Difference between revisions of "FutureLaw 2021 Opening Keynote: There Oughta be a Law"

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<subtitle id="0:0:7">so allen k is</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:0:10"> something of a legend in the world of computer science</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:0:13"> and artificial intelligence uh in his early</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:0:16">work at darpa and xerox he contributed</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:0:19">evelopment of object oriented programming</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:0:22">raphical user interfaces we all</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:0:25"> use today so in recognition of his work</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:0:29"></subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:0:31">award in computer science the draper prize the touring award</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:0:34"> the kyoto prize so</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:0:37"> so we're uh extremely honored alan</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:0:40"> and and really pleased to have you here with us today</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:0:43"> and to give us your perspective on computational</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:0:46"> law so with that i'll turn it over to you</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:0:49">thanks very</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:0:52"> much i'm going to try sharing my screen here</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:0:58">and uh</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:1:1"> if people are seeing a strip</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:1:4"> of uh</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:1:7"> other windows besides me down the right hand</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:1:10">side that's going to interfere with some of the materials</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:1:13"> i'm showing but anyway i will just</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:1:16"> start and i will let the</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:1:19"> people who are running the</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:1:22">session uh decide</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:1:25"> what what to do with that</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:1:28"> thank you very much for inviting me uh</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:1:31"> i'm a little uh rocky today because</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:1:34">had my second uh vaccination</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:1:37"> shot yesterday but uh there's nothing</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:1:40"> like the adrenaline from fear in</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:1:43"> giving a talk</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:1:46">and</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:1:49">this thing started off</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:1:52"> when mike contacted me a little</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:1:55"> over a month ago and</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:1:58">he asked if i could do a keynote for this conference</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:2:1"> and i didn't know what</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:2:4"> this was about and should have something to</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:2:7"> do with computers legal system society of the future</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:2:10">and all of</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:2:13"> these uh interesting people in the audience</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:2:16"> most of whose uh</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:2:19"> professions i'm not very aware with about</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:2:22">and then he wanted me to do it very quickly</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:2:25">so of course i said okay</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:2:28"> why not and</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:2:31">i'd like to i'd</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:2:34"> like to thank the people who helped me on this talk</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:2:37">ahead of time because it gets lost in the shuffle at the end</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:2:40"> so you see their names here</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:2:43"> the connections from</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:2:46"> mike to katy and mark steffik through tim</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:2:49"> miller to bertram mala were particularly</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:2:52"> useful thank you all</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:2:55"> and of course i thought of this old cartoon</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:2:58"> being an old guy</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:3:1">this is a series of cartoons that</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:3:4"> were essentially gotcha cartoons</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:3:7"> uh people say</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:3:10"> one set of things and all of a sudden it turns out to be</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:3:13"> worse or different uh later and it was</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:3:16">eries was called there ought to be a law</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:3:19"> and the first thing</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:3:22">was asked about</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:3:25"> this talk was well there are these nine people</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:3:28"> who have a lot of</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:3:31"> influence in what's going on</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:3:34"> they're all lawyers they all have top</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:3:37">degrees from everywhere they're all really smart</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:3:41"> in many</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:3:44"></subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:5:59"></subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:6:2"> minds inside of our skull manifested by our brain</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:6:4"> we could have as many as 80 or 90 of them</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:6:7"> three that were articulated</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:6:10"> uh some years ago that have been particularly</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:6:13"> useful is a way</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:6:16"> of thinking about things and way of doing things that</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:6:19"> is through touch</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:6:22">of doing things and</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:6:25"> another way of doing</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:6:28"> things is through</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:6:31"> our visual system and i include</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:6:34"> in this are our hearing system they</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:6:37"> both are basically configurative</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:6:40"> and then</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:6:43"> we have this very recent symbolic</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:6:46"> system that's probably only a few</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:6:49"> hundred thousand years old</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:6:52"> now and these uh</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:6:55"> not just these three ways of doing things</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:6:58"> but are maybe 10 or 15 or 20 different ways</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:7:1">doing things conflict with themselves patron saint here</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:7:4"> is jerome brunner</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:7:7">and</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:7:10"> our theaters inside</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:7:13"> of our heads are mostly not human</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:7:16"> most of the way our brain</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:7:19"> works are in common with other</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:7:22"> primates and mammals</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:7:25">and this is not the way we think of ourselves so we're constantly</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:7:28"> [Music] fooling</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:7:31"> ourselves i'll i'll pick the patron saint here as</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:7:34"> daniel kahneman from thinking fast</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:7:37"> and slow very renowned nobel</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:7:40"> prize winner uh it was basically</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:7:43"> a behavioral psychologist</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:7:46"> and then</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:7:49"> we are immersed inside the play that</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:7:52">from the cultures that we are in</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:7:55"> and it's the nature of our genetics</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:7:58"> for us to become part of that play</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:8:1"> especially when we're children but</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:8:4">all ages when we</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:8:7"> go to another place we start acculturating</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:8:10"> and we're much more shaped by</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:8:13">we think and i could pick a number</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:8:16"> of people here i picked marshall mcluhan</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:8:19"> because he was particularly interested in</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:8:22"> how the media that we're more and more embedded</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:8:25"> in now is</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:8:28"> a environment</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:8:31"> and a culture itself and is affecting us</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:8:34"> uh very deeply i</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:8:37"> put a halo on uh jerry brunner here because he's sometimes</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:8:40"> called saint jerome and</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:8:43"> one of the largest minds of the 20th century</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:8:46"> this guy was interested</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:8:49"> and extremely well versed in</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:8:52"> many areas he was one of the founders</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:8:55">miller of cognitive psychology</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:8:58"> but his deep</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:9:1"> hobby was also anthropology and he really</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:9:4"> spanned the gamut of</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:9:7"> human culture in so many ways</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:9:10"> so these five dimensions and i'll these</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:9:13"> some of these characters will come back again</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:9:16"> in this uh in this talk</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:9:19"> and uh well this is puck</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:9:22"> what fools these mortals be and we can see the vulcans visited</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:9:25"> earth at least 400 years ago</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:9:28"> and what what did puck</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:9:31"> mean or shakespeare speaking through puck</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:9:34"> well we're easily fooled we want to be fooled</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:9:37"> we pay to be fooled</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:9:40"> we fool ourselves and we pay to fool others</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:9:43">o</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:9:46"> the world that we actually live in</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:9:49"> is much more of a generated</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:9:52"> symbolic world</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:9:55"> in which uh story</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:9:58"> is the central element rather than what might actually</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:10:1"> be going on out of the world</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:10:4"> here's an example</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:10:10">mother</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:10:13"> uh wants to crack some nuts</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:10:16"> and her nine-year-old son</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:10:19">utcracker so she starts grooming</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:10:25">because</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:10:28"> at some point she can demand</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:10:31"> of him to groom her</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:10:37">it says come on</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:10:40">he starts doing it watch what happens</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:10:43">here as soon as he gets both hands</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:10:46"> over there</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:10:49">he grabs your lock</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:10:52">very happily</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:10:58">mammals are con artists here's</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:11:1"> a dog that looks like like</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:11:4"> he's in desperate</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:11:7"></subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:11:13"> state</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:11:25">when somebody</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:11:28"> stops</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:11:31">tosses</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:11:34"> out some food and whoops</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:11:40">o another</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:11:43"> aspect of this theatrical approach to</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:11:46"> life we have is we project our beliefs</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:11:49">world so the talmud has</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:11:52"> a really good line about that as we see things not</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:11:55"> as they are but as we are</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:11:58"> this i think is the key here for</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:12:1"> trying to deal with uh</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:12:4"> modern inventions modern</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:12:7">world that is full of us</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:12:10"> ancient human brains</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:12:13">computer people could help</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:12:16"> things tremendously if</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:12:19"> they were less interested in computers and more interested in</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:12:22"> people however the psychology of</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:12:25"> computing not a hundred percent</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:12:28"> but it caters very very strongly</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:12:31"> to people who are uneasy with people with uh</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:12:34"> human beings the computers uh</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:12:37"> seem to be uh much less threatening</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:12:40"> so computer people have</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:12:43"> traditionally had a really difficult time</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:12:46">understanding</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:12:49"> the idea that humans are supposed to be using these things</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:12:52"> so here's an example of projection</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:12:55">we take two poker chips here</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:12:58"> and we organize them</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:13:1"> so that one is</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:13:4"> twice as far away from the other</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:13:7">if we look at the image on the retina as descartes indeed</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:13:10"> did by scraping the back of an ox's</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:13:13"> eye after the ox was dead thank goodness</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:13:16">what we see is the lens an</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:13:19"> animal lens actually works like a glass lens</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:13:22"> and the image on the retina of</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:13:25"> the further away one is half the size</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:13:28"> of the closer one then</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:13:31">we've got a kind of a pachinko machine called a brain</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:13:34"> here and this</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:13:37"> information from the retina goes to lots of different</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:13:40">including a place in the brain</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:13:43"> where we believe things and one of the beliefs</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:13:46">about poker chips is that they're the same</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:13:49">size and so this is a this</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:13:52">information that's and it's on the retina</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:13:55"> and another part of this complex</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:13:58"> that we have inside of our heads</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:14:1">call the dream it's basically a theater</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:14:4"> where</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:14:7"> many many different parts</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:14:10"> of the processing in our brain</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:14:13">we're not aware of are consolidated</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:14:16"> together into something that</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:14:19"> internally is is what we treat</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:14:22">reality and so</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:14:25"> the compromise here is between</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:14:28"> a half size on the retina and</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:14:31"> the same size knowledge</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:14:34"> that we have and so the dream decides</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:14:37">that the smaller one is about 80 percent</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:14:40">rather than 50 the size</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:14:43"> and then we have this interesting thing is the dream</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:14:46"> is actually what we think is out there</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:14:52">and what we think is out there when we actually look at this</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:14:55"> we can do it with our thumbs too</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:14:58"> but is actually out there we think</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:15:1">something that is uh</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:15:4"> 80 for the further away one</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:15:7"> that's what we see when we look at our thumbs like this</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:15:10"> uh artists get around this</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:15:13"> by measuring by being very</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:15:16"> careful about the angles that are</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:15:19"> subtended and so forth but this projection</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:15:22"> of what our beliefs are</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:15:25"> and our conclusions out onto the world as though</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:15:28"> it's actually happening out in the world</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:15:31"> has gotten our species</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:15:34">trouble over</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:15:37"> hundreds of thousands of years it's one of the major</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:15:40"> things we have to think about whenever we're doing</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:15:43"> anything that involves either</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:15:46"> ideas communication or power</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:15:49">and mcluhan had</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:15:52"> the great line for this it's not seeing as believing</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:15:55"> but until i believe it i can't see it</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:15:58">is the way human perception actually works</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:16:1"> you have to learn how to do it and your learning</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:16:4"> might not be perfect so</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:16:7"> the thinking fast</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:16:10"> and slow book kahneman</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:16:13"> proposes uh what he calls</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:16:16"> uh two expository fictions</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:16:19"> meaning they're not true</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:16:22"> but pretending they are really helps</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:16:25"> thinking about uh something much more</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:16:28"> complicated so he just divides our entire</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:16:31"> mentality up into six system one</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:16:34"> which are all of the mechanisms in their</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:16:37"> designed to go really fast</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:16:40"> quick reactions</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:16:43">done by correlations</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:16:46"> of the kind that machine learning does</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:16:49">they're very simple they're not cognitive</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:16:52"> the system one system does not really know what's going on</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:16:55"> and then there's this system two</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:16:58"> which is not a very good thinker but at least it tries</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:17:1"> it's slow it's pondering and makes up</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:17:4">reasons for things and one of the</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:17:7"> metaphors that kahneman used in this book was</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:17:10"> uh our our our</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:17:13"> mentality is a little bit like somebody</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:17:16"> riding on a on an elephant</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:17:19"> and sometimes guiding the elephant but sometimes</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:17:22"> the elephant just wants to do something and</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:17:25"> what system two does is to make up a reason</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:17:28"> for it as though it had come up</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:17:31"> with the motivation for doing it so if the elephant</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:17:34"> rears up [Music]</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:17:37"> the person the the writer</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:17:40"> of the elephant says well i wanted to do that</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:17:43">but in fact a</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:17:46"> careful brain scan studies show that much</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:17:49"> of the time system two never got to think</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:17:52"> about it system one just decided to do something</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:17:55">and system two noticing it in this theater came</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:17:58"> up with a reason for it so robert</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:18:1">heinlein once said we're not rational animals</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:18:4"> we're rationalizing animals</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:18:7">here's one</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:18:10"> of my favorite condiment</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:18:13"> biases this guy</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:18:16"> wants to catch a baboon</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:18:19">and you can find this video</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:18:22"> on youtube if you want to find out why</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:18:25"> here's a young juvenile baboon watching</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:18:28">with interest but he's digging a hole in this termite</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:18:31">yield there</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:18:34"> and he's putting some seeds in the hole</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:18:40">and then he backs</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:18:43"> off</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:18:46">primates</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:18:52">what is in there</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:19:1">puts his hand in there</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:19:4"> grabs onto those</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:19:7"> seeds and now he can't</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:19:10"> get his hand out because he won't let go of the</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:19:13"> seeds he could let go of him</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:19:16"> and run away but in fact he's not going to let go of it</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:19:19">so the hunter</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:19:22"> just comes over and catches</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:19:25"> him ties</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:19:31">the seeds</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:19:34"> the seeds this reminds you of anything that you've</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:19:37"> done a hundred or a thousand times</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:19:43">o kahneman and tversky</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:19:46"> put together uh</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:19:49"> and came up with the term cognitive biases they</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:19:52"> started collecting weird</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:19:55">where we aren't thinking at all reasonably</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:19:58">they came up with i don't know a few hundred of</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:20:1"> them there's a good wikipedia page</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:20:4"> for these</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:20:7"> um</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:20:10">so</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:20:13">yeah so this one was loss</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:20:16"> aversion favorite one</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:20:19"> here is dunning krueger</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:20:22"> these smug pilots have lost touch with</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:20:25">regular passengers like us who thinks i should fly the plane</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:20:28"> we just had a president kind of like that</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:20:31">but if</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:20:34"> you want gunning krueger take a look at pretty much every computer</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:20:37">program in the planet it is the</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:20:40"> maximum of being more confident</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:20:43"> than it should be about what it's able to do and what</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:20:49">another one confirmation bias we should all</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:20:52"> know that one being researchers and academics</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:20:58">we look for things</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:21:1"> that support what what we think is going on we're totally</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:21:4"> story based even when we think we're trying</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:21:7"> to be scientific</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:21:10">so</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:21:13"> basically what's going on</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:21:16"> here is an enormous part</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:21:19"> of us is atavistic</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:21:22"> and in fact what's going on right now</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:21:25"> uh through zoom is</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:21:28">campfire where somebody's</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:21:31"> up there telling stories here's mike checking me out to make</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:21:34"> sure i'm going to end this on on time</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:21:37"> [Music] and</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:21:43">we're wired for stores we use stories for so</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:21:46"> many different things even when it's not a good</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:21:49"> idea and uther</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:21:52"> horse in here this guy from a hundred thousand years</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:21:55"> ago everything at this</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:21:58"> modern campfire would be completely familiar to him</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:22:1"> and this</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:22:4"> is because he has pretty much the same brain that we have</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:22:7"> he wants the same things</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:22:10"> and if we give him a haircut and</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:22:13"> a briefcase and modern version</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:22:16"> of a sphere of a spear which is a tomahawk</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:22:19">basically</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:22:22"> the same thing obtains</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:22:25">and this is something we have to remember that</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:22:28"> and it's something that is used all the time</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:22:31"> in the courts and in</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:22:34"> every kind of advocacy and [Music]</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:22:37"> prosecution and defense</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:22:40"> is turn it into a good story and you</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:22:43"> don't have to worry about the truth</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:22:46">because we don't care whether the stories are true we</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:22:49">and to be the way we think things</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:22:52">o bertrand</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:22:55"> russell wrote a book about power</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:22:58"> and one of the major ideas</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:23:1"> in it is hey no matter what system you</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:23:4"> devise you need to arrange to allow the most</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:23:7"> able energetic and aggressive to prosper</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:23:10">or they will game it to death and eventually undo</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:23:13"> it there's a lot of contention right now</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:23:16"> with people simply</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:23:19"> trying to get their own way by gaming</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:23:22"> things and</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:23:25"> the law has to be above that but it isn't</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:23:28">his</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:23:31"> pamphlet was key</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:23:34"> to the</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:23:37"> uh direction that our country took</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:23:40"> and it's a joke because</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:23:43"> it in fact is not about</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:23:46"> what common sense was at all common sense was</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:23:49"> you should have a monarchy but</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:23:52"> what he tries to do is come up with a new common sense and one of</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:23:55"> the great principles in there he says instead of having</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:23:58"> the king be the law we can have the law be the king</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:24:1"> meaning we should be able to</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:24:4"> invent a better society than we</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:24:7"> just blundered our way into</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:24:10">and so</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:24:13"> this pamphlet which uh</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:24:16"> 900 000 went out to 1.5 million</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:24:19">colonists in the first six months right</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:24:22"> before the declaration of independence was one</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:24:25"> of the most influential pieces of writing in</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:24:28"> american history then this great</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:24:31"> book by uh anthony</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:24:34"> amsterdam who is a supreme court litigator and</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:24:37"> a distinguished lawyer and legal</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:24:40"> theorist many of you will know of him and jerry</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:24:43"> brenner uh jerry lives along</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:24:46"> jerry lived just slightly past</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:24:49">of 100. and so he had many</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:24:52"> different careers and he spent 10 years in</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:24:55"> the nyu law school as a professor</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:24:58"> this is one of the books that they</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:25:1"> came up with</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:25:4">and their aim is to make what is familiar strange again which</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:25:7">number one job i think for any university</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:25:10"> uh the toughest people to</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:25:13">are people who know something</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:25:16"> because they often know it only too well</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:25:22">and it talks</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:25:25"> for a person who doesn't know a lot about the law this</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:25:28">the best introductions</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:25:31"> to what it's really about</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:25:34"> but what was interesting is that the</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:25:37"> thrust of this book what they looked</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:25:40"> at to make up the book was</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:25:43"> what the supreme court</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:25:46"> actually does and did and has done</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:25:49">how much what they've done</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:25:52"> has not been particularly logical</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:25:55"> at all but has been organized around</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:25:58"> different kinds of story lines</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:26:1">and narrative</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:26:4"> i think understanding</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:26:7"> narrative being able to generate narrative</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:26:10"> to be able to deal with narrative</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:26:13"> on a human scale is critical</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:26:16">attempt to be serious</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:26:19"> about computing in the law</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:26:22">so here's an example</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:26:25"> of what is sometimes called the private universe</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:26:28"> from nsf a few years ago</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:26:31"> right after the</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:26:34"> harvard commencement they went</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:26:37"> around and asked some questions</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:27:7">heart</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:27:13">despite a lifetime of the very best education</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:27:16"> students in our classrooms are failing to</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:27:19"> learn science many of these students will graduate</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:27:22">from college with the same scientific misconceptions that</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:27:25"> they had on entering grade school to test</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:27:28"> how a lifetime of education affects our understanding of science</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:27:31">ask these recent graduates some simple questions in</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:27:34"> astronomy consider for example how</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:27:37"> cold it is at any given time of the year has to do</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:27:40"> with the closeness of the earth to the</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:27:43"> sun during the season the earth goes</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:27:46"> around the sun and</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:27:52">now</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:27:55"> after i saw this i was</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:27:58"> had taught a class at ucla so i went</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:28:1">and asked some of the students if they've come outside</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:28:4"> with me to talk about</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:28:7"> both the phases of the moon question</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:28:10"> and the seasons because</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:28:13">to ask for instance this</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:28:16"> guy uh well</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:28:19"> do you know when it's summer up</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:28:22"> here in the northern hemisphere do you know what the</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:28:25"> season is in the southern hemisphere and</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:28:28"> all the students i talked to knew it was</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:28:31">winter and all of a sudden they realized oh the</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:28:34">distance the distance to the sun can't</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:28:37"> be the main thing about the seasons and</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:28:40"> to those who thought the earth got in between</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:28:43"> the moon and the sun to cause the phases</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:28:46"> of the moon i asked them if they'd ever seen the sun</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:28:49">moon in the sky at the same</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:28:52">course we have on many occasions</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:28:55"> and the moon is usually in face</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:28:58">and so the earth cannot possibly be between there</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:29:1"> so i think we can get two ideas</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:29:4">this that the major curriculum at harvard</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:29:7"> at least is confidence 101</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:29:10"> and from the time i spent at stanford i would say</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:29:13"> that that's true there also</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:29:16"> but the other thing</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:29:19"> is that the what nsf was exploring as</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:29:22"> a knowledge problem is not just a knowledge problem</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:29:25">a cognitive problem and we have to thank</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:29:28"> the harvard students for not having the knowledge</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:29:31">because the cognitive problem is that they had</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:29:34"> seen in their lives every single one of them</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:29:37">examples to what their</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:29:40"> main theory was and none of their</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:29:43"> training in their entire life had</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:29:46"> set them up with the heuristic to try and compare</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:29:49">know about</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:29:52"> uh the earth and the planets</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:29:55"> so this is a much bigger failure than simply</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:29:58"> not knowing something</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:30:1">so this gives rise to this private universe</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:30:4"> idea that we have</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:30:7"> very different worlds in our brains</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:30:10"> we project them out on the world</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:30:13">and we have trouble communicating so a mane and hooves</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:30:16">well</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:30:19"> not necessarily a horse</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:30:22"> and in fact in med school this people who</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:30:25"> come up with the zebra from that description are called zebras</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:30:28">people who come up with the most complicated</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:30:31"> diagnosis rather than the one that's the most</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:30:34">but</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:30:37"> for these two kids uh they can</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:30:40"> eventually get to agree on what</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:30:43">hamburger is that comes into their shared space</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:30:46"> and we can see that that words are</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:30:49"> kind of uh an</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:30:52"> invention that allows us to point to things</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:30:55"> that are in our jointly shared imagination</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:31:1">so language came after the gesture</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:31:4"> so if you go to an upgrade of this campfire</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:31:10">because the theater</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:31:13"> grew out of what happened in campfires</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:31:16"> we noticed this interesting thing about</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:31:19">storytelling in general and</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:31:22">audience's intelligence</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:31:25"> is relied on to make sense</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:31:28"> of what's happening</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:31:31"> even in a movie</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:31:34"> so the the only</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:31:37"> intelligence in the room is the audience there and you have to do</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:31:40">something in this shared space to get the</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:31:43">understand what you want them to understand</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:31:46"> and the theater</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:31:49"> is sometimes called the magic mirror precisely</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:31:52"> because uh</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:31:55"> its job the job of this</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:31:58"> kind of media is to beam the audience's intelligence</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:32:1">out at them and we can see that</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:32:4"> this is one of bruner's mentalities</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:32:7"> iconic in fact if you take acting</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:32:10">lessons the first thing they'll get you to do is not</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:32:13"> just pantomime but to learn how to pose</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:32:16"> because posing is the the</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:32:19"> center of what the theatrical art</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:32:22"> is about there are words</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:32:25">in fact we can get rid of the</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:32:28"> everything except the words by inventing</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:32:31"> writing and this puts a real burden</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:32:34"> on the audience the audience</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:32:37"> has to do a lot of learning but the learning they do helps</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:32:40"> them think differently and changes the way civilization</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:32:43"> turns out when a computer comes</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:32:46"> on the scene it's inherently</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:32:49"> a backstage kind of</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:32:52"> thing nobody it doesn't have a story to tell</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:32:55"> so you have to provide some kind</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:32:58"> of a story this is what we did at xerox park which will be</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:33:1"> familiar to you today</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:33:4"> and it uses both the iconic and the</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:33:7"> symbolic mentalities of bruner and</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:33:10"> the fact that we can touch it</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:33:13"> and we even made some interfaces</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:33:16"> that could touch back</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:33:19">so the idea here with relevance</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:33:22">conference is pretty much</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:33:25"> i think what comp law should be about right</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:33:28">primarily user interface</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:33:31"> for something more complicated than what we were</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:33:34">xerox park and you make progress by inventing</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:33:37">entirely new environment not just doing</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:33:40"> little experiments</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:33:43">this interface worked because</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:33:46">it its</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:33:49"> semantics was grounded on itself</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:33:52">it was about itself it wasn't about the outside world</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:33:55"> and the uh object-oriented stuff</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:33:58">at xerox park was able to create</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:34:1"> an ontology that allowed the system uh</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:34:4"> to be very self-explanatory and exploratory</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:34:7"> in various ways but if we take something</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:34:10"> like uh montesquieu's spirit</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:34:13"> of laws and put it on a computer</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:34:16">as a book but for most of</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:34:19">this book years ago and it was a</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:34:22"> real struggle most of us want</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:34:25"> an ai or something that can really help</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:34:28">us learn so the user</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:34:31"> interface is not just about</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:34:34"> access to functions</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:34:37"> it's also about learning and exploring</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:34:40">and getting more versed in what</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:34:43"> is an entire world that you're giving the user to live in</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:34:46">and the grounding</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:34:49"> problem is well put by einstein</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:34:52"> when he compares mathematics which</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:34:55"> is not grounded in anything except itself</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:34:58"> and science which has to be grounded</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:35:1">reality and so you</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:35:4"> can use math and science as long as</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:35:7"> you realize your grounding is not going to be perfect and that</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:35:10"> your main job is to find the groundings that</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:35:13">mathematical logic to come to conclusions</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:35:16"> about the real world</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:35:19">well okay</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:35:22"> so</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:35:25">in order to point to something</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:35:28"> in our shared space we have to imagine the same things</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:35:31">it's very likely that's what these cave paintings were about</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:35:37">and it's not that we don't</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:35:40"> uh imagine things</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:35:43"> we can imagine angels 77 of us believe</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:35:46"> there are angels 94 percent of us believe</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:35:49"> there are supreme beings many</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:35:52"> too many of us believe</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:35:55"> in a human sacrifice still going</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:35:58"> on about half of us</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:36:1"> pretty much everywhere believe in witches and demons i mean</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:36:4"> in demons and ghosts 21</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:36:7"> still believe in witches</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:36:10"> you can look up the great cat massacre</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:36:13">when they decided the cats were the witches in france</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:36:16"> in the 17th century</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:36:19"> we believe in war we can imagine war</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:36:22">and we can</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:36:25"> imagine something going wrong when we're vaccinated</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:36:28">so we have all of these things we can imagine and talk about</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:36:31"> and people do but most</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:36:34"> of us have had a hard time imagining</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:36:37"> tiny little viruses and</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:36:40"> the devastating deaths are</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:36:43"> precisely the result of not</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:36:46"> understanding something that a small percentage</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:36:49"> of scientists and anybody who understood their</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:36:52">grade biology course would</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:36:55"> understand so his current schooling has failed</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:36:58"> disastrously and because there are second</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:37:1"> and third waves societal learning from the first waves</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:37:4"> and thinking have also failed</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:37:7">and of course even smaller is the carbon</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:37:10">dioxide model uh</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:37:13"> molecule and we're flunking this</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:37:16">badly this is the</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:37:22">okay uh</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:37:25"> i had a rant here but i decided i would</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:37:28"> just ask you in this conference to consider the</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:37:31"> the following two questions how weak is the current</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:37:34"> state of the art of computer generated explanation</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:37:37">and computer-assisted learning especially</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:37:40"> compared to what it was 40 years ago</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:37:43"> it got up to a certain state 40 years ago it's gotten</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:37:46">slightly better since then but i</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:37:49"> couldn't find anything like what i expected</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:37:52"> and what seems to be going on is</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:37:55"> somehow a lot of researchers</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:37:58"> are like this guy who lost his keys back</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:38:1"> here and</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:38:4"> well he found a skate</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:38:7"> key has machine learning</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:38:10"> and semantic web on it and if you keep on working</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:38:13">might get a better skate key the problem</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:38:16"> is you're not going to get the access to the vehicle</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:38:19"> you wanted in the first place so</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:38:22"> uh yeah this is</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:38:25"> this is the symbol i put on my slides to quit</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:38:28"> talking know more about that</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:38:31"> okay so now i'll finish up</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:38:34">some some bright</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:38:37"> prospects first uh thanks</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:38:40"> to tim miller for bringing this</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:38:43">book by bertram to my attention</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:38:46"> i think it's terrific</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:38:49">he considers himself a cultural psychologist</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:38:52"> he was inspired by brenner</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:38:55"> and it's a book about the way people</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:38:58"> try to explain things to themselves</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:39:1">to others and gives a kind</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:39:4"> of what you might call a common sense</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:39:7"> uh framework for</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:39:10">humans actually go about</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:39:13">doing things and there are other books</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:39:16">associated with so it's all</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:39:19"> about what can we agree on</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:39:22"> how do you find meanings with the</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:39:25">private</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:39:28"> universes and</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:39:31"> many many different topics</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:39:34"> that i've not seen treated quite this way</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:39:43">um</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:39:46"> our field i think only a few</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:39:49">actually been treated</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:39:52"> in a.i so there are many many</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:39:55"> other ways to look at it and</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:39:58"> an example of a an enormous</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:40:1"> effort over decades with</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:40:4"> tens of millions of relationships</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:40:7"> and ways of inferring things</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:40:10">course psych by doug lennon</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:40:13"> and this is worth looking</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:40:16"> at again</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:40:19">ot because it's the answer to today's problem so much</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:40:22"> but because of what's in it</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:40:25"> is hard to escape having to have</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:40:28"> answers for and it's the only</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:40:31"> large-scale artifact of its kind that i know</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:40:34"> of that has uh that could actually be talked</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:40:37"> about and many things have happened</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:40:40"> about the theory of causality over the</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:40:43"> last 40 years including this</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:40:46"> the work of judea pearl</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:40:49">and then finally there are</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:40:52"> new uh user interface</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:40:55"> people on the scene the user interface is probably at its lowest</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:40:58"> level</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:41:1"> uh in computing uh that it's</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:41:4"> been for a long time except there are people</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:41:7"> like brett victor</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:41:10"> here who is</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:41:13"> just an amazing talent</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:41:16"> so if you look at this these</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:41:19"> four things here we've got</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:41:22"> a framework for thinking</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:41:25"> we've got ways of dealing</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:41:28"> with uh the</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:41:31"> areas of logic that we can deal with we've got examples</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:41:34"> of huge artifacts</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:41:37">that are going to be required in order to do cognitive ai</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:41:40">t's not that there isn't going to be machine learning as</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:41:43"> part of it but having machine learning</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:41:46">central part is the tail wagging</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:41:49"> the dog and then finally there</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:41:52"> are some great user interface thinkers on</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:41:55"> the scene so</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:41:58">i think you need to make a platform</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:42:1">think these are four starting places</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:42:4">to do such a platform</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:42:7"> i think these are the four places i would start i'd look for</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:42:10">some sort of vector sums of these</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:42:13">dimensions uh get everybody</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:42:16"> involved in a new grand challenge and synthesis</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:42:19"> and make the center of it dealing with critical</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:42:22">are considered to be important</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:42:25"> thank you very much</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:42:28">i'm sorry for running over a little bit but that's thanks</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:42:31"> alan thank you so much for this uh</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:42:34"> wonderful very human-centric framework</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:42:37"> you've uh given us as a wonderful</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:42:40"> basis for for the rest of our our conference</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:42:43"> so we very much appreciate you and appreciate you</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:42:46"> taking the time uh for sharing your ideas</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:42:49"> about the world of law and technology</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:42:52"> and uh and yeah</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:42:55"> please accept you know my applause as an applause on behalf</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:42:58">the over 600 people who i'm</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:43:1"> sure share the enthusiasm about your about your</subtitle>

Latest revision as of 05:17, 19 November 2021

so allen k is
something of a legend in the world of computer science
and artificial intelligence uh in his early
work at darpa and xerox he contributed
evelopment of object oriented programming
raphical user interfaces we all
use today so in recognition of his work
award in computer science the draper prize the touring award
the kyoto prize so
so we're uh extremely honored alan
and and really pleased to have you here with us today
and to give us your perspective on computational
law so with that i'll turn it over to you
thanks very
much i'm going to try sharing my screen here
and uh
if people are seeing a strip
of uh
other windows besides me down the right hand
side that's going to interfere with some of the materials
i'm showing but anyway i will just
start and i will let the
people who are running the
session uh decide
what what to do with that
thank you very much for inviting me uh
i'm a little uh rocky today because
had my second uh vaccination
shot yesterday but uh there's nothing
like the adrenaline from fear in
giving a talk
and
this thing started off
when mike contacted me a little
over a month ago and
he asked if i could do a keynote for this conference
and i didn't know what
this was about and should have something to
do with computers legal system society of the future
and all of
these uh interesting people in the audience
most of whose uh
professions i'm not very aware with about
and then he wanted me to do it very quickly
so of course i said okay
why not and
i'd like to i'd
like to thank the people who helped me on this talk
ahead of time because it gets lost in the shuffle at the end
so you see their names here
the connections from
mike to katy and mark steffik through tim
miller to bertram mala were particularly
useful thank you all
and of course i thought of this old cartoon
being an old guy
this is a series of cartoons that
were essentially gotcha cartoons
uh people say
one set of things and all of a sudden it turns out to be
worse or different uh later and it was
eries was called there ought to be a law
and the first thing
was asked about
this talk was well there are these nine people
who have a lot of
influence in what's going on
they're all lawyers they all have top
degrees from everywhere they're all really smart
in many
minds inside of our skull manifested by our brain
we could have as many as 80 or 90 of them
three that were articulated
uh some years ago that have been particularly
useful is a way
of thinking about things and way of doing things that
is through touch
of doing things and
another way of doing
things is through
our visual system and i include
in this are our hearing system they
both are basically configurative
and then
we have this very recent symbolic
system that's probably only a few
hundred thousand years old
now and these uh
not just these three ways of doing things
but are maybe 10 or 15 or 20 different ways
doing things conflict with themselves patron saint here
is jerome brunner
and
our theaters inside
of our heads are mostly not human
most of the way our brain
works are in common with other
primates and mammals
and this is not the way we think of ourselves so we're constantly
[Music] fooling
ourselves i'll i'll pick the patron saint here as
daniel kahneman from thinking fast
and slow very renowned nobel
prize winner uh it was basically
a behavioral psychologist
and then
we are immersed inside the play that
from the cultures that we are in
and it's the nature of our genetics
for us to become part of that play
especially when we're children but
all ages when we
go to another place we start acculturating
and we're much more shaped by
we think and i could pick a number
of people here i picked marshall mcluhan
because he was particularly interested in
how the media that we're more and more embedded
in now is
a environment
and a culture itself and is affecting us
uh very deeply i
put a halo on uh jerry brunner here because he's sometimes
called saint jerome and
one of the largest minds of the 20th century
this guy was interested
and extremely well versed in
many areas he was one of the founders
miller of cognitive psychology
but his deep
hobby was also anthropology and he really
spanned the gamut of
human culture in so many ways
so these five dimensions and i'll these
some of these characters will come back again
in this uh in this talk
and uh well this is puck
what fools these mortals be and we can see the vulcans visited
earth at least 400 years ago
and what what did puck
mean or shakespeare speaking through puck
well we're easily fooled we want to be fooled
we pay to be fooled
we fool ourselves and we pay to fool others
o
the world that we actually live in
is much more of a generated
symbolic world
in which uh story
is the central element rather than what might actually
be going on out of the world
here's an example
mother
uh wants to crack some nuts
and her nine-year-old son
utcracker so she starts grooming
because
at some point she can demand
of him to groom her
it says come on
he starts doing it watch what happens
here as soon as he gets both hands
over there
he grabs your lock
very happily
mammals are con artists here's
a dog that looks like like
he's in desperate
state
when somebody
stops
tosses
out some food and whoops
o another
aspect of this theatrical approach to
life we have is we project our beliefs
world so the talmud has
a really good line about that as we see things not
as they are but as we are
this i think is the key here for
trying to deal with uh
modern inventions modern
world that is full of us
ancient human brains
computer people could help
things tremendously if
they were less interested in computers and more interested in
people however the psychology of
computing not a hundred percent
but it caters very very strongly
to people who are uneasy with people with uh
human beings the computers uh
seem to be uh much less threatening
so computer people have
traditionally had a really difficult time
understanding
the idea that humans are supposed to be using these things
so here's an example of projection
we take two poker chips here
and we organize them
so that one is
twice as far away from the other
if we look at the image on the retina as descartes indeed
did by scraping the back of an ox's
eye after the ox was dead thank goodness
what we see is the lens an
animal lens actually works like a glass lens
and the image on the retina of
the further away one is half the size
of the closer one then
we've got a kind of a pachinko machine called a brain
here and this
information from the retina goes to lots of different
including a place in the brain
where we believe things and one of the beliefs
about poker chips is that they're the same
size and so this is a this
information that's and it's on the retina
and another part of this complex
that we have inside of our heads
call the dream it's basically a theater
where
many many different parts
of the processing in our brain
we're not aware of are consolidated
together into something that
internally is is what we treat
reality and so
the compromise here is between
a half size on the retina and
the same size knowledge
that we have and so the dream decides
that the smaller one is about 80 percent
rather than 50 the size
and then we have this interesting thing is the dream
is actually what we think is out there
and what we think is out there when we actually look at this
we can do it with our thumbs too
but is actually out there we think
something that is uh
80 for the further away one
that's what we see when we look at our thumbs like this
uh artists get around this
by measuring by being very
careful about the angles that are
subtended and so forth but this projection
of what our beliefs are
and our conclusions out onto the world as though
it's actually happening out in the world
has gotten our species
trouble over
hundreds of thousands of years it's one of the major
things we have to think about whenever we're doing
anything that involves either
ideas communication or power
and mcluhan had
the great line for this it's not seeing as believing
but until i believe it i can't see it
is the way human perception actually works
you have to learn how to do it and your learning
might not be perfect so
the thinking fast
and slow book kahneman
proposes uh what he calls
uh two expository fictions
meaning they're not true
but pretending they are really helps
thinking about uh something much more
complicated so he just divides our entire
mentality up into six system one
which are all of the mechanisms in their
designed to go really fast
quick reactions
done by correlations
of the kind that machine learning does
they're very simple they're not cognitive
the system one system does not really know what's going on
and then there's this system two
which is not a very good thinker but at least it tries
it's slow it's pondering and makes up
reasons for things and one of the
metaphors that kahneman used in this book was
uh our our our
mentality is a little bit like somebody
riding on a on an elephant
and sometimes guiding the elephant but sometimes
the elephant just wants to do something and
what system two does is to make up a reason
for it as though it had come up
with the motivation for doing it so if the elephant
rears up [Music]
the person the the writer
of the elephant says well i wanted to do that
but in fact a
careful brain scan studies show that much
of the time system two never got to think
about it system one just decided to do something
and system two noticing it in this theater came
up with a reason for it so robert
heinlein once said we're not rational animals
we're rationalizing animals
here's one
of my favorite condiment
biases this guy
wants to catch a baboon
and you can find this video
on youtube if you want to find out why
here's a young juvenile baboon watching
with interest but he's digging a hole in this termite
yield there
and he's putting some seeds in the hole
and then he backs
off
primates
what is in there
puts his hand in there
grabs onto those
seeds and now he can't
get his hand out because he won't let go of the
seeds he could let go of him
and run away but in fact he's not going to let go of it
so the hunter
just comes over and catches
him ties
the seeds
the seeds this reminds you of anything that you've
done a hundred or a thousand times
o kahneman and tversky
put together uh
and came up with the term cognitive biases they
started collecting weird
where we aren't thinking at all reasonably
they came up with i don't know a few hundred of
them there's a good wikipedia page
for these
um
so
yeah so this one was loss
aversion favorite one
here is dunning krueger
these smug pilots have lost touch with
regular passengers like us who thinks i should fly the plane
we just had a president kind of like that
but if
you want gunning krueger take a look at pretty much every computer
program in the planet it is the
maximum of being more confident
than it should be about what it's able to do and what
another one confirmation bias we should all
know that one being researchers and academics
we look for things
that support what what we think is going on we're totally
story based even when we think we're trying
to be scientific
so
basically what's going on
here is an enormous part
of us is atavistic
and in fact what's going on right now
uh through zoom is
campfire where somebody's
up there telling stories here's mike checking me out to make
sure i'm going to end this on on time
[Music] and
we're wired for stores we use stories for so
many different things even when it's not a good
idea and uther
horse in here this guy from a hundred thousand years
ago everything at this
modern campfire would be completely familiar to him
and this
is because he has pretty much the same brain that we have
he wants the same things
and if we give him a haircut and
a briefcase and modern version
of a sphere of a spear which is a tomahawk
basically
the same thing obtains
and this is something we have to remember that
and it's something that is used all the time
in the courts and in
every kind of advocacy and [Music]
prosecution and defense
is turn it into a good story and you
don't have to worry about the truth
because we don't care whether the stories are true we
and to be the way we think things
o bertrand
russell wrote a book about power
and one of the major ideas
in it is hey no matter what system you
devise you need to arrange to allow the most
able energetic and aggressive to prosper
or they will game it to death and eventually undo
it there's a lot of contention right now
with people simply
trying to get their own way by gaming
things and
the law has to be above that but it isn't
his
pamphlet was key
to the
uh direction that our country took
and it's a joke because
it in fact is not about
what common sense was at all common sense was
you should have a monarchy but
what he tries to do is come up with a new common sense and one of
the great principles in there he says instead of having
the king be the law we can have the law be the king
meaning we should be able to
invent a better society than we
just blundered our way into
and so
this pamphlet which uh
900 000 went out to 1.5 million
colonists in the first six months right
before the declaration of independence was one
of the most influential pieces of writing in
american history then this great
book by uh anthony
amsterdam who is a supreme court litigator and
a distinguished lawyer and legal
theorist many of you will know of him and jerry
brenner uh jerry lives along
jerry lived just slightly past
of 100. and so he had many
different careers and he spent 10 years in
the nyu law school as a professor
this is one of the books that they
came up with
and their aim is to make what is familiar strange again which
number one job i think for any university
uh the toughest people to
are people who know something
because they often know it only too well
and it talks
for a person who doesn't know a lot about the law this
the best introductions
to what it's really about
but what was interesting is that the
thrust of this book what they looked
at to make up the book was
what the supreme court
actually does and did and has done
how much what they've done
has not been particularly logical
at all but has been organized around
different kinds of story lines
and narrative
i think understanding
narrative being able to generate narrative
to be able to deal with narrative
on a human scale is critical
attempt to be serious
about computing in the law
so here's an example
of what is sometimes called the private universe
from nsf a few years ago
right after the
harvard commencement they went
around and asked some questions
heart
despite a lifetime of the very best education
students in our classrooms are failing to
learn science many of these students will graduate
from college with the same scientific misconceptions that
they had on entering grade school to test
how a lifetime of education affects our understanding of science
ask these recent graduates some simple questions in
astronomy consider for example how
cold it is at any given time of the year has to do
with the closeness of the earth to the
sun during the season the earth goes
around the sun and
now
after i saw this i was
had taught a class at ucla so i went
and asked some of the students if they've come outside
with me to talk about
both the phases of the moon question
and the seasons because
to ask for instance this
guy uh well
do you know when it's summer up
here in the northern hemisphere do you know what the
season is in the southern hemisphere and
all the students i talked to knew it was
winter and all of a sudden they realized oh the
distance the distance to the sun can't
be the main thing about the seasons and
to those who thought the earth got in between
the moon and the sun to cause the phases
of the moon i asked them if they'd ever seen the sun
moon in the sky at the same
course we have on many occasions
and the moon is usually in face
and so the earth cannot possibly be between there
so i think we can get two ideas
this that the major curriculum at harvard
at least is confidence 101
and from the time i spent at stanford i would say
that that's true there also
but the other thing
is that the what nsf was exploring as
a knowledge problem is not just a knowledge problem
a cognitive problem and we have to thank
the harvard students for not having the knowledge
because the cognitive problem is that they had
seen in their lives every single one of them
examples to what their
main theory was and none of their
training in their entire life had
set them up with the heuristic to try and compare
know about
uh the earth and the planets
so this is a much bigger failure than simply
not knowing something
so this gives rise to this private universe
idea that we have
very different worlds in our brains
we project them out on the world
and we have trouble communicating so a mane and hooves
well
not necessarily a horse
and in fact in med school this people who
come up with the zebra from that description are called zebras
people who come up with the most complicated
diagnosis rather than the one that's the most
but
for these two kids uh they can
eventually get to agree on what
hamburger is that comes into their shared space
and we can see that that words are
kind of uh an
invention that allows us to point to things
that are in our jointly shared imagination
so language came after the gesture
so if you go to an upgrade of this campfire
because the theater
grew out of what happened in campfires
we noticed this interesting thing about
storytelling in general and
audience's intelligence
is relied on to make sense
of what's happening
even in a movie
so the the only
intelligence in the room is the audience there and you have to do
something in this shared space to get the
understand what you want them to understand
and the theater
is sometimes called the magic mirror precisely
because uh
its job the job of this
kind of media is to beam the audience's intelligence
out at them and we can see that
this is one of bruner's mentalities
iconic in fact if you take acting
lessons the first thing they'll get you to do is not
just pantomime but to learn how to pose
because posing is the the
center of what the theatrical art
is about there are words
in fact we can get rid of the
everything except the words by inventing
writing and this puts a real burden
on the audience the audience
has to do a lot of learning but the learning they do helps
them think differently and changes the way civilization
turns out when a computer comes
on the scene it's inherently
a backstage kind of
thing nobody it doesn't have a story to tell
so you have to provide some kind
of a story this is what we did at xerox park which will be
familiar to you today
and it uses both the iconic and the
symbolic mentalities of bruner and
the fact that we can touch it
and we even made some interfaces
that could touch back
so the idea here with relevance
conference is pretty much
i think what comp law should be about right
primarily user interface
for something more complicated than what we were
xerox park and you make progress by inventing
entirely new environment not just doing
little experiments
this interface worked because
it its
semantics was grounded on itself
it was about itself it wasn't about the outside world
and the uh object-oriented stuff
at xerox park was able to create
an ontology that allowed the system uh
to be very self-explanatory and exploratory
in various ways but if we take something
like uh montesquieu's spirit
of laws and put it on a computer
as a book but for most of
this book years ago and it was a
real struggle most of us want
an ai or something that can really help
us learn so the user
interface is not just about
access to functions
it's also about learning and exploring
and getting more versed in what
is an entire world that you're giving the user to live in
and the grounding
problem is well put by einstein
when he compares mathematics which
is not grounded in anything except itself
and science which has to be grounded
reality and so you
can use math and science as long as
you realize your grounding is not going to be perfect and that
your main job is to find the groundings that
mathematical logic to come to conclusions
about the real world
well okay
so
in order to point to something
in our shared space we have to imagine the same things
it's very likely that's what these cave paintings were about
and it's not that we don't
uh imagine things
we can imagine angels 77 of us believe
there are angels 94 percent of us believe
there are supreme beings many
too many of us believe
in a human sacrifice still going
on about half of us
pretty much everywhere believe in witches and demons i mean
in demons and ghosts 21
still believe in witches
you can look up the great cat massacre
when they decided the cats were the witches in france
in the 17th century
we believe in war we can imagine war
and we can
imagine something going wrong when we're vaccinated
so we have all of these things we can imagine and talk about
and people do but most
of us have had a hard time imagining
tiny little viruses and
the devastating deaths are
precisely the result of not
understanding something that a small percentage
of scientists and anybody who understood their
grade biology course would
understand so his current schooling has failed
disastrously and because there are second
and third waves societal learning from the first waves
and thinking have also failed
and of course even smaller is the carbon
dioxide model uh
molecule and we're flunking this
badly this is the
okay uh
i had a rant here but i decided i would
just ask you in this conference to consider the
the following two questions how weak is the current
state of the art of computer generated explanation
and computer-assisted learning especially
compared to what it was 40 years ago
it got up to a certain state 40 years ago it's gotten
slightly better since then but i
couldn't find anything like what i expected
and what seems to be going on is
somehow a lot of researchers
are like this guy who lost his keys back
here and
well he found a skate
key has machine learning
and semantic web on it and if you keep on working
might get a better skate key the problem
is you're not going to get the access to the vehicle
you wanted in the first place so
uh yeah this is
this is the symbol i put on my slides to quit
talking know more about that
okay so now i'll finish up
some some bright
prospects first uh thanks
to tim miller for bringing this
book by bertram to my attention
i think it's terrific
he considers himself a cultural psychologist
he was inspired by brenner
and it's a book about the way people
try to explain things to themselves
to others and gives a kind
of what you might call a common sense
uh framework for
humans actually go about
doing things and there are other books
associated with so it's all
about what can we agree on
how do you find meanings with the
private
universes and
many many different topics
that i've not seen treated quite this way
um
our field i think only a few
actually been treated
in a.i so there are many many
other ways to look at it and
an example of a an enormous
effort over decades with
tens of millions of relationships
and ways of inferring things
course psych by doug lennon
and this is worth looking
at again
ot because it's the answer to today's problem so much
but because of what's in it
is hard to escape having to have
answers for and it's the only
large-scale artifact of its kind that i know
of that has uh that could actually be talked
about and many things have happened
about the theory of causality over the
last 40 years including this
the work of judea pearl
and then finally there are
new uh user interface
people on the scene the user interface is probably at its lowest
level
uh in computing uh that it's
been for a long time except there are people
like brett victor
here who is
just an amazing talent
so if you look at this these
four things here we've got
a framework for thinking
we've got ways of dealing
with uh the
areas of logic that we can deal with we've got examples
of huge artifacts
that are going to be required in order to do cognitive ai
t's not that there isn't going to be machine learning as
part of it but having machine learning
central part is the tail wagging
the dog and then finally there
are some great user interface thinkers on
the scene so
i think you need to make a platform
think these are four starting places
to do such a platform
i think these are the four places i would start i'd look for
some sort of vector sums of these
dimensions uh get everybody
involved in a new grand challenge and synthesis
and make the center of it dealing with critical
are considered to be important
thank you very much
i'm sorry for running over a little bit but that's thanks
alan thank you so much for this uh
wonderful very human-centric framework
you've uh given us as a wonderful
basis for for the rest of our our conference
so we very much appreciate you and appreciate you
taking the time uh for sharing your ideas
about the world of law and technology
and uh and yeah
please accept you know my applause as an applause on behalf
the over 600 people who i'm
sure share the enthusiasm about your about your