Difference between revisions of "Alan Kay at UCLA CS Department - Distinguished Lecturer Series (1993)"

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[Music]

hello my name is Leonard Kleinrock I'm

chair this time I step off into you we

have here a really exciting and dynamic environment is the constant spend time

with our faculty and student body each

year we select a few from among the very best researchers in the field and ask

them the high point of their visit in

their field they describe results the

open directions in which the field and

as you might expect these lectures always generate a great deal of enthusiasm and interaction

I'm really pleased you have chosen to join us today let's go inside the

lecture is about to begin

this is the fifth and last about distinguished lectures this year and I

can see you appreciate it is even enough cookies to go around so it must be a

success but of course was what got all of us here is our speaker today Alan Kay

who is a phenomenon and a legend is on time and I'm going to go through the

usual tell you somebody details personal things that motivated him in

his career and the things that drove him to do the things he did though most of

what you should be familiar with if you're not you're gonna find out the next 25 minutes is to make exclusive day

first of all let me say that there's two dominant characteristics that apply to

Alan and I think to many other successful people but Derek's very

clearly expressed in his career first is

the environment in which he grew up his

parental influence the things around him and the two great teachers he

encountered along the way and one great mentor as well but secondly it was the

environment of his professional colleagues and the the lucky events that

put him in the right place at the right time with an enormous amount of

potential creativity freedom colleagues in all of us it is your environment and

it is your background as well as your talent by the way that matter but really

all these other things that that influence how you use your talent

clearly his roots are indelibly printed in his mind his grandfather was an

author and he wrote over a hundred books and he was an organist today Alan is

two-thirds of the way through creating this enormous organ in his his intense

action at the moment grandfather confronts his father was a physiologist

the university professor he loved mathematics his mother was an artist and

a musician now here we see the Arts and Sciences in this background that have continued to

influence Allen and everything he's done in his life he believes that you can't

separate one from the other but the connection between the two is what make good systems come about Kenny Miller he

was born in Massachusetts in grade

school what grace he encountered his first

great breakthrough in the form of his teacher who taught fourth grade and had

a couple of tables on the side of the room with a pile of junk and some books

and she never said anything about what was going on when the kids were sort of

wander around occasionally poke around one day Allen poked around he found a book on electricity which explained how

you take a dry cell battery piece of

wire and then then when you create an electromagnet remember those things and

so a few hours later he was in class hiding behind this large english book

with little electricity book behind it and the parts in front of our lab made

this electromagnet and it picked up some paper clips and he let out a shriek and

totally disturb the class reaction a teacher was wonderful I just launched

into this great discussion about electromagnetism in electricity and got

the class involved in this thing which Alan had created I mean this was really Machiavelli she just laid these seeds

there for the kids to discover and it worked and that environment again

allowed him to open up and think about lack of rigidity a lot of flexibility in

the learning process PFC came into elementary school at the age of three he

learned to read and read hundreds of books before I get into elementary school this is no accident that he was

precocious at that point at any rate

this one was a true educator so much so he remembers that period his life

clearly as if a Technicolor movies there's no vagueness about going on in

that theory it's indelibly imprinted in the way he thinks

having read too many books before I got the grades goal he was also made aware that there was no

the concept of a single point of truth is false and that's a very difficult

burden for a young man to carry through our educational system his father said

listen ignore the garbage and get the a and know what you know don't listen to

what I say and it worked the flexibility

in that grade school environment the ability to create an environment and put

things together create what you want in fact found its way into the Mac user

interface think about the kinds of tools

you're given now it's up to you to create the sequences you want to carry

out your problem at Saturn at this grade school teacher ruined Allen until they

got to graduate schools all the other teachers the encounter between commit

yet another one so let's do it slowly he went to a junior high school in the 8th

grade he built the Tesla coil how many of you

know what a Tesla coil is how many you built a Tesla coil ok he's a wonderful

devices that create he's very high frequency very high voltage very long

arcs of electricity you can draw between 2 1

set it behind the wall in his teacher's classroom hey cuz he know this teacher

had a habit of leaning back in his chair

to the base of the skull totally that he

gonna flunk out right now we get the hell out of here anyway so he was right

on the verge of high schools we had a fun time instead of going to Bronx

Science like the rest of us guys did he went to Brooklyn Tech which is every bit as good and in fact it was there that he

learned that he didn't want to be an engineer okay

in fact it was being instructed by professors from NYU and Columbia

meanwhile he was into rock and roll in jazz bands he played the jazz guitar

professionally from the age of 17 to 27 when his family moved to high school

doing jazz guitar and girls and his GPA

followed well musicals for the theater

he then went on to University of Colorado in Boulder and set out to get a

bachelor's in two majors pure math and molecular biology which he did but

between sophomore junior years there was

an event that occurred in his life where there was and abuse based on for one of his

friends on an ethnic matter Alan took a strong position reacted and rebelled

strongly got dumped again and so he went

to teach banned in Denver was about to

retracted at the army opted to take the the test to go into the Air Force and he

did he got interested in computers decided to take the impossible IBM exam

which nobody ever pants become a programmer he passed it he went to

Randolph Air Force Base and programmed the great Burroughs be 5000 machine a

magnificent machine a very flexible architecture which influenced Allen

ludos internal structure and put these ideas to work in this in the small talk

environmentally they got involved with back in University Colorado who worked

at the National Center for Atmospheric Research on what he called Big Island he

simulated a CDC 6600 on a CDC 3600

Seymour the people who are supposed to bite the operating system that city 600

didn't do it so Seymour Cray did it and he wrote it he bought the entire

operating system in opto and punched the cards himself one error not bad

meanwhile Ala Moana disassembled to get source code out of that thing and

together they got the Chippewa operated system working and Ronnie and the Machine simulated itself instead of had

another machine simulator man only won three times its low simulated itself as

it could run to welcome nah he plan to go to graduate school and study

philosophy so he decided to shoots graduate school they also want to start

at the people science so how do you choose a computer science school he says well I want to choose the school that's

at least at the altitude of 4,000 feet so went to the Almanac and looked the

boiler schools that sounded spot that came and it was one University of Utah

he sent in one application to graduate school and went he went because the

second grade teacher he encountered someone named Dave Evans no should know

of Evans & Sutherland for example look

at his application threw away the GPA and the scores look at the fact that

Allen was into theater jazz guitar and other things and computer science and

hired him on a bed along with the other misfits that Dave Evans continued to

pull in every misfit was a great success he had a wonderful knack and a great

psychological bent Evans was the perfect match for Alvin

Dave started he would take a graduate and say I started with plus infinity and

it's up to you if you work the way down from there yeah ultimate confidence and

the people who work with it and they demonstrated a support they deserve that

confidence one day he walked into a

classroom and this big six-foot four professor followed them in and said my job today

is to disabuse you of any closely hold notions you came into this class with

and he spent to the best of that class doing that half the class dropped out

but those who made it through had a real mind-boggling experience and it

shattered some of the cross

he entered there in January 67 in graduate in summer 69 Dave Evans said

that two years of professional quality working at the PhD if you work on an

easy problem you gotta solve it fucking hard problem just welcome Alan worked on

hard problem namely the development of a personal computer and put together the

elements of machine following that had joined the faculty of Utah as well as a

Stanford University McCarthy's research laboratory following that he built pcs

instead of doing AI for McCarthy he was interested in Kitty computers and see

more packets were created tools helped children think along around then third

key figure in his life Bob Taylor who had been the promoter of the DARPA

environment that's the other environment Alan found himself in went to Utah

suddenly it was environment well Rob was saying do what you want to money at

three searches the researcher threw money at students and things happened

Bob Taylor was one of the key innovators about the concept I'm Taylor asked him

to join a graduate student a meeting only graduate students at summer 68 that

again continued Allen thinking about a notebook computer and created this this

content of a thinker toy in July 7 t0 after Palo Alto Research Center was

formed in September 70 Taylor moved there and immediately hired Alan as a

consultant meanwhile some small means like Alan Newell and Gordon Bell at

Carnegie Mellon yes Alan to join them he said yes Taylor said come work for me

at Parc Alan said yes teller and no to

Carnegie Mellon join Park spend ten years there in a wonderfully cooperative

environment again he developed the first raster character generator in January 72

did the bid mapping program which led to Windows in May 72 created musical

synthesis capability animation convinced Chuck Thacker at Parc to build the the

alto according to Alan spec Thacker took it on and

November 72 all the way to papal 73 it took him to build that machine three to

four months turn around the first of these machines meanwhile

ila have been putting small talk together on a bet then he poured it to

the alto Starkweather created the first laser printer there in 72 Bob Metcalfe

created even that there at the same time sanad a workstation object-oriented

programming laser capability Nathan F all with twenty people and the

environment that we still beneficiaries of today didn't evolve people from three

different labs who aren't cooperating had a sort of group where I get together and do it an Allen was the Pied Piper

seducing them all to make this thing happen he became a Xerox fellow he then went on

to Atari spent a couple of years there as the company went downhill at which

point a gentleman but they were Steve Jobs said coming work for Apple

we need your brains he's an Apple fellow he's interest in education computers

Allen

well what can you say after that

actually I got some interesting requests

about this talk one of the requests was

that I give a general talk instead of a technical talk one of the requests was

that it should have something to do about the future and the other one was

kind of a more vague one which is sort of well how do you go about doing this

stuff and I think the one thing we can take from Lenny's introduction is that

there's a there's a kind of a pleasant half hazardous when things are going

well that is the one way of thinking of

it is that the the turtle with a compass always beats the random rabbit you don't

want to have a strong plan when you

start I'll talk about this a little bit because there's there's a thing in

science and engineering schools where people are taught to be very rational

and to plan things out and have goals but in fact the stronger your goal is

the less chance you'll get a good one because if you think of it you haven't

done a lot of learning when you start a project the learning is yet to come if

you have a rigid goal a lot of the interesting things are going to get lost so we like to say that in research what

you want to have our directions and you think of the future as being some sort

of magnetic field emanating out there's a kind of a vision and what you are is

an iron filing lining up in that magnetic field but you don't know where it's coming from but it's sort of like

salmon going upstream they don't know where they're going but they can smell the gradient of the perfume that they

memorized when they were born up there and

just a few parts of few atoms in a in a million is enough for them to swim their

way up the gradient so let me just start

I actually of course have more the

insecurities of giving any kind of talks you always bring too much material

actually it's worse than that it

actually goes back further because there's a context that's been around for

a long time all the way back in 1962

here's what we had we had McCarthy who had already been talking about advise

taking agents for four years he wrote the advice taker paper in 1958 and was

one of the original stimuli and doing time sharing integrated circuits were

already about four years old so we could add those to look at mold

like process operating systems have been done on the fram the Atlas we're done at

MIT C TSS and the B 5,000 had one two

higher-level language computers will be five thousand was set up to execute the

semantics of alcohol there's already a personal computer as I'll show you

called the link that was done in 62 there's a network that was used to

connect cts s graphical user interface

sketchpad this is the 30th in honor of

sketchpad actually brought you along the first movie ever taken a sketchpad which is actually the summer of 62 it's always

instructional to look at something from the past and wonder if we've improved

much since then object-oriented design

well sketch pad was object-oriented I'll show you you'll see that quite quite

easily when we use it in the B 5,000 well it didn't have the concept of

object directly it was set up to be an object oriented architecture it's one of

those things where a really great system designer a bunch of insights about

software into the hardware of a machine in such a way that it was actually good

for a lot more than what it was originally intended for he actually put

in a few nice generalities that turned out to be very important later

hypermedia Engelbart got his first

funding in 1962 common sense reasoning McCarthy so the context that existed 21

years 31 years ago was quite remarkable now the other thing that was interesting

about that is that almost nobody paid

heed to that context that was the other

thing that and was we see it going side by side that there are these incredible

insights happening and then the larger

mass of people basically wearing about code I didn't I should have had another

cop column on all of the uninteresting things that people were getting

interested in like like IBM stupid architectures COBOL so

they're they're always always these two currents and in 72 by the time 72 had

come around there was gesture recognition we had the idea of notebook

computers speech recognition had already been done pretty well the ARPANET was in

full swing in fact there was already digital packet radio that some of us had

been fooling around with even the late 60s under ARPA bitmap display is

actually the overlapping window idea was already around by then and the first

complete object-oriented programming languages around so many of the things

that people are contending with in the commercial arena have been around and

the big problem that people have with the future is the problem that instead

predicting it in an interesting way what they want to do is predicted by

extrapolation and this is a lot because of course the interesting parts of the

future are things that are a little bit more like the weather they're not

extrapolate or E they're governed by physical principles and so when you look

at I mean one way one of the ways of thinking about this is you think of

several ways of inventing things one way is brainstorming which is the weakest

way of getting anything done there's this thing that a committee is the only

form of life with ten bellies and no brain

you get the square root of the combined IQ and in an MBA school and actually in

engineering schools they teach you to be gold or in this is find a need and fill

it going yeah let's find out what people

want and we'll build it for them that process successfully predicted

against almost all of the interesting technologies of this this century one of

the most famous is the story that everybody learned when we joined Xerox

which was how Xerox got going and it was written down in a book called my years

with Xerox the billions nobody wanted I told about how in the 50s the company

had gotten very interested tiny little company in Rochester got interested in

dry copying bought up patents did a lot

of work in fact they did so much work that when they finally came up with the

914 hardware they had run out of money

for marketing and building factories so it's a little embarrassing they had this

great invention can you imagine working for a company that spends that much for research

the reason was is the president of the company loved this more than anything

else and they just put all of their resources into this so I said what will

we do with this so they said let's take it down the road to IBM so they took it

down to I'd be on the ninth I think was 1958 they said the IBM here take this

machine we loved it so much we just want to see it go out in the world we'll just

charge you a small royalty just build it

and sell it IBM did what every large company does when they don't know what to do and that

is they went out and hired some consultants

the consultant is a person who knows a hundred ways to make love but doesn't have a girlfriend

so of course in America in America all

consulting companies are we have the first name of Arthur I was using that at

that time it's Arthur D little in Cambridge Mass and Arthur D little went

out and did the thing that they have been taught to do in business school

which is to go out and find out whether anybody wanted plain paper copying they

spent a year and a half compiling the six inch thick report that said no nobody's interested in plain

paper copying and there are two main reasons one is that nobody was copying

[Laughter] so one of these things if you only have

a straight ruler you extrapolate this by

the way was the reaction of the hewlett-packard marketing people to the

idea of the calculators nobody was calculating why build it the other

reason was the plain paper copying costs 10 times as much as mimeograph e I said

nobody will spend a nickel a copy to copy on playing bond paper so IBM turned

it down this long delay and the turn down so enraged the Xerox people that

they went to their board of directors and said let us use our life insurance

for security for loans for a factory to

build a new team the board said ok so the Morgans there themselves to the hilt

this is a 1959 and built the first factory for 914 and most of you weren't

alive but just a few years later they were the fastest growing company in the

world and less than 10 years in 1967 the

Federal Trade Commission said you are too successful we have to give up some

of your patent position thanks so much for all that effort then of course the

interesting capper to that story is just a few years later in 1976 Xerox turned

down personal computing

and personal computing last year was a 95 billion dollar a year business they

had a 10 year lead so click on these

things when we think about the computer is something more interesting strap

lighting from the present another way of thinking about it is one of the great

things about human languages you can lie with it all right think about it they

invent anything new because most of the

things we're doing today where the lies of a hundred years ago in 1895 Western

Union turned down investment in the telephone saying no sane person would

ever do business through such a contrivance the reason was they had a

printing Telegraph and left a trail a paper trail just like email does today

and they couldn't imagine that anybody would go back all this stuff going on in

London in England they turned it down for a completely different reason and

that is that because of partly because of the class system they actually added

eight posts a day in London and there

are books of correspondence so eight times a day there is a mail delivery and

so their correspondence of people who would have several exchanges of mail in

a given day you can tell from the thing and it's actually mentioned in the

Sherlock Holmes stories and so they could not imagine why anybody would want

to telephone because they're all of these messengers and put them out of work and so on so

so my theory on this stuff is you have

to some kind there are a couple of factors that help predict the future one

of them is in enormous amounts of romance something that this romantic

enough has an excellent chance of getting built because it's going to attract many people to it here's an

example of a romance that came about in 1945 in these illustration in the white

magazine version of the as we may think article by Vannevar Bush so one of the

things he predicted in the year was was dry photography and so he said sometime

in the future every house will have a desk in it and in this desk will be

about the contents of a small town library about 5,000 volumes of books

held optically and that there will be places for scanning these books and

there will be controls and we can point and we can call up information and we

can put in our own information even predicted that there would be a

profession that arose from this device which he called pathfinding so there'd

be people call pathfinders and what they would do is find interesting cross

trails through this information and they would sell the cross trails as

applications okay and it happened that

this idea was encountered by a number of

people in Iran did something about the part was in the Pacific he was in the

Navy in the Pacific and he read that when it actually came out I was only

five years old in 1945 but I discovered it in a science fiction book that I read

as a teenager buying a lot there that

when he handedly with lower case it was

a lowercase M emex he used it as a generic term and I knew that this

science fiction author had gotten that idea from somewhere else so I looked it

up and I discovered and I read that paper in around 1954 other people look like

this thing and Bush was President Roosevelt Science atomic bomb project

and he was also a professor at MIT so he was a guy or anybody could do anything

about it it gave a completely different way of

mine was something that Licklider used

as an example for what we should do with computers and people started doing stuff

about it here's a couple of early days

ivan sutherland - at the tx2 computer

much larger than this room Lenny and I both have fond memories of this machine

one of the computers run with 10% of its

wires disconnected she needs to use

transistor as one of your earliest machines to use machine by the way

that'd be equivalent to about CST about

maybe 480 k her cell but in its own time

it was incredible at the very same time that this is going on West was doing a

for biomedical researchers if we needed to do real-time experiment the idea was

not only will these people program but they're actually going to build it so he

actually had a summary and machines

can't even learn how to build their own and one of the design criteria on this

machine was that it be low enough so

that you could look over it they didn't want a machine looming over you when

you're using it so this is I hope you'll

be able to see this you could kill the lights

so here's everybody see it

individual that was the beauty of this

machine because Ivan could immediately get to work you'll see the one of the

important things a lot things particular

person

thesis and when you look at this display

just have to remember look at this thing

can it do and the answer was what it

could do it couldn't make good-looking pictures but it can simulate them alright so right away you had something

wasn't just a picture drawing facility you could actually put in a bridge and have a calculate the stresses and

strains you can put in an electric circuit and without explicitly preparing

it for anything about electricity just by specifying the constraint with

manufacturers now and moving around the

circuit to put in linkages and by under constraining the linkages it would animate through the languages

so we what he just he drew me in the

outline of this thing and he pointed to all of the different headings of the

thing he said to the system I want those all to be mutually perpendicular and

sketchpad just figured out how to do that so that dynamics to a set of

dynamics all right so this thing is not

just a graphic system but it's actually a problem-solving system about a third

of a mile on the side draws me and now

he's pointing to these two things he says make these guys parallel and now

the constraint is make these collinear

they're still there

they're very computers today that you can continuously zoom on a piece of

graphics guy goes to eat pot again wants

to make a rivet for this flange is he in

the idea of the rivet the society is

going to use that as a center for the arc he's going to draw here now again if

he points to the edges and says I want these to become usually perpendicular

further because it can do nonlinear

these guys to these guys

here's something it goes back to his

other picture he says okay give me a rivet

again he has a knob that he can rotate the thing

you can make it bigger and smaller there's gonna latch this rivet in there

my theory is looking at this program guy

says oh this crotch piece that's no good let me go back to the master drawing and

guess what these guys feel the change

all right so what we're seeing here are in strain the world's first graphic

system great it's one of the first dynamic

problem solving systems all in one year

and he said well I didn't know it was hard so when you look at sketchpad here

we see some

pressing ideas another ad by the way

we're i conce so the concerns in the later version of the thing were in the

form of icons iconic little structures that you could drop into a form so here

is these bounding a thing that's parallel and equal here an equal

constraint is gonna force the this figure to turn out object oriented it

has polymorphism for instance this this

word called display is what we call a selector and small talk and what's in

there in this instance structure is actually the subroutine entry for how

this particular kind of thing is is display see jewel attachment has an

inheritance hierarchy so here's his he has a type called variables see if I can

read any of these things various kinds of Polar's various kinds of constraints

various kinds of topological things and so forth it's also one of the very few

species on graphics in which the system was used to make all of its own drawings

so this is an incredible system and it's

one of those systems like Maxwell

this system was so fundamental to the

way we all thought that you can tell 40

year by a system that does what sketchpad

does yet today is impressive on its own

grant the only thing unimpressive about the video this now just kicks the shit

the average piece of software that you can go out and buy or even find at a

university reading it working on the

6605 because working on this huge tree

on machine

and what is to imagine a 6,600 sitting

on a desk no way he's 65 there's no way

I could imagine though I didn't even know of course I could see it was

exponential yeah I did 10 in 1965 I just

didn't have any overlap what I was doing

Gordon Moore actually kept on as it

wasn't about bipolar it was about a very

very slow way of doing silicon which is

an N Mo's field effect transistors of

course more these are predicting the view then it so one of the things that

Warren decided to do was to be a founder of Intel and they went out and did it

by the way this is what actually happened he said five doublings per

decade it's actually been heard a made

through 1995 understand you had a

blueprint of exactly what was going to happen to a computer years thing was

how long did IBM have to unbelievable

now by 1965 hey come up this now this is

a picture that was taken around with the

mouse in his hand and using a two-page display black on white this is what it

looked like this is what it looked like

from the top and he did group we're just

about close interaction it was about groups of people working we're gonna

that work with people down to Menlo Park

alright actually the father of the probe their various ways of looking to say Wes

Clark but you look at what we call personal computing today it is really

hard to escape the idea that angle Bart had this image now of course it was done

wrong was done on a time sharing system but very quickly we started thinking

about well of course time cycles we

better do something like this computer I did it appear this is a self-portrait

this is what looked like on its own display was a desktop computer for very

special desks this design was the

the thread was wire you wanted to fire

through the core and there's a nice exhibit in the computer Museum doing a

computer where you sequence required

ecology of some kind this tech this

machine used use a similar decided to

grind up some oatmeal and butter so you

decide to use some olive oil can't find any eggs and what you use for it so it

had this speckled was sort of had the right terms that was much better one

let's do it don't teach kids to drive when they're

five read and use media and clay and all

that stuff

pewter 'he's got me thinking about what if a computer were like a a book and so

in 1968 I made this cardboard because one of the

things that's interesting you know is my my desktop how much

but because of Moore's law think about

it as we could count make millions of these and therefore there is only one

Beast all doing a real personal

computing billions of things there are

many other metaphor stand themselves

agents agents

how to do it a island nation when you're

trying to figure out what you should work on important thing when you're in

badges it's a very similar one of my

biggest complaints about today is I think there are too many brilliant is

because the funders will only find trivial thing about the ARPA funders

absolutely didn't care what your some

money and take percentages

the way by brute force you basically

don't want to do research in the real world to come so you want to make

artificial and we made a whole bunch of them to try to differentiate them so for

example what drives this integrated

circuits what drives this is going to be pervasive networking so even if you live

long enough here's now the exact model

buzzes four pounds right this is

one of these things that go along with

it and so by making this artificial do here

told us what not to work on here see the

laser out here but this thing is gonna be no printing the structures that

you're gonna look for and they're also

gonna be dynamic all right so this has

to be

[Applause]

here's a really important which is all

this stuff easy to figure out this this

way is one of the fact around 1965

here's that machine's back thirty years

ago streams organized around

if your student reading temple versus

gothic cathedrals holding you can't

something very big it just collapses under its own way so the Gothic design

what if anybody here you know arch in

flying buttress

facing them right and at some point there was I thought what had happened

was that they wanted to hold the roof up the brace is steel

much stronger steel tation starts milk

there's a limit the matter

Oh is a clever way under tension and the

same amount of material

[Music] yeah and then there's this nice that we

discovered

since 1965 computer science has been about like these things

in gaming language they use why should

we be interested in this here's a very

naughty girls are very fragile and we

can grow a bit fertilize 50 cell

divisions of a factor of 10

of the Apple cells on the way because

there isn't actually enough genetic information for a baby I'll just give

you one little story how this stuff works

embryo logically the muscles are laid down the baby mama for they're wired up

by the nerves so how do the nerves find the muscles so you start going out from

the spine little amoeba things that are

there smelling their way along but there's not enough genetic to find the

right exactly the right area they go out the right will stay right and then with

the baby's exit the ones that are

working like 80%

- it'll never develop stereo because

division dynamic why you should be

thinking about biology here's a little e coli about one somebody has a better way

to do data structures

so over bunch of people who didn't have

to worry about AI data structures did

have to worry about way we're gonna be

able to do all

actually working on right really

speaking what thinking it is quite

remarkable how easy the next few years

way of putting things by the way but

think about it is thing that is being

broadcast broadcast everything that's

now being Russians are worth that's

just

by satellite the size of a few years

audience just like you these reels

because they're really

this is the film the film tracking shots

modern language

twenty years from now people will be

worrying about eager bodies cuff flex why because everybody graduate school is

worrying about

are talking now part isn't in it but it

is pewter is almost everything how to do

it first time by some students going

down and ask the question why is easier

to do diversity

running on unit from UNIX programming in

somebody else's programming language or operating system why not roll your it's

not that hard to do there do it but I

think friends has learn about this or

some similar language fairly early long and then another year later do a

processor for do both so the big

shortfall here is the ability of receivers to understand the implications

in the what America this

[Applause]

two peas in the middle of this thing said I rather be precisely these little

we'll get into if we think of Bill Gates

is the one-eyed person then he's definitely King and the person who's in

for the 2id person can actually see what

should be going on eating exercise

habits literally would rather die and do

yeah and we could say here we could say we

organized a diversity of our patients

for incrementals Jesus and so the

problem is that and then the actual

dispute is to cost and this Franois

filter syndrome so it's in you know when are you gonna pay the freight

- tough most Americans will say later and like IBM for instance is paying the

freight

[Laughter]

there's kind of McDonnell ISM just

people that what they sell is food are

really into this quickly from NSF right

they would much matter sure

then take a chance on doing something good the good things are actually harder

to do sometimes you lose on them we were

very fond add which is first discovered

basically the result is this and if you take the frogs natural food and paralyze

it with a little chloroform so the Flies are still alive you put them in front of

the frog starve to death they cannot see

the cardboard and eat it and we'll do it

over and over and over again eventually it will die and their various ways of

interpreting this but I like to think of these flies as ideas they're around us

all the time this is the thing that I think both Lenny and I would be very

strongly on and that is the most remarkable thing about the revolution

that's been going on is it was there for 30 years it was actually making choices about the

stuff was there those choices were pretty much made on aesthetic grounds rather than technical grounds deciding

oh yeah here's a fly what are where that came from home problem-solving interesting things

are things are connected to system don't

solve them you seem to watch to dealing

with something like an ecology or human body you don't fix human bodies adjust

all these systems that are trying to achieve homeostasis

[Music]

all and reduce differences but back in science you look for the superhighway

we've learned 300 years in spite of any

reason to the contrary for highways

exist it is unbelievable I sign pointed

out there is most incomprehensible thing

because there's no a priori reason why we should be able to understand it to

the level that we do just leave you with

just one last set of thoughts here the

whole thing that's going on and in fact reason for our existence is because

we're in a place where our field

investigated we have a lot be very

different now so we're just a little

what happens over again is when things

get more interesting in it was found

that amazingly enough you could teach most of the population to read we're

gonna see a thing called health receipt in the next ten years because it's

obvious you don't want to wait until you get sick and then go to a professional

to help what you want to be able to do is to take charge of your own stuff and

a good example of that if I have a friend who's a diabetic and a couple of

years ago used to have to go to it now turns out for diet anybody hears it

turns out version of it possible until

almost too late to know where the blood sugar is what these poor people have to

do is go 24 hours find out if they were

in danger just a few years ago now they can go into a bathroom and thirty

seconds later they can find out exactly what their blood sugar this guy actually checks his blood sugar five times a day

he takes sugar and insulin and it's been a completely different life for this guy

he's he's taken the responsibility with

the help of professionals to do a lot of this stuff for himself and one of the

ways to think about democracy it's when the hackers don't become nearly as

important anymore but you extend the franchise over a much larger group and

if you think about a value system to what computer this should be about maybe that's one of

the ones that we should we should think about and here's you have people buzzing

you can dig a pit you can pile up stuff

to make pyramids very natural thing to do you want to make a geodesic dome you

don't do that with a pick and shovel you need something else what happens as

professionals get power tools is the

amateurs get them to alright there's no

place for the person with the show

for us

that's computer scientists the power tool this is where the science stuff

comes in what is the equivalent of Maxwell's equations well they're really

taught you don't see this as a metaphor

some people do who are theoretical academics but it doesn't actually get

through to most people who do programs and here's one way of thinking about

knack the equivalent of Maxwell's equations and computing the natural

science we're given the universe and our

job is to discover its laws God or

whatever but a computer science we have something maybe even more interesting is

we give laws that the computer and creates a universe all right so

Maxwell's equations are actually a synthetic synthesis of things rather

than analysis of things in the first version of Maxwell's equations came out

in here right now we can do better than

that now but to me the world of computer

computer dumb is divided up into two kinds of people there are people who

spent the two or three hours necessary to actually understand this in a very

deep way right because it's not the

Turing machine that's the important part well you can make it a pretty good

Turing machine computer with two instructions I think if subtract and

jump on neck less than zero but it's not a very interesting Turing machine

because you have to write gobs of code to do anything what's great about this

one is it has a slope like this right it's simple and what this says is it

doesn't matter what your programming language is

so anybody who understand this would never write in Pascal again right

because Pascal is a language in which somebody had the presumption to tell you

what features you were going to propane min this is how you're going to do

conditionals this is how you're going to do loops and by the way you can't do count ilysm and you can't do this and

you can't do that this says you can you

can do it in a very small space and to me the hardest thing to explain to

anybody about modern programming language design is that this aspect is

how you should criticize now anybody who understood this would never ever write a

line of code in C++ because it doesn't have this it's been left out and so what

people do is to write as though what's his name Strauss to actually knew what

he was doing there's no way he could know what he's doing none of us do so what you want is

a meta system that when your problem type comes up you can actually apply to

it this is what people should be learning does the modern versions of of

this in graduate school so that whenever

you go out and have to do something you're not bound by the existing tools you can always whip up a system that

will allow you to create the tools to make the tools that you need to do the

job so what lynnie actually asked me is

by having any words of advice in one

sentence or so and the thing I thought

of was something that Fineman said

science have to trust the experts

right you don't have to take things on faith at all and so my word of advice to

you is do not believe a single thing that I've told you

[Applause]

Difference between revisions of "Alan Kay at UCLA CS Department - Distinguished Lecturer Series (1993)"

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@@ Line 3: / Line 3: @@
 |id=G12oHvdLxv8
 |alignment=left
-|autoresize=false
+|autoresize=true
 }}
+<subtitle id='00:00:00'> [Music]</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:00:34'>hello my name is Leonard Kleinrock I'm</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:00:38'>chair this time I step off into you we</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:00:43'>have here a really exciting and dynamic environment is the constant spend time</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:00:55'>with our faculty and student body each</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:01:00'>year we select a few from among the very best researchers in the field and ask</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:01:05'>them the high point of their visit in</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:01:23'>their field they describe results the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:01:27'>open directions in which the field and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:01:32'>as you might expect these lectures always generate a great deal of enthusiasm and interaction</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:01:37'>I'm really pleased you have chosen to join us today let's go inside the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:01:42'>lecture is about to begin</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:01:52'>this is the fifth and last about distinguished lectures this year and I</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:01:59'>can see you appreciate it is even enough cookies to go around so it must be a</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:02:04'>success but of course was what got all of us here is our speaker today Alan Kay</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:02:09'>who is a phenomenon and a legend is on time and I'm going to go through the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:02:14'>usual tell you somebody details personal things that motivated him in</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:02:20'>his career and the things that drove him to do the things he did though most of</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:02:25'>what you should be familiar with if you're not you're gonna find out the next 25 minutes is to make exclusive day</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:02:31'>first of all let me say that there's two dominant characteristics that apply to</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:02:36'>Alan and I think to many other successful people but Derek's very</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:02:42'>clearly expressed in his career first is</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:02:46'>the environment in which he grew up his</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:02:50'>parental influence the things around him and the two great teachers he</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:02:55'>encountered along the way and one great mentor as well but secondly it was the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:03:03'>environment of his professional colleagues and the the lucky events that</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:03:08'>put him in the right place at the right time with an enormous amount of</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:03:12'>potential creativity freedom colleagues in all of us it is your environment and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:03:18'>it is your background as well as your talent by the way that matter but really</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:03:22'>all these other things that that influence how you use your talent</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:03:27'>clearly his roots are indelibly printed in his mind his grandfather was an</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:03:35'>author and he wrote over a hundred books and he was an organist today Alan is</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:03:40'>two-thirds of the way through creating this enormous organ in his his intense</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:03:48'>action at the moment grandfather confronts his father was a physiologist</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:03:53'>the university professor he loved mathematics his mother was an artist and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:03:58'>a musician now here we see the Arts and Sciences in this background that have continued to</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:04:03'>influence Allen and everything he's done in his life he believes that you can't</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:04:08'>separate one from the other but the connection between the two is what make good systems come about Kenny Miller he</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:04:15'>was born in Massachusetts in grade</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:04:20'>school what grace he encountered his first</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:04:24'>great breakthrough in the form of his teacher who taught fourth grade and had</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:04:31'>a couple of tables on the side of the room with a pile of junk and some books</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:04:36'>and she never said anything about what was going on when the kids were sort of</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:04:40'>wander around occasionally poke around one day Allen poked around he found a book on electricity which explained how</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:04:46'>you take a dry cell battery piece of</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:04:50'>wire and then then when you create an electromagnet remember those things and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:04:55'>so a few hours later he was in class hiding behind this large english book</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:04:59'>with little electricity book behind it and the parts in front of our lab made</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:05:04'>this electromagnet and it picked up some paper clips and he let out a shriek and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:05:08'>totally disturb the class reaction a teacher was wonderful I just launched</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:05:14'>into this great discussion about electromagnetism in electricity and got</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:05:18'>the class involved in this thing which Alan had created I mean this was really Machiavelli she just laid these seeds</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:05:24'>there for the kids to discover and it worked and that environment again</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:05:30'>allowed him to open up and think about lack of rigidity a lot of flexibility in</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:05:36'>the learning process PFC came into elementary school at the age of three he</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:05:41'>learned to read and read hundreds of books before I get into elementary school this is no accident that he was</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:05:45'>precocious at that point at any rate</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:05:49'>this one was a true educator so much so he remembers that period his life</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:05:53'>clearly as if a Technicolor movies there's no vagueness about going on in</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:05:57'>that theory it's indelibly imprinted in the way he thinks</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:06:02'>having read too many books before I got the grades goal he was also made aware that there was no</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:06:08'>the concept of a single point of truth is false and that's a very difficult</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:06:13'>burden for a young man to carry through our educational system his father said</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:06:21'>listen ignore the garbage and get the a and know what you know don't listen to</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:06:25'>what I say and it worked the flexibility</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:06:33'>in that grade school environment the ability to create an environment and put</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:06:38'>things together create what you want in fact found its way into the Mac user</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:06:43'>interface think about the kinds of tools</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:06:48'>you're given now it's up to you to create the sequences you want to carry</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:06:52'>out your problem at Saturn at this grade school teacher ruined Allen until they</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:06:56'>got to graduate schools all the other teachers the encounter between commit</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:07:00'>yet another one so let's do it slowly he went to a junior high school in the 8th</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:07:04'>grade he built the Tesla coil how many of you</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:07:10'>know what a Tesla coil is how many you built a Tesla coil ok he's a wonderful</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:07:18'>devices that create he's very high frequency very high voltage very long</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:07:23'>arcs of electricity you can draw between 2 1</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:07:32'>set it behind the wall in his teacher's classroom hey cuz he know this teacher</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:07:37'>had a habit of leaning back in his chair</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:07:44'>to the base of the skull totally that he</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:07:58'>gonna flunk out right now we get the hell out of here anyway so he was right</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:08:05'>on the verge of high schools we had a fun time instead of going to Bronx</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:08:18'>Science like the rest of us guys did he went to Brooklyn Tech which is every bit as good and in fact it was there that he</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:08:23'>learned that he didn't want to be an engineer okay</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:08:27'>in fact it was being instructed by professors from NYU and Columbia</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:08:38'>meanwhile he was into rock and roll in jazz bands he played the jazz guitar</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:08:42'>professionally from the age of 17 to 27 when his family moved to high school</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:08:50'>doing jazz guitar and girls and his GPA</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:08:54'>followed well musicals for the theater</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:09:02'>he then went on to University of Colorado in Boulder and set out to get a</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:09:07'>bachelor's in two majors pure math and molecular biology which he did but</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:09:11'>between sophomore junior years there was</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:09:15'>an event that occurred in his life where there was and abuse based on for one of his</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:09:21'>friends on an ethnic matter Alan took a strong position reacted and rebelled</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:09:26'>strongly got dumped again and so he went</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:09:31'>to teach banned in Denver was about to</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:09:35'>retracted at the army opted to take the the test to go into the Air Force and he</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:09:41'>did he got interested in computers decided to take the impossible IBM exam</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:09:46'>which nobody ever pants become a programmer he passed it he went to</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:09:50'>Randolph Air Force Base and programmed the great Burroughs be 5000 machine a</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:09:54'>magnificent machine a very flexible architecture which influenced Allen</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:10:00'>ludos internal structure and put these ideas to work in this in the small talk</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:10:04'>environmentally they got involved with back in University Colorado who worked</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:10:08'>at the National Center for Atmospheric Research on what he called Big Island he</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:10:14'>simulated a CDC 6600 on a CDC 3600</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:10:20'>Seymour the people who are supposed to bite the operating system that city 600</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:10:24'>didn't do it so Seymour Cray did it and he wrote it he bought the entire</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:10:30'>operating system in opto and punched the cards himself one error not bad</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:10:38'>meanwhile Ala Moana disassembled to get source code out of that thing and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:10:42'>together they got the Chippewa operated system working and Ronnie and the Machine simulated itself instead of had</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:10:47'>another machine simulator man only won three times its low simulated itself as</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:10:52'>it could run to welcome nah he plan to go to graduate school and study</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:10:56'>philosophy so he decided to shoots graduate school they also want to start</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:11:00'>at the people science so how do you choose a computer science school he says well I want to choose the school that's</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:11:04'>at least at the altitude of 4,000 feet so went to the Almanac and looked the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:11:09'>boiler schools that sounded spot that came and it was one University of Utah</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:11:13'>he sent in one application to graduate school and went he went because the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:11:18'>second grade teacher he encountered someone named Dave Evans no should know</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:11:23'>of Evans & Sutherland for example look</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:11:27'>at his application threw away the GPA and the scores look at the fact that</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:11:31'>Allen was into theater jazz guitar and other things and computer science and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:11:37'>hired him on a bed along with the other misfits that Dave Evans continued to</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:11:42'>pull in every misfit was a great success he had a wonderful knack and a great</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:11:46'>psychological bent Evans was the perfect match for Alvin</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:11:51'>Dave started he would take a graduate and say I started with plus infinity and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:11:57'>it's up to you if you work the way down from there yeah ultimate confidence and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:12:01'>the people who work with it and they demonstrated a support they deserve that</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:12:05'>confidence one day he walked into a</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:12:09'>classroom and this big six-foot four professor followed them in and said my job today</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:12:14'>is to disabuse you of any closely hold notions you came into this class with</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:12:19'>and he spent to the best of that class doing that half the class dropped out</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:12:23'>but those who made it through had a real mind-boggling experience and it</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:12:27'>shattered some of the cross</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:12:31'>he entered there in January 67 in graduate in summer 69 Dave Evans said</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:12:37'>that two years of professional quality working at the PhD if you work on an</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:12:43'>easy problem you gotta solve it fucking hard problem just welcome Alan worked on</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:12:49'>hard problem namely the development of a personal computer and put together the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:12:54'>elements of machine following that had joined the faculty of Utah as well as a</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:12:59'>Stanford University McCarthy's research laboratory following that he built pcs</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:13:03'>instead of doing AI for McCarthy he was interested in Kitty computers and see</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:13:08'>more packets were created tools helped children think along around then third</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:13:14'>key figure in his life Bob Taylor who had been the promoter of the DARPA</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:13:19'>environment that's the other environment Alan found himself in went to Utah</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:13:24'>suddenly it was environment well Rob was saying do what you want to money at</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:13:29'>three searches the researcher threw money at students and things happened</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:13:33'>Bob Taylor was one of the key innovators about the concept I'm Taylor asked him</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:13:39'>to join a graduate student a meeting only graduate students at summer 68 that</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:13:44'>again continued Allen thinking about a notebook computer and created this this</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:13:49'>content of a thinker toy in July 7 t0 after Palo Alto Research Center was</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:13:54'>formed in September 70 Taylor moved there and immediately hired Alan as a</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:13:59'>consultant meanwhile some small means like Alan Newell and Gordon Bell at</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:14:04'>Carnegie Mellon yes Alan to join them he said yes Taylor said come work for me</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:14:10'>at Parc Alan said yes teller and no to</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:14:14'>Carnegie Mellon join Park spend ten years there in a wonderfully cooperative</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:14:19'>environment again he developed the first raster character generator in January 72</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:14:25'>did the bid mapping program which led to Windows in May 72 created musical</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:14:31'>synthesis capability animation convinced Chuck Thacker at Parc to build the the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:14:38'>alto according to Alan spec Thacker took it on and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:14:42'>November 72 all the way to papal 73 it took him to build that machine three to</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:14:48'>four months turn around the first of these machines meanwhile</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:14:53'>ila have been putting small talk together on a bet then he poured it to</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:14:59'>the alto Starkweather created the first laser printer there in 72 Bob Metcalfe</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:15:05'>created even that there at the same time sanad a workstation object-oriented</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:15:09'>programming laser capability Nathan F all with twenty people and the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:15:14'>environment that we still beneficiaries of today didn't evolve people from three</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:15:19'>different labs who aren't cooperating had a sort of group where I get together and do it an Allen was the Pied Piper</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:15:24'>seducing them all to make this thing happen he became a Xerox fellow he then went on</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:15:29'>to Atari spent a couple of years there as the company went downhill at which</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:15:34'>point a gentleman but they were Steve Jobs said coming work for Apple</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:15:38'>we need your brains he's an Apple fellow he's interest in education computers</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:15:43'>Allen</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:15:52'>well what can you say after that</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:15:57'>actually I got some interesting requests</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:16:01'>about this talk one of the requests was</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:16:05'>that I give a general talk instead of a technical talk one of the requests was</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:16:11'>that it should have something to do about the future and the other one was</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:16:15'>kind of a more vague one which is sort of well how do you go about doing this</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:16:20'>stuff and I think the one thing we can take from Lenny's introduction is that</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:16:27'>there's a there's a kind of a pleasant half hazardous when things are going</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:16:32'>well that is the one way of thinking of</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:16:38'>it is that the the turtle with a compass always beats the random rabbit you don't</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:16:47'>want to have a strong plan when you</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:16:52'>start I'll talk about this a little bit because there's there's a thing in</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:16:56'>science and engineering schools where people are taught to be very rational</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:17:01'>and to plan things out and have goals but in fact the stronger your goal is</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:17:08'>the less chance you'll get a good one because if you think of it you haven't</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:17:14'>done a lot of learning when you start a project the learning is yet to come if</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:17:20'>you have a rigid goal a lot of the interesting things are going to get lost so we like to say that in research what</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:17:26'>you want to have our directions and you think of the future as being some sort</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:17:32'>of magnetic field emanating out there's a kind of a vision and what you are is</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:17:38'>an iron filing lining up in that magnetic field but you don't know where it's coming from but it's sort of like</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:17:44'>salmon going upstream they don't know where they're going but they can smell the gradient of the perfume that they</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:17:50'>memorized when they were born up there and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:17:54'>just a few parts of few atoms in a in a million is enough for them to swim their</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:17:59'>way up the gradient so let me just start</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:18:04'>I actually of course have more the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:18:08'>insecurities of giving any kind of talks you always bring too much material</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:18:16'>actually it's worse than that it</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:18:23'>actually goes back further because there's a context that's been around for</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:18:27'>a long time all the way back in 1962</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:18:31'>here's what we had we had McCarthy who had already been talking about advise</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:18:36'>taking agents for four years he wrote the advice taker paper in 1958 and was</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:18:43'>one of the original stimuli and doing time sharing integrated circuits were</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:18:48'>already about four years old so we could add those to look at mold</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:18:52'>like process operating systems have been done on the fram the Atlas we're done at</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:18:58'>MIT C TSS and the B 5,000 had one two</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:19:03'>higher-level language computers will be five thousand was set up to execute the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:19:08'>semantics of alcohol there's already a personal computer as I'll show you</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:19:13'>called the link that was done in 62 there's a network that was used to</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:19:19'>connect cts s graphical user interface</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:19:23'>sketchpad this is the 30th in honor of</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:19:32'>sketchpad actually brought you along the first movie ever taken a sketchpad which is actually the summer of 62 it's always</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:19:38'>instructional to look at something from the past and wonder if we've improved</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:19:42'>much since then object-oriented design</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:19:48'>well sketch pad was object-oriented I'll show you you'll see that quite quite</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:19:53'>easily when we use it in the B 5,000 well it didn't have the concept of</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:19:58'>object directly it was set up to be an object oriented architecture it's one of</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:20:04'>those things where a really great system designer a bunch of insights about</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:20:11'>software into the hardware of a machine in such a way that it was actually good</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:20:15'>for a lot more than what it was originally intended for he actually put</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:20:20'>in a few nice generalities that turned out to be very important later</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:20:24'>hypermedia Engelbart got his first</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:20:28'>funding in 1962 common sense reasoning McCarthy so the context that existed 21</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:20:37'>years 31 years ago was quite remarkable now the other thing that was interesting</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:20:42'>about that is that almost nobody paid</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:20:46'>heed to that context that was the other</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:20:50'>thing that and was we see it going side by side that there are these incredible</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:20:54'>insights happening and then the larger</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:20:59'>mass of people basically wearing about code I didn't I should have had another</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:21:03'>cop column on all of the uninteresting things that people were getting</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:21:07'>interested in like like IBM stupid architectures COBOL so</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:21:21'>they're they're always always these two currents and in 72 by the time 72 had</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:21:26'>come around there was gesture recognition we had the idea of notebook</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:21:31'>computers speech recognition had already been done pretty well the ARPANET was in</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:21:37'>full swing in fact there was already digital packet radio that some of us had</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:21:43'>been fooling around with even the late 60s under ARPA bitmap display is</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:21:47'>actually the overlapping window idea was already around by then and the first</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:21:51'>complete object-oriented programming languages around so many of the things</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:21:55'>that people are contending with in the commercial arena have been around and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:22:01'>the big problem that people have with the future is the problem that instead</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:22:09'>predicting it in an interesting way what they want to do is predicted by</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:22:13'>extrapolation and this is a lot because of course the interesting parts of the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:22:20'>future are things that are a little bit more like the weather they're not</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:22:26'>extrapolate or E they're governed by physical principles and so when you look</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:22:31'>at I mean one way one of the ways of thinking about this is you think of</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:22:36'>several ways of inventing things one way is brainstorming which is the weakest</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:22:41'>way of getting anything done there's this thing that a committee is the only</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:22:46'>form of life with ten bellies and no brain</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:22:52'>you get the square root of the combined IQ and in an MBA school and actually in</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:23:02'>engineering schools they teach you to be gold or in this is find a need and fill</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:23:09'>it going yeah let's find out what people</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:23:15'>want and we'll build it for them that process successfully predicted</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:23:21'>against almost all of the interesting technologies of this this century one of</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:23:26'>the most famous is the story that everybody learned when we joined Xerox</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:23:32'>which was how Xerox got going and it was written down in a book called my years</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:23:36'>with Xerox the billions nobody wanted I told about how in the 50s the company</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:23:42'>had gotten very interested tiny little company in Rochester got interested in</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:23:46'>dry copying bought up patents did a lot</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:23:50'>of work in fact they did so much work that when they finally came up with the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:23:54'>914 hardware they had run out of money</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:23:58'>for marketing and building factories so it's a little embarrassing they had this</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:24:02'>great invention can you imagine working for a company that spends that much for research</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:24:06'>the reason was is the president of the company loved this more than anything</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:24:10'>else and they just put all of their resources into this so I said what will</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:24:15'>we do with this so they said let's take it down the road to IBM so they took it</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:24:20'>down to I'd be on the ninth I think was 1958 they said the IBM here take this</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:24:24'>machine we loved it so much we just want to see it go out in the world we'll just</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:24:28'>charge you a small royalty just build it</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:24:32'>and sell it IBM did what every large company does when they don't know what to do and that</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:24:37'>is they went out and hired some consultants</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:24:41'>the consultant is a person who knows a hundred ways to make love but doesn't have a girlfriend</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:24:52'>so of course in America in America all</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:24:56'>consulting companies are we have the first name of Arthur I was using that at</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:25:04'>that time it's Arthur D little in Cambridge Mass and Arthur D little went</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:25:08'>out and did the thing that they have been taught to do in business school</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:25:12'>which is to go out and find out whether anybody wanted plain paper copying they</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:25:16'>spent a year and a half compiling the six inch thick report that said no nobody's interested in plain</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:25:23'>paper copying and there are two main reasons one is that nobody was copying</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:25:29'>[Laughter] so one of these things if you only have</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:25:35'>a straight ruler you extrapolate this by</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:25:39'>the way was the reaction of the hewlett-packard marketing people to the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:25:43'>idea of the calculators nobody was calculating why build it the other</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:25:50'>reason was the plain paper copying costs 10 times as much as mimeograph e I said</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:25:57'>nobody will spend a nickel a copy to copy on playing bond paper so IBM turned</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:26:02'>it down this long delay and the turn down so enraged the Xerox people that</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:26:08'>they went to their board of directors and said let us use our life insurance</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:26:12'>for security for loans for a factory to</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:26:16'>build a new team the board said ok so the Morgans there themselves to the hilt</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:26:20'>this is a 1959 and built the first factory for 914 and most of you weren't</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:26:27'>alive but just a few years later they were the fastest growing company in the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:26:31'>world and less than 10 years in 1967 the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:26:35'>Federal Trade Commission said you are too successful we have to give up some</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:26:39'>of your patent position thanks so much for all that effort then of course the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:26:46'>interesting capper to that story is just a few years later in 1976 Xerox turned</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:26:52'>down personal computing</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:26:57'>and personal computing last year was a 95 billion dollar a year business they</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:27:04'>had a 10 year lead so click on these</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:27:08'>things when we think about the computer is something more interesting strap</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:27:15'>lighting from the present another way of thinking about it is one of the great</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:27:19'>things about human languages you can lie with it all right think about it they</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:27:27'>invent anything new because most of the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:27:31'>things we're doing today where the lies of a hundred years ago in 1895 Western</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:27:37'>Union turned down investment in the telephone saying no sane person would</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:27:42'>ever do business through such a contrivance the reason was they had a</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:27:46'>printing Telegraph and left a trail a paper trail just like email does today</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:27:52'>and they couldn't imagine that anybody would go back all this stuff going on in</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:28:00'>London in England they turned it down for a completely different reason and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:28:05'>that is that because of partly because of the class system they actually added</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:28:09'>eight posts a day in London and there</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:28:13'>are books of correspondence so eight times a day there is a mail delivery and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:28:18'>so their correspondence of people who would have several exchanges of mail in</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:28:23'>a given day you can tell from the thing and it's actually mentioned in the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:28:27'>Sherlock Holmes stories and so they could not imagine why anybody would want</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:28:32'>to telephone because they're all of these messengers and put them out of work and so on so</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:28:40'>so my theory on this stuff is you have</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:28:47'>to some kind there are a couple of factors that help predict the future one</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:28:53'>of them is in enormous amounts of romance something that this romantic</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:28:59'>enough has an excellent chance of getting built because it's going to attract many people to it here's an</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:29:05'>example of a romance that came about in 1945 in these illustration in the white</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:29:13'>magazine version of the as we may think article by Vannevar Bush so one of the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:29:20'>things he predicted in the year was was dry photography and so he said sometime</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:29:26'>in the future every house will have a desk in it and in this desk will be</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:29:32'>about the contents of a small town library about 5,000 volumes of books</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:29:37'>held optically and that there will be places for scanning these books and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:29:42'>there will be controls and we can point and we can call up information and we</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:29:46'>can put in our own information even predicted that there would be a</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:29:50'>profession that arose from this device which he called pathfinding so there'd</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:29:55'>be people call pathfinders and what they would do is find interesting cross</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:29:59'>trails through this information and they would sell the cross trails as</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:30:04'>applications okay and it happened that</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:30:08'>this idea was encountered by a number of</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:30:13'>people in Iran did something about the part was in the Pacific he was in the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:30:18'>Navy in the Pacific and he read that when it actually came out I was only</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:30:22'>five years old in 1945 but I discovered it in a science fiction book that I read</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:30:27'>as a teenager buying a lot there that</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:30:32'>when he handedly with lower case it was</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:30:37'>a lowercase M emex he used it as a generic term and I knew that this</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:30:42'>science fiction author had gotten that idea from somewhere else so I looked it</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:30:46'>up and I discovered and I read that paper in around 1954 other people look like</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:30:55'>this thing and Bush was President Roosevelt Science atomic bomb project</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:31:02'>and he was also a professor at MIT so he was a guy or anybody could do anything</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:31:11'>about it it gave a completely different way of</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:31:16'>mine was something that Licklider used</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:31:20'>as an example for what we should do with computers and people started doing stuff</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:31:28'>about it here's a couple of early days</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:31:34'>ivan sutherland - at the tx2 computer</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:31:38'>much larger than this room Lenny and I both have fond memories of this machine</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:31:43'>one of the computers run with 10% of its</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:31:47'>wires disconnected she needs to use</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:32:02'>transistor as one of your earliest machines to use machine by the way</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:32:21'>that'd be equivalent to about CST about</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:32:30'>maybe 480 k her cell but in its own time</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:32:34'>it was incredible at the very same time that this is going on West was doing a</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:32:41'>for biomedical researchers if we needed to do real-time experiment the idea was</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:32:51'>not only will these people program but they're actually going to build it so he</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:32:55'>actually had a summary and machines</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:33:00'>can't even learn how to build their own and one of the design criteria on this</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:33:04'>machine was that it be low enough so</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:33:08'>that you could look over it they didn't want a machine looming over you when</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:33:12'>you're using it so this is I hope you'll</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:33:23'>be able to see this you could kill the lights</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:33:30'>so here's everybody see it</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:34:04'>individual that was the beauty of this</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:34:29'>machine because Ivan could immediately get to work you'll see the one of the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:34:47'>important things a lot things particular</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:34:56'>person</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:35:16'>thesis and when you look at this display</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:35:41'>just have to remember look at this thing</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:35:45'>can it do and the answer was what it</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:35:50'>could do it couldn't make good-looking pictures but it can simulate them alright so right away you had something</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:35:57'>wasn't just a picture drawing facility you could actually put in a bridge and have a calculate the stresses and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:36:02'>strains you can put in an electric circuit and without explicitly preparing</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:36:06'>it for anything about electricity just by specifying the constraint with</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:36:11'>manufacturers now and moving around the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:36:15'>circuit to put in linkages and by under constraining the linkages it would animate through the languages</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:36:32'>so we what he just he drew me in the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:36:38'>outline of this thing and he pointed to all of the different headings of the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:36:42'>thing he said to the system I want those all to be mutually perpendicular and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:36:46'>sketchpad just figured out how to do that so that dynamics to a set of</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:36:51'>dynamics all right so this thing is not</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:36:56'>just a graphic system but it's actually a problem-solving system about a third</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:37:14'>of a mile on the side draws me and now</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:37:20'>he's pointing to these two things he says make these guys parallel and now</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:37:27'>the constraint is make these collinear</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:37:53'>they're still there</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:37:59'>they're very computers today that you can continuously zoom on a piece of</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:38:03'>graphics guy goes to eat pot again wants</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:38:09'>to make a rivet for this flange is he in</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:38:15'>the idea of the rivet the society is</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:38:19'>going to use that as a center for the arc he's going to draw here now again if</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:38:24'>he points to the edges and says I want these to become usually perpendicular</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:38:41'>further because it can do nonlinear</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:39:03'>these guys to these guys</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:39:11'>here's something it goes back to his</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:39:15'>other picture he says okay give me a rivet</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:39:23'>again he has a knob that he can rotate the thing</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:39:30'>you can make it bigger and smaller there's gonna latch this rivet in there</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:39:43'>my theory is looking at this program guy</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:40:01'>says oh this crotch piece that's no good let me go back to the master drawing and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:40:10'>guess what these guys feel the change</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:40:14'>all right so what we're seeing here are in strain the world's first graphic</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:40:53'>system great it's one of the first dynamic</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:40:59'>problem solving systems all in one year</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:41:03'>and he said well I didn't know it was hard so when you look at sketchpad here</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:41:18'>we see some</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:41:23'>pressing ideas another ad by the way</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:41:27'>we're i conce so the concerns in the later version of the thing were in the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:41:32'>form of icons iconic little structures that you could drop into a form so here</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:41:39'>is these bounding a thing that's parallel and equal here an equal</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:41:45'>constraint is gonna force the this figure to turn out object oriented it</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:41:54'>has polymorphism for instance this this</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:41:59'>word called display is what we call a selector and small talk and what's in</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:42:04'>there in this instance structure is actually the subroutine entry for how</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:42:09'>this particular kind of thing is is display see jewel attachment has an</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:42:17'>inheritance hierarchy so here's his he has a type called variables see if I can</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:42:25'>read any of these things various kinds of Polar's various kinds of constraints</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:42:29'>various kinds of topological things and so forth it's also one of the very few</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:42:34'>species on graphics in which the system was used to make all of its own drawings</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:42:39'>so this is an incredible system and it's</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:42:45'>one of those systems like Maxwell</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:42:51'>this system was so fundamental to the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:42:56'>way we all thought that you can tell 40</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:43:02'>year by a system that does what sketchpad</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:43:06'>does yet today is impressive on its own</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:43:12'>grant the only thing unimpressive about the video this now just kicks the shit</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:43:23'>the average piece of software that you can go out and buy or even find at a</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:43:27'>university reading it working on the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:44:00'>6605 because working on this huge tree</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:44:04'>on machine</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:44:08'>and what is to imagine a 6,600 sitting</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:44:13'>on a desk no way he's 65 there's no way</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:44:20'>I could imagine though I didn't even know of course I could see it was</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:44:24'>exponential yeah I did 10 in 1965 I just</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:44:29'>didn't have any overlap what I was doing</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:44:34'>Gordon Moore actually kept on as it</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:44:41'>wasn't about bipolar it was about a very</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:44:45'>very slow way of doing silicon which is</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:44:49'>an N Mo's field effect transistors of</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:44:58'>course more these are predicting the view then it so one of the things that</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:45:05'>Warren decided to do was to be a founder of Intel and they went out and did it</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:45:11'>by the way this is what actually happened he said five doublings per</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:45:17'>decade it's actually been heard a made</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:45:23'>through 1995 understand you had a</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:45:30'>blueprint of exactly what was going to happen to a computer years thing was</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:45:45'>how long did IBM have to unbelievable</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:45:52'>now by 1965 hey come up this now this is</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:46:21'>a picture that was taken around with the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:46:27'>mouse in his hand and using a two-page display black on white this is what it</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:46:32'>looked like this is what it looked like</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:46:36'>from the top and he did group we're just</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:46:45'>about close interaction it was about groups of people working we're gonna</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:46:53'>that work with people down to Menlo Park</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:46:57'>alright actually the father of the probe their various ways of looking to say Wes</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:47:02'>Clark but you look at what we call personal computing today it is really</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:47:07'>hard to escape the idea that angle Bart had this image now of course it was done</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:47:13'>wrong was done on a time sharing system but very quickly we started thinking</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:47:21'>about well of course time cycles we</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:47:27'>better do something like this computer I did it appear this is a self-portrait</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:47:34'>this is what looked like on its own display was a desktop computer for very</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:47:39'>special desks this design was the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:48:22'>the thread was wire you wanted to fire</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:48:32'>through the core and there's a nice exhibit in the computer Museum doing a</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:48:49'>computer where you sequence required</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:48:58'>ecology of some kind this tech this</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:49:02'>machine used use a similar decided to</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:49:55'>grind up some oatmeal and butter so you</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:50:01'>decide to use some olive oil can't find any eggs and what you use for it so it</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:50:09'>had this speckled was sort of had the right terms that was much better one</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:50:54'>let's do it don't teach kids to drive when they're</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:50:58'>five read and use media and clay and all</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:51:05'>that stuff</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:51:09'>pewter 'he's got me thinking about what if a computer were like a a book and so</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:51:18'>in 1968 I made this cardboard because one of the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:51:30'>things that's interesting you know is my my desktop how much</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:51:52'>but because of Moore's law think about</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:52:08'>it as we could count make millions of these and therefore there is only one</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:52:13'>Beast all doing a real personal</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:52:17'>computing billions of things there are</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:52:38'>many other metaphor stand themselves</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:52:49'>agents agents</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:52:53'>how to do it a island nation when you're</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:53:13'>trying to figure out what you should work on important thing when you're in</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:53:28'>badges it's a very similar one of my</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:53:42'>biggest complaints about today is I think there are too many brilliant is</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:53:49'>because the funders will only find trivial thing about the ARPA funders</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:54:02'>absolutely didn't care what your some</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:54:18'>money and take percentages</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:54:24'>the way by brute force you basically</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:54:53'>don't want to do research in the real world to come so you want to make</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:54:57'>artificial and we made a whole bunch of them to try to differentiate them so for</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:55:04'>example what drives this integrated</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:55:08'>circuits what drives this is going to be pervasive networking so even if you live</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:55:22'>long enough here's now the exact model</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:55:30'>buzzes four pounds right this is</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:55:45'>one of these things that go along with</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:55:57'>it and so by making this artificial do here</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:56:02'>told us what not to work on here see the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:56:16'>laser out here but this thing is gonna be no printing the structures that</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:56:24'>you're gonna look for and they're also</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:56:29'>gonna be dynamic all right so this has</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:56:34'>to be</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:56:52'>[Applause]</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:56:58'>here's a really important which is all</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:57:04'>this stuff easy to figure out this this</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:57:11'>way is one of the fact around 1965</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:58:11'>here's that machine's back thirty years</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:58:29'>ago streams organized around</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:59:26'>if your student reading temple versus</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='00:59:33'>gothic cathedrals holding you can't</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:00:02'>something very big it just collapses under its own way so the Gothic design</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:00:13'>what if anybody here you know arch in</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:00:24'>flying buttress</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:01:14'>facing them right and at some point there was I thought what had happened</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:01:23'>was that they wanted to hold the roof up the brace is steel</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:01:49'>much stronger steel tation starts milk</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:01:57'>there's a limit the matter</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:02:06'>Oh is a clever way under tension and the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:02:17'>same amount of material</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:02:28'>[Music] yeah and then there's this nice that we</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:02:35'>discovered</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:04:00'>since 1965 computer science has been about like these things</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:04:37'>in gaming language they use why should</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:04:55'>we be interested in this here's a very</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:05:11'>naughty girls are very fragile and we</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:05:31'>can grow a bit fertilize 50 cell</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:05:37'>divisions of a factor of 10</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:05:45'>of the Apple cells on the way because</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:05:49'>there isn't actually enough genetic information for a baby I'll just give</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:05:57'>you one little story how this stuff works</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:06:01'>embryo logically the muscles are laid down the baby mama for they're wired up</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:06:06'>by the nerves so how do the nerves find the muscles so you start going out from</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:06:15'>the spine little amoeba things that are</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:06:20'>there smelling their way along but there's not enough genetic to find the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:06:26'>right exactly the right area they go out the right will stay right and then with</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:06:35'>the baby's exit the ones that are</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:06:42'>working like 80%</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:07:06'>- it'll never develop stereo because</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:07:11'>division dynamic why you should be</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:07:30'>thinking about biology here's a little e coli about one somebody has a better way</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:08:10'>to do data structures</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:08:38'>so over bunch of people who didn't have</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:09:42'>to worry about AI data structures did</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:09:52'>have to worry about way we're gonna be</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:10:03'>able to do all</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:10:12'>actually working on right really</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:10:17'>speaking what thinking it is quite</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:10:23'>remarkable how easy the next few years</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:10:42'>way of putting things by the way but</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:11:04'>think about it is thing that is being</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:11:09'>broadcast broadcast everything that's</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:11:13'>now being Russians are worth that's</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:12:39'>just</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:13:03'>by satellite the size of a few years</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:16:03'>audience just like you these reels</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:16:20'>because they're really</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:16:29'>this is the film the film tracking shots</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:16:46'>modern language</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:18:14'>twenty years from now people will be</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:18:18'>worrying about eager bodies cuff flex why because everybody graduate school is</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:18:23'>worrying about</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:18:43'>are talking now part isn't in it but it</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:18:49'>is pewter is almost everything how to do</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:18:59'>it first time by some students going</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:19:14'>down and ask the question why is easier</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:19:19'>to do diversity</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:19:26'>running on unit from UNIX programming in</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:19:35'>somebody else's programming language or operating system why not roll your it's</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:19:40'>not that hard to do there do it but I</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:19:46'>think friends has learn about this or</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:19:51'>some similar language fairly early long and then another year later do a</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:19:55'>processor for do both so the big</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:20:02'>shortfall here is the ability of receivers to understand the implications</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:20:07'>in the what America this</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:20:17'>[Applause]</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:21:05'>two peas in the middle of this thing said I rather be precisely these little</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:21:42'>we'll get into if we think of Bill Gates</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:22:12'>is the one-eyed person then he's definitely King and the person who's in</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:22:17'>for the 2id person can actually see what</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:22:21'>should be going on eating exercise</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:23:01'>habits literally would rather die and do</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:23:10'>yeah and we could say here we could say we</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:23:16'>organized a diversity of our patients</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:23:25'>for incrementals Jesus and so the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:23:29'>problem is that and then the actual</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:23:36'>dispute is to cost and this Franois</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:23:41'>filter syndrome so it's in you know when are you gonna pay the freight</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:23:45'>- tough most Americans will say later and like IBM for instance is paying the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:23:50'>freight</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:24:18'>[Laughter]</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:24:22'>there's kind of McDonnell ISM just</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:24:28'>people that what they sell is food are</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:24:42'>really into this quickly from NSF right</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:24:47'>they would much matter sure</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:24:52'>then take a chance on doing something good the good things are actually harder</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:24:56'>to do sometimes you lose on them we were</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:25:03'>very fond add which is first discovered</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:25:19'>basically the result is this and if you take the frogs natural food and paralyze</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:25:25'>it with a little chloroform so the Flies are still alive you put them in front of</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:25:30'>the frog starve to death they cannot see</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:25:34'>the cardboard and eat it and we'll do it</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:25:46'>over and over and over again eventually it will die and their various ways of</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:25:50'>interpreting this but I like to think of these flies as ideas they're around us</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:25:56'>all the time this is the thing that I think both Lenny and I would be very</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:26:02'>strongly on and that is the most remarkable thing about the revolution</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:26:07'>that's been going on is it was there for 30 years it was actually making choices about the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:26:13'>stuff was there those choices were pretty much made on aesthetic grounds rather than technical grounds deciding</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:26:20'>oh yeah here's a fly what are where that came from home problem-solving interesting things</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:26:42'>are things are connected to system don't</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:26:51'>solve them you seem to watch to dealing</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:26:58'>with something like an ecology or human body you don't fix human bodies adjust</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:27:02'>all these systems that are trying to achieve homeostasis</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:27:06'>[Music]</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:27:31'>all and reduce differences but back in science you look for the superhighway</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:27:38'>we've learned 300 years in spite of any</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:27:43'>reason to the contrary for highways</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:27:47'>exist it is unbelievable I sign pointed</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:27:54'>out there is most incomprehensible thing</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:28:00'>because there's no a priori reason why we should be able to understand it to</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:28:05'>the level that we do just leave you with</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:28:26'>just one last set of thoughts here the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:28:44'>whole thing that's going on and in fact reason for our existence is because</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:28:51'>we're in a place where our field</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:28:55'>investigated we have a lot be very</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:29:01'>different now so we're just a little</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:29:10'>what happens over again is when things</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:29:15'>get more interesting in it was found</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:29:22'>that amazingly enough you could teach most of the population to read we're</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:29:28'>gonna see a thing called health receipt in the next ten years because it's</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:29:34'>obvious you don't want to wait until you get sick and then go to a professional</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:29:38'>to help what you want to be able to do is to take charge of your own stuff and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:29:43'>a good example of that if I have a friend who's a diabetic and a couple of</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:29:49'>years ago used to have to go to it now turns out for diet anybody hears it</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:29:56'>turns out version of it possible until</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:30:11'>almost too late to know where the blood sugar is what these poor people have to</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:30:15'>do is go 24 hours find out if they were</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:30:19'>in danger just a few years ago now they can go into a bathroom and thirty</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:30:24'>seconds later they can find out exactly what their blood sugar this guy actually checks his blood sugar five times a day</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:30:29'>he takes sugar and insulin and it's been a completely different life for this guy</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:30:34'>he's he's taken the responsibility with</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:30:38'>the help of professionals to do a lot of this stuff for himself and one of the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:30:44'>ways to think about democracy it's when the hackers don't become nearly as</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:30:49'>important anymore but you extend the franchise over a much larger group and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:30:54'>if you think about a value system to what computer this should be about maybe that's one of</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:30:59'>the ones that we should we should think about and here's you have people buzzing</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:31:12'>you can dig a pit you can pile up stuff</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:31:18'>to make pyramids very natural thing to do you want to make a geodesic dome you</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:31:26'>don't do that with a pick and shovel you need something else what happens as</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:31:30'>professionals get power tools is the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:31:36'>amateurs get them to alright there's no</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:31:41'>place for the person with the show</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:31:47'>for us</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:31:55'>that's computer scientists the power tool this is where the science stuff</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:31:59'>comes in what is the equivalent of Maxwell's equations well they're really</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:32:07'>taught you don't see this as a metaphor</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:32:13'>some people do who are theoretical academics but it doesn't actually get</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:32:17'>through to most people who do programs and here's one way of thinking about</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:32:23'>knack the equivalent of Maxwell's equations and computing the natural</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:32:27'>science we're given the universe and our</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:32:31'>job is to discover its laws God or</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:32:36'>whatever but a computer science we have something maybe even more interesting is</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:32:40'>we give laws that the computer and creates a universe all right so</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:32:44'>Maxwell's equations are actually a synthetic synthesis of things rather</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:32:49'>than analysis of things in the first version of Maxwell's equations came out</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:32:56'>in here right now we can do better than</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:33:01'>that now but to me the world of computer</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:33:06'>computer dumb is divided up into two kinds of people there are people who</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:33:10'>spent the two or three hours necessary to actually understand this in a very</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:33:14'>deep way right because it's not the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:33:18'>Turing machine that's the important part well you can make it a pretty good</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:33:22'>Turing machine computer with two instructions I think if subtract and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:33:26'>jump on neck less than zero but it's not a very interesting Turing machine</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:33:30'>because you have to write gobs of code to do anything what's great about this</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:33:34'>one is it has a slope like this right it's simple and what this says is it</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:33:42'>doesn't matter what your programming language is</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:33:46'>so anybody who understand this would never write in Pascal again right</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:33:51'>because Pascal is a language in which somebody had the presumption to tell you</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:33:55'>what features you were going to propane min this is how you're going to do</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:33:59'>conditionals this is how you're going to do loops and by the way you can't do count ilysm and you can't do this and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:34:04'>you can't do that this says you can you</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:34:08'>can do it in a very small space and to me the hardest thing to explain to</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:34:13'>anybody about modern programming language design is that this aspect is</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:34:18'>how you should criticize now anybody who understood this would never ever write a</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:34:22'>line of code in C++ because it doesn't have this it's been left out and so what</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:34:29'>people do is to write as though what's his name Strauss to actually knew what</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:34:34'>he was doing there's no way he could know what he's doing none of us do so what you want is</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:34:39'>a meta system that when your problem type comes up you can actually apply to</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:34:43'>it this is what people should be learning does the modern versions of of</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:34:50'>this in graduate school so that whenever</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:34:54'>you go out and have to do something you're not bound by the existing tools you can always whip up a system that</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:34:59'>will allow you to create the tools to make the tools that you need to do the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:35:03'>job so what lynnie actually asked me is</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:35:07'>by having any words of advice in one</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:35:13'>sentence or so and the thing I thought</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:35:17'>of was something that Fineman said</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:35:23'>science have to trust the experts</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:35:29'>right you don't have to take things on faith at all and so my word of advice to</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='01:35:33'>you is do not believe a single thing that I've told you</subtitle>
+<subtitle id='5740'>[Applause] </subtitle>