:45:40"> tried to learn from him and</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:45:43"> what was funny is that he</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:45:46"> unless he was in a</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:45:49"> really important stressful situation</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:45:52"> where he would grow like 10 feet tall</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:45:55"> but I want</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:45:58"> to saw that happen a few times rest the</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:46:1"> time he'd be sort of well you remember Dave right so he'd</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:46:4"> be sort of chuckling and you kind of stammer a</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:46:7">little bit and everything else and meanwhile things are</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:46:10"> just sort of happening kind of miraculously another</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:46:13">great line he had when they were complaining about Barton to him</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:46:16"> who was a quite a character</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:46:19"> to put it mildly he said to the fact the</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:46:22"> fact we don't care if they're prima donnas as long as they can sing so</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:46:25"> that was the end of that meeting</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:46:28"> talking about Ivan he said now</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:46:31"> there's a smart citizen to the graduate</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:46:34">wait until they publish get on a plane so I</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:46:37"> flew 140,000 air miles</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:46:40"> in my two and two years</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:46:43"> and three months as a graduate student here because he</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:46:46">travel budgets for all of his graduate students and we</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:46:49"> were constantly traveling to both cut not a lot was</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:46:52">happening out in the middle of the country and far as computing</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:46:55"> was happening so we would go to both coasts</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:46:58"> and meet all the other graduate students meet all</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:47:1"> the other principal investigators and this friendliness and cooperation</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:47:4"> allowed us out here</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:47:7"> hundreds of miles away</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:47:10"> from anything to participate fully in the ARPA</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:47:13"> community and then fun thing</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:47:16"> was one day said we're almost out of money got to go get some more</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:47:19"> and so he took a</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:47:22">graduate students along to watch it happen he</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:47:25"> would take us out to when we went</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:47:28"> to the Pentagon and we could see what it meant to pitch somebody</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:47:31"> there for a few million bucks</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:47:34"> because he said this is the real world</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:47:37"> and what</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:47:40"> Chris was talking about earlier Dave said</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:47:43">a PhD is two years of world-class quality</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:47:46"> work if you're working</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:47:49">easy project you should finish if you're working on a hard when you don't</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:47:52"> have to just write up a progress report and</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:47:55"> Ivan was once asked well</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:47:58"> what is a PhD thesis and</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:48:1"> Ivan said well it's something that three people will sign</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:48:7">okay</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:48:10"> barb Barton completely opposite personality</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:48:13"> enormous man Dave was</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:48:16"> little Barton was enormous kind</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:48:19"> of guy who wins push-up contest with Australians</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:48:22"> and he</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:48:25"> was incredibly articulate so he's kind</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:48:28"> of a left-wing version of William F Buckley</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:48:31"> and very literate he</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:48:34"> was extremely well-read he was a mathematician he</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:48:37"> did not like graduate students</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:48:40"> he's not really a professor Dave he</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:48:43"> was a computer designer it burrows and</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:48:46"> Dave convinced him to spend a few years</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:48:49"> here and</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:48:52"> so here it comes some of his quotes</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:48:55"> one of his quotes of a quote that he loved</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:48:58"> we should all share in</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:49:1"> the excitement of discovery without vain attempts to claim priority</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:49:4"> that was this guy in spades so</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:49:7"> he could it was very hard to get him to talk about his</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:49:10"> own work systems programmers or high priests of a low</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:49:13"> cult that's a good one then</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:49:16"> in the first class I taught with him it was on advanced</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:49:19">systems design and he came stomping into this class</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:49:22"> and he had a sheet of</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:49:25"> paper in his hand and says a few things known about advanced</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:49:28"> system design they're all written down in these papers I expect</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:49:31"> you all to to read them all and understand</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:49:34"> them completely and then he said but it is my job to firmly</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:49:37"> disabuse you disabuse you of any</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:49:40"> fondly held notions you might have brought into this classroom</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:49:43"> and so instead of teaching us what</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:49:46"> he did is he destroyed us so</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:49:49">anything we believed in with regard to computing he would knock it</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:49:52"> down and we would bring up things</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:49:55"> that we believed in from his own work and he would knock that down</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:49:58"> there</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:50:1"> was total destruction and</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:50:4"> because he said look it's not a religion and</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:50:7"> you it's</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:50:10"> true that some of these things are useful but you</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:50:13"> have to you have to start from something</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:50:16"> like scratch and you have to admit</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:50:19"> these ideas carefully because they will actually rule your</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:50:22"> your life so this is best course I ever had in</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:50:25"> 20-some odd years of school</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:50:28"> because he did us the service that most professors</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:50:31"> won't do which is to make</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:50:34"> us actually bona fide practitioners</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:50:37"> and critics in the very field that</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:50:40"> we're in something to think about when you're teaching a</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:50:43"> class and then this beautiful</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:50:46"> one which is used every book everywhere</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:50:49">principle the basic principle of recursive design</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:50:52"> is to make the parts have the same powers as the halls and</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:50:55"> this works in nature works</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:50:58"> in engineering works in</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:51:1"> many different ways so so</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:51:4"> we had these two guys who are completely different and by the way</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:51:7">I showed up I was graduate student number seven here and</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:51:10"> Dave and Bob were</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:51:13">two out of the three professors we had here so</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:51:16"> three professors and seven graduate students</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:51:19"> and Dave had come here with</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:51:22"> some ARPA money because he thought</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:51:25"> instead of trying to solve the hidden line</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:51:28"> problem you can sort of see what the hidden line problem is by</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:51:31"> looking on the scope there and back of John Warnock there's</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:51:34"> you draw the edges of things</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:51:37"> they show through and the</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:51:40"> question is is what if you wanted the surfaces</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:51:43">as though they're opaque what do you have to do and it</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:51:46"> was basically an exponential problem in</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:51:49"> the early 60s take</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:51:52"> minutes and minutes and minutes to just do a</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:51:55"> thing with a few hundred surfaces so Dave</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:51:58"> was quite sure that continuous-tone graphics using</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:52:1"> pixels on a bitmap screen would</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:52:4"> actually solve the problem now I have</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:52:7"> to tell the story of John here</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:52:10"> so John</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:52:13"> had a master's in mathematics and he was a very</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:52:16"> good programmer and he was working as a staff</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:52:19"> programmer in the Merrill</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:52:22"> engineering the computer center on</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:52:25"> the 1108 he was doing like COBOL</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:52:28"> programs for scheduling classes and stuff</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:52:31"> like that and not trivial problems</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:52:34">but you know he was a workaday programmer</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:52:37"> there in one day one of the graduate</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:52:40">students from the three official 3d project went into John's</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:52:43"> office to ask him about handling large arrays and</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:52:46"> John said well how large an array and the guy</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:52:49"> said well 300,000 misses three hundred</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:52:52"> thousand pixels as a is about 640 by</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:52:55"> 480 300,000</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:52:58"> that was a lot in those days and John</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:53:1"> said well why do you want to do that and so in</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:53:4"> the middle of this explanation of well we're doing this with</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:53:7"> graphics John thought of how to do it really how</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:53:10"> to really do it and</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:53:13"> so he started wrote a Fortran program</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:53:16"> to produce these things and</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:53:19"> this is one where the power of recursive</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:53:22">to have the parts have the same power of the holes it was a</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:53:25"> recursive descent program that turned an exponential</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:53:28"> problem into an N log n problem</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:53:31"> and he was I think the shortest graduate student we've</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:53:34"> ever had here at Utah because</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:53:37"> he was promoted to be a graduate student for all of</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:53:40"> six weeks I believe and his</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:53:43"> thesis was I think probably the thought shortest one still</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:53:46"> right 33 pages is like 25 pages of</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:53:49"> prose telling</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:53:52">well here's how I did it and here's nine pages of pictures</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:53:55"> proving I did it and that was it so</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:53:58"> and</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:54:1"> of course that the side story</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:54:4"> here which John would never say but it was</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:54:7"> because John had this breakthrough that Ivan was willing to come</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:54:10"> out here and I've been coming</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:54:13"> out here changed the entire course of what</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:54:16">YouTube because it wasn't just one first class guy</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:54:19"> and Dave Evans there's one of the towering</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:54:22"> geniuses our field is ever had brought himself</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:54:25"> in all of his graduate students out here in mass</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:54:28"> to to make this department</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:54:31"> double triple in size and</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:54:34"> gain the stature that it did was because of</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:54:37"> John's breakthrough</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:54:40"></subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:54:43"> and I did a few things here</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:54:46"> too this is a</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:54:49"> project that Dave</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:54:52"> was kind of the main mentor</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:54:55"> on I mean I Bart and wasn't really a mentor</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:54:58"> but</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:55:1"> you could go out and drink beer with him and</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:55:4"> so Barton would actually</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:55:7"> had the attitude you have to have to</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:55:10"> do hard problems that was what was</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:55:13"> tremendous about him you just had to be like him and</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:55:16"> you could knock it off and so</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:55:19"> nothing Dave did it was he got his graduate students</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:55:22"> consulting jobs in industry anybody still do that here</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:55:25"> yeah and the reason he did it was he</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:55:28">well industry is the real world and graduate</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:55:31"> student is an unnatural state they</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:55:34"> paid us almost nothing and I asked</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:55:37">him which I said huh why are you paying us so little he says because I don't</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:55:40">want you to stick around he here as a graduate student I want you to</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:55:43"> get that degree and get out of here</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:55:46"> so</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:55:49"> so this was a so</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:55:52"> Dave took me out to meet Edie Cheadle at a</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:55:55"> company that was probably no longer exist but it was part of</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:55:58"> the link em kovat complex called mem</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:56:1"> Corman tech not on the way to the the airport</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:56:4">was an aerospace company and Cheadle was Rollie pollie</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:56:7"> Texan who was a genius electrical engineer</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:56:10"> and he wanted to do a little desktop</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:56:13"> machine and we hit it off and so</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:56:16"> the result of that was this thing called the sketch machine it's a</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:56:19">flex machine and you can see it's self-portrait</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:56:22"> what it looked like on its own</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:56:25"> display the actual prototype looked like that and</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:56:28"> it had multiple clipping</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:56:31">windows that had the first object-oriented</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:56:34"> user interface</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:56:37"> operating system it</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:56:40"> had an iconic GUI so it had a lot of the elements of</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:56:43">we're familiar with today and not actually kind of</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:56:46"> in 68-69</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:56:49"> it looks a little bit like the Apple</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:56:52"> computers of ten years later look a little</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:56:55"> bit like an apple to there so we</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:56:58"> did that and then after</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:57:1"> one of these trips to talk</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:57:4">Seymour Papert who is working with children I started thinking</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:57:7"> about children's computers and what was cool about the</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:57:10"> Flex machine is he could count the transistors in it and</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:57:13"> so it's thinking on the plane ride</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:57:16"> back Wow I wonder</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:57:19"> if you could actually</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:57:22">something that children could carry around because you don't want to children</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:57:25"> this would be sitting at a desk so he starts so I sketched this</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:57:28"> cartoon of two children</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:57:31"> playing a game of space war</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:57:34"> which they programmed themselves on</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:57:37"> wireless network tablets</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:57:40"> and after I got back</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:57:43"> here to Utah made this cardboard model and</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:57:46"> made it Hollow so</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:57:49"> I could fill it up with lead shotgun pellets to see how heavy</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:57:52"> you could make it before this is too heavy</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:57:55"> by the way we knew that back then so the deal</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:57:58"> was about a kilogram is</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:58:1"> where you like to be with the</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:58:4"> thing and four pounds is the absolute max than</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:58:7"> anybody could stand of course you</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:58:10"> know these six pounders have been around for a long</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:58:13"> time and part of the strength of this was another visit</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:58:16">hat I took to that can't really see that very</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:58:19"> well because the the projector is blooming but that</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:58:22"> is an inch square flat screen display</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:58:25"> from 1968 and</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:58:28"> now how did we come to see</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:58:31"> that well there was an RPR</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:58:34"> Contractors meeting at alt Alta</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:58:37"> Lodge in 68</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:58:43">Davis of course took his graduate students along</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:58:46"> to this on the ground as long as we didn't</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:58:49"> say anything so we've got to watch</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:58:52"> all of the leaders of the this powerful</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:58:55"> computing community dealing with each other Davis</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:58:58"> Dave wanted us to see how the politics worked</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:59:1"> and so this is all very interesting all</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:59:4"> the stars were there and at the end of</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:59:7"> it Bob Taylor</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:59:10"> who is the Thunderer at that time</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:59:13"> asked us graduate students who are sitting</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:59:16"> in a ring around the the back of all of these</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:59:19"> famous people if we had any comments and John</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:59:22"> Warnock raised his hand and said well</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:59:25"> you know we actually do all the work and</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:59:28"> we when</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:59:31"> we're getting our PhDs and so we're getting out</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:59:34"> in the world and you know we do</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:59:37">everything and don't you think there should be something</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:59:40"> like this principal investigators meeting</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:59:43"> for our graduate students and Taylor</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:59:46"> said yes we'll do it this</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:59:49"> summer and so that led to many years of</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:59:52"> these were the top two graduate students from each place we're chosen</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:59:55"> to go to Illinois to</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:59:58"> their resume where they did a comp have</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:0:1"> a conference center for the University there and span</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:0:4"> five days showing</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:0:7"> each other what we're doing and forging bonds at left</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:0:10"> so this is what that community was like and during that</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:0:13"> we went on a field trip to the University of Illinois and here</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:0:16"> was this first inch square flat-screen</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:0:19"> plasma panel and so you can</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:0:22">you've decided you want to do a computer that can</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:0:25"> be carried around and you know how many transistors a</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:0:28"> desktop computer has and you know what</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:0:31"> Moore's Law is the things</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:0:34"> are going to get better over time then you can ask</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:0:37"> yourself when is it going to be</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:0:40"> that I can put those transistors on the back of a display and</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:0:43"> now I will have a tablet</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:0:46"> and the answer in 68</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:0:49"> was yeah probably around 1980 that was a good</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:0:52"> good answer because there's a men</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:0:55"> amount of design and invention that had to be</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:0:58"> done to to do the</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:1:1"> software and the user interface to make these ideas work</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:1:4"> okay so now</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:1:7"> we're into the 70s and many</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:1:10"> of these people that you've met wound</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:1:13"> up going to Xerox PARC why because the</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:1:16"> US government in its bumbling ways</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:1:19">things responded to some</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:1:22"> of the protests about the Vietnam War by curtailing</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:1:25"> all government funding on campus including</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:1:28"> including the benign ARPA funding that's</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:1:31">when the D was put on our per to make it DARPA and</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:1:34"> they've never been the same since and Taylor</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:1:37"> who saw what that was</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:1:40"> going to means gathered up his favorite graduate</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:1:43"> students now who had PhDs and said we kind</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:1:46"> of finished this off and so he found Xerox he</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:1:49"> was willing to take us on for a few years to</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:1:52"> do it and so in a few years four years at Xerox</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:1:55"> we had this thing</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:1:58"> so this is a 1973 here</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:2:1"> like a Macintosh of 1988</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:2:4"> or 1989 here's the GUI</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:2:7">desktop publishing</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:2:10"> WYSIWYG what</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:2:13"> we call real loop these days post</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:2:16"> script pages</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:2:19"> second laser printer Ethernet</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:2:22">pierre-pierre and client-server and about</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:2:25">Internet committee</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:2:28"> and so this all costs in</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:2:31">today's dollars about 10 million dollars a year</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:2:34"> so pretty much any place could do</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:2:37"> it was done by a grand total of a about 30 people</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:2:40"> right so this is cheap gotta</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:2:43"> have the right 30 gotta have</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:2:46"> the right process we had a legal agreement</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:2:49"> with Xerox that they could not interfere with our research</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:2:52"> in any way for five years we have to use</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:2:55"> that legal agreement because of course they thought</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:2:58"> they had ideas also</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:3:1">and here's the interesting thing xerox</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:3:4"> made a factor of 300 on</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:3:7"> their total investment in Xerox PARC just</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:3:10"> from the laser printer alone so contrary</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:3:13"> to the urban legend which is not true that Xerox didn't</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:3:16"> make anything they paid for Park hundreds of times over</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:3:19"> made billions of dollars from the laser</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:3:22">printer they missed the other things but still a return</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:3:25"> on investment of you know thirty thousand percent</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:3:28"> is pretty good I'm told</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:3:31"> the other thing to realize from the standpoint of</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:3:34"> the US and the world the return to date from Xerox</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:3:37"> PARC is in excess of thirty three trillion dollars</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:3:40"> it's an excess of</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:3:43"> a trillion dollars a year still just from these</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:3:46"> inventions and</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:3:49"> so an interesting thing</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:3:52"> to contemplate is how come no</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:3:55"> government nope</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:3:58"> university no country no company will</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:4:1"> put out that ten million dollars to fund this way</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:4:4"> thing</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:4:7"> to think about okay so let's</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:4:10"> pass out some hero Awards here so</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:4:13"> first Mandarin of course the</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:4:16"> Ivan was everything Ivan was</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:4:19"> a mentor he was the second funder</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:4:22"> of ARPA</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:4:25"> he was one of the greatest scientists</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:4:28"> we've had these are the mentors who made a difference</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:4:34">Utah in the early days and we give</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:4:37"> Dave Evans the main award</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:4:40"> because it was his personality that</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:4:43"> allowed everything else to function</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:4:46"> he could deal he loved crazy people</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:4:49"> he knew exactly how to deal</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:4:52"> with them and to keep other people from going nuts</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:4:55"> because there are crazy people around so he</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:4:58"> cannot be helped thank too much and I</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:5:1"> tell you if any of his if you wanted to</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:5:4"> crossfire any of his graduate students would lie down in it for</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:5:7"> him and I'm not kidding</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:5:10"> and the grand awards here</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:5:13"> are the funding and</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:5:16"> the funders these are the four funders of the</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:5:19"> ARPA community Licklider Sutherland</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:5:22"> Bob Taylor and Larry Roberts</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:5:25"> the guys who get domain</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:5:28"> awards were both psychologists</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:5:31"> Taylor did both funded</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:5:34"> the ARPANET and</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:5:37"> also it was the guy who set up Xerox PARC</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:5:40"> and I believe that</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:5:43"> the difference between now and then is as</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:5:46"> simple as the difference between how</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:5:49"> funding is done the funding then attracted</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:5:52"> a particular type of people those people</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:5:55"> are still around today but they're there's a complete</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:5:58">mismatch between them and the funding so those people are going into something</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:6:1"> else other than computing I</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:6:4"> myself would not go into computing today if</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:6:7"> I were 25 it's</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:6:10"> almost impossible to go to a university and even find</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:6:13"> out that it's neat because it's so</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:6:16"> intertwined it's been so invaded by IBM ISM but</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:6:19"> now in the form of Microsoft and web</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:6:22">and everything else so there's been a complete confusion</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:6:25"> between what it means to be a vocational</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:6:28"> person in computing and what it means to actually get an education</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:6:31"> in and the universities have been generally</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:6:34"> the the biggest</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:6:37"> sinners in that because universities</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:6:40"> with when the baby boom came along pretty much turned themselves</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:6:43"> into businesses which they pretty much are today</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:6:46"> ok a little joke well</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:6:49"> I'm not going to do the joke I'm just going to put those up as an enigmatic</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:6:52"> thing here</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:6:55"> because I think this is a good time to pause for any questions you</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:6:58">might have because I've done I've done a bit just about an</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:7:1"> hour and I think that's all I should should do here</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:7:4"> I'll leave the joke until later so</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:7:7"> any questions on</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:7:10"> this talk which is</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:7:13"> mostly about why I think</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:7:16"> things worked and why I don't think</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:7:19"> they work as well today thank</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:7:31">and</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:7:34"> a few questions before the reception yes sir</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:7:37"> did the ARPANET help to cross fertilize</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:7:40"> these ideas that you talk with others in other places</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:7:43"> in ways that were interesting that made things happen</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:7:46"> yes it did the</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:7:49"> ARPANET cross-fertilize ideas yes</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:7:52"> and interestingly</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:7:55"> just as much before it was</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:7:58"> built as afterwards because</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:8:1"> it was these several of these large projects</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:8:4"> that require cooperation</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:8:7"> between these 15</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:8:10"> places got</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:8:13"> a lot of the cross fertilization happening in</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:8:16"> doing the planning and it took</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:8:19"> some years before the ARPANET was</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:8:22"> actually as you you know email</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:8:25"> existed before we</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:8:28">networks that existed on the time sharing systems</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:8:31"> of the 60s and</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:8:34"> everybody was very very happy to be</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:8:37"> able to have a working email</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:8:40"> system that linked colleagues</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:8:43"> together and so the</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:8:46"> but I think that the you</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:8:49"> know for instance FTP file sharing</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:8:52"> and other kinds of things were done after the</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:8:55"> advent of the the ARPANET which is really an experiment</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:8:58"> in adaptive</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:9:1"> packet switching many ways the ARPANET</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:9:4"> was a little bit more interesting than the way the internet</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:9:7"> does it because it actually it</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:9:10"> did the ARPANET actually thought to a certain extent</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:9:13"> so there's a lot of fun working</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:9:16"> in many of us like I was on the ARPANET committee</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:9:19"> I was one of many graduate students</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:9:22"> who served on that yeah</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:9:25"> yes</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:9:28"> original</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:9:31"> well I think the</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:9:34"> the you know I was</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:9:37"> willing to settle for Less hardware-wise than</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:9:40"> we have today but to me to me the Dynabook was</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:9:43"> always a service idea this is something</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:9:46"> that most people have still have a hard time understanding about</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:9:49"> computing because they you</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:9:52"> know we still place a lot of</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:9:55"> value in atoms it's</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:9:58"> hard to actually monetize things unless</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:10:1"> you get something in the mail right</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:10:4"> or you find a very low price for it because</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:10:7">don't know how to value those things that</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:10:10"> computers are actually undervalued as far as I'm concerned</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:10:13"> the average American car cost twenty</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:10:16"> eight thousand five hundred and I pay that in a flash</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:10:19">for twenty eight thousand five hundred dollars worth</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:10:22"> of computing in a box like this rather than 2k</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:10:25"> right but most people don't use the computer</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:10:28"> for anything useful it's just no</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:10:31"> it's true because people almost</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:10:34"> everybody uses the computer almost all the time as a convenience</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:10:37"> for dealing with old media</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:10:40"> hardly anybody of the billions</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:10:43"> who use computer learns about new</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:10:46"> things by writing simulations for example so nothing</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:10:49"> even remotely resembling a computer computer</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:10:52"> literacy exists so this is bait</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:10:55"> this is still the Gutenberg Bible imitating</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:10:58"> the fonts and</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:11:1"> ligatures that the monks did</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:11:4"> and a good way to think about computers is to</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:11:7">services so there are actually three physical forms I</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:11:10"> came up with for the Dynabook they</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:11:13"> were rather different from each other based on</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:11:16"> things that were going on but the you</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:11:19"> know most of the thinking I did about it was what</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:11:22"> services and part of the service</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:11:25"> ideas what kind of user interface do you actually</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:11:28"> have to have to help</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:11:31"> people rather than hinder them and it took us</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:11:34">while at Xerox PARC to come up with one that</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:11:37"> was even halfway decent that's the one that's used today</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:11:40"> and and it was really a much better</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:11:43">interface for children than it than it has been for adults</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:11:46"> I think yeah so</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:11:49"> if you look at the services provided by something</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:11:52"> like an iPad they're terrible right</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:11:55"> because it violates the first principle of</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:11:58"> personal computing which is symmetric creation with</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:12:1"> consumption so that was one of the</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:12:4"> few notice and sketchpad you</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:12:7">with a working bridge or you could make one and</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:12:10"> microsoft word which was originally</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:12:13"> done at Parc you could present somebody</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:12:16"> with a document and you could read it or you can make a document</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:12:19"> but notice that symmetry exists</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:12:22">iPad the iPad most of the stuff that Apple has been doing</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:12:25"> our consumer consumption devices</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:12:28"> and I think they're terrible for people</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:12:31"> because they can completely gotten</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:12:34">right price so that people will</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:12:37"> buy an app for whatever</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:12:40"> it is rather than improving things enough</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:12:43"> so that they can make tools as they need</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:12:46"> them right so that's anti what this</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:12:49"> whole romance of personal</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:12:52"> computing was about from this group yeah</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:12:55"> so and you know whenever you make something</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:12:58"> whenever you make a tool you're you're simultaneously</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:13:1"> making an amplifier and a prosthetic</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:13:4"> car amplifies us in one way but it</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:13:7"> withers our body in another we have</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:13:10"> to choose to exercise once we take on a</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:13:13"> car and</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:13:16"> Socrates you</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:13:19">know complained about writing that it takes away the</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:13:22"> need to remember things and</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:13:25"> of course this was Plato</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:13:28"> being ironic because</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:13:31"> Plato was the one of the first great writers of all</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:13:34"> time and he would use Socrates as his mouthpiece</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:13:37"> so I'm sure he was chuckling like mad while he</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:13:40"> was while he was writing this and he didn't</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:13:43"> say it but anybody with a brain would</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:13:46"> realize oh but wait a minute I don't have to give</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:13:49"> up my memory just because I've got writing now</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:13:52"> I've actually got the best of both worlds</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:13:55"> providing I decide to remember because I</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:13:58">certainly don't want to leave anything interesting out in a manuscript</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:14:1"> right it's too inefficient it's</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:14:4"> too inefficient to try and find things</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:14:7">you need them on this thing so you might as well when you</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:14:10"> learn how to read you might as well learn how to remember and now you're</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:14:13"> really powerful because reading is many times more</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:14:16"> efficient than oral</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:14:19"> transmission and if</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:14:22"> you can remember you're now putting enormous</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:14:25">amounts of stuff that can work with each other inside</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:14:28"> your head so that was</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:14:31"> so these are the kinds of thinking that we were</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:14:34"> doing back back then</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:14:37"> yes sir</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:14:40"></subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:14:43"> in</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:14:46"> today's money</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:14:49"></subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:14:52"></subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:14:55"></subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:14:58"> but</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:15:1"> you know I've often wondered how</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:15:4"> how much of a simple generalization you can</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:15:7"> make and get away with on</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:15:10"> this but one thing that is certainly true</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:15:13"> one contrast that is really</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:15:16"> noticeable is that today's</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:15:19"> funders like the</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:15:22"> funders in the past are responsible they have this money</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:15:25"> but today's funders</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:15:28"> confuse being responsible</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:15:31"> with the need to control and the</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:15:34"> funders in the past absolutely did not</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:15:37"> that's so</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:15:40"> look lighter didn't control the darn thing his</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:15:43"> idea was in fact so a</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:15:46"> good Licklider story is they</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:15:49"> asked him about</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:15:52"> failure is</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:15:55"> any worry because if you looked</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:15:58"> at what these different projects were trying to do they were cosmic</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:16:1"> every one of the things had not</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:16:4"> there was nothing like them that had actually</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:16:7"> been done before so pretty much it was artificial intelligence</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:16:10"> it was making a network that could</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:16:13"> scale by 10</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:16:16">magnitude without breaking you know nobody done anything</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:16:19"> like that Licklider said well we're not playing golf</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:16:22"> we're losing a stroke is a</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:16:25"> tragedy so this is more</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:16:28"> like baseball and Tyco Ty</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:16:31"> Cobb had the best lifetime batting average and</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:16:34"> it was 367 so two-thirds</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:16:37"> of the time you know something</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:16:40"> not good</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:16:43"> happened when Ty Cobb went to the plate and</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:16:46"> if you look at most of the assessment systems that are</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:16:49"> set up now by Congress</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:16:52"> and in businesses people who fail two-thirds of the time</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:16:55"> or gotten rid of but in sports they</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:16:58"> understand what the deal is and</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:17:1"> Licklider said look if we if we're 30</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:17:4"> or 40 percent successful on what</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:17:7"> we're funding just that will change the entire world</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:17:10"> and they said well what about the 60 or 70</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:17:13"> percent I said well that's just the cost of doing business in research</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:17:16"> and this is what people don't understand because</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:17:19"> this is a phrase that businesses do have</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:17:22"> for various ephemeral things like advertising</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:17:25"> but they have never been able to apply it</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:17:28"> to what long-range research does</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:17:31"> in long range research has been incredibly</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:17:34"> fruitful but another</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:17:37"> reason you could say is down deep these</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:17:40">people don't want to fund anything they don't understand</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:17:43"> right and that</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:17:46"> is a disaster because it's not their business to understand</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:17:49">that's what they're paying the scientists</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:17:52"> for their business is to find</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:17:55">the best people they can and give them the money and take the percentages</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:17:58"> on the results if they do that well you'll</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:18:1"> always get multi trillion-dollar returns</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:18:4">on the thing so a lot of different reasons that are</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:18:7"> somewhat similar right you can work them in</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:18:10"> different directions part of it</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:18:13"> is Congress was not a factor back</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:18:16"> then partly because of Proxmire</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:18:19"> in the seventies and other things</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:18:22">happened since Congress has inserted itself very</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:18:25"> very deeply in</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:18:28"> these Affairs including this turning</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:18:31"> ARPA into DARPA which came with a</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:18:34"> congressional oversight that makes that requires DARPA</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:18:37"> to have goal-oriented proposals</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:18:40"> which means</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:18:43"> you have to you have to tell the funders what you're</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:18:46"> going to do ahead of time and that's not long-range research</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:18:49"> long-range researches the</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:18:52"> funders are paying partly for problem finding</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:18:55"> so I've been working on NSF for the last few</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:18:58"> years to get this say look you guys can't keep funding engineering</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:19:1"> proposals and getting it you're not doing anything</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:19:4">you know you're you're keeping professors and</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:19:7"> graduate students alive but the field is dying</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:19:10"> because nothing is happening</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:19:13"> and it's not that these breakthroughs we're</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:19:16">and now there aren't anymore breakthroughs and it's</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:19:19">people back then we're any more special than they are today</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:19:22"> numerically there are more people</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:19:25"> of the caliber of ARPA and Xerox</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:19:28"> PARC today than they were back then I mean the field is enormous</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:19:31"> so there's more to draw from and</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:19:34"> Jesus the computing just</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:19:37"> just having</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:19:40"> lots of memories</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:19:43"> to work with is something</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:19:46"> that we would have died for back then</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:19:49"> so so</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:19:52">there aren't so this is like a poco Barrett you remember</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:19:55"> poco he said we've met the enemy and they are us</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:19:58"> this is one of these things where this</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:20:1"> is the simplest proposition and</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:20:4"> another thing that is astounding to</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:20:7"> me is that when</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:20:10">they damped demand rationalization of these things I said</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:20:13"> look the best rationalization for investing</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:20:16"> is portfolio investing it's proven</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:20:19"> mathematically then in portfolio investing</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:20:22"> you have to invest some small percentage in</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:20:25"> unvetted projects</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:20:28"> because you'll get mat the</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:20:31"> maximum return that way and if</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:20:34"> you go to universities you go to businesses they learn</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:20:37"> this in MBA school and they know it yep</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:20:40"> yep yeah but they won't do it they want that small</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:20:43"> percent to go into their bottom line because</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:20:46"> they don't understand so</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:20:49"> it's it has to do with the</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:20:52"> the different the difference between I</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:20:55"> think the regular world and things</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:20:58"> that require talent like team</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:21:1"> sports right</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:21:4"> nobody's going to demand democracy in professional</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:21:7"> basketball</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:21:10"> all right you get the best they</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:21:13">millions for them a professional baseball and you're</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:21:16"> not looking for the same kind of person your</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:21:19"> guts the whole point of a team a team is</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:21:22"> a multi-faceted diamond that</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:21:25"> is put together partly by the coach and partly</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:21:28"> by the way the players work off and</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:21:31">whole point is to get synergy so it's not about having</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:21:34"> a a party line or a</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:21:37"> religion not about any of these things that make</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:21:40"> people feel comfortable you know and the</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:21:43"> as Licklider said you know what</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:21:46"> do we don't worry but like the part</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:21:49"> tailor was asked wasn't this going to be expensive and</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:21:52"> Taylor said no because I'm not going to hire any good</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:21:55"> person and Zurich said what and</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:21:58"> he said no because you can't concatenate good people</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:22:1"> to do what a great person can do says I'm</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:22:4"> only got hire great people and there are that many</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:22:7"> of them so the budget is limited</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:22:10">but he says once I have these</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:22:13">don't have to have a management structure with</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:22:16"> these people because these people already know what they want to do</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:22:19"> so Taylor said my job at Xerox PARC is</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:22:22"> to set up the social conditions so</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:22:25"> when these lone wolves need to cooperate with each other</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:22:28"> they will that was what his job was he</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:22:31"> never gave us a directive or suggestion</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:22:34"> on any goal we should work on but he worked on the</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:22:37">cology of the system that was his role in the thing</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:22:40"> Butler was the brilliant Oppenheimer we</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:22:43"> had my group was the lunatic fringe as it</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:22:46"> was called and and</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:22:49">we didn't have a party line on the on the thing and we</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:22:52"> did cooperate when that when that was a good</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:22:55"> idea and it was powerful like two dozen people you</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:22:58">we just did a lot of things in four years and</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:23:1"> people are amazed at and I said no with it that was the easiest</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:23:4">hing we ever did in our life it's the one time we ever got to</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:23:7">interference from people who don't know what they're doing</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:23:10"> so that's the that's the</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:23:13"> hell of it this stuff is really easy</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:23:16"> to pull off if</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:23:19"> you don't have all these side conditions that</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="1:23:22"> wind up killing things before they ever get started</subtitle>

Latest revision as of 19:28, 25 November 2021

good evening
I'm Chris Johnson I derived the scientific
computing and Imaging Institute here at the University of Utah better
known as the ski Institute and I
want to welcome you to our second ski X open
house and to the to our keynote presentation
this room welcome especially
for people who are from outside of Salt Lake City
of Utah who have come here from all over the world
as part of this info conference
and welcome also the people from
Utah so it's my great pleasure to introduce Alan
Kay and one of our University of Utah alumnus
and he is one
of the true innovators in computing we
were just talking just now about there were
fables about his dissertation when he was here as a graduate
student and I was getting
some clarification on what really happened so he was one
of David Evans PhD students and
David Evans view was that you
you needed to do first-class research in
order to to prove yourself and get your union
card and move on to do interesting research and
Alan was doing a lot of
interesting research and if you look at his dissertation it
includes hardware design a software design
network design user interface design
and as some of the elements from which he
was able to move on and do some fundamental research
in object-oriented programming and hardware
design and interface design with the Dynabook
with with computer
engineer manufacturing with
many many things that that he
worked on since he left the University
of Utah so along the way he was at Xerox
PARC for about ten years after
that he became a Tori's chief scientist for
three years some of you may know that Nolan
Bushnell was here just last week and
so we were able to hear about some of the
times that's at Atari from Nolan about
ten years ago he founded
a nonprofit organization called viewpoints Research
Institute in which he's continuing
his work on cognition and learning and
programming or with children
Allen has received a number
of awards and maybe I should just note the
2003 Turing Award for
his work in object-oriented programming and the
creation of the Dynamo so please
join me in welcoming Alan Kay thank
so the aim of this talk is to
give you a sense of
what the research community
was like from
whence all of the stuff we today we have
came from this was
suggested by Chris based on a a an
essay I did in
as a tribute to the community when several of
us won the Draper prize and we
all felt that somehow the community
should be getting these awards and I'll try and give
you a sense of that because Utah salt University
of Utah was part of that committee in
one of the Thornton Wilder
plays he has an old
fortune teller one
mechanical fortune tellers and she says I tell
the future it's easy but telling the past is
really hard and the reason is is the
past is so detailed and
a lot of the details actually are important
another part of it as all
of us discovered when we
were asked to write histories some 20
25 years ago is that
many things that
many pathways are taken
are taken not just
because some idea beckons but
also because one has been disgusted
by work
one season round and for instance IBM
back in those days was a constant source
of inspiration to do better and
this makes
telling an honest history
almost impossible because you can
praise somebody in a sentence so-and-so
was great and we got some ideas from them but
when you do the opposite
of praising somebody was saying this work was so bad
that we decided to do this you can't just
do it in a sentence it's not fair you have to
explain why and so the histories we all
wound up writing emitted many
of the main motivations for some
of the the things that we did but so
first I'll give you a little outline of
how this worked some of the people here
I think are old enough to have been alive
when when this stuff started and
this slogan goes
back to the world
two radar effort at MIT
building 20 radiate
radiation lab and many
people don't realize that radar was actually
the technology that won World War two force
because we're in Dane danger of going
under from German u-boats the
British had invented more
radar than we had people were fooling around with
it and for
a variety of reasons they did not have the resources to develop
it so they came over not
just with the ideas but with
the fundamental technology that made radar packed
practical which is a device called a cavity
magnetron yeah and gave
it to MIT
and if you
think about world war ii remember December 7th 1941
was in December so
41 had already happened so it was 42
43 44 and a half of 45 so world
war ii was a big deal but it was only
three and a half years compared to what we're used to
today of things that go on for a long time
and this group of
people in building 20 turned out
more than 150 different radar
systems invented
engineer packaged
and had them built by the route 128
companies around Boston and installed on every
kind of ground installation
seagoing and air going vehicle so
it's one of the most amazing bursts of
combining science and engineering
done in a short time to
make things that actually actually working
were effective and another
somewhat similar effort was at
Los Alamos working on the
atomic bomb all of the atomic bomb
was not nearly as critical to ending
the war as as radar was so
part of the
both of these groups were funded
by President Roosevelt's science
advisor Vannevar
Bush and Bush had been an MIT
engineering
professor and had done some of the early analog computers
and so you can think of this as kind of an old boys club it
really was and these are pretty
good old boys
they're basically gentlemen
and then right after World War two
Cold War and one of the big efforts there was
to try and deal with threats of
Russian bombers
and so this incredible system called semi-automated
ground environment was made those
are displays that those people are peering
into the air and enormous computers
were built
and they were built by many of the same
people some of whom
worked on the radar were now sort of in more of an administrative
fast for instance Jerome
Wiesner was an undergraduate at
MIT during World War two and
later was a head of the department
of engineering then later became president MIT
and then later President Kennedy's science
advisor so these
these things go on and on meanwhile
Bush at
during the 50s created
NSF in order to deal
with a little bit more
look ahead than we had in World War two and
in the 60s
ARPA
actually in the late 50s ARPA was created
because of Sputnik to do something about
what was perceived as a great threat and I'll
tell you a little bit about one division of it that
created in the early 60s called the information processing
techniques office from which
it's not an exaggeration to say most of the technology
we have today got its initial funding
MIT was the first recipient
Carnegie Mellon and in
1965 the University of Utah so they're
about 15 places two-thirds of them universities
and about a third militarily
defense related companies like mitre RAND
Corporation systems Development
Corporation in and so forth and
these places created
an enormous number of inventions and
part of the inventions they created were
PhDs over the six
years or so this was operating and those PhDs went
in the 70s to Xerox PARC and did
personal computing as we know it today so
this is kind of a oversimplified capsule
summary but it's basically this
idea of making progress is more important than anything
something that was carried through in each one of these generations
it was the secret to
making this work because of course being
humans and anybody who's ever spent
any time around a university and gone to faculty
too well how easy it is
for people who have
gotten awarded for being rational to
be irrational in a meeting and
so and of course there were rivalries
and everything else and the thing they decided in
the rad lab was they didn't have time for any
of that so somebody
nobody knows who came up with this ideas hey well we're
is the only thing we're interested in forget about everything
else that is all we're going to work
on that gap passed into the 50s that got passed into the 60s
that's what I learned when I came here into the ARPA
projects here and that was what was
carried into park and the thing that none
of the histories of
these efforts
has really gotten clear enough
I believe is why why
did they work it was because the amount
of cooperation that actually happened
would be remarkable I think to almost anybody
today it's just hard
to believe just
how open how
everything was shared and it was just part of the part
of the deal and so
the
when you have cooperation amongst really smart people
then you get synergy that
is out of this world you can
get 185
different radar systems in a couple of years you
can get nuclear
fission in a couple of years you
can get enormous
computers the size of football
fields running on vacuum tubes that never crashed
in a couple of years it's
just unimaginable and of course I can't tell you
about all of it but I'm just trying to get you into
this era where
the we basically
live in an era today where the components are
really reliable and the people are less so and
back then it was exactly
the opposite the components are like the worst things
you ever if anybody here old enough to do vacuum tubes
and the 50s 60s yeah
so it
was just incredible
doing that but because everybody
cooperated in a way that is very difficult to explain
wonderful things happen so here's
the first exhibit here and
I'll direct your attention to where
it says second floor there
and it says computer a and computer B
and computer
a is the size of a football field and
so is computer B
so that second floor is the size of two
football fields so it's about two acres of
vacuum tube computer
down below is all of the power and
stuff for it up top
so when I when I visited one of these in
the I guess
in the late 60s at Systems Development Corp
they took me into a room that was bigger
than this but it's like a typical
glass house mainframe machine room and
lots of noise and raised floor and all that
hey said well what are you thinking I said well I
thought it was somehow I thought it was larger than this they
said well you don't understand this is just the console
and
it went over this is just like out of a James Bond movie they
went over and pulled these drapes and down
and we were up on the third
floor there and you could look down onto
these double football fields of the
twin Q 32 s there
and there are wonderful stories
about this machine I'll just tell a couple
first first interesting
one is the last one of these
did not go out of commission until the
early 80s and
so some of you might be wondering well
where did they get all these vacuum tubes from
somebody
knows to tell us yes
isn't this great yes
as these systems went on and on
we we ceased making jet vacuum tubes
Japanese he's making vacuum the Russians are still making vacuum
tubes so we started buying vacuum tubes from
them in order to put into these this
defense system against them
Kemp
can't beat it the other interesting thing
was that because they didn't want
the thing to crash they
did several things one is they had two computers running the same computations
and checking them so they had a kind of a corpus
callosum between them but
they also the part of
this huge room that was just the console where
other computers whose job it was to do Diagnostics
on the big computers while they were running and whenever
they detected an instruction failing they would patch
in a subroutine that emulated that
instruction that was made up from the instructions that were still
working so one of these babies
started crashing it took like five or six
days we just get slower and slower
and pretty soon it was almost all software patched
in there's maybe two or three instructions and they
always were able to fix these machines before they completely
went went down in spite of the fact that
they would be having back in tubes going
out every few minutes on these
and you could see that display screens
that they had
on them and that thing the guy is holding there as a light gun
so the way
graphics was done in those days the
segments there actually plotted points
were plotted in sequence and
could register when it saw one in the computer knew
when it drew that point and what it belonged to and would cause an interrupt
and so forth okay so that's from
the 50s so here's another thing from
the 50s this is John McCarthy as he looked
back then and John took one look at
these sage consoles and said well everybody's gonna have one of those in their
house before long and so
his idea was because we've already got
elected electricity
utilities we've got water utilities
we've got gas utilities why not an information utility
what they call it back then so this is a cloud idea
the first time around and
he started thinking about that so he wrote this memo
in the late 50s to the
provost at MIT
trying to get him interested
in paying for
doing a time-sharing operating system for
new computer they were going to get from from IBM and
one of the things he says in it suppose that the programmer has
keyboard the computer then he can try his program interrogate
individual individual pieces of data or program to
find an error and make a change in the source language and try again
ability to check out a program immediately after
writing at save still more time and so on now
actually if this were a history lesson about
back then instead
of about Utah I would show two other
pieces of writing that John did
in the 50s also one of them called
for an artificially intelligent agent
to serve you through
the terminal and the other one called
for the invention of a programming language now
called Lisp in order to program
artificial intelligent agent and John by the way was the guy
who made up the term artificial intelligence but
it came actually from thinking about what
future this guy was
smart and even a few years before
that here's Dave Evans and Harry husky
dave was a an executive
at Bendix and at
various times on this project he was a
staff engineer and I
wound up actually running this project but
this quite a few of these but I
would call this a personal computer wouldn't you
quite a few of these G 15s
were hairy husky by
the way he had worked with touring on the pilot ace in England
and later went to Berkeley with with
Dave Evans so not only had
these acres size machines we had people thinking about
what does it mean to have your own machine
okay I'm gonna pick the Year
62 here now we're in the 60s for a variety
of reasons first it's 50 years ago this year
that's a nice round number second it's
when I started programming my first programming
for money was on this machine the IBM
1401 maybe some 1401
programmers here it was a bit of an odd machine to
put it put it mildly but in many ways it
was completely utilitarian in
the purposes that IBM had
put it out which was to replace
without doing any psychological
damage to anybody these enormous
punch-card accounting machine floors
that's what it was for so
wrote programs to do what the FAK you work from the actual flow
charts back then I was in the air force
doing this so
you think computing is mundane today well it was
mundane back then and that's because they're just a lot of money
people in computing
and partly
because business is so Monday they
never look into the future they always want to find out what happened
in the past so they're constantly doing
accounting instead of doing something like
making probes into the future but
oh well ok so that
is our mundane slide however
there's also the 50th birthday
of what
most of us think is the world's first real
graphics system first
real personal computing system and I've
got a little movie here I hope you can see it looks
a little dim but let's see
so the reason it's twinkling
like that is it's plotting individual points and
to keep you from
getting sick they would be randomized
in memory so about half of
this this is done on one of these acre-sized machines
notice it has a clipping
ability and
if you notice it straightened up that
flange now it's going to straighten up these lines
automatically for you now
he's asking it to be collinear so
he draws these lines they're going to lay down right
on top he's using
those full lines he did as guidelines
for these dashes now he's going to make the guidelines
transparent he's got a hole
in the flange
sketchpad doesn't know anything about
flanges or rivets
going to make a rivet to put it in the flange here and
notice he can just sketch
without trying too hard it's
going to use that as the center for that arc because he can point
at things and tell sketchpad to solve a
make all those edges mutually perpendicular and there
you see sketchpad solve that problem
it's a nonlinear problem
and can do many solutions
and
of course he could constrain it so
that the
edges are fractions
of each other and so forth so sketchpad
had three problem solvers could
solve fairly complicated problems now here's another interesting thing this
is an instance of that master
rivet that he just drew you can
see it can be rotated and scaled he's gonna
lock it into the flange there
little flick and
now he's going to show us he could make some
more instances of those rivets so
this is the first object-oriented system that
I know of he forgot to get
hese Crosse things so he goes to the Masters and makes
them transparent and so the rivets feel
that change
and anything that he makes he can make into
a
into a master
so he's made that into a master
and now he's going
to make instances of that thing he just drew
pretty cool huh so
what sketchpad had
here was real
time interaction it had
masters and objects which we
call classes and objects it had this powerful
problem-solver so
it was programmed not in terms of
procedural programs but in terms
of what you wanted the results to be and
it could do some fairly hard problems like this
bridge a problem here
now the bridge is something we don't have a movie up because this
acre-sized machine was so slow
it would take the bridge about 30 seconds to
solve and it was too slow to make a movie of so in
honor of I would say ask Ivan
by the way how could you this is Ivan's Ivan's
PhD thesis I
still think it's the greatest single
PhD thesis done in computing and
I said huh Ivan how could you have possibly done
the interactive graph he had to program the display
sakes it was just that's just an oscilloscope
that's being used there how
could you have done that the objects and
the problem solvers all by yourself
in one year and he said well I didn't know
it was hard
so in honor of the
of this 50th birthday
we actually have recreated
sketchpad here so
we have the twinkling here and
I can turn on gravity
and of course my my little Mac
Pro here is thousands and thousands
of times faster than the acre-sized machine back then
so watch what happens to notice this
little beam is saying
it has zero stress and strain on it but if I if I
drop it in here notice that not only does it change
but the entire simulation feels
it similarly I can do this here
and
sketchpad didn't know a darn thing about bridges
which
is part of its charm so and on some weights here
and of course one of the
things that this led to was the desire for nicer displays
and we certainly did
and of course if you think about the you know looking for the keys under
the lamppost instead of in the inconvenient dark place you
lost them when you're faced with something like
sketchpad you could either make sketch
pad better which means you're
operating in eivin's range or you could make the display better
so virtually everybody in computing decide
to make display is better so we have better looking
display here's here
it is a modern time we can do
a few few more tricks here so for
instance we can say thanks Ivan
words have weight
and
we did the we did the constraint
solving a little bit differently but basically this whole
bridge simulation just has three lines
of code in it and here
they are they're in the the
bottom weight they're the top
one here is Galilean
gravity constant acceleration gravity this
is the spring constant so one way two simple
way to think about steel is that it
is actually springy you've ever seen
the Tacoma Narrows Bridge come down
it's brought home right right away and so
just putting a vector
strain constant on every every
line in here will do it and then this bottom guy is
the pins that are holding the beams together so
if I get rid of the top guy here
gravity is turned off
and this whole thing should settle down to zero
because just being being drawn by the string
forces okay so I turn it back on and
now we have to think about what
will happen if I undo the pins
okay this is just to make the
point that what you see on the computer
screen is just a costume what's interesting is
what's down below and
we generally don't get to see what's down below the costumes
seem to have fixed purposes here and
I'm gonna repurpose all of these beams
into the user interface of the system I'm
giving this this demo in
and
I don't
really like this steel look here a lot of Steve
so we could try a different color here that's
to Microsoft like
and so this is this is actually the system I'm
giving this talk in here's the sketchpad thing and
it's Turing slide here I'll go back
up to full screen here the stirring slide here is to remind
me to to tell you
that one of the things that was happening around
this time was thinking about biology in
computational terms and vice-versa
some of us had degrees in in
in biology and
Turing was one of the first to work
in both areas and some of us I in fact
read Turing's paper on morphogenesis before
I read his paper on on
Turing machines and one of the
interesting things about biology is the way systems work so here's some
ants and you notice when they wander into food
there they start putting out a perfume which starts
diffusing and one ant wanders
perfume and it doesn't have food it goes immediately upstream
and finds the food very efficiently and
then goes downstream so now all the ants
are occupied as though they've
programmed in some coordinated fashion but
in fact they're all working independently
so this is highly parallel programming
here organized by
sending messages
so we call this particles and fields and
it's something that works everywhere
there are people in in the skee x
exhibit that we're studying some of these
how biological gradients work and
once you start thinking about computing it is very
very difficult to not
start thinking about the system's properties of
biology and this community that I'm
telling you about certainly did
another thing that happened in 1962
was this machine which
is since it has a display is
probably the first machine ever to have all the essential
attributes of a personal computer and
the fun part of it is that this guy Wes Clark was
the architect of the acre-sized machine
that Ivan did sketchpad on and also
did this one for biomedical engineers because
couldn't wait for the University mainframe they want
he wanted to have something in the lab and the fact the first 20
of these were built by these biomedical
technicians Wes organized this machine
into a kit and in order to get
one of these machines you had to go to Lincoln labs and prove you could build it
and that meant you could take care of it when you took
it back so by the way about 2000
of these Linc machines were actually built
and used in the in the 60s so
this is not onesies or twosies another
thing that happened in 62
was the B 5000 by Bob Barton
came out and this this
is still one of the most advanced piece of hardware
ever done more advanced than any of the chips
that we have in our personal
computers or iPads and stuff like that this guy was a
complete genius and we'll meet him again pretty soon
1962 was when angle
Bart sent his proposal
into the
DoD complex saying
we need to augment in human intellect in computers are
the way to do it and this is a great picture of him because
he was very much Moses wanting
to lead the children of Israel out of the
darkness of Egypt this was
his personality and
then things got started
because they had already been started
and I think people have studied the history of the Renaissance
know that the Renaissance happened before the printing
press it antedated the
printing press by 60 or 80 years
so that when the printing press happened
it happened in something that was already starting
and it provided an enormous acceleration
what happened here with Licklider Licklider
was a psychologist who'd gotten interested in computers
he said
the destiny of computers is
become interactive intellectual amplifiers for all people
universally networked worldwide whenever
they asked him what he was doing with this millions
of dollars he had been given to pass out
this is what he would say and
here's a memo he wrote a year
later in 63 to the members and the
affiliates of the intergalactic computer network
asked why are you calling it the intergalactic computer
network he said well engineers always do the minimum
says I can't get them to realize
that I want to connect every person on the
planet so I've been calling it the intergalactic Network
to force them out of doing it the way AT&T
might try to do it
and of course we have that network today he funded
it and here's the nice thing he said if we succeed
in making an intergalactic network then our main problem
will be learning to communicate with aliens and
this
what's interesting about this is we gave
him the first thing but computing
has been terrible at giving him the second because the aliens
means not just communicating with other people means communicating
with other software means software over here
communicate with other software once you scale this thing
up you have an enormous
communications problem which
most people have been afraid to
work on the last 30 years
and another thing that Lickliter
decided was that you couldn't think of
good goals inside the beltway in Washington so
he said I'm gonna fund people not projects so
lot of these people have actually won the the
Turing award the equivalent of the Nobel Prize
and computing and fact all of these this
just from the first five years this is for up to
about 1965 and quite a few
more people who are funded by this funding
agency and want it since
okay
so this is a real picture
I will not tell you where it
was taken the sign there says do not
touch any of these wires
and
this is one of the most honest slides I've ever
seen about how most people do things
and of course software is much worse
because this might have only 10,000
wires and software has hundreds of millions of
lines of code which is tangled very much in this
same way and it's basically
the tendency of humans to be tactical
rather than strategic and to do
things incrementally because it seems rational
you know we won't do something
radical we'll just adapt
what we've got and that doesn't that sound reasonable yeah
except it doesn't scale and
you wind up with this awful stuff here and
a simple way to characterize this
community that Licklider
was funding these 15 universities and
companies was that
they were exactly the opposite of the way IBM
thought about doing things in almost every respect
and
and it was also a much smaller
group of people and they had much bigger ideas and
so in order to do that you something has to
give and basically they decided
that they would give up on performance in
order to get system integrity and
this they didn't have a meeting to decide on this
it just was the thing that was happening I
saw it happen when I was when I was
here starting in 66 and so
the way they would think about this massive
wires is Wow this is just
a communications channel with everything
that wants to be communicated with hung on
it period that
is what it is and we'll we'll make different
kinds of these and this will give us all
the crossbar combinations that we
that you could possibly do but it'll be simple
it just has the the problem if the first order
is a little bit inefficient because the
you have channel contention of one kind or another but
this is just the way this group
thought about things and this
idea that this is a recursive idea
that you can extend all the way down
of the layers of software all the way outward through
all of the layers of networking is something
it was completely out of the way IBM
Burroughs and the other vendors thought at that time
so mid sixties here's
Dave Evans at Berkeley and Butler
Lampson one of the most brilliant people any of
us have ever met it's
frightening to realize the butler wound up as being the principal
investigator for ARPA on this project in
1965 when Dave left to come here in
a 1965 Butler
was 22 years old and he
was always a senior
you know Butler from the moment he lit
his eyes on a computer he got in a high
honors
degree in physics at Harvard and came
out to Berkeley to study physics and went through the wrong door as
he put it and found
this project to do you know a lightweight
time sharing system that could actually be practical
he never came out of that room
and so this machine was called Project
genie back there but it became
a commercial machine called the SDS 9:40
and it actually launched the time sharing industry because
it was the only one that actually really worked
and gave very good value
for what it cost and it
also was adopted by the ARPA community
so here's angle Bart now a few years after
his proposal because Licklider funded him
giving this incredible demo
called the mother of all demos in 1968
in which pretty much everything that we
have today plus a few things that we don't have today
we're shown so this picture was taken back in
at once and talk to each other with video that was shown in 1968 and it was done on
this project genie machine
and of course the
ARPANET was done right around then
so here's Khan and Cerf who
later got the Turing award for the Internet
but they were heavily involved in the
in doing the ARPANET university
of utah was one of the first few nodes
here had this int machine which
was invented by guess who Wes Clark again
how he has never gotten
the Turing Award I do not know except they don't like Hardware
people but this IMP
was West's idea and today we would call it a router
the idea was you need to have routers
because they
can figure things out they can be
independent of the different kinds of hardware that they're connected to and so
forth this is Lenny Klein rock as he was back
then okay
and then Dave Evans came here in 1965
I came in 66 so
I'm just going to pick up my impressions so
the first time I saw Dave he was wearing
a polo shirt remember
this is in the days where everybody wore you know white shirts
eyes and I couldn't find
a picture of Dave in his polo shirt that's all he wore
except when he had I guess when they took pictures of him he
so
he was a 44 back
then looked like he was 25
or so and
when I walked into his office he said take this
and read it and what this was was Ivan Sutherlands thesis he
had a big stack of them on his desk and the
new graduate students had to explain
this to him the next day before they got a desk
so and to me that was the biggest
life changer I had because I really
as a programmer for four
or five years beforehand I
really didn't know anything all I knew how to do
is program a computer and sketchpad
as you saw once you see it you realize oh wait a
minute it's not that
computers can do computer like things the computers
can do anything you can actually make
a computer out of a computer that is not at all like the
computer that it's on that's what was interesting about sketchpad
there was nothing about the tx2
that was remotely like the program
that manifested sketchpad and that means
something really incredibly important
Dave was
his it was a bit of a ploy I
discovered later but his his basic idea
was to be invisible this guy was the
greatest motivator the greatest make
things happen around him person I've ever met I
tried to learn from him and
what was funny is that he
unless he was in a
really important stressful situation
where he would grow like 10 feet tall
but I want
to saw that happen a few times rest the
time he'd be sort of well you remember Dave right so he'd
be sort of chuckling and you kind of stammer a
little bit and everything else and meanwhile things are
just sort of happening kind of miraculously another
great line he had when they were complaining about Barton to him
who was a quite a character
to put it mildly he said to the fact the
fact we don't care if they're prima donnas as long as they can sing so
that was the end of that meeting
talking about Ivan he said now
there's a smart citizen to the graduate
wait until they publish get on a plane so I
flew 140,000 air miles
in my two and two years
and three months as a graduate student here because he
travel budgets for all of his graduate students and we
were constantly traveling to both cut not a lot was
happening out in the middle of the country and far as computing
was happening so we would go to both coasts
and meet all the other graduate students meet all
the other principal investigators and this friendliness and cooperation
allowed us out here
hundreds of miles away
from anything to participate fully in the ARPA
community and then fun thing
was one day said we're almost out of money got to go get some more
and so he took a
graduate students along to watch it happen he
would take us out to when we went
to the Pentagon and we could see what it meant to pitch somebody
there for a few million bucks
because he said this is the real world
and what
Chris was talking about earlier Dave said
a PhD is two years of world-class quality
work if you're working
easy project you should finish if you're working on a hard when you don't
have to just write up a progress report and
Ivan was once asked well
what is a PhD thesis and
Ivan said well it's something that three people will sign
okay
barb Barton completely opposite personality
enormous man Dave was
little Barton was enormous kind
of guy who wins push-up contest with Australians
and he
was incredibly articulate so he's kind
of a left-wing version of William F Buckley
and very literate he
was extremely well-read he was a mathematician he
did not like graduate students
he's not really a professor Dave he
was a computer designer it burrows and
Dave convinced him to spend a few years
here and
so here it comes some of his quotes
one of his quotes of a quote that he loved
we should all share in
the excitement of discovery without vain attempts to claim priority
that was this guy in spades so
he could it was very hard to get him to talk about his
own work systems programmers or high priests of a low
cult that's a good one then
in the first class I taught with him it was on advanced
systems design and he came stomping into this class
and he had a sheet of
paper in his hand and says a few things known about advanced
system design they're all written down in these papers I expect
you all to to read them all and understand
them completely and then he said but it is my job to firmly
disabuse you disabuse you of any
fondly held notions you might have brought into this classroom
and so instead of teaching us what
he did is he destroyed us so
anything we believed in with regard to computing he would knock it
down and we would bring up things
that we believed in from his own work and he would knock that down
there
was total destruction and
because he said look it's not a religion and
you it's
true that some of these things are useful but you
have to you have to start from something
like scratch and you have to admit
these ideas carefully because they will actually rule your
your life so this is best course I ever had in
20-some odd years of school
because he did us the service that most professors
won't do which is to make
us actually bona fide practitioners
and critics in the very field that
we're in something to think about when you're teaching a
class and then this beautiful
one which is used every book everywhere
principle the basic principle of recursive design
is to make the parts have the same powers as the halls and
this works in nature works
in engineering works in
many different ways so so
we had these two guys who are completely different and by the way
I showed up I was graduate student number seven here and
Dave and Bob were
two out of the three professors we had here so
three professors and seven graduate students
and Dave had come here with
some ARPA money because he thought
instead of trying to solve the hidden line
problem you can sort of see what the hidden line problem is by
looking on the scope there and back of John Warnock there's
you draw the edges of things
they show through and the
question is is what if you wanted the surfaces
as though they're opaque what do you have to do and it
was basically an exponential problem in
the early 60s take
minutes and minutes and minutes to just do a
thing with a few hundred surfaces so Dave
was quite sure that continuous-tone graphics using
pixels on a bitmap screen would
actually solve the problem now I have
to tell the story of John here
so John
had a master's in mathematics and he was a very
good programmer and he was working as a staff
programmer in the Merrill
engineering the computer center on
the 1108 he was doing like COBOL
programs for scheduling classes and stuff
like that and not trivial problems
but you know he was a workaday programmer
there in one day one of the graduate
students from the three official 3d project went into John's
office to ask him about handling large arrays and
John said well how large an array and the guy
said well 300,000 misses three hundred
thousand pixels as a is about 640 by
480 300,000
that was a lot in those days and John
said well why do you want to do that and so in
the middle of this explanation of well we're doing this with
graphics John thought of how to do it really how
to really do it and
so he started wrote a Fortran program
to produce these things and
this is one where the power of recursive
to have the parts have the same power of the holes it was a
recursive descent program that turned an exponential
problem into an N log n problem
and he was I think the shortest graduate student we've
ever had here at Utah because
he was promoted to be a graduate student for all of
six weeks I believe and his
thesis was I think probably the thought shortest one still
right 33 pages is like 25 pages of
prose telling
well here's how I did it and here's nine pages of pictures
proving I did it and that was it so
and
of course that the side story
here which John would never say but it was
because John had this breakthrough that Ivan was willing to come
out here and I've been coming
out here changed the entire course of what
YouTube because it wasn't just one first class guy
and Dave Evans there's one of the towering
geniuses our field is ever had brought himself
in all of his graduate students out here in mass
to to make this department
double triple in size and
gain the stature that it did was because of
John's breakthrough
and I did a few things here
too this is a
project that Dave
was kind of the main mentor
on I mean I Bart and wasn't really a mentor
but
you could go out and drink beer with him and
so Barton would actually
had the attitude you have to have to
do hard problems that was what was
tremendous about him you just had to be like him and
you could knock it off and so
nothing Dave did it was he got his graduate students
consulting jobs in industry anybody still do that here
yeah and the reason he did it was he
well industry is the real world and graduate
student is an unnatural state they
paid us almost nothing and I asked
him which I said huh why are you paying us so little he says because I don't
want you to stick around he here as a graduate student I want you to
get that degree and get out of here
so
so this was a so
Dave took me out to meet Edie Cheadle at a
company that was probably no longer exist but it was part of
the link em kovat complex called mem
Corman tech not on the way to the the airport
was an aerospace company and Cheadle was Rollie pollie
Texan who was a genius electrical engineer
and he wanted to do a little desktop
machine and we hit it off and so
the result of that was this thing called the sketch machine it's a
flex machine and you can see it's self-portrait
what it looked like on its own
display the actual prototype looked like that and
it had multiple clipping
windows that had the first object-oriented
user interface
operating system it
had an iconic GUI so it had a lot of the elements of
we're familiar with today and not actually kind of
in 68-69
it looks a little bit like the Apple
computers of ten years later look a little
bit like an apple to there so we
did that and then after
one of these trips to talk
Seymour Papert who is working with children I started thinking
about children's computers and what was cool about the
Flex machine is he could count the transistors in it and
so it's thinking on the plane ride
back Wow I wonder
if you could actually
something that children could carry around because you don't want to children
this would be sitting at a desk so he starts so I sketched this
cartoon of two children
playing a game of space war
which they programmed themselves on
wireless network tablets
and after I got back
here to Utah made this cardboard model and
made it Hollow so
I could fill it up with lead shotgun pellets to see how heavy
you could make it before this is too heavy
by the way we knew that back then so the deal
was about a kilogram is
where you like to be with the
thing and four pounds is the absolute max than
anybody could stand of course you
know these six pounders have been around for a long
time and part of the strength of this was another visit
hat I took to that can't really see that very
well because the the projector is blooming but that
is an inch square flat screen display
from 1968 and
now how did we come to see
that well there was an RPR
Contractors meeting at alt Alta
Lodge in 68
Davis of course took his graduate students along
to this on the ground as long as we didn't
say anything so we've got to watch
all of the leaders of the this powerful
computing community dealing with each other Davis
Dave wanted us to see how the politics worked
and so this is all very interesting all
the stars were there and at the end of
it Bob Taylor
who is the Thunderer at that time
asked us graduate students who are sitting
in a ring around the the back of all of these
famous people if we had any comments and John
Warnock raised his hand and said well
you know we actually do all the work and
we when
we're getting our PhDs and so we're getting out
in the world and you know we do
everything and don't you think there should be something
like this principal investigators meeting
for our graduate students and Taylor
said yes we'll do it this
summer and so that led to many years of
these were the top two graduate students from each place we're chosen
to go to Illinois to
their resume where they did a comp have
a conference center for the University there and span
five days showing
each other what we're doing and forging bonds at left
so this is what that community was like and during that
we went on a field trip to the University of Illinois and here
was this first inch square flat-screen
plasma panel and so you can
you've decided you want to do a computer that can
be carried around and you know how many transistors a
desktop computer has and you know what
Moore's Law is the things
are going to get better over time then you can ask
yourself when is it going to be
that I can put those transistors on the back of a display and
now I will have a tablet
and the answer in 68
was yeah probably around 1980 that was a good
good answer because there's a men
amount of design and invention that had to be
done to to do the
software and the user interface to make these ideas work
okay so now
we're into the 70s and many
of these people that you've met wound
up going to Xerox PARC why because the
US government in its bumbling ways
things responded to some
of the protests about the Vietnam War by curtailing
all government funding on campus including
including the benign ARPA funding that's
when the D was put on our per to make it DARPA and
they've never been the same since and Taylor
who saw what that was
going to means gathered up his favorite graduate
students now who had PhDs and said we kind
of finished this off and so he found Xerox he
was willing to take us on for a few years to
do it and so in a few years four years at Xerox
we had this thing
so this is a 1973 here
like a Macintosh of 1988
or 1989 here's the GUI
desktop publishing
WYSIWYG what
we call real loop these days post
script pages
second laser printer Ethernet
pierre-pierre and client-server and about
Internet committee
and so this all costs in
today's dollars about 10 million dollars a year
so pretty much any place could do
it was done by a grand total of a about 30 people
right so this is cheap gotta
have the right 30 gotta have
the right process we had a legal agreement
with Xerox that they could not interfere with our research
in any way for five years we have to use
that legal agreement because of course they thought
they had ideas also
and here's the interesting thing xerox
made a factor of 300 on
their total investment in Xerox PARC just
from the laser printer alone so contrary
to the urban legend which is not true that Xerox didn't
make anything they paid for Park hundreds of times over
made billions of dollars from the laser
printer they missed the other things but still a return
on investment of you know thirty thousand percent
is pretty good I'm told
the other thing to realize from the standpoint of
the US and the world the return to date from Xerox
PARC is in excess of thirty three trillion dollars
it's an excess of
a trillion dollars a year still just from these
inventions and
so an interesting thing
to contemplate is how come no
government nope
university no country no company will
put out that ten million dollars to fund this way
thing
to think about okay so let's
pass out some hero Awards here so
first Mandarin of course the
Ivan was everything Ivan was
a mentor he was the second funder
of ARPA
he was one of the greatest scientists
we've had these are the mentors who made a difference
Utah in the early days and we give
Dave Evans the main award
because it was his personality that
allowed everything else to function
he could deal he loved crazy people
he knew exactly how to deal
with them and to keep other people from going nuts
because there are crazy people around so he
cannot be helped thank too much and I
tell you if any of his if you wanted to
crossfire any of his graduate students would lie down in it for
him and I'm not kidding
and the grand awards here
are the funding and
the funders these are the four funders of the
ARPA community Licklider Sutherland
Bob Taylor and Larry Roberts
the guys who get domain
awards were both psychologists
Taylor did both funded
the ARPANET and
also it was the guy who set up Xerox PARC
and I believe that
the difference between now and then is as
simple as the difference between how
funding is done the funding then attracted
a particular type of people those people
are still around today but they're there's a complete
mismatch between them and the funding so those people are going into something
else other than computing I
myself would not go into computing today if
I were 25 it's
almost impossible to go to a university and even find
out that it's neat because it's so
intertwined it's been so invaded by IBM ISM but
now in the form of Microsoft and web
and everything else so there's been a complete confusion
between what it means to be a vocational
person in computing and what it means to actually get an education
in and the universities have been generally
the the biggest
sinners in that because universities
with when the baby boom came along pretty much turned themselves
into businesses which they pretty much are today
ok a little joke well
I'm not going to do the joke I'm just going to put those up as an enigmatic
thing here
because I think this is a good time to pause for any questions you
might have because I've done I've done a bit just about an
hour and I think that's all I should should do here
I'll leave the joke until later so
any questions on
this talk which is
mostly about why I think
things worked and why I don't think
they work as well today thank
and
a few questions before the reception yes sir
did the ARPANET help to cross fertilize
these ideas that you talk with others in other places
in ways that were interesting that made things happen
yes it did the
ARPANET cross-fertilize ideas yes
and interestingly
just as much before it was
built as afterwards because
it was these several of these large projects
that require cooperation
between these 15
places got
a lot of the cross fertilization happening in
doing the planning and it took
some years before the ARPANET was
actually as you you know email
existed before we
networks that existed on the time sharing systems
of the 60s and
everybody was very very happy to be
able to have a working email
system that linked colleagues
together and so the
but I think that the you
know for instance FTP file sharing
and other kinds of things were done after the
advent of the the ARPANET which is really an experiment
in adaptive
packet switching many ways the ARPANET
was a little bit more interesting than the way the internet
does it because it actually it
did the ARPANET actually thought to a certain extent
so there's a lot of fun working
in many of us like I was on the ARPANET committee
I was one of many graduate students
who served on that yeah
yes
original
well I think the
the you know I was
willing to settle for Less hardware-wise than
we have today but to me to me the Dynabook was
always a service idea this is something
that most people have still have a hard time understanding about
computing because they you
know we still place a lot of
value in atoms it's
hard to actually monetize things unless
you get something in the mail right
or you find a very low price for it because
don't know how to value those things that
computers are actually undervalued as far as I'm concerned
the average American car cost twenty
eight thousand five hundred and I pay that in a flash
for twenty eight thousand five hundred dollars worth
of computing in a box like this rather than 2k
right but most people don't use the computer
for anything useful it's just no
it's true because people almost
everybody uses the computer almost all the time as a convenience
for dealing with old media
hardly anybody of the billions
who use computer learns about new
things by writing simulations for example so nothing
even remotely resembling a computer computer
literacy exists so this is bait
this is still the Gutenberg Bible imitating
the fonts and
ligatures that the monks did
and a good way to think about computers is to
services so there are actually three physical forms I
came up with for the Dynabook they
were rather different from each other based on
things that were going on but the you
know most of the thinking I did about it was what
services and part of the service
ideas what kind of user interface do you actually
have to have to help
people rather than hinder them and it took us
while at Xerox PARC to come up with one that
was even halfway decent that's the one that's used today
and and it was really a much better
interface for children than it than it has been for adults
I think yeah so
if you look at the services provided by something
like an iPad they're terrible right
because it violates the first principle of
personal computing which is symmetric creation with
consumption so that was one of the
few notice and sketchpad you
with a working bridge or you could make one and
microsoft word which was originally
done at Parc you could present somebody
with a document and you could read it or you can make a document
but notice that symmetry exists
iPad the iPad most of the stuff that Apple has been doing
our consumer consumption devices
and I think they're terrible for people
because they can completely gotten
right price so that people will
buy an app for whatever
it is rather than improving things enough
so that they can make tools as they need
them right so that's anti what this
whole romance of personal
computing was about from this group yeah
so and you know whenever you make something
whenever you make a tool you're you're simultaneously
making an amplifier and a prosthetic
car amplifies us in one way but it
withers our body in another we have
to choose to exercise once we take on a
car and
Socrates you
know complained about writing that it takes away the
need to remember things and
of course this was Plato
being ironic because
Plato was the one of the first great writers of all
time and he would use Socrates as his mouthpiece
so I'm sure he was chuckling like mad while he
was while he was writing this and he didn't
say it but anybody with a brain would
realize oh but wait a minute I don't have to give
up my memory just because I've got writing now
I've actually got the best of both worlds
providing I decide to remember because I
certainly don't want to leave anything interesting out in a manuscript
right it's too inefficient it's
too inefficient to try and find things
you need them on this thing so you might as well when you
learn how to read you might as well learn how to remember and now you're
really powerful because reading is many times more
efficient than oral
transmission and if
you can remember you're now putting enormous
amounts of stuff that can work with each other inside
your head so that was
so these are the kinds of thinking that we were
doing back back then
yes sir
in
today's money
but
you know I've often wondered how
how much of a simple generalization you can
make and get away with on
this but one thing that is certainly true
one contrast that is really
noticeable is that today's
funders like the
funders in the past are responsible they have this money
but today's funders
confuse being responsible
with the need to control and the
funders in the past absolutely did not
that's so
look lighter didn't control the darn thing his
idea was in fact so a
good Licklider story is they
asked him about
failure is
any worry because if you looked
at what these different projects were trying to do they were cosmic
every one of the things had not
there was nothing like them that had actually
been done before so pretty much it was artificial intelligence
it was making a network that could
scale by 10
magnitude without breaking you know nobody done anything
like that Licklider said well we're not playing golf
we're losing a stroke is a
tragedy so this is more
like baseball and Tyco Ty
Cobb had the best lifetime batting average and
it was 367 so two-thirds
of the time you know something
not good
happened when Ty Cobb went to the plate and
if you look at most of the assessment systems that are
set up now by Congress
and in businesses people who fail two-thirds of the time
or gotten rid of but in sports they
understand what the deal is and
Licklider said look if we if we're 30
or 40 percent successful on what
we're funding just that will change the entire world
and they said well what about the 60 or 70
percent I said well that's just the cost of doing business in research
and this is what people don't understand because
this is a phrase that businesses do have
for various ephemeral things like advertising
but they have never been able to apply it
to what long-range research does
in long range research has been incredibly
fruitful but another
reason you could say is down deep these
people don't want to fund anything they don't understand
right and that
is a disaster because it's not their business to understand
that's what they're paying the scientists
for their business is to find
the best people they can and give them the money and take the percentages
on the results if they do that well you'll
always get multi trillion-dollar returns
on the thing so a lot of different reasons that are
somewhat similar right you can work them in
different directions part of it
is Congress was not a factor back
then partly because of Proxmire
in the seventies and other things
happened since Congress has inserted itself very
very deeply in
these Affairs including this turning
ARPA into DARPA which came with a
congressional oversight that makes that requires DARPA
to have goal-oriented proposals
which means
you have to you have to tell the funders what you're
going to do ahead of time and that's not long-range research
long-range researches the
funders are paying partly for problem finding
so I've been working on NSF for the last few
years to get this say look you guys can't keep funding engineering
proposals and getting it you're not doing anything
you know you're you're keeping professors and
graduate students alive but the field is dying
because nothing is happening
and it's not that these breakthroughs we're
and now there aren't anymore breakthroughs and it's
people back then we're any more special than they are today
numerically there are more people
of the caliber of ARPA and Xerox
PARC today than they were back then I mean the field is enormous
so there's more to draw from and
Jesus the computing just
just having
lots of memories
to work with is something
that we would have died for back then
so so
there aren't so this is like a poco Barrett you remember
poco he said we've met the enemy and they are us
this is one of these things where this
is the simplest proposition and
another thing that is astounding to
me is that when
they damped demand rationalization of these things I said
look the best rationalization for investing
is portfolio investing it's proven
mathematically then in portfolio investing
you have to invest some small percentage in
unvetted projects
because you'll get mat the
maximum return that way and if
you go to universities you go to businesses they learn
this in MBA school and they know it yep
yep yeah but they won't do it they want that small
percent to go into their bottom line because
they don't understand so
it's it has to do with the
the different the difference between I
think the regular world and things
that require talent like team
sports right
nobody's going to demand democracy in professional
basketball
all right you get the best they
millions for them a professional baseball and you're
not looking for the same kind of person your
guts the whole point of a team a team is
a multi-faceted diamond that
is put together partly by the coach and partly
by the way the players work off and
whole point is to get synergy so it's not about having
a a party line or a
religion not about any of these things that make
people feel comfortable you know and the
as Licklider said you know what
do we don't worry but like the part
tailor was asked wasn't this going to be expensive and
Taylor said no because I'm not going to hire any good
person and Zurich said what and
he said no because you can't concatenate good people
to do what a great person can do says I'm
only got hire great people and there are that many
of them so the budget is limited
but he says once I have these
don't have to have a management structure with
these people because these people already know what they want to do
so Taylor said my job at Xerox PARC is
to set up the social conditions so
when these lone wolves need to cooperate with each other
they will that was what his job was he
never gave us a directive or suggestion
on any goal we should work on but he worked on the
cology of the system that was his role in the thing
Butler was the brilliant Oppenheimer we
had my group was the lunatic fringe as it
was called and and
we didn't have a party line on the on the thing and we
did cooperate when that when that was a good
idea and it was powerful like two dozen people you
we just did a lot of things in four years and
people are amazed at and I said no with it that was the easiest
hing we ever did in our life it's the one time we ever got to
interference from people who don't know what they're doing
so that's the that's the
hell of it this stuff is really easy
to pull off if
you don't have all these side conditions that
wind up killing things before they ever get started