Difference between revisions of "Alan Kay at STRAP 2015 - Our Most Important Revolution part (1/2)"

Latest revision as of 22:47, 6 December 2017

so

you've all heard the phrase the best way

to predict the future is to invent it

you perhaps this one

as well people who are serious about software should

make their own hardware or

perspective or context

is worth 80 IQ points

these are a few insights from our next speaker a

pioneer of computing Professor

Alan Kay can we have a line on the VC

Alan you know I read about this Alan once said

in an interview that he had the fortune or rather

the misfortune to learn how to read fluently

when he was three years old so

by the time he was in first grade yet read 150 books and

he knew the teachers were lying

he's originally from Springfield

in Massachusetts he attended the university

of colorado at boulder he earned a bachelor's

degree in mathematics and molecular biology

he went to graduate school at the University

of Utah in the College of Engineering

earned his masters and a PhD there and he began

to work on graphical programs such

as sketch pad in 1970

he joined Xerox Corporation at the

famed palo alto research center he

was developing prototypes for network workstation using

small talk in those days you can imagine 1970 these

inventions were later commercialized by Apple

in their max he is one of the

fathers of the idea of object-oriented

programming he conceived the dynabook

I'm sure you've read about it a concept which essentially

is the basis of

tablets of e-books perhaps even mobile

devices essentially I think he has spawned

an industry that's worth trillions of dollars today and

Alan believes the computer

revolution has still not happened he

worked at Apple at Disney and at HP

but in 2001 he founded viewpoints

Research Institute it's a non-profit organization dedicated to

children to learning and advanced software

development he's by

professional jazz musician and a theatrical

designer he's been elected a fellow of the American Academy

of Arts and Sciences the National Academy

Engineering and the Royal School of Arts royal

society of arts ladies and gentlemen he's joining

us live via video from Los Angeles please help me

welcoming the very very distinguished professor

how to

know what do you thank you

very much

one thing I should

just mention is that the lag

to India

and back again i'm watching this on the

on the screen here is about three and a

half seconds and it takes a little bit longer than

that for the visual content to get

the air and of course it takes another second and

half or two seconds for me to see that it's gotten there

so i'll try not to get out of sync

during this talk

about revolutions which vishal

asked me to put together and

it's in the form of a series

of ideas many of which you're

already familiar with and so

I think for many of you some of

this will be revisiting some ideas about

hat you've already thought about and perhaps there are

a few things in this talk that are

also new to

you so just to start

here's

an idea that goes back to the 19th century

almost as a joke about

human thinking and learning but

in the 21st century it's actually

a pretty good metaphor and that is the idea that

little

random features

on the ground

may channel a little water from a rainstorm

in one place

and not another and that channel itself

is an amplifier for gathering more water

and so quite randomly we get an erosion

gully looks

kind of like this and it

can get a much deeper and

we tend to learn

things that are right things

or familiar with and so

the things that we've experienced at an early age

we experiences reality

but it's actually

kinda random kind of depends

on where we were born what

kinds of schools we went

to where we were and

we build up this structure

that can be beautiful

but it's also kind of a rough so

here's the Grand Canyon and when

you're in it down here you can't

see anything else except this beautiful

pinkish rock you're in a an

entire world and the

walls are so high it's hard to even think about

climbing out if you were to be born

down here the idea

of climbing out would not probably occur to too many

people it's just reality

and that's the way we go

about the world this is why

revolutions are called revolutions

they're simply climbing out of these ruts

that we're in but since we don't know we're

in ruts we really think to climb out of

them and here's a way of

looking at that I'm taking this pink

grand canyon wall and spreading

it out to it so it's an entire

world of pinkish thoughts and

an ant crawling

around in this world doesn't

even know it's pink because it's never

seen any other color and it can explore around

can pick different directions can

encounter an obstacle we can get around the obstacle

can do all of the things that we

associate with thought

and yet they're all pink

and we don't even don't even know it but

every once in a while perhaps were in the

shower out running relaxing we

get a little blue thought but

we

all went to school

we live in the society and so

these little blue thoughts just get rapped out

and but

every once in a while when we're really relaxed

nobody's around we might

get creeped out

something that is really an

outlaw thought it's

completely out of the plane of the

world that we didn't even realize was a plane and

wrong with that escape

we are in

a different context whole

different set of possibilities and ways

of thinking about things and much of human

progress has been

by these escapes from

the mental belief

systems that we may stay

thousands of years and then suddenly somebody has

it as an idea and all of a sudden we

can see things very differently and there

are three ideas here

for people who like revolutions one is

if think is reality then how

sane will people think glueless

so the trick in having these blue thoughts

is to avoid being burned at the stake

because

you're going against things people really believe

in second idea is

if the idea is really knew

then it requires almost as much creativity

as the original invention

so this puts an enormous strain on

education and education

is usually much more comfortable and teaching the pink

stuff it

doesn't even like to talk about the blue stuff and

then the third idea is that this

blue plane is a wonderful thing but it's also a gully

and in fact this blue idea

might not be a very good idea after

all people have weird ideas

all the time and if you think about it most

ideas are

going to be mediocre down to bad

as having a really good idea

is very rare even for people to have lots of

ideas so

revolutions require some

sort of escape from reality they

require other people to learn about this

escape the escape

has to be vetted

or else you might have millions

of people following a really bad idea

and we have to set up conditions in

order to escape from this new idea when

the time comes instead

of treating it as reality again

so here's an idea that

vishal

wanted me to put in and one of my favorites which

is to imagine somebody

as intelligent or maybe twice

as intelligent as Leonardo DaVinci but

born 10,000 years ago

suppose you were have twice

the IQ of Leonarda mentioned you're born 10,000

years ago how far would you get

the answer is not too far because IQ

is the weakest thing we bring debate we

just aren't that smart took

us hundreds of thousands of years of even

invent writing and since

we speak it would seem natural to

up with something where we could write write down

what we speak but it wasn't natural at all

so

somebody who's not nearly as smart as a

Leonardo

da Vinci was Henry Ford in the United States who made

millions and millions of inexpensive automobiles

about a hundred years ago

Leonardo could not invent a single

engine his vehicles and Henry poor

could make millions of automobiles that people could afford

what was the difference well it wasn't the Ford

was smart Ford was born into

the century that allowed this to happen but

he was able to hook into knowledge which

in many many cases Trump's

raw I cute but

if you can buy knowledge at IQ you have something really

powerful and why did was

Henry Ford able to be boring into a better century

for on a lot of vehicles

and the answer is because of

this man Isaac Newton

and what Newton did was to

change the context he

took us out of the gully that we're

in up through the middle ages and

started looking at the world in

completely different way of course he wasn't the first person to

look at the world that way but

he made the biggest lead of anyone

and so he's the good symbol for

this idea about context and

escaping the gully and so

we have the saying that was in

the introduction that context is worth AED IQ

points another way of looking at it is if you pick

the right dolly it's worth the ad IQ

and if you picked the wrong golly it's worth minus eighty

IQ points because

just getting out of one value doesn't automatically

guarantee you're going to get into a good one at the

other end so let's take a look

at a couple of revolutions

writing little over five

thousand years ago and writing

did one

thing that we understand

very very well which is a transcends

time and space it can travel

around the world it can travel in

time but the thing we really think

about writing is what's most important

about it is that if we become

a reader and a writer we actually

become a different kind of thinker than a thinker

in a normal society so

writing is not just an extension of what we

do orderly in an amplification of

what we do orderly in action changes us when

we learn how to do it and this is what one

thoughts we want to carry through the rest of this talk that

whenever we go into a

new gully a new more powerful gully we're

not just extend any things that we already thought about

but we're actually by learning

these new things we're actually creating a different version

of us so

handwritten books may

big changes you could they're

probably the simplest correlation with what

we call civilization but

they stagnated

a way because they were too hard to produce so this is a

library in the Middle Ages in

holland which has a few hundred books

you can see that those books are chained

to the wall because many of these books in today's

dollars are worth about a million dollars

the sum

of these books took almost 10 years for

a copy to be made and

these books were not affecting

enough people this is a town library in

live

in Holland but a few

hundred books and a few one

percent or so people reading wasn't

enough to make

a really big leap and

so of course we have the printing press

but many of you will

know that the big invention of the printing press wasn't

the printing press because they existed

in Europe for several hundred years

beforehand and

wasn't even movable type

because the Chinese had

movable-type a thousand years earlier so

these are all known about that the great

invention of the printing press was how

type was made and I

a lot of time so I

brought some along here

you

can see because this

is one of it one of the great

changes in Western

society was to be able to

make type cheaply enough

to have presses everywhere and what was the invention

well good bird was a goldsmith and the

way you make coins out of soft metals

like gold is you don't mold them but you strike

them into a steel

died and the striking

them forces the metal to

expand and take on the impression of the die

and at some point a good

bird got the idea that wow

if I made a steel punch

ere with

the reverse with an H on it I could punch

it with a hammer into a

softer metal like grass and that

would make a mold that I could then

pour led into and I could make thousands

of pieces of type each day and

so the printing press in your visit if

you like parallels this is a parallel

to the integrated circuit

we had computers before we have the integrated circuit

but we didn't have computers for everyone and the

kind of computing that we have today until the integrated

circuit solve the problem of how to make

zillions and zillions of gates

same idea here and

so people who made type could

have their type making

stuff in their backpack and they went all over Europe

and only 20 years after the invention

the printing press there are more than 20,000

printing facilities in Europe

each with their own type so

technological invention of the printing press

a revolution and being

able to spread the means of spreading

ideas what

we get from the printing press

is a child sitting underneath the tree reading

a book all to herself

because the real invention of the printing press the

real revolution of it is there

now enough books so

a single person can learn many different

ideas from different sources by themselves without

being socially coerced

and they can come up with ideas

and points of view of their own and

the sense of identity on their own

and that changed everything for

what happened in the next few hundred years you

can think of this great invention of the printing press

was it started making us aware that we were in

a go so once you start encountering different

ideas about things that you thought

were fixed it starts getting you thinking

about this is wherever I am

isn't really reality it's just

a set of beliefs that I have at this moment

so silence came along

with this and this

is a pocket globe from

the end of the 18th

century and people reason I show this

actually I have one of these I love them

it's hard to

see because it's old and dirty it's

everal hundred years old here's a modern copy of

it or

this up well this is what people did in the coffee houses

in Europe during this

time they look they

could take them out and talk with each other

about what the earth look like from space and

what was interesting is

200 years later when we got out there and look back

at the earth there are no surprises

look just the way it

looked 200 years earlier

and one of the ways of

thinking about this is that what

happened 200 years earlier was the

process of science which is taking

lots of measurements stitching ideas together

coming up with a model

understanding how accurate and inaccurate

the model is and we get this

nice picture and what we

did a few years ago was engineering

we built rockets that could go out there and look back at

it those Rockets required science also

so the

idea here is what science started to do is to

get us to realize that

the other goalies are all around us

they're invisible but we can make things more

visible so science

the best collection of stuff we've come up with for

helping us identify the ability that

we're in and how to get out of it and in

India there is this a

famous tale

that I learned as a child about the

six blind men and the elephant and

one says the

trunk oh it's like a rope or it's like a spear or it's

like a wall and so forth

and so several reactions to this for

example a normal

human reaction is to fight about this and don't

worry this is not the Indian Parliament this is Italy

just in case you were worried

every

gentlemen there is a distinguished politician

who at this moment decided

everybody else was

completely insane

and that they were the only one that had a hold

on reality okay well one

of the ways of solving this is we can compromise

so we can make an elephant out of everybody's

point of view if that is better than fighting

but we can

do more than compromise we can actually cooperate

and what science does is to

cooperate to get us outside

the gauley and cooperatively put together a much

more accurate view of the thing we can't

see for ourselves and so they're a couple of ideas here one

is we can't learn to see until

we admit we are blind

so this is a big ones whereas while saying to

yourself each day because we think we can see

but in fact compared

to what we can see today

using scientific instruments

engineering new

ways of thinking about things it's a complete

revolution from the way things where 500 years ago and

then the other idea is

instead of thinking about science as

being technical

which it is and thinking about

it as involving lots of mathematics which it usually does

implest way to think about science is it's a collection

of the best ways we know together

well what's wrong with our brains

once

we realize that our brains were not actually set

up for thinking clearly then

we can actually start making progress

so these ideas

at the same time were used in the United States

to design the country

actually one

of the ways of thinking about this at

the kept the a convention

to come up with the constitution

for the United States 55 people they

did not agree when they got

here they spend six weeks working

on it they did not agree at the end but

in the end they came up with

this but

you can think of as a one-page operating

system that

was good enough to run a millions and millions of

not terribly cooperating processes

for hundreds of years without a crash

because that's what the Constitution

is and a couple of important ideas

first one was that

according to accounts of this

convention all 55

decided that the goal

was not to win or lose

according to what their point of view was their

goal was to make real progress during these six

weeks and so even

though many of them hadn't changed their

minds at the end they still were able

to come together to put something yeah this is kind of like

that middle elephant

made up with different parts

and a second idea was I

think a profound one for anybody today

who's trying to put together a

large plan a revolution is

that often revolutions

will start from ideals

and that's good they'll

often start from aesthetics which is

could make something beautiful make

something important but in fact

the key to the American Constitution

was that it had

essentially no laws in it it

was mostly about how to detect errors and correct them

before the country could come apart

which it almost did a couple of times

so this idea about making a dynamic

system that does

dynamic error detection and correction is

something that not only works really

well in software the internet is

completely made about it but also something

to think about for when we do human revolutions

Ben Franklin

towards the end made a speech and

in the speech he said when you assemble a number of

men to have the advantage of their

joint wisdom you negatively assemble

with these men all of their prejudices their passions

the errors of opinions their local

interests and their selfish views

from such an assembly can

a perfect production be expected and his speech

was no but

what we did do is to come up

with something that is capable of being

improved in

other words like

all operating systems constitutions are

gullies and the most important thing about

them is whether they can adjust

to the learning curve of the society so

in America this has not happened

the people have

been very timid about

adjusting the Constitution is every

time an amendment is made it is a enormous

fight and

perhaps given the the

people we have in our Congress right now that's a good idea

but if you think about it as a larger

principle when you make one

of these things that helps organize ourselves just like

the software we wish we were doing is

really not just about today

but we should be really making our software so

that it's easy to modify as conditions

change down the road most companies

are not willing to pay for the amount of extra

work needed to make the future easier

and

we know from

the Indian Revolution

the importance of the Constitution

here the having constitutions

that are not terribly long

but spell out the nature

of the environment we wish to live in

Difference between revisions of "Alan Kay at STRAP 2015 - Our Most Important Revolution part (1/2)"

Latest revision as of 22:47, 6 December 2017

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@@ Line 3: / Line 3: @@
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 |alignment=left
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+|autoresize=true
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+<subtitle id="0:0:11">so</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:0:14"> you've all heard the phrase the best  way</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:0:17"> to predict the future is to invent  it</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:0:20"> you perhaps this one</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:0:23"> as well people  who are serious about software should</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:0:26">  make their own hardware or</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:0:29"> perspective  or context</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:0:32"> is worth 80 IQ points</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:0:35"> these  are a few insights from our next speaker  a</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:0:38"> pioneer of computing Professor</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:0:41"> Alan  Kay can we have a line on the VC</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:0:47">Alan you know I read about this Alan  once said</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:0:50"> in an interview that he had  the fortune or rather</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:0:53"> the misfortune to  learn how to read fluently</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:0:56"> when he was  three years old so</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:0:59"> by the time he was in  first grade yet read 150 books and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:1:2"> he  knew the teachers were lying</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:1:5"> he's  originally from Springfield</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:1:8"> in  Massachusetts he attended the university</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:1:11">  of colorado at boulder he earned a  bachelor's</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:1:14"> degree in mathematics and  molecular biology</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:1:17"> he went to graduate  school at the University</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:1:20"> of Utah in the  College of Engineering</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:1:23"> earned his  masters and a PhD there and he began</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:1:26"> to  work on graphical programs such</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:1:29"> as  sketch pad in 1970</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:1:32"> he joined Xerox  Corporation at the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:1:35"> famed palo alto  research center he</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:1:38"> was developing  prototypes for network workstation using</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:1:41">small talk in those days you can imagine  1970 these</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:1:44"> inventions were later  commercialized by Apple</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:1:47"> in their max he  is one of the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:1:50"> fathers of the idea of  object-oriented</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:1:53"> programming he conceived  the dynabook</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:1:56"> I'm sure you've read about  it a concept which essentially</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:1:59"> is the  basis of</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:2:2"> tablets of e-books perhaps even  mobile</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:2:5"> devices essentially I think he  has spawned</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:2:8"> an industry that's worth  trillions of dollars today and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:2:11"> Alan  believes the computer</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:2:14"> revolution has  still not happened  he</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:2:17"> worked at Apple at Disney and at HP</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:2:20">  but in 2001 he founded viewpoints</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:2:23">Research Institute it's a non-profit  organization dedicated to</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:2:26"> children to  learning and advanced software</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:2:29">  development he's by</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:2:32">professional jazz musician and a  theatrical</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:2:35"> designer he's been elected a  fellow of the American Academy</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:2:38"> of Arts  and Sciences the National Academy</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:2:41">Engineering and the Royal School of Arts  royal</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:2:44"> society of arts ladies and  gentlemen he's joining</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:2:47"> us live via video  from Los Angeles please help me</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:2:50">welcoming the very very distinguished  professor</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:2:59">how to</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:3:2"> know what do you thank you</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:3:5"> very  much</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:3:8"> one thing I should</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:3:11"> just mention is  that the lag</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:3:14"> to India</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:3:17"> and back again i'm  watching this on the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:3:20"> on the screen here  is about three and a</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:3:23"> half seconds and it  takes a little bit longer than</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:3:26"> that for  the visual content to get</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:3:29"> the air and of  course it takes another second and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:3:32">half or two seconds for me to see that  it's gotten there</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:3:35"> so i'll try not to get  out of sync</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:3:38"> during this talk</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:3:41"> about  revolutions which vishal</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:3:44"> asked me to put  together and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:3:47"> it's in the form of a  series</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:3:50"> of ideas many of which you're</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:3:53">  already familiar with and so</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:3:56"> I think for  many of you some of</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:3:59"> this will be  revisiting some ideas about</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:4:2">hat you've already thought about and  perhaps there are</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:4:5"> a few things in this  talk that are</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:4:8"> also new to</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:4:11"> you so just to  start</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:4:14"> here's</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:4:17"> an idea that goes back to  the 19th century</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:4:20"> almost as a joke about</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:4:23">  human thinking and learning but</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:4:26"> in the  21st century it's actually</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:4:29"> a pretty good  metaphor and that is the idea that</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:4:32">  little</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:4:35"> random features</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:4:38"> on the ground</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:4:41"> may  channel a little water from a rainstorm</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:4:44">  in one place</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:4:47"> and not another and that  channel itself</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:4:50"> is an amplifier for  gathering more water</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:4:53"> and so quite  randomly we get an erosion</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:4:56"> gully looks</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:4:59">  kind of like this and it</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:5:2"> can get a much  deeper and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:5:5"> we tend to learn</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:5:8"> things that  are right things</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:5:11"> or  familiar with and so</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:5:14"> the things that  we've experienced at an early age</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:5:17"> we  experiences reality</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:5:20"> but it's actually</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:5:23">  kinda random kind of depends</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:5:26"> on where we  were born what</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:5:29"> kinds of schools we went</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:5:32">  to where we were and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:5:35"> we build up this  structure</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:5:38"> that can be beautiful</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:5:41"> but it's  also kind of a rough so</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:5:44"> here's the Grand  Canyon and when</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:5:47"> you're in it down here  you can't</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:5:50"> see anything else except this  beautiful</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:5:53"> pinkish rock you're in a an</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:5:56">  entire world and the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:5:59"> walls are so high  it's hard to even think about</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:6:2"> climbing  out if you were to be born</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:6:5"> down here the  idea</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:6:8"> of climbing out would not probably  occur to too many</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:6:11"> people it's just  reality</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:6:14"> and that's the way we go</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:6:17"> about  the world this is why</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:6:20"> revolutions are  called revolutions</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:6:23"> they're simply  climbing out of these ruts</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:6:26"> that we're in  but since we don't know we're</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:6:29"> in ruts we  really think to climb out of</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:6:32"> them and  here's a way of</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:6:35"> looking at that I'm  taking this pink</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:6:38"> grand canyon wall and  spreading</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:6:41"> it out to it so it's an entire</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:6:44">  world of pinkish thoughts and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:6:47"> an ant  crawling</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:6:50"> around in this world doesn't</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:6:53">  even know it's pink because it's never</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:6:56">  seen any other color and it can explore  around</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:6:59"> can pick different directions can</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:7:2">encounter an obstacle we can get around  the obstacle</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:7:5"> can do all of the things  that we</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:7:8"> associate with thought</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:7:11"> and yet  they're all pink</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:7:14"> and we don't even don't  even know it but</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:7:17"> every once in a while  perhaps were in the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:7:20"> shower out running  relaxing we</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:7:23"> get a little blue thought  but</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:7:26"> we</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:7:29"> all went to school</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:7:32"> we live in the  society and so</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:7:35"> these little blue  thoughts just get rapped out</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:7:38"> and but</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:7:41">  every once in a while when we're really  relaxed</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:7:44"> nobody's around we might</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:7:47"> get  creeped out</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:7:50"> something that is really an</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:7:53">  outlaw thought it's</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:7:56"> completely out of  the plane of the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:7:59"> world that we didn't  even realize was a plane and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:8:2"> wrong with  that escape</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:8:5"> we are in</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:8:8"> a different  context whole</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:8:11"> different set of  possibilities and ways</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:8:14"> of thinking about  things and much of human</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:8:17"> progress has  been</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:8:20"> by these escapes from</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:8:23"> the mental  belief</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:8:26"> systems that we may stay</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:8:29">thousands of years and then suddenly  somebody has</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:8:32"> it as an idea and all of a  sudden we</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:8:35"> can see things very  differently and there</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:8:38"> are three ideas  here</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:8:41"> for people who like revolutions one  is</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:8:44"> if think is reality then how</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:8:47"> sane  will people think glueless</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:8:50"> so the trick  in having these blue thoughts</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:8:53"> is to  avoid being burned at the stake</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:8:56"> because</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:8:59">you're going against things people  really believe</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:9:2"> in second idea is</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:9:5"> if the  idea is really knew</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:9:8"> then it requires  almost as much creativity</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:9:11"> as the  original invention</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:9:14"> so this puts an  enormous strain on</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:9:17"> education and  education</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:9:20"> is usually much more  comfortable and teaching the pink</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:9:23"> stuff  it</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:9:26"> doesn't even like to talk about the  blue stuff and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:9:29"> then the third idea is  that this</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:9:32"> blue plane is a wonderful  thing but it's also a gully</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:9:35"> and in fact  this blue idea</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:9:38">  might not be a very good idea after</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:9:41"> all  people have weird ideas</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:9:44"> all the time and  if you think about it most</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:9:47"> ideas are</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:9:50">  going to be mediocre down to bad</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:9:53"> as  having a really good idea</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:9:56"> is very rare  even for people to have lots of</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:9:59"> ideas so</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:10:2">  revolutions require some</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:10:5"> sort of escape  from reality they</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:10:8"> require other people  to learn about this</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:10:11"> escape the escape</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:10:14">  has to be vetted</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:10:17"> or else you might have  millions</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:10:20"> of people following a really  bad idea</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:10:23"> and we have to set up  conditions in</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:10:26"> order to escape from this  new idea when</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:10:29"> the time comes instead</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:10:32"> of  treating it as reality again</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:10:35"> so here's  an idea that</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:10:38"> vishal</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:10:41"> wanted me to put in  and one of my favorites which</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:10:44"> is to  imagine somebody</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:10:47"> as intelligent or maybe  twice</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:10:50"> as intelligent as Leonardo DaVinci  but</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:10:53"> born 10,000 years ago</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:10:56"> suppose you  were have twice</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:10:59"> the IQ of Leonarda  mentioned you're born 10,000</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:11:2"> years ago  how far would you get</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:11:5"> the answer is not  too far because IQ</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:11:8"> is the weakest thing  we bring debate we</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:11:11"> just aren't that  smart took</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:11:14"> us hundreds of thousands of  years of even</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:11:17"> invent writing and since</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:11:20">  we speak it would seem natural to</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:11:23">up with something where we could write  write down</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:11:26"> what we speak but it wasn't  natural at all</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:11:29"> so</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:11:32"> somebody who's not  nearly as smart as a</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:11:35"> Leonardo</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:11:38"> da Vinci  was Henry Ford in the United States who  made</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:11:41"> millions and millions of  inexpensive automobiles</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:11:44"> about a hundred  years ago</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:11:47"> Leonardo could not invent a  single</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:11:50"> engine  his vehicles and Henry poor</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:11:53"> could make  millions of automobiles that people  could afford</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:11:56"> what was the difference  well it wasn't the Ford</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:11:59"> was smart Ford  was born into</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:12:2"> the century that allowed  this to happen but</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:12:5"> he was able to hook  into knowledge which</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:12:8"> in many many cases  Trump's</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:12:11"> raw I cute but</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:12:14"> if you can buy  knowledge at IQ you have something  really</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:12:17"> powerful and why did was</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:12:20"> Henry  Ford able to be boring into a better  century</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:12:23"> for on a lot of vehicles</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:12:26"> and the  answer is because of</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:12:29"> this man Isaac  Newton</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:12:32"> and what Newton did was to</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:12:35"> change  the context he</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:12:38"> took us out of the gully  that we're</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:12:41"> in up through the middle ages  and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:12:44"> started looking at the world in</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:12:47">completely different way of course he  wasn't the first person to</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:12:50"> look at the  world that way but</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:12:53"> he made the biggest  lead of anyone</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:12:56"> and so he's the good  symbol for</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:12:59"> this idea about context and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:13:2">  escaping the gully and so</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:13:5"> we have the  saying that was in</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:13:8"> the introduction that  context is worth AED IQ</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:13:11"> points another  way of looking at it is if you pick</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:13:14"> the  right dolly it's worth the ad IQ</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:13:17">and if you picked the wrong golly it's  worth minus eighty</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:13:20"> IQ points because</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:13:23">just getting out of one value doesn't  automatically</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:13:26"> guarantee you're going to  get into a good one at the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:13:29"> other end so  let's take a look</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:13:32"> at a couple of  revolutions</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:13:35"> writing little over five</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:13:38">  thousand years ago and writing</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:13:41"> did one</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:13:44">  thing that we understand</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:13:47"> very very well  which is a transcends</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:13:50"> time and space it  can travel</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:13:53"> around the world it can  travel in</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:13:56"> time but the thing we really  think</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:13:59"> about writing is what's most  important</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:14:2"> about it  is that if we become</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:14:5"> a reader and a  writer we actually</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:14:8"> become a different  kind of thinker than a thinker</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:14:11"> in a  normal society so</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:14:14"> writing is not just an  extension of what we</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:14:17"> do orderly in an  amplification of</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:14:20"> what we do orderly in  action changes us when</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:14:23"> we learn how to  do it and this is what one</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:14:26">thoughts we want to carry through the  rest of this talk that</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:14:29"> whenever we go  into a</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:14:32"> new gully a new more powerful  gully we're</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:14:35"> not just extend any things  that we already thought about</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:14:38"> but we're  actually by learning</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:14:41"> these new things  we're actually creating a different  version</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:14:44"> of us so</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:14:47"> handwritten books may</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:14:50">  big changes you could they're</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:14:53"> probably  the simplest correlation with what</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:14:56"> we  call civilization but</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:14:59"> they stagnated</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:15:2">a way because they were too hard to  produce so this is a</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:15:5"> library in the  Middle Ages in</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:15:8"> holland which has a few  hundred books</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:15:11"> you can see that those  books are chained</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:15:14"> to the wall because  many of these books in today's</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:15:17"> dollars  are worth about a million dollars</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:15:20"> the  sum</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:15:23"> of these books took almost 10 years  for</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:15:26"> a copy to be made and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:15:29"> these books  were not affecting</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:15:32"> enough people this is  a town library in</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:15:35"> live</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:15:38"> in Holland but a  few</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:15:41"> hundred books and a few one</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:15:44"> percent  or so people reading wasn't</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:15:47"> enough to  make</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:15:50"> a really big leap and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:15:53"> so of course  we have the printing press</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:15:56"> but many of  you will</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:15:59"> know that the big invention of  the printing press wasn't</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:16:2"> the printing  press because they existed</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:16:5"> in Europe for  several hundred years</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:16:8"> beforehand and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:16:11">  wasn't even movable type</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:16:14">  because the Chinese had</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:16:17"> movable-type a  thousand years earlier so</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:16:20"> these are all  known about that the great</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:16:23"> invention of  the printing press was how</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:16:26"> type was made  and I</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:16:29"> a lot of time so I</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:16:32"> brought some  along here</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:16:35"> you</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:16:38"> can see because this</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:16:41"> is  one of it one of the great</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:16:44"> changes in  Western</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:16:47"> society was to be able to</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:16:50"> make  type cheaply enough</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:16:53"> to have presses  everywhere and what was the invention</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:16:56">  well good bird was a goldsmith and the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:16:59">  way you make coins out of soft metals</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:17:2">  like gold is you don't mold them but you  strike</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:17:5"> them into a steel</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:17:8"> died and the  striking</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:17:11"> them forces the metal to</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:17:14"> expand  and take on the impression of the die</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:17:17">  and at some point a good</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:17:20"> bird got the  idea that wow</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:17:23"> if I made a steel punch</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:17:29">ere with</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:17:32"> the reverse with an H on it I  could punch</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:17:35"> it with a hammer into a</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:17:38">  softer metal like grass and that</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:17:41"> would  make a mold that I could then</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:17:44"> pour led  into and I could make thousands</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:17:47"> of  pieces of type each day and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:17:50"> so the  printing press in your visit if</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:17:53"> you like  parallels this is a parallel</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:17:56"> to the  integrated circuit</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:17:59"> we had computers  before we have the integrated circuit</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:18:2">but we didn't have computers for  everyone and the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:18:5"> kind of computing that  we have today until the integrated</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:18:8">  circuit solve the problem of how to make</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:18:11">  zillions and zillions of gates</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:18:14"> same idea  here and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:18:17"> so people who made type could</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:18:20">  have their type making</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:18:23"> stuff in their  backpack and they went all over Europe</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:18:26">  and only 20 years after the invention</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:18:29">the printing press there are more than  20,000</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:18:32"> printing facilities in Europe</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:18:35">  each with their own type so</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:18:38">technological invention of the printing  press</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:18:41"> a revolution and being</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:18:44"> able to  spread the means of spreading</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:18:47"> ideas what</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:18:50">  we get from the printing press</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:18:53"> is a  child sitting underneath the tree  reading</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:18:56"> a book all to herself</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:18:59"> because  the real invention of the printing press  the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:19:2"> real revolution of it is there</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:19:5"> now  enough books so</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:19:8"> a single person can  learn many different</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:19:11"> ideas from  different sources by themselves without</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:19:14">  being socially coerced</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:19:17"> and they can come  up with ideas</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:19:20"> and points of view of  their own and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:19:23"> the sense of identity on  their own</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:19:26"> and that changed everything  for</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:19:29"> what happened in the next few  hundred years you</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:19:32"> can think of this  great invention of the printing press</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:19:35">  was it started making us aware that we  were in</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:19:38"> a go so once you start  encountering different</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:19:41"> ideas about  things that you thought</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:19:44"> were fixed it  starts getting you thinking</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:19:47"> about this  is wherever I am</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:19:50"> isn't really reality  it's just</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:19:53"> a set of beliefs that I have  at this moment</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:19:56"> so silence came along</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:19:59">  with this and this</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:20:2"> is a pocket globe  from</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:20:5"> the end of the 18th</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:20:8"> century and  people reason I show this</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:20:11"> actually I  have one of these I love them</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:20:14"> it's hard  to</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:20:17"> see because it's old and dirty it's</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:20:20">everal hundred years old here's a  modern copy of</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:20:23"> it or</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:20:26">this up well this is what people did in  the coffee houses</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:20:29"> in Europe during this</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:20:32">  time they look they</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:20:35"> could take them out and talk with  each other</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:20:38">about what the earth look like from  space and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:20:41"> what was interesting is</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:20:44"> 200  years later when we got out there and  look back</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:20:47"> at the earth there are no  surprises</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:20:50"> look just the way it</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:20:53"> looked  200 years earlier</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:20:56"> and one of the ways of</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:20:59">  thinking about this is that what</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:21:2">  happened 200 years earlier was the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:21:5">  process of science which is taking</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:21:8"> lots  of measurements stitching ideas together</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:21:11">  coming up with a model</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:21:14"> understanding how  accurate and inaccurate</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:21:17"> the model is and  we get this</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:21:20"> nice picture and what we</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:21:23"> did  a few years ago was engineering</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:21:26"> we built  rockets that could go out there and look  back at</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:21:29"> it those Rockets required  science also</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:21:32"> so the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:21:35"> idea here is what  science started to do is to</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:21:38"> get us to  realize that</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:21:41"> the other goalies are all  around us</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:21:44"></subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:21:47"> they're invisible but we can  make things more</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:21:50"> visible so science</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:21:53">the best collection of stuff we've come  up with for</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:21:56"> helping us identify the  ability that</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:21:59"> we're in and how to get out  of it and in</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:22:2"> India there is this a</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:22:5">  famous tale</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:22:8"> that I learned as a child  about the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:22:11"> six blind men and the elephant  and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:22:14"> one says the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:22:17"> trunk oh it's like a  rope or it's like a spear or it's</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:22:20"> like a  wall and so forth</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:22:23"> and so several  reactions to this for</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:22:26"> example a normal</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:22:29">human reaction is to fight about this  and don't</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:22:32"> worry this is not the Indian  Parliament this is Italy</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:22:35"> just in case  you were worried</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:22:38"> every</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:22:41">gentlemen there is a distinguished  politician</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:22:44"> who at this moment decided</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:22:47">  everybody else was</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:22:50">  completely insane</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:22:53"> and that they were the  only one that had a hold</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:22:56"> on reality okay  well one</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:22:59"> of the ways of solving this is  we can compromise</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:23:2"> so we can make an  elephant out of everybody's</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:23:5"> point of  view if that is better than fighting</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:23:8"> but  we can</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:23:11"> do more than compromise we can  actually cooperate</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:23:14"> and what science does  is to</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:23:17"> cooperate to get us outside</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:23:20"> the  gauley and cooperatively put together a  much</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:23:23"> more accurate view of the thing we  can't</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:23:26"> see for ourselves and so they're a  couple of ideas here one</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:23:29"> is we can't  learn to see until</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:23:32"> we admit we are blind</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:23:35">so this is a big ones whereas while  saying to</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:23:38"> yourself each day because we  think we can see</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:23:41"> but in fact compared</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:23:44"> to  what we can see today</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:23:47"> using scientific  instruments</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:23:50"> engineering new</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:23:53"> ways of  thinking about things it's a complete</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:23:56">  revolution from the way things where 500  years ago and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:23:59"> then the other idea is</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:24:2">  instead of thinking about science as</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:24:5">  being technical</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:24:8"> which it is and thinking  about</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:24:11"> it as involving lots of  mathematics which it usually does</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:24:14">implest way to think about science is  it's a collection</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:24:17"> of the best ways we  know together</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:24:20"> well what's wrong with our  brains</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:24:23"> once</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:24:26"> we realize that our brains  were not actually set</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:24:29"> up for thinking  clearly then</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:24:32"> we can actually start  making progress</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:24:35"> so these ideas</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:24:38"> at the  same time were used in the United States</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:24:41">  to design the country</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:24:44"> actually one</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:24:47"> of  the ways of thinking about this at</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:24:50"> the  kept the a convention</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:24:53"> to come up with  the constitution</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:24:56"> for the United States  55 people they</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:24:59"> did not agree when they  got</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:25:2">  here they spend six weeks working</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:25:5"> on it  they did not agree at the end but</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:25:8"> in the  end they came up with</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:25:11"></subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:25:14"> this but</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:25:17"> you can  think of as a one-page operating</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:25:20"> system  that</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:25:23"> was good enough to run a millions  and millions of</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:25:26"> not terribly cooperating  processes</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:25:29"> for hundreds of years without  a crash</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:25:32"> because that's what the  Constitution</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:25:35"> is and a couple of  important ideas</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:25:38"> first one was that</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:25:41">  according to accounts of this</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:25:44"> convention  all 55</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:25:47"> decided that the goal</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:25:50"> was not to  win or lose</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:25:53"> according to what their  point of view was their</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:25:56"> goal was to make  real progress during these six</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:25:59"> weeks and  so even</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:26:2"> though many of them hadn't  changed their</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:26:5"> minds at the end they  still were able</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:26:8"> to come together to put  something yeah this is kind of like</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:26:11"> that  middle elephant</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:26:14"> made up with different  parts</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:26:17"> and a second idea was I</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:26:20"> think a  profound one for anybody today</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:26:23"> who's  trying to put together a</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:26:26"> large plan a  revolution is</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:26:29"> that often revolutions</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:26:32">  will start from ideals</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:26:35"> and that's good  they'll</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:26:38"> often start from aesthetics  which is</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:26:41"> could make something beautiful  make</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:26:44"> something important but in fact</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:26:47"> the  key to the American Constitution</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:26:50"> was  that it had</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:26:53"> essentially no laws in it it</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:26:56">was mostly about how to detect errors  and correct them</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:26:59"> before the country  could come apart</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:27:2"> which it almost did a  couple of times</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:27:5"> so this idea about  making a dynamic</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:27:8"> system that does</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:27:11">  dynamic error detection and correction  is</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:27:14"> something that  not only works really</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:27:17"> well in software  the internet is</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:27:20"> completely made about it  but also something</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:27:23"> to think about for  when we do human revolutions</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:27:26"> Ben  Franklin</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:27:29"> towards the end made a speech  and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:27:32"> in the speech he said when you  assemble a number of</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:27:35"> men to have the  advantage of their</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:27:38"> joint wisdom you  negatively assemble</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:27:41"> with these men all  of their prejudices their passions</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:27:44"> the  errors of opinions their local</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:27:47"> interests  and their selfish views</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:27:50"> from such an  assembly can</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:27:53"> a perfect production be  expected and his speech</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:27:56"> was no but</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:27:59"> what  we did do is to come up</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:28:2"> with something  that is capable of being</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:28:5"> improved in</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:28:8">  other words like</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:28:11"> all operating systems  constitutions are</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:28:14"> gullies and the most  important thing about</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:28:17"> them is whether  they can adjust</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:28:20"> to the learning curve of  the society so</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:28:23"> in America this has not  happened</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:28:26"> the people have</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:28:29"> been very timid  about</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:28:32"> adjusting the Constitution is  every</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:28:35"> time an amendment is made it is a  enormous</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:28:38"> fight and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:28:41"> perhaps given the the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:28:44">people we have in our Congress right now  that's a good idea</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:28:47"> but if you think  about it as a larger</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:28:50"> principle when you  make one</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:28:53"> of these things that helps  organize ourselves just like</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:28:56"> the  software we wish we were doing is</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:28:59"> really  not just about today</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:29:2"> but we should be  really making our software so</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:29:5"> that it's  easy to modify as conditions</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:29:8"> change down  the road most companies</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:29:11"> are not willing  to pay for the amount of extra</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:29:14"> work  needed to make the future easier</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:29:17"> and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:29:20"> we  know from</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:29:23"> the Indian Revolution</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:29:26"> the  importance of the Constitution</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:29:29">  here the having constitutions</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:29:32"> that are  not terribly long</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:29:35"> but spell out the  nature</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:29:38"> of the environment we wish to  live in</subtitle>