Difference between revisions of "An Interview with Computing Pioneer Alan Kay"

Latest revision as of 21:56, 6 December 2017

okay mister okay your

Paderborn right now we

see a quote at a at a building as a great

honor to you it was great surprise

when they told me they were doing it the

quote has been everywhere on the internet

it will probably go on my tombstone people

like the optimism in the

quote and of course there are other quotes that are less optimistic

that I've made and those have not gone on any building that I

know of the research community I

was a part of was much

more concerned with making progress than anything and

so the important part about the

quote is not who said it but

who reads it okay and

so from the standpoint I

would be just as happy if my name weren't on the

quote because that's irrelevant

okay there's no information content in Alan Kay

but there is a little bit of information content

in the idea that the future is in our hands

do something about it so from

the way I am my research community from

40 years ago looked at things that was what

was more important so I might even have picked a different

quote which one well

one of the ones I came up with is the idea that context

or point of view is worth ad IQ

points and so

you know we're if we're

born in 10,000 BC with

the IQ of Leonardo not

a lot is going to happen because it's

a question of being smart we aren't a very smart species

we can accumulate knowledge and that helps

but most traditional societies have accumulated

lot of knowledge and things that have made the big changes

are changes in our context like

the invention of reading and writing the

invention of modern science 400 years ago those

completely changed the way we look at the world

and to me it's the business

of a university to supply

to help students

learn contexts that they're

never aware of when they're in high school and

so I think I might put that on a university building

first because

the you think about preventing the future

it doesn't even say it doesn't say

whether the inventions are plus or minus right

so it's a very aggressive statement if you

think about it and people like

it because it's optimistic and it doesn't have any

moral consequences the way it's way it's actually stated

but to me invention does have moral consequences

and so you have to think about something else also in 2004

you've got the Turing award for your life

the you know I got a bunch

of awards over over the years and

most of us in

that research community I came from and

who got awards think that the

the big the big award was the fact that we got to do

the work so that was

because making something out of nothing is

a process of art and that

is a huge reward to

be able to do that and then almost

as equal in the amount of award is

the fact that people were willing to fund us before we done

the work so if you think about getting a medal

40 years later for something that was is

now completely obvious was a good idea

it's small compared to somebody

being willing to fund you before

the idea is a good idea and especially if you happen

to be in your 20s like I was so the

the awards are

we think are more to

recognize the field because nobody remembers

who last year's Nobel Prize winner in physics was

but we remember the public remembers

there is a thing called physics because there is a Nobel

Prize and somebody wins it each year and that's the

feel about awards like the Turing award and the Draper prize and

and the Kyoto prize and so forth that

there are really recognitions of the field for

the public and we show up to them when we get these awards to

help the public understand there

that there are these processes going on that

are not completely in the public eye

yeah so so the the

we gotta

say the real recognition usually comes much earlier than getting

a major award of

the stuff that counts okay

our global economic economy

is increasingly growing and

the characteristics are mainly

or the the main point

the development of the IT

you talk about a revolution

at which

a state of this well

I think that you

know economics ultimately depends on our

ability to convert things

in nature to energy which we can

then use to make things and so

you know

over the over the years we've used water flow

we've used heat we've used petroleum and so

forth and information

has a content

that can be transformed from from

one way to another and so

the ability of people to cooperate

has done more for civilization than

almost any other thing even though it's

in our genes to to compete

but in fact the civilizations

that are the most wealthy are the ones that have

learned how to cooperate because that gives

you the most potential wealth

to be able to make things out of so

that's something that the general human race hasn't really

understood yet and many people in business

don't understand it because businesses are always competing they

haven't invented agriculture yet

in the sense of thinking of a stable large

very powerful

very abundant system of

things and in the

realm of computing what

has happened now is to

to be able to do what always happens when something new

comes along like when the Gutenberg Bible was

shown at the Nuremberg fair

in 1454

it was shown as a way

of making things that looked exactly like what the monks

did including the illuminations so

though it's cheaper to print they got people in to

make the drawings in there by hand because that's what books look like

the books were big like this so you couldn't they

weren't really portable because books beforehand

we're so expensive that they're too

expensive to move around and there

are people in the first few years after

understood what the book the printing press was actually

about but Europe didn't understand

it for 150 years so it was until

the 17th century that what the printing press was all about

starting to get used and so

that lag is what we're in right now and

it's interesting that commercial computing

started about 500

years after the printing presses started in the early 50s printing

presses 1454 and

so in this for in this first 50 years if

you look at what most people use their computers for it's

almost entirely automating old media

right so it's textual

media pictures movies accounting

things

automating warehouses full of records

and except for science almost

uses computers for what they're actually good for

they're using them for the secondary thing the ability

of the computer to imitate old media just

he printing press could imitate what the monks did but

so the real revolution and the

revolution and that happened with the printing press changes the way Europe

thought and not just scientifically it changed

how Europe thought about itself from the standpoint

of nationalism wasn't until books

tarted being printed in the vernacular for each country people

started so governance changed

there there wasn't anything like a democratic

republic in Europe until after

the printing press because they have to be argued into

effect so the real revolution of the

printing press happened in the 17th century and when

we when we invented the personal computer in the internet

in the 70s we realized it was

going to take a while for the uptake

and it could take a hundred years and

the reason is is that the

commercial reason

is that the commercial consumer economy

is not interested in having the buyers

of technology learn anything and so

they are selling things that are explicitly

aimed at imitating old media and don't

give you access to the new media so for instance the iPad

is a wonderful piece of technology but it's

not really set up for anybody to write a program on whether

you're a child or an adult or a scientist or anybody

else so it's in exactly an imitator

for for old media and it's been very successful

because the general public doesn't have to learn how

to use it ok so so

that is not a revolution that is simply

automating something that's familiar and making

money by selling sir

convenient services so the real revolution happens

when we'll start thinking differently

well

you know nobody does what I do who isn't optimistic

so because otherwise

the you know working on really hard

problems the you it

helps being optimistic even if

you don't have a good reason for it because

an optimist will try more things and

if the optimist doesn't worry about failing the optimist

has a much better chance even in a tough

area than a pessimist does and

and I think that

the one one way of

looking at the human race is to go back 500 years to

when the printing press was just happening

and to ask are things generally better now than they were

then and the answer is yeah over 500

years we can see improvement if we look

at how are things over the last 10 years or

the last 50 years it doesn't look so good

but in fact it's generally

good even though humans are

doing many of the same bad things that they have always done

so one of the secrets is to

do education of a particular

kind and hope that enough people can

understand the consequences of their

actions to make these societies more

stable so it's tough you know my

my wife always gets worried because

I work on these problems that look like they

will take forever and I say well the people who built

the cathedrals knew they were gonna die before the

cathedrals were done but they put their bricks in there so

for these hard problems I think what we what we need are

people are willing to put their bricks into the cathedral

and eventually maybe over a hundred years or so

you get an you get something new on the planet

there's a nice picture was a

Cathedral so yeah

you found out the the viewpoints Research Institute

I did what are your objectives

to date and who are the

supporters of these goals yeah so I got

very spoiled in the 60s and 70s as

I mentioned by having

incredible research funding so

a lot a lot of us who got medals from

the stuff we did then we think that the funders should get

the medals because they set

up the context and that

context attracted people like me and

we just did what came naturally

within that context and some good things happened

so I I think that the climate

of funding what the funders are out

after what extent do

they allow new ideas to happen is

the is the determining factor

on on this and

so after that really

good funding went away in the end of the 70s Xerox

PARC happened because that funding went away because

it's more difficult to do this stuff within a company they

have many objectives that don't have to do with truth

and beauty and so about 10

years ago I decided to try and make a

nonprofit research organization that

was like the processes

that we had back in the 60s of course is much

harder to get funding because we

have to decouple the goals that we

work on from what the funders goals are so

funders that are willing to just give us money a couple

million dollars a year

which is about ten or twelve people and

we try and do the best we can

with this and then when we have a success we give

it away we don't retain the intellectual property

to it so it's a public benefit

company and we've

done three or four good things so far we've given them given

them away and we work on kind of a combination

of advanced systems design and

education for children they

sound like two completely different things but

there's a lot to make

nvironments for children you have to do advanced systems

design and many of the ones that we've done in the past are

used by everybody today for instance the the GUI

was something I designed originally for children

and now two billion people use

it because it was designed to be fairly

easy to use it was designed to be able to be very

general and the kinds of things that could deal with designed

to be easily learn about

intuitive and so forth so

the having children is a focus helpful helped

us make that design and it just happened to work well

for adults also

Geneva they may

be found

awesome I

think what this depends

on what newspaper you read but if you talk to I'm

you know I'm a real scientist and

so the so if you look

at what scientists say to each other there

is extremely high probability that they

found a particle so

the way they talk about it is this is actually

a discovery because

they have to go out to five six sigma of

it being not being

chance and that's what they've got and they've gotten it from several

points of view from different places and in the world

so there is there is a particle

that exists

at that mass and nobody

knows whether it's the Higgs particle

okay but do you think with

computer technology in the near future well we will

discover more of these things

like maybe

yeah well I mean this is what's

interesting about computing is that scientists actually need computers

for what they are computers are there

to be able to deal with models that are

more complicated than we can hold in a single brain

and to be able to run those models

in a way that is very difficult to do with classical mathematics

and so they they are a way they're

an imagination amplifier in the one hand and they're

also a future predictor on the other hand and

so much of modern

science is not is not possible without computers so

it's not a question of them being useful a lot

of what's going on in modern science is only done because

there are computers in the the amount of data

sifting that had to be done to identify this particle

is not possible without without

a computers and so

the so most things

that people are thinking about scientifically in the future

are thinking about in terms of

now we've got a new part

of something that was like mathematics where

we can model our ideas in the world we can model

observations we can try and make machines that

seem to work like the way nature does

and this is going to affect everybody so for

example being able to model large

molecule interactions how proteins

react to other molecules is

revolutionizing the synthesis

of drugs now and this simply

not possible to do without

computers or without killing

lots of animals and humans doing

experiments to find out which which how

which drugs influence the 20,000

we our body so

I think this is something that the public needs to understand

for instance AIDS has not

been an enormous factor in countries

that have science

because we can

model epidemics we understand how epidemics work it

doesn't matter how long the

an epidemic so

AIDS is particularly tricky because it

takes five to seven years of incubation

to develop the disease if

you don't know how you're in real trouble because

most of your population can be infected

before you start seeing any deaths but

if you have these models and you can say

okay here's what this thing is doing oh this

is this is going to kill us eventually but

we have to get busy now and of course

the number one things still in all disease

in the world that's more effective than anything is

sanitation so a lot of the

control of AIDS has just been done by using sanitation

and now drugs are being developed

to to help with it but the virus itself

is a virus that changes there's not

just one kind of AIDS and so

and this is going to be true of many of the diseases that we

are now faced with a lot of the

these flu variants are constantly

mutating in animals and

there are more and more pathways for getting

diseases from animals yeah

in the diseases that

give us a chance we

have an excellent chance with computers now

to try and do the modeling that will tell

us how to build defenses against these these drugs

I'm against these diseases

very interesting if you've got the time

please tell us about the Dynabook concept

from 70s the Dynabook

was

so in the early

60s what this great funding I mentioned

got interested in the idea of

computers being interactive which was a

new idea back then and they

would be some

form of amplifier to

our own intellectual it's

an interactive intellectual amplifier and

then the other part of it is they would be networked

over the entire world so this

idea was in in pretty

full form in the early 60s so

basically I built a desktop computer when

I was in graduate school and I

came across Seymour Papert who had been working

with children and computers and he was a mathematician like

I was and I realized that he had

hooked onto something very important about computers

that would help children

learn to think mathematically much

earlier and much easier then had

had ever been done before this got

me to think of the computer not so much as

a as a the transition

from public transportation like a

train to an automobile but it got me to

think of the computer as something much more

like the printing

it was actually going to change the way we thought and

if it's something like the printing press you want to be able to find

out how to teach children how to use it because adults who

go to adulthood without learning how to read you almost

never learn how to read so

for these are really important things you have to do therefore so that started me thinking

about a children's computer more difficult was it to realize

this project no

it was easy because the once

I started thinking about children and I didn't worry about

exactly how you know the real question

is what would be a good computer for children so the first thing was that

had to be portable because he didn't want to tie children to

a desk so it had you had to carry it around

and there were 1 inch square flatscreen

displays people are starting to do them in the 60s

Moore's law which is the prediction of

how silicon was going to double every 18 months

was three years old

so in 1968 after meeting this

guy I just wrote I made a little

sketch of two children doing

things on these little flat-screen

notebook computers that I call

the Dinah book and when I got back to to

Utah I made a cardboard model of it and we

filled it up with lead pellets to see how heavy

ou could make it before you didn't want to carry it around the

answer is a little under a kilogram was the right weight

in 1968 and it's the right weight now and

so we had everything then when I when

I went to Xerox PARC we built a

functional machine to do this which was again

a desktop computer but it had the screen like

the Dynabook and the

Macintosh came out of that so the Macintosh can

trace its lineage back

to this little cardboard model that I made in 1968

and yeah and the

the people always asked how hard was that to

think about and the answer was it was easy because the

weighted way to think about these things is

to think about what you actually need

before you figure out how you can do it

all right so you have to have a vision of

the thing and once I had a vision of the

thing like this then the next question

is when can it be built and

the answer was well about ten years

1978 1980 would be the

first time you could do one of these things but that was good because we

figure it would take ten years to do the software workout

user interface provide all the services that this

thing would have so most people don't look at things that way

and so they've been very firmly

tied to each existing technology it's come along and they've

resisted each new technology and

so you

know the first paper I wrote about this Dynabook pointed out you don't

need to have a keyboard you could have the whole surface

of it touch sensitive and that's a description of the iPad

and yet the iPad only

came out a few years ago could have come out thirty

years ago so two

different kinds of people thinking about the world in

very different ways okay

Difference between revisions of "An Interview with Computing Pioneer Alan Kay"

Latest revision as of 21:56, 6 December 2017

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@@ Line 3: / Line 3: @@
 |id=tXoSK4tLxK8
 |alignment=left
-|autoresize=false
+|autoresize=true
 }}
+<subtitle id="0:0:4">okay mister okay your</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:0:7">Paderborn  right now we</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:0:10"> see a quote at a at a  building as a great</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:0:13"> honor to you it was  great surprise</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:0:16"> when they told me they  were doing it the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:0:19"> quote has been  everywhere on the internet</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:0:22"> it will  probably go on my tombstone people</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:0:25"> like  the optimism in the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:0:28"> quote and of course  there are other quotes that are less  optimistic</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:0:31"> that I've made and those have  not gone on any building that I</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:0:34"> know of  the research community I</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:0:37"> was a part of  was much</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:0:40"> more concerned with making  progress than anything and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:0:43"> so the  important part about the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:0:46"> quote is not  who said it but</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:0:49"> who reads it okay and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:0:52"> so  from the standpoint I</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:0:55"> would be just as  happy if my name weren't on the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:0:58"> quote  because that's irrelevant</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:1:1">  okay there's no information content in  Alan Kay</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:1:4"> but there is a little bit of  information content</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:1:7"> in the idea that the  future is in our hands</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:1:10">do something about it  so from</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:1:13"> the way I am my research  community from</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:1:16"> 40 years ago looked at  things that was what</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:1:19"> was more important  so I might even have picked a different</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:1:22">  quote which one well</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:1:25"> one of the ones I  came up with is the idea that context</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:1:28"> or  point of view is worth ad IQ</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:1:31"> points and  so</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:1:34"> you know we're if we're</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:1:37"> born in  10,000 BC with</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:1:40"> the IQ of Leonardo not</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:1:43"> a  lot is going to happen because it's</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:1:46">a question of being smart we aren't a  very smart species</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:1:49"> we can accumulate  knowledge and that helps</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:1:52"> but most  traditional societies have accumulated</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:1:55">lot of knowledge and things that have  made the big changes</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:1:58"> are changes in our  context like</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:2:1"> the invention of reading  and writing the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:2:4"> invention of modern  science 400 years ago those</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:2:7"> completely  changed the way we look at the world</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:2:10">  and to me it's the business</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:2:13"> of a  university to supply</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:2:16"> to help students</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:2:19">  learn contexts that they're</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:2:22"> never aware  of when they're in high school and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:2:25"> so I  think I might put that on a university  building</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:2:28"> first because</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:2:31"> the you think  about preventing the future</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:2:34"> it doesn't  even say it doesn't say</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:2:37"> whether the  inventions are plus or minus right</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:2:40"> so  it's a very aggressive statement if you</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:2:43">  think about it and people like</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:2:46"> it  because it's optimistic and it doesn't  have any</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:2:49"> moral consequences the way it's  way it's actually stated</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:2:52"> but to me  invention does have moral consequences</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:2:55">and so you have to think about something  else also in 2004</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:2:58"> you've got the Turing  award for your life</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:3:4">the you know I got a bunch</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:3:7"> of awards  over over the years and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:3:10"> most of us in</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:3:13">  that research community I came from and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:3:16">  who got awards think that the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:3:19"> the big  the big award was the fact that we got  to do</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:3:22"> the work so that was</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:3:25"> because  making something out of nothing  is</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:3:28"> a process of art and that</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:3:31"> is a huge  reward to</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:3:34"> be able to do that and then  almost</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:3:37"> as equal in the amount of award  is</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:3:40"> the fact that people were willing to  fund us before we done</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:3:43"> the work so if  you think about getting a medal</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:3:46"> 40 years  later for something that was is</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:3:49"> now  completely obvious was a good idea</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:3:52"> it's  small compared to somebody</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:3:55"> being willing  to fund you before</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:3:58">the idea is a good idea and especially  if you happen</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:4:1"> to be in your 20s like I  was so the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:4:4"> the awards are</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:4:7"> we think are  more to</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:4:10"> recognize the field because  nobody remembers</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:4:13"> who last year's Nobel  Prize winner in physics was</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:4:16"> but we  remember the public remembers</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:4:19"> there is a  thing called physics because there is a  Nobel</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:4:22"> Prize and somebody  wins it each year and that's the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:4:25">feel about awards like the Turing award  and the Draper prize and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:4:28"> and the Kyoto  prize and so forth that</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:4:31"> there are really  recognitions of the field for</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:4:34"> the public  and we show up to them when we get these  awards to</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:4:37"> help the public understand  there</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:4:40"> that there are these processes  going on that</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:4:43"> are not completely in the  public eye</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:4:46"> yeah so so the the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:4:49"> we gotta</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:4:52">say the real recognition usually comes  much earlier than getting</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:4:55"> a major award  of</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:4:58"> the stuff that counts okay</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:5:7">our global economic economy</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:5:10"> is  increasingly growing and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:5:13"> the  characteristics are mainly</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:5:16"> or the the  main point</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:5:19"> the development of the IT</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:5:22"> you  talk about a revolution</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:5:25"> at which</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:5:28"> a state  of this well</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:5:31"> I think that you</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:5:34"> know  economics ultimately depends on our</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:5:37">  ability to convert things</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:5:40"> in nature to  energy which we can</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:5:43"> then use to make  things and so</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:5:46"> you know</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:5:49"> over the over the  years we've used water flow</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:5:52"> we've used  heat we've used petroleum and so</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:5:55"> forth  and information</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:5:58"> has a content</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:6:1"> that can  be transformed from from</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:6:4"> one way to  another and so</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:6:7"> the ability of people to  cooperate</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:6:10"> has done more for civilization  than</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:6:13"> almost any other thing even though  it's</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:6:16"> in our genes to  to compete</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:6:19"> but in fact the civilizations</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:6:22">that are the most wealthy are the ones  that have</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:6:25"> learned how to cooperate  because that gives</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:6:28"> you the most  potential wealth</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:6:31"> to be able to make  things out of so</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:6:34"> that's something that  the general human race hasn't really</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:6:37">  understood yet and many people in  business</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:6:40"> don't understand it because  businesses are always competing they</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:6:43">  haven't invented agriculture yet</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:6:46"> in the  sense of thinking of a stable large</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:6:49"> very  powerful</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:6:52"> very abundant system of</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:6:55"> things  and in the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:6:58"> realm of computing what</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:7:1"> has  happened now is to</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:7:4"> to be able to do what  always happens when something new</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:7:7"> comes  along like when the Gutenberg Bible was</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:7:10">  shown at the Nuremberg fair</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:7:13"> in 1454</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:7:16"> it  was shown as a way</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:7:19"> of making things that  looked exactly like what the monks</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:7:22"> did  including the illuminations so</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:7:25">though it's cheaper to print they got  people in to</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:7:28"> make the drawings in there  by hand because that's what books look  like</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:7:31"> the books were big like this so you  couldn't they</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:7:34"> weren't really portable  because books beforehand</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:7:37"> we're so  expensive that they're too</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:7:40"> expensive to  move around and there</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:7:43"> are people in the  first few years after</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:7:46">understood what the book the printing  press was actually</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:7:49"> about but Europe  didn't understand</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:7:52"> it for 150 years so it  was until</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:7:55"> the 17th century that what the  printing press was all about</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:7:58"> starting to  get used and so</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:8:1"> that lag is what we're  in right now and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:8:4"> it's interesting that  commercial computing</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:8:7"> started about 500</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:8:10">years after the printing presses started  in the early 50s printing</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:8:13"> presses 1454  and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:8:16"> so in this for in this first 50  years if</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:8:19"> you look at what most people  use their computers for it's</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:8:22"> almost  entirely automating old media</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:8:25">  right so it's textual</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:8:28"> media pictures  movies accounting</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:8:31"> things</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:8:34"> automating  warehouses full of records</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:8:37"> and except  for science almost</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:8:40">uses computers for what they're actually  good for</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:8:43"> they're using them for the  secondary thing the ability</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:8:46"> of the  computer to imitate old media just</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:8:49">he printing press could imitate what  the monks did but</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:8:52"> so the real revolution  and the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:8:55"> revolution and that happened  with the printing press changes the way  Europe</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:8:58"> thought and not just  scientifically it changed</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:9:1"> how Europe  thought about itself from the standpoint</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:9:4">  of nationalism wasn't until books</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:9:7">tarted being printed in the vernacular  for each country people</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:9:10"> started so  governance changed</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:9:13"> there there wasn't  anything like a democratic</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:9:16"> republic in  Europe until after</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:9:19"> the printing press  because they have to be argued into</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:9:22">  effect so the real revolution of the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:9:25">printing press happened in the 17th  century and when</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:9:28"> we when we invented the  personal computer in the internet</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:9:31"> in the  70s we realized it was</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:9:34"> going to take a  while for the uptake</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:9:37"> and it could take a  hundred years and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:9:40"> the reason is is that  the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:9:43"> commercial reason</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:9:46"> is that the  commercial consumer economy</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:9:49"> is not  interested in having the buyers</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:9:52"> of  technology learn anything and so</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:9:55"> they  are selling things that are explicitly</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:9:58">  aimed at imitating old media and don't</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:10:1">give you access to the new media so for  instance the iPad</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:10:4"> is a wonderful piece  of technology but it's</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:10:7"> not really set up  for anybody to write a program on  whether</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:10:10"> you're a child or an adult or a  scientist or anybody</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:10:13"> else so it's in  exactly an imitator</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:10:16"> for for old media  and it's been very successful</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:10:19"> because  the general public doesn't have to learn  how</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:10:22"> to use it ok so so</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:10:25"> that is not a  revolution that is simply</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:10:28"> automating  something that's familiar and making</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:10:31">  money by selling sir</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:10:34">convenient services so the real  revolution happens</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:10:37"> when  we'll start thinking differently</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:10:40"> well</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:10:43">you know nobody does what I do  who isn't optimistic</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:10:46"> so because  otherwise</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:10:49"> the you know working on really  hard</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:10:52"> problems the you it</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:10:55"> helps being  optimistic even if</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:10:58"> you don't have a good  reason for it because</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:11:1"> an optimist will  try more things and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:11:4"> if the optimist  doesn't worry about failing the optimist</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:11:7">  has a much better chance even in a tough</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:11:10">  area than a pessimist does and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:11:13"> and I  think that</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:11:16"> the one one way of</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:11:19"> looking at  the human race is to go back 500 years  to</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:11:22"> when the printing press was just  happening</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:11:25"> and to ask are things  generally better now than they were</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:11:28"> then  and the answer is yeah over 500</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:11:31"> years we  can see improvement if we look</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:11:34"> at how  are things over the last 10 years or</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:11:37"> the  last 50 years it doesn't look so good</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:11:40">  but in fact it's generally</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:11:43"> good even  though humans are</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:11:46"> doing many of the same  bad things that they have always done</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:11:49"> so  one of the secrets is to</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:11:52"> do education of  a particular</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:11:55"> kind and hope that enough  people can</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:11:58"> understand the consequences  of their</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:12:1"> actions to make these societies  more</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:12:4"> stable so it's tough you know my</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:12:7"> my  wife always gets worried because</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:12:10"> I work  on these problems that look like they</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:12:13">  will take forever and I say well the  people who built</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:12:16"> the cathedrals knew  they were gonna die before the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:12:19">cathedrals were done but they put their  bricks in there so</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:12:22"> for these hard  problems I think what we what we need  are</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:12:25"> people are willing to put their  bricks into the cathedral</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:12:28"> and eventually  maybe over a hundred years or so</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:12:31"> you get  an you get something new on the planet</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:12:34">  there's a nice picture was a</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:12:37"> Cathedral  so  yeah</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:12:40"> you found out the the viewpoints  Research Institute</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:12:43"> I did what are your  objectives</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:12:46"> to date and who are the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:12:49">  supporters of these goals yeah so I got</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:12:52">  very spoiled in the 60s and 70s as</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:12:55"> I  mentioned by having</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:12:58"> incredible research  funding so</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:13:1"> a lot a lot of us who got  medals from</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:13:4"> the stuff we did then we  think that the funders should get</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:13:7"> the  medals because they set</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:13:10"> up the context  and that</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:13:13"> context attracted people like  me and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:13:16"> we just did what came naturally</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:13:19">  within that context and some good things  happened</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:13:22"> so I I think that the climate</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:13:25">  of funding what the funders are out</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:13:28">  after what extent do</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:13:31"> they allow new  ideas to happen is</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:13:34"> the is the  determining factor</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:13:37"> on on this and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:13:40"> so  after that really</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:13:43"> good funding went away  in the end of the 70s Xerox</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:13:46"> PARC  happened because that funding went away  because</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:13:49"> it's more difficult to do this  stuff within a company they</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:13:52"> have many  objectives that don't have to do with  truth</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:13:55"> and beauty and so about 10</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:13:58"> years  ago I decided to try and make a</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:14:1">  nonprofit research organization that</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:14:4"> was  like the processes</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:14:7"> that we had back in  the 60s of course is much</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:14:10"> harder to get  funding because we</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:14:13"> have to decouple the  goals that we</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:14:16"> work on from what the  funders goals are so</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:14:19">funders that are willing to just give us  money a couple</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:14:22"> million dollars a year</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:14:25">  which is about ten or twelve people and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:14:28">  we try and do the best we can</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:14:31"> with this  and then when we have a success we give</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:14:34">it away we don't retain the intellectual  property</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:14:37"> to it so it's a public benefit</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:14:40">  company and we've</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:14:43"> done three or four  good things so far we've given them  given</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:14:46"> them away and we work on kind of a  combination</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:14:49"> of advanced systems design  and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:14:52"> education for children they</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:14:55"> sound  like two completely different things but</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:14:58">  there's a lot to make</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:15:1">nvironments for children you have to do  advanced systems</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:15:4"> design and many of the  ones that we've done in the past are</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:15:7">used by everybody today for instance the  the GUI</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:15:10"> was something I designed  originally for children</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:15:13"> and now two  billion people use</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:15:16"> it because it was  designed to be fairly</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:15:19"> easy to use it was  designed to be able to be very</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:15:22"> general  and the kinds of things that could deal  with designed</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:15:25"> to be easily learn about</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:15:28">  intuitive and so forth so</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:15:31"> the having  children is a focus helpful helped</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:15:34"> us  make that design and it just happened to  work well</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:15:37"> for adults also</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:15:40"></subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:15:43"> Geneva they  may</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:15:46"> be found</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:15:49">  awesome I</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:15:52"> think what this depends</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:15:55"> on  what newspaper you read but if you talk  to I'm</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:15:58"> you know I'm a real scientist and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:16:1">  so the so if you look</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:16:4"> at what scientists  say to each other there</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:16:7"> is extremely  high probability that they</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:16:10"> found a  particle so</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:16:13"> the way they talk about it  is this is actually</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:16:16"> a discovery because</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:16:19">  they have to go out to five six sigma of</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:16:22">  it being not being</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:16:25"> chance and that's  what they've got and they've gotten it  from several</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:16:28"> points of view from  different places and in the world</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:16:31"> so  there is there is a particle</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:16:34">  that exists</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:16:37"> at that mass and nobody</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:16:40">  knows whether it's the Higgs particle</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:16:43">  okay but do you think with</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:16:46"> computer  technology in the near future well we  will</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:16:49"> discover more of these things</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:16:52"> like  maybe</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:16:55"> yeah well I mean this is what's</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:16:58">interesting about computing is that  scientists actually need computers</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:17:1"> for  what they are computers are there</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:17:4"> to be  able to deal with models that are</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:17:7"> more  complicated than we can hold in a single  brain</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:17:10"> and to be able to run those models</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:17:13">in a way that is very difficult to do  with classical mathematics</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:17:16"> and so they  they are a way they're</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:17:19"> an imagination  amplifier in the one hand and they're</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:17:22">also a future predictor on the other  hand and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:17:25"> so much of modern</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:17:28"> science is  not is not possible without computers so</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:17:31">it's not a question of them being useful  a lot</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:17:34"> of what's going on in modern  science is only done because</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:17:37"> there are  computers in the the amount of data</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:17:40">sifting that had to be done to identify  this particle</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:17:43"> is not possible without  without</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:17:46"> a computers and so</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:17:49"> the so most  things</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:17:52"> that people are thinking about  scientifically in the future</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:17:55"> are  thinking about in terms of</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:17:58"> now we've got  a new part</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:18:1"> of something that was like  mathematics where</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:18:4"> we can model our ideas  in the world we can model</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:18:7"> observations  we can try and make machines that</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:18:10"> seem  to work like the way nature does</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:18:13"> and  this is going to affect everybody so for</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:18:16">  example being able to model large</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:18:19">  molecule interactions how proteins</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:18:22"> react  to other molecules is</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:18:25"> revolutionizing  the synthesis</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:18:28"> of drugs now and this  simply</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:18:31"> not possible to do without</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:18:34">  computers or without killing</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:18:37"> lots of  animals and humans doing</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:18:40"> experiments to  find out which which how</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:18:43"> which drugs  influence the 20,000</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:18:46">we  our body so</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:18:49"> I think this is something  that the public needs to understand</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:18:52"> for  instance AIDS has not</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:18:55"> been an enormous  factor in countries</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:18:58"> that have science</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:19:1">  because we can</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:19:4"> model epidemics we  understand how epidemics work it</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:19:7"> doesn't  matter how long the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:19:10">an epidemic  so</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:19:13"> AIDS is particularly tricky because  it</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:19:16"> takes five to seven years of  incubation</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:19:19"> to develop the disease if</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:19:22"> you  don't know how you're in real trouble  because</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:19:25"> most of your population can be  infected</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:19:28"> before you start seeing any  deaths but</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:19:31"> if you have these models and  you can say</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:19:34"> okay here's what this thing  is doing oh this</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:19:37"> is this is going to  kill us eventually but</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:19:40"> we have to get  busy now and of course</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:19:43"> the number one  things still in all disease</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:19:46"> in the world  that's more effective than anything is</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:19:49">  sanitation so a lot of the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:19:52"> control of  AIDS has just been done by using  sanitation</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:19:55"> and now drugs are being  developed</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:19:58"> to to help with it but the  virus itself</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:20:1"> is a virus that changes  there's not</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:20:4"> just one kind of AIDS and so</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:20:7">and this is going to be true of many of  the diseases that we</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:20:10"> are now faced with  a lot of the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:20:13"> these flu variants are  constantly</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:20:16"> mutating in animals and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:20:19"> there  are more and more pathways for getting</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:20:22">  diseases from animals yeah</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:20:25"> in the  diseases that</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:20:28"> give us a chance we</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:20:31"> have  an excellent chance with computers now</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:20:34">  to try and do the modeling that will  tell</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:20:37"> us how to build defenses against  these these drugs</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:20:40"> I'm against these  diseases</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:20:43"> very interesting if you've got  the time</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:20:46"> please tell us about the  Dynabook concept</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:20:49"> from 70s the Dynabook</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:20:52">  was</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:20:55"> so in the early</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:20:58"> 60s what this great  funding I mentioned</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:21:1"> got interested in  the idea of</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:21:4"> computers being interactive  which was a</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:21:7"> new idea back then and they</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:21:10">  would be some</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:21:13"> form of amplifier to</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:21:16"> our  own intellectual it's</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:21:19"> an interactive  intellectual amplifier and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:21:22"> then the  other part of it is they would be  networked</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:21:25"> over the entire world so this</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:21:28">  idea was in in pretty</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:21:31"> full form in the  early 60s so</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:21:34"> basically I built a desktop  computer when</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:21:37"> I was in graduate school  and I</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:21:40"> came across Seymour Papert who had  been working</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:21:43"> with children and computers  and he was a mathematician like</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:21:46"> I was  and I realized that he had</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:21:49"> hooked onto  something very important about computers</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:21:52">  that would help children</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:21:55"> learn to think  mathematically much</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:21:58"> earlier and much  easier then had</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:22:1"> had ever been done  before this got</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:22:4"> me to think of the  computer not so much as</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:22:7"> a as a the  transition</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:22:10"> from public transportation  like a</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:22:13"> train to an automobile but it got  me to</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:22:16"> think of the computer as something  much more</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:22:19"> like the printing</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:22:22">it was actually going to change the way  we thought and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:22:25"> if it's something like  the printing press you want to be able  to find</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:22:28"> out how to teach children how to  use it because adults who</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:22:31"> go to  adulthood without learning how to read  you almost</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:22:34"> never learn how to read so</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:22:37">for these are really important things  you have to do therefore so that started  me thinking</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:22:40"> about a children's computer  more difficult was it to realize</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:22:43"> this  project no</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:22:46"> it was easy because the once</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:22:49">I started thinking about children and I  didn't worry about</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:22:52"> exactly how you know  the real question</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:22:55"> is what would be a  good computer for children so the first  thing was that</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:22:58"> had to be portable  because he didn't want to tie children  to</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:23:1"> a desk so it had you had to carry it  around</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:23:4"> and there were 1 inch square  flatscreen</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:23:7"> displays people are starting  to do them in the 60s</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:23:10"> Moore's law which  is the prediction of</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:23:13"> how silicon was  going to double every 18 months</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:23:16"> was  three years old</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:23:19"> so in 1968 after meeting  this</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:23:22"> guy I just wrote I made a little</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:23:25">  sketch of two children doing</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:23:28"> things on  these little flat-screen</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:23:31"> notebook  computers that I call</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:23:34"> the Dinah book and  when I got back to to</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:23:37"> Utah I made a  cardboard model of it and we</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:23:40"> filled it  up with lead pellets to see how heavy</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:23:43">ou could make it before you didn't want  to carry it around the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:23:46"> answer is a  little under a kilogram was the right  weight</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:23:49"> in 1968 and it's the right weight  now and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:23:52"> so we had everything then when I  when</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:23:55"> I went to Xerox PARC we built a</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:23:58">  functional machine to do this which was  again</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:24:1"> a desktop computer but it had the  screen like</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:24:4"> the Dynabook and the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:24:7">Macintosh came out of that  so the Macintosh can</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:24:10"> trace its lineage  back</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:24:13"> to this little cardboard model that  I made in 1968</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:24:16"> and yeah and the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:24:19"> the  people always asked how hard was that to</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:24:22">think about and the answer was it was  easy because the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:24:25"> weighted way to think  about these things is</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:24:28"> to think about  what you actually need</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:24:31">  before you figure out how you can do it</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:24:34">  all right so you have to have a vision  of</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:24:37"> the thing and once I had a vision of  the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:24:40"> thing like this then the next  question</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:24:43"> is when can it be built and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:24:46"> the  answer was well about ten years</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:24:49"> 1978  1980 would be the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:24:52"> first time you could  do one of these things but that was good  because we</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:24:55"> figure it would take ten  years to do the software workout</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:24:58">user interface provide all the services  that this</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:25:1"> thing would have so most  people don't look at things that way</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:25:4"> and  so they've been very firmly</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:25:7"> tied to each  existing technology it's come along and  they've</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:25:10"> resisted each new technology and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:25:13">  so you</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:25:16"> know the first paper I wrote  about this Dynabook pointed out you  don't</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:25:19"> need to have a keyboard you could  have the whole surface</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:25:22"> of it touch  sensitive and that's a description of  the iPad</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:25:25"> and yet the iPad only</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:25:28"> came out  a few years ago could have come out  thirty</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:25:31"> years ago so two</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:25:34"> different kinds  of people thinking about the world in</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:25:37">  very different ways okay</subtitle>