Difference between revisions of "Dynabook - The Complete Story"

Latest revision as of 19:44, 22 August 2022

again

welcome to this program this is one of our occasional

series of Bay Area Computer History perspectives

I'm Peter Newark say from Sun and also

organizing the program is Jeanne treichel also from some apps

Jeanne could send up a moment yep away we have done

so Jeanne and I appreciate any

no suggestions for future programs the next program in the

series will be October October 24th

Neil's Neil from that s RI talking about shaky

major contribution from the Bay Area

to robotic history so our past

programs have often been in the form of panel presentations

is your Ethernet for example but

on the subject tonight Dynabook it's pretty clear

eally one person to talk about it and that's Alan

Kay and Alan is going to talk to aside

thank you very much Alex

well

one

of the things they're enough people with gray here

in the audience so that I can't lie

as much as I usually do when I tell this story

the other thing is a couple years ago

I wrote a fairly extensive history

of small talk which is published as

a preprint in the

sig plan as

part of the hopeful to proceedings going to be

in a book sometimes we have some in our office

I'm going to leave one with Peter and Jeannie and

it's more detailed well

it's more much more about small talk than

the Dinah books it has that story in

there it's more detailed and I can cover tonight

one of the things I discovered when I wrote this

is it is simply not possible to tell the truth when you're doing

a history

even though there are about 50,000 words in

it I had to leave out I apologize in

the beginning for how many things I left out I also

found myself leaving out enormous

number really juicy and very

funny stories just because the page

limit was getting longer and longer and

longer and it was impossible to

express even in this longer thing

all the different intellectual debts and so forth

and again tonight the

stories that I tell you can't possibly be the

truth and a lot

is going to be emitted and however

some people in the audience might help my

recollection on a couple of cases

that case I'm showing early signs

Alzheimer's on just that although turns out that Alzheimer's

is okay for one of these things because

remember the stuff that happened earlier quite in detail

so I think I

think I do remember that now

what I'm going to do is I was

originally asked to recapitulate the

talk I

gave at hopeful but that

really intended to be supplemented by the by

the paper which many of you have not

read so I've done a different talk and

I'm going to move through it as quickly as

I possibly can if I don't degress too much we

might get done more or less on time if I do degress

then we'll probably

time will run out before I ever get

to the invention of the Dynabook we'll see

so

let's see I'm going to have

a flat screen display here which is for controlling

the video but I don't see how to control the slides okay

alright

I have to go to another pillow okay

this

is a mode full user interface

okay slide projector

on

first one to go forward

get okay goes fast forward I

don't want to go okay so

the context for this the other thing I found out

in preparing this

talk is a lot of my best explanations came

post facto this is partly because

we found it extremely difficult to explain these

ideas to Xerox and over

the years I found better examples

however in order to keep this historical I want

to try and stick pretty much with what

we're thinking at the time and so I've

left out some of some of the better ways of explaining

this stuff but I think there's enough context now this is after

all let's see 27 or

28 years later there's

context so it shouldn't matter but I want to have set

up one piece of context which in fact we did think about

back then although we didn't completely

realize that we were doing it ourselves was

much more when we're thinking about how to help kids be creative

and that is an idea from Arthur kessler's

creation which is written written in the mid-60s and

one of his models of the creative act

is that we tend to think in context

the context here is pink and here's

a train of thoughts working in

through the pink you can think of the pink as a paradigm to

give us a goldfish bowl you can think of as a box whatever

you like but the idea is that

there seem to be constraints in

human mind to keep you thinking about one reality

at a time and so when you have

little deviant thoughts

little blue thoughts they get

immediately you go back to

pink thinking but every once in a while maybe

when you're in a hot tub taking a shower out jogging

something one of these blue thoughts breaks through and all

of a sudden you see that this pink thing that you

thinking about is really a blue thing

and moreover it's much more interesting

as a blue thing than it was as a pink thing so this

is what Kessler calls by association the

colliding of two contexts usually

by analogy or metaphor and

of course 90% of them are really

bad ideas most ideas are

bad but if you

can filter these this is the way a lot

of creative acts get done and Kessler pointed out that

hree basic emotional reactions to doing this if

you're telling a joke it's hahaha

you're doing science it's a ha and

if it's art it's off

because as he points out a joke

is leading somebody down a garden path

and then realizing it was about something else all along

and science has the same

thing we often feel that the ideas are all

can't see them because they're transparent

to the context that we're in and of course art is

again being able to see one thing as something

else in a more powerful way so

the context for this is that I think

in most of these talks

you'll hear people talking about things that they've done it

will they'll fall into these patterns you know we are

looking at it this way and all of a sudden you see it something else and that

gives us a new insight and new energy

and of course one of the things

not that this group needs this but it's

amazing how much being

generally well educated helps

because if you're only thinking about pink if

pink things in your brain is really hard to get blue

ideas one of the problems with Silicon

Valley engineers is they're too good at what they do and

so they spend all of their time optimizing in the

only context that they've learned so

you see super optimization is

not particularly a creative act by Tesla's model

so thinking about other things we

reverse some of the most unusual things

Dave Smith who's sitting in front found himself

I think to his great surprise reading

books by Ernst Gombrich one

called art and illusion which is about

theories of artistic perception doing

a computer science thesis at Stanford

and that wasn't the most unusual book that I read

so

the the

genesis of all this stuff is Memex

this is a picture from this the

Life magazine version

of this article written by Bush fan

of our Bush 50 years ago

there's by the way for those of you were interested on October

12th and 13th at MIT

there's a 50-year celebration for

Bush and a lot of people who are interested

in mimicks

and linking of information angle Bart will be there and so forth are

showing up to commemorate Bush's vision and

as you see in this in this drawing

the idea was he said

not too far in the future people will have in their

homes a desk that has inside of it about

five to ten thousand volumes worth of books held

on an optical storage

that there will be screens

for viewing it there'll be ways for putting in information and

drawing in information ways for searching it and most

importantly there'll be ways for linking the information using

calls called halves he said

there'll be profession called pathfinders and

pathfinders will make interesting connections

between knowledge and cell lows you can add

them to your mimics as you go along now

I was five years old in 1945 so

I missed this particular article

although I did read Life magazine back then but

ankle Bart was in the Navy in the Pacific

and did see

this he was in Guam or something and

it started a train of thought that for him gradually

culminated in setting up a project to actually

I'll return to that in a minute I

found out about it when I was about 14 or 15 because

Robert Heinlein like to use generic

names so

would take something that's capitalized like Memex and

he would uncapitalized it and use it as

a generic term used in the future as

a descriptive term so he would you say something like so-and-so

used his Memex to do blah blah and

Heinlein was very reliable about this

and so I discovered early on if I actually looked up

these uses of these things there would be something

in somebody had done something that

gave him this idea so

he would give brand names to things and if you look up the brand names

at Heinlein use you would discover somebody had had

invented a precursor technology that Heinlein hit

so that's how I found that science fiction is very useful especially

back back in the old days when they actually wrote about science

so

fast forward to around

1962 here's Ivan someone

sitting at the console of a computer tx2

the size of this room and I think this is

believe isn't a genie that Ivan gave his talks are

not going to say too much about sketchpad I

didn't know about sketchpad at the time although I'd

started programming for the air force the year

earlier and I'm going to show

you what you see on

the screen there is Ivan has drawn a bridge in and

sketchpad was peculiar even

by today's standards in that you

could attach meaning to every element of a drawing and sketchpad

would attempt to synthesize all of the meanings of

the parts into one grand

simulation and the simulation was

dynamic if it was under constraint so if

you drew if you drew a linkage in with sketchpad and

the linkage was not completely constrained

to be still the constraint solver

and sketchpad would actually iterate its way around through the degrees

of freedom not unlike the way a Prolog program

will give you all the all of the answers for

a particular retrieval but

the one of the really interesting elements

of sketchpad and we may not talk about

it too much further depending if I run out of time or

not is that sketchpad

had

a peculiar another peculiar notion which

is that you didn't have to be exactly right in

order to be interesting so the

constraint solvers in this were not symbolic constraints

Altis they weren't performing logical

operations but they're actually performing various kinds

of arithmetic operations and

fit operation so here's

a here's an example of the

view go ahead

go over here hit

play and see what happens

okay I'm worried now

so somebody well

I hope it should be warm

of course this thing is playing away and it

doesn't showing maybe

yeah okay so let me run just back

in technology wonderful now it's

blanking on me and

try to rewind a little bit

yeah Oh

another mode

okay

so

as

the Marvel it's moving to watch I'm just going to show you one small

I don't

know what it's doing really

okay he's drawing yeah

drawing a rivet here and

one of things you can do is

point you just told the constraint solver to go on

and to line things up and the center of the circle

oh boy

now he's going to distort the thing and

we turns on the solver

again the solver will line it up so it's symmetric

the center of the arch is the

center of the cross piece the

idea of a sketchpad is you put in generally what the thing is

give it some additional rules that characterize

the particular drawing you're trying to make those

ither have to do with the form of the thing but also can

have to do with the meaning of the thing and here's

another interesting thing about sketch pad

this is by the way before

there were real computer display so every dot is being

put up here by brute force by the TX to

the

nice thing about those old calligraphic displays is you got

even real time scale

changes which is still hard to come by on

on current day machine so it's too

bad and

now you can get a few more rivets

and now it's fun is he goes to the master drawing

says I better get rid of those cross pieces so I'll make them transparent

and lo and behold when we go

to the drawing all rivets

o this is actually the first object-oriented software

system and really

strong glory and anything that

you make out of it is in turn a master drawing

so here's he's made

the rivet in the flange a master

and now

he's making instances from those okay

so I have to go put it out of its misery here okay

we can change the change to the next tape

so sketchpad had

three really amazing

planners

there's

Ivan three amazing is what

people look like back then

so once said to Ivan in

one year almost entirely

by yourself you created the first real interactive

graphics program first system with a window if you're noticing

it has a clipping window and the drawings on our much larger

screen the first object-oriented software

system and the first real-time

problem-solving system you can even call it

an AI system I said how did you do

this and he said well you know it was hard he

actually in his faces here is

quite apologetic if anybody how many people here read

this what's amazing

about reading this thing besides how great it is still today is how

apologetic he is it doesn't do more

this is why it's not good

closely into the future you might get discouraged

okay another

thing that was happening right at the same time is the first live

vote for the first personal computer which is the link done

by Wes Clark and Charlie Molnar here

one of the design criteria is that it

shouldn't loom over you so it's designed to

small and actually the first 20 people built their own they

came spent a summer at Lincoln labs

and the summer was actually learning about digital

electronics and the project they did was to build their own

computer which they took back to them back with them to their lab

about a somewhere between a thousand

and two thousand of these machines were built in the in

the 60s mostly for biomedical technicians

these machines also

influenced Dec tremendously for instance

drives at West invented for this machine if you look there looks

like a deck tape but in fact deck tape was

invented was originally called a link tape deck tapes

just held files they were boring but link

tapes actually held pages of the paging virtual

personal computer only

had two K of 12 bit words on

a paging virtual memory on this tape and it was amazing

what you could do with this machine is a beautiful machine designed

to be taken care of by

people in labs for themselves

have a very nice programming system in a beautiful little editor the

debugger on it was quite remarkable in that you instead

of single stepping your program you single step

the machine so the software and the hardware were

such that you could actually slow the entire

machine down as you move

through to see what was actually going on beautiful

machine so

the other thing that happened around 1962

was Advanced Research Projects

Agency phased out of the space

business and had some money left over and

for various reasons all of them justified

they like this guy Jack Lickliter

known as Lick and decided

to give him a bunch of money to do whatever he wanted

and he was a psychologist and had

been involved in some of the human factors design of the sage

system in the 50s he is both a b b and

an at MIT and he decided that the destiny of personal

computing was to be a complementary partner

for human beings complementary

in the sense that not trying to do what a human does

but to do things that humans don't do well in

a very interactive way

so he was one of the people who could

extrapolate from pointing light guns

at digitally produced radar screens

to the idea that this thing might actually help

people think and his phrase

up there is in his one of his earliest papers

in 1960 which is called man computer symbiosis was

to think as no human has ever human

being has thought has ever thought I guess he

was a great guy and he

came up with and they just died

a few years ago and Nicholas Negroponte and

I are trying to raise money for a permanent

Licklider lectures at MIT

so several ideas he had one

you shouldn't spend any time more time in Washington than

you had to nobody

sensible likes that place so he

got the idea that you should only spend two

years there and then he got the idea that

the only people who should

article community should be people who came out of the

Arco community and that that person

would spend one year as a as

a deputy learning the job and then

two years as a director so this is the stream

of people who created the

funding that funded most of the technology that we have today

how did I even get

there well he got drafted not long after he did sketch

pad and Lickliter did not want him to go to Vietnam

so they pulled some strings and as a second lieutenant

he was made head of ARPA at the age of 26

that

was one of the great moves of all time

because I even you could even though each of these

four guys are fantastic you could argue that Ivan was the greatest

of the four of them because he was the youngest he

was the most vitally interested in the input-output

human interface part

of the thing he was the person for instance who first funded Engelbart

number of other things Taylor

will meet him again a little bit later because he was one of the people who

set up Jaques Park and Larry Roberts is

best known for the for the ARPANET

Larry Roberts was Ivan Sutherlands

room late at Lincoln labs

so here's the angel Bart

a little bit

show in a couple of minutes on their show in Engelbart

clip as I saw the system just

not yet this is happened

before I came on the scene then the

n I was

programming at the just trying to see what

it looks like here I was programming at

Air Training Command in the Air Force in the

early 60s and some

unknown programmer came up with a great idea because

back then didn't really have operating systems or

the most places would build their own little

operating system to help them process back batch jobs and

something and Air Training Command had many different

phases a lot of them had burrows

and somebody came up with this great idea for

how to make data

sensible to people and that

is the following each record on one

of the two twenties tapes was a long thing

those tapes didn't move very fast back then could

write long records on them and they're in

parts the first part were set of pointers back

into the second part which were set of procedures

that knew about the third part which

were the set of data records okay

and so the way you use these things so the operating system was minimal

right all

you have to do was to read this thing into the core

memory of the Burroughs 220 and start

jumping in direct vectoring

in direct procedure called indirectly through these guys

were into standard orders that had to do with

reading and writing and finding out how many fields the data had

these procedures knew how to give the answers that these

and the behaviors that these guys did and the

cold mess here knew what to

down there which are never touched directly by

anybody that a great idea don't

you wish you had that on the internet I

thought it was a pretty

good idea never been able

to find out who had this idea was there when I arrived

in 1961 somebody had just done it and

it worked extremely well until

the government decided everybody has the program in

COBOL a few years later and then it

got thrown out so this

is my first I

believe this antedates all

other forms of abstract data types that

I know about there's an early paper by Doug

Ross that has some of these ideas from MIT I

think this is a digital invention by somebody and

it certainly it's stuck in

my mind the other thing

that I learned there which I'm not going to try

and explain is it just happened that the third machine I

ever learned was the Burroughs be 5000 which

is probably the greatest not probably it

was was the greatest machine architecture ever

designed I think

7 out of the 10 best software

thought up are in the hardware of this machine I

will not try and explain with all of them are but it

was basically a crash 'less machine is the first machine

to do what is known as capability addressing built into

the hardware one of the first machines to have a stack the

first machine to have byte codes there's no there are no addresses

allowed in the code all the code is relocatable

and in fact it was kind of an object-oriented

machine although this was before people knew how to handle it that

way it was actually done for Algol 57

Algol 58 which on

this machine was called Balga back then but

hey got around to building the machine Barton guy

who designed to be 5,000 had

designed the first moderate what

consider the first modern compiler which ran on the Bo's to 20

and Knuth was one of the programmers of it

why do I say modern I think everybody

in here knows what I mean when I say pass and a half

compiler which is a compiler that streams once

through the source code puts

the in fix-up pointers as it goes and then as it finds out

information about for references fixes those I mop the first

one of those ran on the bar was 220 when Barton was designing

it he realized that the intermediate

output of the compiler was actually more

interesting than borrows 220 machine code so he thought about why

not just design the machine to run the direct output

of the compiler and forget about all this down

below which had nothing to do with

higher-level languages and I

commend his paper to you I think

papers ever written in computer science called

a new approach to the functional design of a digital computer

Western joint computer conference

1961 it's only four

pages long that gives the complete architecture of this system I should

mention by the way you know hot Java is

a hot thing now the virtual machine

on the B 5000 is much better than Java

and fact

the all the virtual machines

we get at Xerox PARC were based on this particular architecture

anybody who wants to do a good virtual machine shouldn't

bill themselves of that information rather than just trying

to roll their own

here's another

thing that I came across at 1965

which is Gordon Moore's original graph

saying what was going to happen to Silicon

published in data nation 1965

I read it while I was helping debug this

infamous system called the chippewa operating system

for the 6600 in seymour crazed lab

was back when you still work for control data

so this is I'm semi-log

paper and first

thing Moore did was just plot what

happening with integrated circuits from 1959

up to 65 and notice that it was an

exponential power of two every year and

started asking questions about what

would it be like if you could continue that and a few years later

he did a more careful analysis and said well it's not going to be worse

than a factor of two every two years that's this red line

and here's the line for

memory dynamic Ram memory

as it started in about 1971 so

Gordon Moore on the basis of physical principles and

because he picked the right kind of silicon MOS silicon

to look at this

is what led many people astray because back in those days it

was so slow that nobody would ever think of building a

computer about it because it basically has it

works like blowing up a balloon with buckets

basically a capacitive based way

of doing switching and so you have to put a lot of charge into

an MOS transistor in order

to get it to switch it took a long time but

gordon moore looked at it in part by

talking with him about it once in part just

because it was so much simpler to make that than bipolar that he could actually

do some math on it bipolars has like 14

layers and it's very complicated but the mos

he realized that the smaller you make an

transistor the faster is going to be able to switch and

so as a main question was how

small can we make these guys and still hasn't be a transistor and

answer back then was about 5000 electrons we're now

getting close to so

5,000 electrons took his

graph out to about 1995

so this is one of the great thirty-year predictions of all

time and of course everybody here knows that

did the other thing you need to do the to predict

the future which is he helped invent it right

the left fairchild is one of the founders

of Intel and is worth a few billion that worth as much as Bill

Gates but he's a few billion is is nothing

to sneeze at okay

so I have to tell you that when I

first saw this it meant nothing to me because

I was be bucking a machine that ran at

10 myths in 1965 and it required

liquid freon cooling

so there's no particular way

extrapolating

at that time I found

myself at Utah and

that Utah the first thing

when you walk in a Dave Evans is office this is what he looked like is a

real friendly guy look before you even got a desk he

had a pile of these things on it about this high

so the first thing he would do is give

take this and we eat it so that

and then you were supposed to come back and if you could

talk sensibly about it then he would give you a desk

and

it happened on my desk was a pile

of tapes and listings that was

supposed to be the algal compiler for the UNIVAC

1108 at the university of utah had but

in fact it turned out to be the first Simula

system here's another guy I ran into now

I made this really murky this is fact is

not even a picture of Bob Barton because I

think we have determined that cameras

cannot take pictures of him

whose calls goes to walks because he was often

seen in Merrell engineering building but he's never seen entering

or leaving it

in fact he he kind of hated the

whole idea of school and he kind of hated graduate

students and really hated burrows and

but Dave Evans had convinced him

to to leave burrows for a year and be

a professor of sorts at the University

of Utah I'll just tell you one barton

story which is I took this course

called advanced systems design and

he handed out this sheet the first day and

he said well there's something known about this is in 1966

there's something known about advanced system

design and it's all written down here and I expect you all to learn

this and understand it he

said but my job this year

is to firmly disabuse you of any fondly held notions

you might have brought into this classroom in

entire classroom simply garbage collecting

our brains one of the greatest educational experiences

I've ever had he never referred to advanced

systems programming again so the effective

that we would read all of these things his

what he was concerned was was that

none of us could think and there

were many dimensions to his complaints about how

we weren't able to think and during

this year he explored each and every one of them

the result of this and of

course he he hated pretty much everything

that had been done all up

to then in the 60s particularly by IBM and

pretty

anything that we thought might be a good idea he had fifty

five reasons why it was a terrible idea

now you think gee whiz this was

handy but down or taking a course

but you have to realize this guy had the eloquence of

William F Buckley although he was to the left in his political

leanings he was one of the most fascinating people you

can ever imagine running into and he was

extremely well-read excuse his degree

was in mathematics and he was extremely well-read

in philosophy and it was a wonderful experience

now the result of that class was that the students

who were left at the end of it were free

and what I mean by free is he

had completely removed all traces of

religion about every

phase of computer science that

meant there was nothing that we could not there was no thought that we could

not have so the best

professor can ever do instead of putting knowledge into

our mind he removed it

it was the most valuable experience

I had in graduate school because any also

he wouldn't talk about the B 5000 I had to

resort to step on strategies

like talking asking

his wife what it was like when he invent it turned out he invented

the whole thing over one weekend had all

of the ideas he woke up in the middle of the night with all of the ideas for

this machine that just came down it actually fighting

him we found

out he could drink beer problem was it was about six for

a huge guy and he could drink any of us he

could drink australians under the table so

is that we actually approached him and realized one of us

o take about four graduate students

in a row to get him to drink

because you thought was a three to peer state

but eventually

inside so this is a this is one of the great geniuses that

has lived in our in our field completely

unappreciated even today if

you look at what he did in 1961 and 1962

Motorola sells today

I mean it just is pathetic it turns your stomach

turns mine anyway

well there's this pile of stuff on

my desk that turned

out not to be alcohol at all Simula he's an alcohol

that had been doctored to make a Simula and

in the process of finding

we realized it was a programming language that did the

same kinds of things with sequential code as

sketchpad the data structures

were basically very similar and this

has a disadvantage it wasn't as beautiful as the constraint

solving methods of sketchpad but on the other hand you

could do many more things with it because

you weren't limited to what a constraint solver

could do this is a huge

revelation now here's here's one of these opportunities

when you wind up with something new

so data structures and

procedures with a way to program and

if you held on to your pink thoughts

and looked at Simula

as most people did you would wind up inventing

an abstract data types which many people did happen

in the 70s now this is

a really weak thing because an abstract data type is kind of a

slow way of doing what data structures do why

do I say that because an abstract data type

still thinks that you're supposed to use a

generalized assignment statement on its

simulated fields okay and

sign assignment statements programming

is not a very strong way of doing things and so most of the

abstract data type languages have wound up

requiring about the same code to

program things as data structure languages before them

they didn't show this factor of 10 difference

that we found from OOP now there's a different

way of looking at this and it came about

because one of my undergraduate degrees was in molecular biology

and I had read this book a few years before

published in 65 called

the molecular biology of the gene and in

it it had an assay for the first time ever

of a bacterium

ecoli bacterium such as we have

millions of in our stomach this assay is kind of interesting

it's about 70% water but it has

about 120 million organic components

that is things that interact

with each other informational E and if

represent just those forgetting about the water it's about

100 gigabytes as a parallel information

processing system and when I made this slide it

was 200,000

well how about 50,000

to megabyte desktops in

one of these eco lies and it was fast if

you take an atom as being the size

of a thing toys of a tennis ball then

one of these white proteins here has about 5,000

atoms so it's about the size of a Volkswagen and

these guys can move

their own length in about two nanoseconds

now if you scale that up that's

faster than the speed of light

right anybody ever wonder why chemistry

works this is it's really

amazing to me that they never tell

you in in high school so it's actually the

smarter kids that wind up rejecting tan rejecting

chemistry because how can the molecules find each

other it just really doesn't make sense if you actually think about it

the only way it makes sense is

to realize just how much thermal agitation there is as

you go down there for instance

the deceleration on a bacterium in

water is about a million GS

water is like asphalt to

these things they are incredibly strong when

they stop lashing their tail they stop there's

no inertia of any kind here

and the thermal agitation as I say is

fit were scaled up it would be things moving the

side moving eight or ten feet in a couple of

nanoseconds so you can imagine what that is like you can

imagine why biochemistry actually works

that's a pretty complicated thing and furthermore

it's only one five hundredth

e size of the cells in our body and we have between

10 and 100 trillion of them so

you start thinking these cells have

60 billion organic components as opposed

to 120 million and yet

50 cell divisions will make an entire baby

now if you compare this against computing

even today even against the internet with

all the computers on it especially if you think about

it compared to what computing was like back in the 60s you'll

see that this constitutes a different class of organizing

complex dynamic structures they just

aren't like computing machinery at all and

this is what I got from Simula

so

Simula is not a better old thing but almost a

new thing and got this

hit that the one of the great

ideas you could ever have in

doing programming was to organize

that the way biological cells are organized

that is progressed

along so you have this nice idea

of encapsulation which is the main strength

of it you

have an even more weird thing but it's partially from

Simula that you can simulate anything including

structures if you want to go back to them but

in fact you get to deal with many

many more things on a much more natural way

using an architecture that we know from biology scales

incredibly and

you have something that biology doesn't do which is the DNA

is not in the cells here but it's extract

get out and so there's only one copy of the DNA which if

you twitch it everybody is going to feel

that so that was a huge that was the last that

happened to be in November 66 it was the last time I ever thought

about doing procedural and data

structure programming I just realized that that was

a that was just an artifact of the past it meant nothing had

nothing to do with the Destiny's computers in any way

so

then I saw let's see if this works

now this

thing is gone then angle Bart came

to Utah I

mean those AZ

travel was a projector you could stop and start because people weren't used

to seeing cursors so stop

the Sony say I'd like to go to produce but

I'd like good

produce a good thing I'd like to say one branch only

and you know just that little

oh I can say

I'd like to see one line or I

could see but there's a little thing I can

move does remember place that I found here

so here I'm afraid I'll need a different picture

than you so here's I do with

picture drawing capability here so slight map if I start

from work here's the route I seem to have to go to to pick

up all the materials and that's my plan for getting home tonight

but if I want to I can say the library

what am I supposed to take up there I can just point to

that and all the overdue books

in all while there was a statement there with that name go

back what if I want my supposed to pick up the drugstore

I see you understand all right

target can do

things if I wanted to say I'd like to interchange partisan

cans materials jingle

they're all numbered right if I care to know

they're changing them very quickly can subpoena

interchange the products

they do it in August we numbered

so it's pretty pretty

sickening to realize that this was done on 192k

machine that was time shared you notice the response

ever wish your pc or macintosh

would have that response well

you can't they're too fast

because they're too fast nobody bothers

program them in a way that humans could use them but the

Engelbart people really understood that this was

all about close interaction and so they really paid attention to

a lot of these things this is a beautiful system in so many

ways and I don't know their

angle Bart has been here to talk but he

really deserves to say more about all

they did compete they did conferencing they had programmers

up in Oregon that worked with the program was done in the Monroe Park

things that people are still trying to do today he

did very successfully in the late 60s

well I made a huge impression on me and

around that time I got involved with a

engineer who

wanted to do a little machine and together we did this thing

called the Flex machine this is a picture of it on its own display had

the first object-oriented

language I designed ran on this machine directly in the hardware

so he made many mistakes on this

machine one of them was just trying to scale the B 5,000

down in history we learned from that experience that

as Barton used to say good ideas don't often

scale he

had one of the earliest clipping dividing

window system and multiple

windows and a bunch of things so windows

current idea back

then so

another thing I saw early

on was this system at RAND

Corporation the same time

Lee look they match

go back

Iran had invented the tablet

the same year the Mouse's invented 1964 they

built this system whoops

first we erase it go arrow then

connector out of the way so that we may draw a box

in its place seesee wants a box and

makes one form now it's recognizing his printing

the printing in the box is being used as commentary

only in this case the box is

slightly too large so we may change its size that's

where modern-day window control came from literally Android

flow from the collector to the Box

attached a

decision element to the box and draw a flow from

it to scan we then

erase the flow arrows attached to the process post new

area and move the box to a new position

this allows us to

draw a new box

okay

nice huh so

one of these days I have the whole movie and Dave remembers

well I used to show it to the group every few months of drugs

part because what we wanted was something that nice

I showed that movie

at Apple when they were doing the newton and said you

know people have already done a really great hand

character recognizer why don't you use it no no

we're going to recognize handwriting I said well you can't recognize

handwriting because people can't even recognize their own handwriting

half the time they

said well go corporation is doing it I said they can't be doing it

it's not possible once you do this this

a great recognizer done by Gabe groaner

written up in 1966 and this system

was around 1968 or I was 68 when I saw

it today

I can't talk about it more it's a beautiful first modeless

system truly beautiful in every way

and right around the same that

summer I had seen a little square inch of glass

with a few blinking

lights on it little neon lights it was the first flat

display at the University of Illinois then

in the fall I visited Seymour Papert

for the first time and got an enormous

enormous life-changing

insight and the insight

was that the computer is not a tool the

computer is not a vehicle that's the way we were thinking about it angle

Bart was sort of thinking about it as a Model T compared

to IBM's railroads it's not a bad metaphor personal

computing but what Seymour was doing

with children had no interesting analogy

through things like tools or it's

a vehicle the only analogy it has it could work

at all was an analogy to the printing press

because what it was was a vehicle for

representing powerful ideas the powerful

ideas of our civilization in a concrete form

the children could actually learn not

in an abstract form or the abstract form

was actually a concrete way of

dealing with these things and on the I'll

never forget that day and on the

plane coming back from MIT

I designed this machine and made

a cardboard model of it when I got got back

and the lady became called the Dynabook because the kids

computer can't work on a desk kids

are mobile kids have to go places

and I got there many things we did this

was hollow so you could fill it up with lead pellets and see how heavy it

was would get before anybody didn't

want to carry it anymore it turns out back in those days

before people had

to buy these things because they work for companies

the limit was about two it was about two pounds

about one kilogram beyond

doubt is too heavy I think that's still a good figure today

two pounds and the

other thing we discovered of all the different ways of making one

of these things the main thing you wanted to do is

to have it be really slim and at least one dimension the reason

was you always have to carry other things too

the portability became defined

as meaning you could carry other things

too we realized that this

was a different kind of thing than the desktop computer

we thought about how good would you have to make it

to do mundane things on it like we do on

paper paper you can write the Declaration of Independence on it

but you also put grocery lists on so

f the imagines things we actually did was to carry this

in to a supermarket and in Salt

Lake City and imagine what it would be like to

have your grocery list on this thing and you have to walk out

with two bags of groceries Plus this thing

so those are the kinds of thoughts in the

late 60s about this

machine which is called a kiddie computer back then

and because I had a philosophical turn

in mind as well thinking

stuff while I was trying to write my thesis I

realized that time

sharing systems desktop computers and whatever

this thing was actually constituted

three different kinds of information systems and

it reminded me of something I've seen before

which is in the history of the book

so these manuscripts cost

about two million dollars typical

ibrary would be about four times the size of this room and

each book would have its own desk the

books were chained to the desk they often have precious jewels

on them because the jewels were nothing compared

to the cost of one of these books often took as long as ten to fifteen

years to make one of these books

give you an example there were only 371

books in the Vatican Library in the Year 1400 it's

one of the largest libraries in Europe the

richest man in France who is the brother of

the King John Newbery

had 154 books when he died

and he was a bibliophile he had these books made for him and

one of the best twenty-five dollars you can ever spend is to

get a facsimile of one of the books he had made

for himself which is called the Book of Hours of John

gusta berry it's marvelous and

it gives you a bit of a sense of what these books

were like and also what is lost by simply trying to photograph

them they're renderings

and capturing of the charisma

of an oral basically oral society

the Gutenberg Bibles

were intended to look like these guys

that was sort of the connection I made was oh yeah nobody

computer should look like so the best

computing back then is to make it look like a time-sharing

terminal without the central mainframe

but and it's

just what a Gutenberg Bible is is the same size Gutenberg

had 253 characters in his font

just so he could imitate every ligature

and abbreviation the the medieval scribes use

they had people come in and illuminate these books

and the Nuremberg Book Fair in

1454 20 of these books were

shown for the first time and they marveled

of course of how alike these books were

it was a new idea that the

errors in them were the same and

a place that was right was going to be right in all of

the books that was a displacing kind of idea

and they were cheap not cheap by our standards

but compared to these things there are only

three years of a clerks wages that's

about sixty thousand dollars so this is a kind of a workstation

and if you think about that it

fit well into what these machines friends

was the link the handmade link was about a twenty thousand

dollar machine and then

about fifty years later came the great

printing was a guy by the name of Elvis whose last

name was not pagemaker

that's

where the company got their ideas that last name was Manutius or

if you like colloquialisms which most

people hate his real name was Aldo minutiae

oh because thought of his eldest

today and he made books through the

size books that we use today

books are like this size are a little bit

bigger and he made them that size because

the streets of Venice and measured people's saddlebags

because the first offering from his

press was called the portable library and what

he printed was not Bibles but everything the Greeks and

the Romans ever wrote he and his sons went

everything that had ever been written they

published forty thousand different titles in the thirty years

press existed forty thousand

different titles each press run was about

five thousand books or so now

even though I'm running out of time it's

it's worthwhile just pausing on one thing to ask the

group here if anybody knows what the actual inventing

invention of printing was

anybody know

what was the f no movable-type was invented by the Chinese

in the 1st or 2nd century AD

yes pardon no

Chinese invented paper

- yes Paul yes

ok

here's the here's the way it worked the Chinese

invented all his stuff centuries centuries

before thousands of years before

they had the whole rigmarole they knew how to

- they had presses that would

press these things together they had movable typing

everything the problem was it took forever to get

a font up and it wasn't just because of the Chinese

characters so you need to 4,000 of them

think about how many you need how many little things you

need to print a book so the secret

here is that Gutenberg was a goldsmith and if you've

ever worked the gold it's a soft metal you can work it with

other metals and so

Gutenberg winks through the following thought process at some point

when he realized that he could make

a steel die that

was the character as he wanted that character

that steel die was tough enough

to just strike negative impressions

of itself in copper or brass

that copper or brass could

then be poured with metal softer

than it like lead and so a standard

type maker in those days could make between 2,000

and 4,000 pieces of type a day

this is why the printing press spread and you

should think about the connection of this to Moore's

law right the printing press never

would have happened the way it did if it hadn't been for

the proliferation of what served as the bit you

had to be able to have these bits spread out exponentially

so that anybody could make these things fairly easily

and in great quantity well

that led to a bunch

of different thoughts because the belief

system for each one of these areas are completely

different and in fact in history what

happened between here and here didn't really count

that happens to

be where we are in computing today nothing

that is happening between personal computing in

this next phase really camps it's all about

this stuff almost everybody

- today 100 million

personal computers in the world almost everybody today is not

using hyperlinks almost

everybody today is not simulating those are the two

things that computers are doubt but what almost everybody today

are doing is simulating the older culture

the paper culture and this is a recapitulation

of what happened back then

so there many interesting things so

one way of transforming this into a

thinking way of thinking is

to think of each one of these as a belief system I

call them the institutional belief system the personal belief system

in the intimate belief system and you

can play games writing

different properties of these

just the main ones we were thinking about back

then where this one is going to be driven by the integrated circuit

and this one would be driven by Wireless many

people do not realize but I hope you get Larry Roberts

here some time to realize that his plan for

doing the ARPANET was not just to wind up with something like

the internet but to do most of it Wireless back

in the late 60s in fact when

Bay Area one of the first things I did was to ride around in

a old Ford van that Stanford Research

Institute had SR I had they

had a model 33 teletype in the back of the thing

and this very very expensive

transponder that would

baud but it would do it with Wireless you could drive anywhere

and be logged into angle Bart's STS

940 and Larry Roberts

had a very elaborate plan that

he tried to implement before art Bo got shut down too

give everybody a handheld terminal and do

everything via the power of the network and

if you think about that as a model for third world countries especially

who can't afford desktop machines it's a really good one

he wrote many papers about

this and it's a very interesting side story here

well I have

to be careful with this one because this has been improved

over the years we've gone back to this many many

times Larry Tesler did a really great version

of this at Apple a few years ago everybody

has their own version most important ideas just

thinking of these as being really different and trying

to understand what is different about them

the

other thing that was going on around 1969 was

Ivan Sutherland had come to Utah where

I still was and he brought with

him the first virtual reality helmet

here's an example of somebody grabbing you

could grab things and move them around and

we realized that it wasn't going to be too long

before this would be an alternative way of thinking

about a Dynabook and in fact it

lot of sense when you're riding on an airplane to

be able to have a virtual display

rather than or rather than a real physical one

another

person I met back

then I have two slides one that this is one of his favorite comments

life is complex

for this occasion the actual should

have been I have a plane to catch

he was out visiting Utah and there's

long I think it was it had something to do with the I

was on several ARPANET committee so I think it was an architect

ARPANET committee saying he was that he had to give

a talk and a drag on dragged on and finally he

had prepared this our talk and he only had 15 minutes before

he had to go to the plane so it gave the entire talk in

15 minutes and it was just the best

talk I've ever heard in my life you know he's

done it for it now maybe 1.1

or 1.2 Lamson is a little faster than usually

talks and it could not have been clearer

and it's all about capability operating

systems and

one

the things I gleaned from this and this is this is my diagram not

Butler's but

they did they weren't it wasn't

really an object-oriented a capability system is darn

close to an object system so if you're thinking about

different kinds of servers

that each object is a kind of a server then

one of the things you realize is a lot

of the services they're going to give have to be generic and

that was in this system and that

led to this realization

that you have a kind of

a matrix between generic behaviors

are your basically your powerful ideas your concepts and

then you have lots of different variations of types or

object classes and

that made me realize that OOP could

actually serve four you could actually build an operating system

out of OOP impact back you probably should because

you wouldn't have to have a lot of artificial distinctions that

are in there and these capability mechanisms

would actually give you protection and limit access and

and so forth the biggest problem with them was

that the typical operating system process back then

had an overhead of several K bytes to

make one and so you couldn't make things little things like numbers

out of this technique so one

of the things that stuck in my mind is we should find a way of making objects

any size without incurring an

overhead

ok another great book by Martin

Minsky my

other degree is in mathematics so I happen

to enjoy this and this is the way I found out about Lisp

because Marvin showed

how gurdial numbers work and in order to illustrate

it in here he actually built a lisp out of girdle

numbers which essentially what GERD L did if you know that

thing of and it was an interesting idea oh yeah

you can use it sir you can actually

use integers to represent data structures because

you can factor them back out and since Marvin and McCarthy

had formed the AI project together and

Marvin d-list they actually did a lisp like language in

there so that's really interesting maybe I should look at Lisp

it was kind

of looked horrible and I discovered this wonderful book

which I have about 20 copies of discovered

over the years that when I need an idea I

usually want it to come out this nice

so I go out and buy a fresh copy of this book and

I when MIT press quit printing

it I'll have to retire they

seem to use up their power

so I have to buy new ones periodically

so however

this let me commend this to you because there's nothing

more beautiful on this earth than page the bottom

of page 13 okay

and there's nothing nicer than he only

takes 13 pages to get to one of

ideas of all time which I think of as Maxwell this

is something like Maxwell's equation this is like everything

this is everything now

of course Turing machines are everything but what's great about this

is it's a Turing machine with slope you

don't have to write tons and tons of code to get it to meant anything so

Universal machine that's small and

grow up like this when I finally went everybody

here in this room remembers who

went through this thing remembers the day they trace this thing putting

their fingers down and at some point you realize

holy this is everything this

is it if

you know if you don't get that experience you've missed

one of the great things in computer science because in it to

me it divides the world up into two different classes of people

the people who think that you

have to write endless amounts of grubby code to do anything and

the people who realize that what you should be spending

most of your time on is the meta system and let the meta system

create the rest of the world for you

so that had a huge

effect on me I think what I'm

going to do is skip the next tape in the instant

of a very funny tape called LSD crocotta

chip and the magical

mystery time sharing machine which was made at

the AI project which is where I went next

and will will refer it to another time it's basically a

nice example of what people were doing that

shows one of the first modeless text editors done on the PDP

one day I'll just pass

on that so I

started I wanted to make one of these machines and of course the

screen display was a way off so I thought

I'll get myself a Sony tummy china chime and

I'll just wedge in there what a link has

and I'll get myself a

modern version of the link for for kids so this

is the thing called a kiddy comp that I

started designing then I wound up

at Xerox PARC and the

chief scientist of

a research center and they were smart enough to hire Bob

Taylor to set it up and Taylor knew

every good PhD in the country because he had paid

for their PhD and he started his

siren song of gathering

together a really fantastic group of people which

included Butler Lampson occluded

number of the people in this in this room and

that five years is the most

fun I've had in a five year

period so I went

saying okay what we really need is something that looks

like this this was 1971 and this

was called Vinnie calm and

we need I said we

need to make about 25 or 30 of these things so we can start working

with with children we

did Dick Schaap and I did some of the display hardware

for this machine and then they got turned

down by a guy who should

have known better he was known in

the in the papers executive X

meanwhile other things were going on we realized that

because these kinds of machines weren't going to be very

portable that we need laser printing and Gary Starkweather

was there to do it he is already

working on a laser printer when I went to Xerox in 1971

and got it working late that

year and Butler

Lampson had this meeting and

said you know we've done so many bubblegum things

in the 60s what

we should do at Xerox PARC is take an oath that will never do anything

that isn't engineered for 100 users so

this was a novel thought his

Butler's idea it was probably the greatest reason

that Park was a success was not that

it was so far out but because it was actually incredibly conservative

because of that we actually wound up doing things

that we'd already done in a half-assed way in

such a way that we could build a hundred of them as there were personal

computers or run a hundred users if it was a time sharing

system there was a huge huge thing

to this idea which today is called living labs

so the idea is you

live in your own creations don't just

demo it make enough for everybody but the programming

language it has to be documented and solid enough

for 100 people to use it so this became a pretty

general principle for most everything that was was

done in the first five years of Xerox PARC and the

most amazing thing about it astounding

thing about it was that with rare exceptions

it actually made things happen faster

now everybody knows why

right because that extra thought

that you did when you were thinking oh yeah I have to engineer

this 400 users prevented those bugs

that add years onto the quick and

dirty thing so in fact the stuffs

worked just it was unbelievable and I

won't go through the because it a

very interesting talk is about Xerox

PARC in those days I'm not going to do

that but it was a fascinating process so

around then there are the ideas we

have to do a Dinah book notebook kind of thing first

and then eventually we

realized that the flat panel displays it actually be easier to make if

they were small because of the contamination problems

and that there would be eventually something

like this that you'd wear on your your head one

the reasons we didn't go much further with that is that the the

lightest head sensing device in those

days weighed about four and a half pounds and

Nicholas Negroponte II had been talking about

simply wearing your computer so

they have something like a wristwatch that knew where your hand was

and when you walk from one room to another it would know that

one room to another this today

is called ubiquitous computing and Nikolas has never gotten as far as I

can tell a shred of credit but in fact this was his

idea and it was an early idea of his

so oh yeah

so let me do we have

yeah tape tape

for what we want

now again

this in the spirit of his being historical just

by coincidence I gave a talk in November

72 I

think this is the right order

to do this I hope

November 72

to a conference which happen to be videotaped

Xerox PARC that

tape got lost was

not in any of the holdings that we had

I saw an excerpt from that tape at

a thing actually Paul Sappho and I

an angle Bart did in Japan and I

asked the Japanese how did you get that he said

we've had this for years so I asked well can I have a copy

of it please and so the only known copy of

how they got a hold of this damn thing I have no idea but here's

here's kind of the way I talked about this

I'm sorry there's

kind of way I

talked about this in

1972

and perhaps lower so let's

sort of see what it is you've already got that on we have

the lights down and I'll be able to cook this I don't

drink so okay

well this is

an existing device something that you a queue

a Packard calls a pocket electronic slide rule

and it

urns out that the way they decided to make it is so

that would fit into Bill Hewlett shirt pocket

that was the way it was was designed

it had to do everything the slide rule would do except to

ten places they actually spent

almost the next three year

on this thing to keep it to go to size specifications

it has batteries and it can indeed should

just positive for a second I found out later that

they actually retailored

Hewlett shirt a number of times

this is

really and the guy who can tell that story is

Tom Osborne who did the HP 35 if you remember

that I knew it was it I got one of the very first one because

knew Tom Osborne and I had it for two weeks and

has a wonderful

experience with it and then it got stolen and that

was when I realized that the new era had happened

you could actually steal a computer now

he used on the gun on the grass

the power that it has and the size

portability and everything else make

completely different so different that Hewlett Packard expects

million of these in the next five years people

who would never buy a calculating machine of any kind buy

these things for $400

okay so quantitative changes if you make the margin

of our qualitative changes

here's our conception of this gadget

called Dynabook also designed to be used in the graph

we don't have to worry about what's

in it it suffice it to say that we designed

the outside package first we

want it to be no larger than a standard

notebook it's about nine by twelve and

we try to make

these specifications for it stylistic once once

it had to do with the kind of quality that we wanted with

the idea that we would try to beat the

technology needs to

be beaten totally in the submission in order to fulfill

the inside of the gadget and that in fact is what we

are doing so the idea here is

the only idea here is that

it's supposed to

be something like active paper okay

and it's not supposed to be worse than paper

in any reasonable way one of the problems

with modern technology they always come up with something worse

we wanted to be able to handle

things dynamically rather than statically

the way paper did but it had no at no

real loss and quality so basically

display in which you can see things you can think of as being like

a television display means for

entering things that has a you can barely see it away

for entering drawings and it has a removable hunk

of storage that will store one 500

page book okay or million characters runs

on batteries and you can carry it with its portable by my definition

of portability okay which is that

you can carry something else too

well tell you

what you can do with it in order

to check out a few things we decided to simulate it using

current computer technology so everything

oing to see from now on and everything all the pictures in the paper are

actual photographs taken

at our lab okay the simulation is in

some sense a real simulation

okay here's an example of the

kind of display for text now

because this is an active medium we can have any font

that we want in text files

for instance we have almost all of this book

typed in we can look at this

piece of text using

any font the we that we wish and Fox of

course have a great cloth coat so it goes goes on

and on about

why you should be able to read from the

from it so here's

the the old character generator

as it was known and

just for reference here is

making a capital to the 20

point Lydian cursive font and

the page of text and the Lydian cursive back then

look like this so it actually compares

quite favorably with anything today

we overdid practically everything i scary

Stark withers first laser printer ever ran

at a page a second at 500 pixels to

the inch as a wonderful

story as he tells it he

needed to get some sort of laser printer from Xerox and

the only ones that they weren't selling back then happened

to be the page a second one and the racks

3600 and he tried to slow it down but mechanically

and inertia wise it was just set up to run at one speed

so he had to speed up the laser so

he could actually so he actually the

first thing ever had a 24,000 rpm

rotating mirror and laser

is beautiful this this machine is

beautiful

okay another thing we're thinking about I'm

gonna have to go a little bit faster now the other thing we're thinking about

is psychological models again

this deeply because I've talked about before Piaget

has a stage theory you go through a kinesthetic

stage you have an iconic stage where

there's more water in the tall glass and later

on around the age of

13 or 14 you enter a symbolic phase where

ason or at least in swiss-french children of

that age no

evidence that American teenagers ever achieve

this stage

still perhaps the greatest single

book ever written on this stuff having

everything to do with the way people learn is

Jerome Brunner's towards a theory of instruction

on October

13th I'm

going to be attending drum burners 80th birthday party in

New York City

this is one of the this is just a

book and he's a great writer as

many wonderful things most of the deep

insights we got about designing user interfaces

came one way or another from this book

so his experiment was to take the kid who said

there was more water in the tall glass and

to put a shield and

discovered to his surprise that the kid changed his mind

said as soon as you prevented the kid from looking at

say oh another there can't be more waters

and what he would do is then

take it away and the kid says no there's more

water put it in there the kid says no there

can't be more water so if you have any six-year-olds you want to torment

so

burners one of burners many conclusions

was that the Piaget way of thinking

about things did indeed have some stage dependence

to it but much more importantly that these mentalities

our separate ways of thinking it's not a

metamorphosis like a caterpillar into a butterfly it's

multiple ways of knowing the world they're

operating at the same time and the development

of children tends to turn on the

dominance in this order but in fact by various

can show that the other ones are there you can make use of them and

that if you think about it for user interface

of the most powerful ideas to think about because the stage

theory doesn't help you much it kind of says you should wind

up with ms-dos if they're over 14 but

in fact if you

look at Brenner's idea it says wow you

should try and get synergy between these different ways of

knowing the world people know the world simultaneously in more

than one way they can remember and so forth in

more than one way so for instance everybody here

has had the experience of being able to remember a route better

if they were the one just driving the car rather than if they're a passenger

everybody here has has the experience of clicking

from one channel to another on cable

TV into a movie they haven't seen for 20 years and

being able to recognize that movie in just a couple of seconds right

ok these are properties of

these different mentalities and they're quite

incredible and can be exploited so

we were thinking about this stuff back then

iconic thinking burners

middle stage so here's

an easy one that the area of the triangle is 1/2

the base times the height but if

you combine it with a little bit of logic you

it's general for any triangle because you can divide things

up this is the power of Greek thought

he Greeks realized you could take things apart and

put them back together again and you could by simply

the triangle in half you could get two cases and therefore

the rule had to be general

fact

many of these Dave Dave Smith's

remembers all of these things we used to

look at so the iconic ways

thinking about addition and multiplication or

a plus B times a plus D

iconic Lee is quite beautiful as well

here's

a different proof of

Pythagoras theorem which is even nicer than the one that we

used to think about back then because it

says here's the triangle here's the C squared

and look we can put four more three

more triangles in there to make this larger thing and

it looks like there's just enough room for the a squared

and the B squared plus the four triangles bingo

that's what iconic proofs are like and they're wonderful

notice that one of the problems with the iconic proof

is it doesn't tell you why this whole just shows

you that it does that's actually an

incredible much more subtle thing to

try and understand why trying right triangles have to have

property besides just understanding that they do

subtle difference between iconic and

symbolic ways of thinking so early

on we started thinking

about we have to retreat from

symbolic language down to the

iconic down to the kinesthetic because there's a lot of good

stuff down here it's our first

essays at user interface design we're

saying let's let's explore this down

here more the more right-brain or more Bruner

type mentality way of thinking

here's a great book jacques

hadamard psychology of invention in the mathematical field

showed that most of the great mathematicians and

physicists of the world did most of their thinking in terms of

visualizations and

about 30% of them you actually use kinesthetic

sensations Fineman wasn't included in this

by an oversight but he

were two of the most interesting ones that actually used

their body in very strong ways for thinking

about things

we looked

at a programming language called ambit G this

is a bubble sort done as

kind of pattern matching diagrams against data

structures I didn't know Dave Smith was going to be here

but here's what he did if Dave remembers it

of an iconic bubble sort

so the idea

if what he did here is to combine the four and the after

into one diagram where the

before links are

ones and the after ones are the heavy ones and

there's a single comparison in here so the idea is that this holds remember

this so

the whole diet if this whole diagram is is true

then you do what the what's

the the fat

links tell you to tell you to do and that we did actually

quite a number of programs doing

this stuff I'm just

going to skip this the realization that there's more than

one kind of programming language and here's a another metaphor that

you can do beautiful things

in each architecture but the scale

that you can work in depends a lot on what the actual premises

of the architecture are so the Greeks built beautiful buildings because

post and lintels but you could not make them very big Gothic

cathedrals have very similar amount

of material to the Parthenon they're basically

made out of air but you can

make them huge because you have this notion of the vaulted arch and the

flying buttress and of course a geodesic dome you

can cover all the cathedrals made on this earth with

the same amount of steel because steel is more

powerful under tension than it is under compression

Chuck

Thacker

so this came about remember

I told you that the our little mini con thing got turned down by

executive X and turned out that

and Thacker wanted to do it for me anyway so they snuck over

in September 72

and this is what Thacker

said do you have any money and I said well yeah I have about

two hundred and thirty thousand dollars that

o use to make it a couple of these things out of these

and they said well how would you like us to make your little machine for

you and he said I'd like it and

I said what is it and he said

well you want a kiddie comp

that works like a Dynabook I want to build a ten

times faster data general Nova 800

want one that runs at 80 nanoseconds and Butler wants

a $500 pdp-10 so

let's let's do a first shot at that so

he gave them we gave them all the

examples that we had

done and another

thing that here's Dan Ingalls another

thing that happens is we had an argument

in the hall about how powerful you could make programming

languages and I said Oh half

a page half a page you can do the most powerful programming

language in the world because I knew about Lisp and they

said put up or shut up so of course I didn't show them

Lisp I sat down it's been a couple of weeks working out

the actual first evaluator in

itself for small talk and they came out to about a half a

half a page so the

small talk that we got was actually not anything like Dave will remember

was not anything like what we were planning on doing it was just

accident it just happened as

the result of this debt and everything

would have been alright except dan implemented it

in fact when I got back

from that trip where I showed the the video he

already had a version of the thing work to the course he only had

to take a half page description and

he wrote about 700 lines of code on

one of the many computers there and all of a sudden we

had a working small talk and once you have a working language you

just really want to write code in it and it

derailed things although it was the language that they wrote

his thesis in eventually but it actually kind of derailed

what the research was to just have this thing around

on the other hand is probably because we don't

whether the research would have been successful if Dan haven't done this

so maybe I wouldn't be here talking to

you if Dan hadn't decided to implement this

thing because small talk might have been the most interesting thing that we wound

up doing we will never know meanwhile

Thacker had a bet he

bet a case of champagne with bill vidiq it

was a Xerox executive that you could do a real system

in just three months so he started the alto

on November 22nd 1972 and

around April Fool's Day and

1973 the alto started working

one person two

technicians and Ed macwrite did the disc

drivers on the thing so that

genius he could just throw stuff at the wall and it would

fall down machine

so the first picture ever shown on the alto

was this clicking monster which

we done as part of our drawing

experiments and now I

should show what the only just play the next

tape here

ight

of a fabless didn't get Tron

kept changing that change the next one please

just try and show

you some of the things we were doing back

then so while he's changing the thing

one of the summary things I could say here

about this project is the thing

that was really great about this project was that we

didn't have a huge plan but

we did have a huge vision what

I mean by vision is like the how

do you do a plan the best way you write down all the things that

should be and then you erase them and try and smell the perfume

that's left because if you write down all

that should be and then try to do those things you

lose why because you don't haven't learned anything yet

this is why people who do things the plans

usually don't do very interesting things much

better way to do it is to set do

all the writing but set

the direction and you something

much better will happen and I think during

these five years just one thing

after another that got done just turned out beautifully because

there wasn't any we never had to justify the

stuff we weren't spending an enormous amount of

money but on the other hand we didn't have to explain stuff

we couldn't have explained we

couldn't exactly because it was all aesthetic there's some

I mean to the part of the reason for

doing a small talk was just how beautiful it was to

do something that was completely this way let's see what this

yeah so here's the alto

playroom this is the

alcove synthesizing music

the alto could do 12 voices in real time

like a podium all by itself

bottle 33 dispatch

here's the alto animation

I think about that in reference

to what you've seen on machines today

this

is a system done by a child here fifteen

year old the CAD

system I mean because did

you

[Music]

okay stop

okay change the tape please

so

we built a zillion Altos

we connected them with Ethernet

we built five or six pages

econd laser printers and put them on as servers we use the

Altos to construct a file system

that's now today called client-server although

I think we should realize the client-server is actually

a bad model Pierre Pierre is what you really want you

want to have equally powered machines the altar was so

powerful it's the inter inter engine back then was about

a six smith machine you have to realize in

1972 so it was about a factor of 50 more

than you got as somebody logging into a time

sharing system that was me in such an enormous

difference i week today

when I see people trying to develop code that's supposed

to run in the future on today's machines you have to do

so much optimization but we made it because

Alto we didn't have to optimize it all for the first few

years we just wrote the simplest code to try out the

and we're able to iterate and iterate and iterate

and iterate how many people here know of

Paul MacCready and the gossamer Condor

okay here's an interesting story

MacCready never intended to win the Kramer

prize but it happened his brother-in-law had

gotten into $100,000 in debt which McCready

decided to assume and

so all of a sudden McCready was a hundred thousand in the hole he's

driving through Arizona watching a hawk circling

in the sky he suddenly realized that the current rate of exchange

the Kramer the forty

thousand pound Kramer prize for man-powered flight was

exactly 100 thousand dollars

and so as he was driving

along he started thinking about gee I could pay off

his debt if I could win this right now it happened that there's probably

nobody had won this prize for 45 years many

groups large industrial groups had tried over

the years McCready won it within six months of

when he from that realization in the desert

how because he realized

that the biggest problem that the way everybody

else had done it is that they would build an aircraft have

a crash and then spend another six or eight

months rebuilding the aircraft these aircraft are incredibly

elaborate he said what we need is an aircraft that

we can have ten crashes a day now

built one that you could actually fix with scotch tape

it was just made out of mylar in a couple of aluminum

spars and the things started working within

first couple of weeks and within six months he'd won the prize and

we should something we should all think about that beyond

a pertinent beyond a certain level we simply

cannot plan our systems they are smarter

than we are but we have to negotiate with them so

build a system we can't negotiate with and it

gets beyond a certain size we debt here's

a couple more things

from back then so here's the way

kids programming we got them to make a couple of

boxes each of them

instance of class box one is called Joe and one is called Jill

and they're both animating separately and

it gives the kids the idea that you can

have multiple enemy and entities of the same type

here's

what the first small talk class is Marian

Goldeen now one of things that that

is kind of of interest that people here's the

first application she did which was actually

a painting program you'll see she built this

after about I'd

say about a month she had seen some of our

painting program so she decided she would do one of her own so she'd see

she picked up a square brush from the brush

menu up there that she made this

whole thing she has a

different shape there so this is the first known that

we know a person own example of a tool being

done by a child what we call an application today

was done by this 12 year old girl I

should mention for those of you are interested in that in

the 70s because there wasn't anything

about computing the girls were just as interested any of

this boy

this

is next year of completing the class

now 13

and here's

what one of her students did which is something

more like Mack draw now instead of a painting system it's actually

an object-oriented illustration system

so there's a menu down

the menus saying Grosso

is that she's going to make it grow smaller going

move the thing so each one of these things has

its own object identity and each one of them is

made for doing polygons so there's a selection handle

twelve-year-old girl it was a girl by name of Susan Hammett

did this and now

she's going to make it real small and give it a lot of sides so

she'll get a circle

change

the color now she's going to

make a bunch of these to make a truck

so this is a very imposing Aalto that

dick shout did around 1975

so here's more of but

the alto animation stuff was done by

Steve Purcell and it could animate about

a hundred and twenty square inches of graphics at ten frames a

second which is very respectable even today was done

much nicer this machine had double buffering

built into it which is what you know anything about animation

trying to do it on today's machines without animation is

kind of silly here's a here's a system

that some professional animators plus ron becker

did this is about five pages

of small talk so

the cell window is over there the animation window is

here and what he's going to do is now give this

ball that he just drew a path to follow

so it's

following the path now he gets goes

into the iconic menu here and picks up the

step now he's single steps it what

he wants to do is to get to the bottom because

the way if you know anything about animation

the the basic technique is called stretch and squash

so we want to do is to make a squashed

form of the ball down here and

furthermore he wants to do it while the animation is running

something that's quite disappointing about the animation

system today is you have to do this stuff and then run

but notice what he's doing he has another transparent cell

overlapped on that one so he's not

picture he's drawing a separate picture but he's using it as a reference

and notice it's being inserted

in there and now he has to put in the

specular reflection in order to get the

animation effect to work

so

this system was done over a single summer is about a five-page

here's

a movie name called gallic here's

a twelve-year-old girl yet another one it's a horse

galloping so she did a galloping horse in

this animation write a program that has the

horse scalp and the cross escape the

n

she added a feature to this adult program

which is to be able to take any

two things and combine them in

your single camera jockey I

can simply pose the jockey

on horse

to make a racial

then

it becomes a single object to be animated

now I can have the

jockey and the horse run across

the screen screaming by making another program

okay so we're getting the

making progress here so just a couple of other quick

things here's a wysiwyg

retrieval system you

fill in the blanks and it

produces what the early window system looks like

here's a an

early slightly

later version of the window system I think around 1975

multiple

fonts here's an early version of the

browser

browser for debugging this is probably

around 1977 or 78 this is a small

talk 76 thing this was designed by Larry Tesler

here's an

early desktop publishing system called the galley editor

and one of the things you might notice this

doing today this is these are embedded objects

when you put the mouse into one of them it

pops up a halo of its iconic menu

so each one of these things is a different

this is a component based system you can put

any kind of thing in there and it simply it's

like open dock it's like open dock

so that was a nice really nice system

oh no

what happened I need

the other slide tray I'm almost done I

appreciate your patience because when I laid

thing out I found it extremely difficult to

tell a story that was somewhat

like what happened to give you a flavor what

it was like to do this stuff and realizing

that there's a limit to people's patience of

listening to this stuff and looking

at it maybe it's while he's changing

well maybe he's already done it

let's try

oh I know what he's having problems with

now how these slide things work you have to push down the

thing to get to zero or

they once did

yeah so

here's a here's a multiple view system

done by trig V rain Scout this is a planner

I think it's the first one ever done really that

could show you so this is a pert chart

at the top I think a Gantt chart

here a

sequence list here and a

interested this is done by a guy who was one

of the designers of the Norwegian ship building

system and so this is I think the

first sophisticated multiple and you see that's the problem

with Windows the way they're used today is they almost

never use to give alternate views of things simultaneously but

that's the whole goddamn idea is to be able

to look at the same thing in different ways so you can understand it

there's one of the really disappointing things in the

commercialization of this stuff that people were so paper

centric when they went at it

so the slogan for doing the user interface

is this is Bruner's progression kinesthetic

iconic symbolic doing with images make

symbols that everything is rooted in

doing and

this general theory

of user interface which is kind of wide

widely spreads as well you want to do things

with your body in various ways and having

a kinesthetic feedback on the mouse of even better

icons for the reason we're talking about

and you need to have some sort of scripting language underneath

for symbolic underpinning and we

realized that the retreat

back to the iconic and the kinesthetic was

only half the story because the other half is

you want to go this direction as well you want

to recapitulate childhood you want to learn by touching things

eeing but in you can't escape

the need for abstract renderings

of your ideas is very very hard for

instance to make

the argument in Tom Paine common sense

using stained glass windows think

about it it just doesn't work television

is no good for this either so

some very very important arguments need symbolic

renderings in order to in order to actually

work and so here's the whole user

interface idea and so in the dust

settled around 1974

7576 we have this

complete system which of course Xerox turned down

as a as a product idea

but that's a different story it's not the story of

and of course we had

to take the Altos out to schools and it turned out

we had to steal the first three Altos out of Xerox PARC

because in by the time it came time to take

the Altos out into the schools Xerox didn't want us to take the

Altos out of the building anymore so Steve

wire and I loaded several of them a

guard had never seen anybody steal a computer

before so instead

underhanded about we simply put the things on trucks and

the old station where I can put them on there it's very easy

then we built this

machine this is 1978 now this

a note-taker this machine has three

8086 ins in it and a small talk

that now runs in under

basically had 512 K memory and

several people dug Fairbairn

here who did it Larry Tesler and

I and I think a couple about it we build about

ten of these machines had the experience of using them at

least once in an airport

they weighed a fair amount and

so these were the machines

that we actually hoped that Xerox would put

out machine

kind of look kind of like an Osborn don't they except they're about five

years earlier a very nice

machine actually so

I think it's a good

place to end with question about the Dynabook is

there still a use a reason

for the Dynabook now that we've had commercialization

personal computing has been a howling success

many people have made lots of money on it

hundreds of billions of people are using it and

I would say yeah the the worst

thing we could possibly do

here is to

continue the trend of just trying to stuff

desktop computers into these things we know

these are going to get down to a couple of pounds very

very shortly but the problem is they're never going to be a Dynabook

unless their major reason

for being is to help people to think

they're right so having a printing press is not

fulfilled if all you print is comic books all

your print is pornography if all your print is money

we're in a printing press was fulfilled by

printing things like

this and things like this

is my favorite meta program the Constitution

of the United States think about it

you can put it on a single sheet of paper here

it's just a few tiny little papers

and it has been the controlling force for

a an organism made up of millions

and millions of mutually conflicting parts

and is not broken

for more than 200 years nobody

has ever built an organization that

complex and this and the only reason it

works is because this is not a set of laws but

a set of principles the only way

we can get people to understand this

is I believe is to have people

understand the difference between laws which

makers obviously don't because they keep on making them

this is case based reasoning of

the worst traditional society way of

doing things see the read why do I say that because you

know King Solomon was the wisest man in

the Bible and it even says why he knew more

than 3,000 proverbs the

way proverbs work if you come home from a trip and your

spouse is glad to see you then

the reason is absence made the heart grow fonder

but if you come home from a trip and your spouse

particularly glad to see you then what is the reason out

of sight out of mind so

oral societies obviously do not list their

Proverbs because they're almost societies

and proverbs are basically stories that

are evaluated the way stories are you never worry about that the movie

you see today contradicts the movie you saw last week that's

they're about they're about how good they are now

so this is not

a story and this

is not a story

now the problem is unless we learn these

other ways of thinking the ways of logic

and the ways of systems thinking our natural

biological tendencies are to grow up and tuck

in entirely in terms of a narrative television

reinforces growing up in terms of

a narrative and this isn't probably the most

disastrous thing that's happened because we are not only getting

lead meta evil eyes we are actually the

world is now descending back

to traditional societies and ways of thinking about

things which is if a story is good

that's all I need to be convinced now

of course we don't want to get rid of this because

that would be going to a theater and never being able to see the

play right you just see people you'd never give

yourself over to this thing but think of the people who go

to the exact same format as

the theater called a political

rally music pageantry

fine words and give themselves over

to it that can't be right so

these ways of thinking about the world are incredibly

important to learn and to learn when we're

going to use one form of thinking or another and

I believe that the Seymour

Papert was right in the beginning that

the strongest ways of learning these new ways to think

these inventions of the Greeks and of

the 17th century people in the 19th

century people of 20th century people are to actually be

able to build things using each of these ways

knowing the world so from that standpoint I

think the world is more desperately in need of a dining

than ever and one

of things that be fun to see in the next few years is

hardware of the Dynabook because that was a lead-pipe

cinch from Moore's law 30 years ago

but to actually see the software the

Dynabook actually needs thank

[Applause]

Difference between revisions of "Dynabook - The Complete Story"

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@@ Line 5: / Line 5: @@
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 }}
+<subtitle id="0:0:46">again</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:0:49"> welcome to this program this is one of our occasional</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:0:52"> series of Bay Area Computer History perspectives</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:0:55"> I'm Peter Newark say from Sun and also</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:0:58"> organizing the program is Jeanne treichel also from some apps</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:1:1"> Jeanne could send up a moment yep away we have done</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:1:4"> so Jeanne and I appreciate any</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:1:7"> no suggestions for future programs the next program in the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:1:10"> series will be October October 24th</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:1:13"> Neil's Neil from that s RI talking about shaky</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:1:16"> major contribution from the Bay Area</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:1:19"> to robotic history so our past</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:1:22"> programs have often been in the form of panel presentations</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:1:25"> is your Ethernet for example but</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:1:28"> on the subject tonight Dynabook it's pretty clear</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:1:31">eally one person to talk about it and that's Alan</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:1:34"> Kay and Alan is going to talk to aside</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:1:37"> thank you very much Alex</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:1:43">well</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:1:46">one</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:1:49"> of the things they're enough people with gray here</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:1:52"> in the audience so that I can't lie</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:1:55"> as much as I usually do when I tell this story</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:1:58"></subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:2:1"> the other thing is a couple years ago</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:2:4"> I wrote a fairly extensive history</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:2:7"> of small talk which is published as</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:2:10"> a preprint in the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:2:13"> sig plan as</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:2:16"> part of the hopeful to proceedings going to be</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:2:19"> in a book sometimes we have some in our office</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:2:22"> I'm going to leave one with Peter and Jeannie and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:2:25"> it's more detailed well</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:2:28"> it's more much more about small talk than</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:2:31"> the Dinah books it has that story in</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:2:34"> there it's more detailed and I can cover tonight</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:2:37"> one of the things I discovered when I wrote this</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:2:40"> is it is simply not possible to tell the truth when you're doing</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:2:43"> a history</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:2:46"> even though there are about 50,000 words in</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:2:49"> it I had to leave out I apologize in</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:2:52"> the beginning for how many things I left out I also</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:2:55"> found myself leaving out enormous</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:2:58"> number really juicy and very</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:3:1"> funny stories just because the page</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:3:4"> limit was getting longer and longer and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:3:7"> longer and it was impossible to</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:3:10"> express even in this longer thing</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:3:13"> all the different intellectual debts and so forth</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:3:16"> and again tonight the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:3:19"> stories that I tell you can't possibly be the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:3:22"> truth and a lot</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:3:25"> is going to be emitted and however</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:3:28"> some people in the audience might help my</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:3:31"> recollection on a couple of cases</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:3:34"> that case I'm showing early signs</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:3:37">Alzheimer's on just that although turns out that Alzheimer's</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:3:40"> is okay for one of these things because</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:3:43">remember the stuff that happened earlier quite in detail</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:3:46"> so I think I</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:3:49"> think I do remember that now</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:3:52"> what I'm going to do is I was</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:3:55"> originally asked to recapitulate the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:3:58">talk I</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:4:1"> gave at hopeful but that</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:4:4">really intended to be supplemented by the by</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:4:7"> the paper which many of you have not</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:4:10"> read so I've done a different talk and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:4:13"> I'm going to move through it as quickly as</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:4:16"> I possibly can if I don't degress too much we</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:4:19"> might get done more or less on time if I do degress</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:4:22"> then we'll probably</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:4:25"> time will run out before I ever get</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:4:28"> to the invention of the Dynabook we'll see</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:4:31"> so</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:4:34"> let's see I'm going to have</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:4:37"> a flat screen display here which is for controlling</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:4:40"> the video but I don't see how to control the slides okay</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:4:43">alright</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:4:46"> I have to go to another pillow okay</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:4:49"> this</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:4:52"> is a mode full user interface</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:4:58">okay slide projector</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:5:1"> on</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:5:4"> first one to go forward</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:5:7"> get okay goes fast forward I</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:5:10"> don't want to go okay so</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:5:13"> the context for this the other thing I found out</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:5:16"> in preparing this</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:5:19"> talk is a lot of my best explanations came</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:5:22"> post facto this is partly because</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:5:25"> we found it extremely difficult to explain these</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:5:28"> ideas to Xerox and over</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:5:31"> the years I found better examples</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:5:34"> however in order to keep this historical I want</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:5:37"> to try and stick pretty much with what</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:5:40"> we're thinking at the time and so I've</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:5:43"> left out some of some of the better ways of explaining</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:5:46">this stuff but I think there's enough context now this is after</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:5:49"> all let's see 27 or</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:5:52"> 28 years later there's</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:5:55">context so it shouldn't matter but I want to have set</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:5:58"> up one piece of context which in fact we did think about</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:6:1"> back then although we didn't completely</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:6:4"> realize that we were doing it ourselves was</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:6:7"> much more when we're thinking about how to help kids be creative</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:6:10"> and that is an idea from Arthur kessler's</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:6:13">creation which is written written in the mid-60s and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:6:16"> one of his models of the creative act</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:6:19"> is that we tend to think in context</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:6:22"> the context here is pink and here's</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:6:25"> a train of thoughts working in</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:6:28">through the pink you can think of the pink as a paradigm to</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:6:31"> give us a goldfish bowl you can think of as a box whatever</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:6:34"> you like but the idea is that</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:6:37"> there seem to be constraints in</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:6:40">human mind to keep you thinking about one reality</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:6:43"> at a time and so when you have</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:6:46"> little deviant thoughts</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:6:49"> little blue thoughts they get</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:6:52">immediately you go back to</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:6:55"> pink thinking but every once in a while maybe</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:6:58"> when you're in a hot tub taking a shower out jogging</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:7:1">something one of these blue thoughts breaks through and all</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:7:4"> of a sudden you see that this pink thing that you</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:7:7">thinking about is really a blue thing</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:7:10"> and moreover it's much more interesting</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:7:13"> as a blue thing than it was as a pink thing so this</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:7:16"> is what Kessler calls by association the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:7:19"> colliding of two contexts usually</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:7:22"> by analogy or metaphor and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:7:25"> of course 90% of them are really</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:7:28"> bad ideas most ideas are</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:7:31"> bad but if you</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:7:34"> can filter these this is the way a lot</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:7:37"> of creative acts get done and Kessler pointed out that</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:7:40">hree basic emotional reactions to doing this if</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:7:43"> you're telling a joke it's hahaha</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:7:46"> you're doing science it's a ha and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:7:49"> if it's art it's off</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:7:52"> because as he points out a joke</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:7:55"> is leading somebody down a garden path</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:7:58"> and then realizing it was about something else all along</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:8:1"> and science has the same</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:8:4"> thing we often feel that the ideas are all</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:8:7">can't see them because they're transparent</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:8:10"> to the context that we're in and of course art is</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:8:13"> again being able to see one thing as something</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:8:16"> else in a more powerful way so</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:8:19"> the context for this is that I think</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:8:22"> in most of these talks</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:8:25"> you'll hear people talking about things that they've done it</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:8:28"> will they'll fall into these patterns you know we are</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:8:31">looking at it this way and all of a sudden you see it something else and that</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:8:34"> gives us a new insight and new energy</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:8:37"> and of course one of the things</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:8:40"> not that this group needs this but it's</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:8:43"> amazing how much being</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:8:46"> generally well educated helps</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:8:49"> because if you're only thinking about pink if</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:8:52">pink things in your brain is really hard to get blue</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:8:55"> ideas one of the problems with Silicon</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:8:58"> Valley engineers is they're too good at what they do and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:9:1"> so they spend all of their time optimizing in the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:9:4"> only context that they've learned so</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:9:7"> you see super optimization is</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:9:10"> not particularly a creative act by Tesla's model</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:9:13"> so thinking about other things we</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:9:16"> reverse some of the most unusual things</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:9:19">Dave Smith who's sitting in front found himself</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:9:22"> I think to his great surprise reading</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:9:25"> books by Ernst Gombrich one</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:9:28"> called art and illusion which is about</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:9:31"> theories of artistic perception doing</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:9:34"> a computer science thesis at Stanford</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:9:37"> and that wasn't the most unusual book that I read</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:9:40"> so</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:9:43"> the the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:9:46"> genesis of all this stuff is Memex</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:9:49"> this is a picture from this the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:9:52"> Life magazine version</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:9:55"> of this article written by Bush fan</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:9:58"> of our Bush 50 years ago</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:10:1">there's by the way for those of you were interested on October</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:10:4"> 12th and 13th at MIT</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:10:7"> there's a 50-year celebration for</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:10:10"> Bush and a lot of people who are interested</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:10:13"> in mimicks</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:10:16"> and linking of information angle Bart will be there and so forth are</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:10:19"> showing up to commemorate Bush's vision and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:10:22"> as you see in this in this drawing</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:10:25"> the idea was he said</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:10:28"> not too far in the future people will have in their</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:10:31"> homes a desk that has inside of it about</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:10:34"> five to ten thousand volumes worth of books held</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:10:37"> on an optical storage</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:10:40"> that there will be screens</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:10:43"> for viewing it there'll be ways for putting in information and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:10:46"> drawing in information ways for searching it and most</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:10:49"> importantly there'll be ways for linking the information using</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:10:52">calls called halves he said</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:10:55"> there'll be profession called pathfinders and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:10:58"> pathfinders will make interesting connections</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:11:1"> between knowledge and cell lows you can add</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:11:4"> them to your mimics as you go along now</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:11:7"> I was five years old in 1945 so</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:11:10"> I missed this particular article</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:11:13"> although I did read Life magazine back then but</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:11:16"> ankle Bart was in the Navy in the Pacific</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:11:19"> and did see</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:11:22"> this he was in Guam or something and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:11:25"> it started a train of thought that for him gradually</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:11:28"> culminated in setting up a project to actually</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:11:31">I'll return to that in a minute I</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:11:34"> found out about it when I was about 14 or 15 because</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:11:37"> Robert Heinlein like to use generic</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:11:40"> names so</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:11:43">would take something that's capitalized like Memex and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:11:46"> he would uncapitalized it and use it as</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:11:49"> a generic term used in the future as</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:11:52">a descriptive term so he would you say something like so-and-so</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:11:55"> used his Memex to do blah blah and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:11:58"> Heinlein was very reliable about this</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:12:1"> and so I discovered early on if I actually looked up</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:12:4"> these uses of these things there would be something</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:12:7"> in somebody had done something that</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:12:10"> gave him this idea so</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:12:13"> he would give brand names to things and if you look up the brand names</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:12:16"> at Heinlein use you would discover somebody had had</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:12:19"> invented a precursor technology that Heinlein hit</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:12:22">so that's how I found that science fiction is very useful especially</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:12:25"> back back in the old days when they actually wrote about science</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:12:28"> so</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:12:31"> fast forward to around</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:12:34"> 1962 here's Ivan someone</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:12:37"> sitting at the console of a computer tx2</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:12:40"> the size of this room and I think this is</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:12:43">believe isn't a genie that Ivan gave his talks are</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:12:46"> not going to say too much about sketchpad I</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:12:49"> didn't know about sketchpad at the time although I'd</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:12:52">started programming for the air force the year</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:12:55"> earlier and I'm going to show</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:12:58"> you what you see on</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:13:1"> the screen there is Ivan has drawn a bridge in and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:13:4"> sketchpad was peculiar even</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:13:7"> by today's standards in that you</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:13:10"> could attach meaning to every element of a drawing and sketchpad</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:13:13"> would attempt to synthesize all of the meanings of</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:13:16"> the parts into one grand</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:13:19"> simulation and the simulation was</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:13:22"> dynamic if it was under constraint so if</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:13:25">you drew if you drew a linkage in with sketchpad and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:13:28"> the linkage was not completely constrained</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:13:31"> to be still the constraint solver</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:13:34"> and sketchpad would actually iterate its way around through the degrees</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:13:37"> of freedom not unlike the way a Prolog program</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:13:40"> will give you all the all of the answers for</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:13:43"> a particular retrieval but</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:13:46"> the one of the really interesting elements</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:13:49"> of sketchpad and we may not talk about</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:13:52">it too much further depending if I run out of time or</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:13:55"> not is that sketchpad</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:13:58"> had</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:14:1"> a peculiar another peculiar notion which</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:14:4">is that you didn't have to be exactly right in</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:14:7"> order to be interesting so the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:14:10">constraint solvers in this were not symbolic constraints</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:14:13"> Altis they weren't performing logical</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:14:16"> operations but they're actually performing various kinds</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:14:19"> of arithmetic operations and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:14:22"> fit operation so here's</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:14:25"> a here's an example of the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:14:28"> view go ahead</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:14:31"> go over here hit</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:14:34"> play and see what happens</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:14:40">okay I'm worried now</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:14:43"> so somebody well</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:14:46"> I hope it should be warm</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:15:1">of course this thing is playing away and it</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:15:4"> doesn't showing maybe</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:15:7"></subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:15:10"> yeah okay so let me run just back</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:15:25">in technology wonderful now it's</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:15:28"> blanking on me and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:15:31"> try to rewind a little bit</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:15:34">yeah Oh</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:15:37"> another mode</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:15:40"> okay</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:15:43"> so</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:15:46">as</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:15:49"> the Marvel it's moving to watch I'm just going to show you one small</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:16:1">I don't</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:16:4"> know what it's doing really</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:16:7">okay he's drawing yeah</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:16:10"> drawing a rivet here and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:16:13"> one of things you can do is</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:16:16">point you just told the constraint solver to go on</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:16:19"> and to line things up and the center of the circle</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:16:22"> oh boy</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:16:25"> now he's going to distort the thing and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:16:28"> we turns on the solver</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:16:31"> again the solver will line it up so it's symmetric</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:16:34"> the center of the arch is the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:16:37"> center of the cross piece the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:16:40"> idea of a sketchpad is you put in generally what the thing is</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:16:43"> give it some additional rules that characterize</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:16:46"> the particular drawing you're trying to make those</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:16:49">ither have to do with the form of the thing but also can</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:16:52"> have to do with the meaning of the thing and here's</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:16:55"> another interesting thing about sketch pad</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:16:58"> this is by the way before</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:17:1"> there were real computer display so every dot is being</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:17:4"> put up here by brute force by the TX to</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:17:7">the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:17:10"> nice thing about those old calligraphic displays is you got</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:17:13"> even real time scale</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:17:16"> changes which is still hard to come by on</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:17:19"> on current day machine so it's too</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:17:22"> bad and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:17:25"> now you can get a few more rivets</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:17:37">and now it's fun is he goes to the master drawing</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:17:40"> says I better get rid of those cross pieces so I'll make them transparent</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:17:43"> and lo and behold when we go</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:17:46"> to the drawing all rivets</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:17:49">o this is actually the first object-oriented software</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:17:52"> system and really</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:17:55"> strong glory and anything that</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:17:58">you make out of it is in turn a master drawing</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:18:4">so here's he's made</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:18:7"> the rivet in the flange a master</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:18:10"> and now</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:18:13"> he's making instances from those okay</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:18:16"> so I have to go put it out of its misery here okay</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:18:19"> we can change the change to the next tape</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:18:22"> so sketchpad had</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:18:25"> three really amazing</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:18:28"> planners</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:18:37">there's</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:18:40"> Ivan three amazing is what</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:18:43"> people look like back then</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:18:46"></subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:18:49"> so once said to Ivan in</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:18:52"> one year almost entirely</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:18:55"> by yourself you created the first real interactive</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:18:58"> graphics program first system with a window if you're noticing</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:19:1">it has a clipping window and the drawings on our much larger</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:19:4"> screen the first object-oriented software</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:19:7"> system and the first real-time</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:19:10"> problem-solving system you can even call it</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:19:13"> an AI system I said how did you do</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:19:16"> this and he said well you know it was hard he</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:19:19"> actually in his faces here is</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:19:22"> quite apologetic if anybody how many people here read</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:19:25"> this what's amazing</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:19:28"> about reading this thing besides how great it is still today is how</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:19:31"> apologetic he is it doesn't do more</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:19:34">this is why it's not good</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:19:37">closely into the future you might get discouraged</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:19:40"> okay another</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:19:43"> thing that was happening right at the same time is the first live</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:19:46"> vote for the first personal computer which is the link done</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:19:49"> by Wes Clark and Charlie Molnar here</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:19:52"> one of the design criteria is that it</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:19:55"> shouldn't loom over you so it's designed to</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:19:58">small and actually the first 20 people built their own they</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:20:1"> came spent a summer at Lincoln labs</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:20:4"> and the summer was actually learning about digital</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:20:7">electronics and the project they did was to build their own</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:20:10"> computer which they took back to them back with them to their lab</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:20:13"> about a somewhere between a thousand</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:20:16"> and two thousand of these machines were built in the in</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:20:19"> the 60s mostly for biomedical technicians</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:20:22"> these machines also</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:20:25"> influenced Dec tremendously for instance</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:20:28">drives at West invented for this machine if you look there looks</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:20:31"> like a deck tape but in fact deck tape was</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:20:34"> invented was originally called a link tape deck tapes</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:20:37"> just held files they were boring but link</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:20:40"> tapes actually held pages of the paging virtual</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:20:43">personal computer only</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:20:46"> had two K of 12 bit words on</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:20:49">a paging virtual memory on this tape and it was amazing</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:20:52"> what you could do with this machine is a beautiful machine designed</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:20:55"> to be taken care of by</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:20:58"> people in labs for themselves</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:21:1">have a very nice programming system in a beautiful little editor the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:21:4"> debugger on it was quite remarkable in that you instead</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:21:7"> of single stepping your program you single step</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:21:10"> the machine so the software and the hardware were</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:21:13"> such that you could actually slow the entire</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:21:16"> machine down as you move</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:21:19"> through to see what was actually going on beautiful</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:21:22"> machine so</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:21:25"> the other thing that happened around 1962</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:21:28"> was Advanced Research Projects</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:21:31"> Agency phased out of the space</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:21:34">business and had some money left over and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:21:37"> for various reasons all of them justified</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:21:40"> they like this guy Jack Lickliter</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:21:43"> known as Lick and decided</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:21:46"> to give him a bunch of money to do whatever he wanted</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:21:49"> and he was a psychologist and had</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:21:52"> been involved in some of the human factors design of the sage</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:21:55"> system in the 50s he is both a b b and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:21:58"> an at MIT and he decided that the destiny of personal</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:22:1"> computing was to be a complementary partner</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:22:4"> for human beings complementary</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:22:7">in the sense that not trying to do what a human does</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:22:10"> but to do things that humans don't do well in</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:22:13"> a very interactive way</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:22:16"> so he was one of the people who could</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:22:19"> extrapolate from pointing light guns</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:22:22"> at digitally produced radar screens</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:22:25"> to the idea that this thing might actually help</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:22:28"> people think and his phrase</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:22:31"> up there is in his one of his earliest papers</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:22:34"> in 1960 which is called man computer symbiosis was</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:22:37"> to think as no human has ever human</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:22:40"> being has thought has ever thought I guess he</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:22:43"> was a great guy and he</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:22:46"> came up with and they just died</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:22:49"> a few years ago and Nicholas Negroponte and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:22:52"> I are trying to raise money for a permanent</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:22:55">Licklider lectures at MIT</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:22:58"> so several ideas he had one</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:23:1">you shouldn't spend any time more time in Washington than</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:23:4"> you had to nobody</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:23:7"> sensible likes that place so he</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:23:10"> got the idea that you should only spend two</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:23:13"> years there and then he got the idea that</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:23:16"> the only people who should</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:23:19">article community should be people who came out of the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:23:22"> Arco community and that that person</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:23:25"> would spend one year as a as</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:23:28"> a deputy learning the job and then</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:23:31"> two years as a director so this is the stream</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:23:34"> of people who created the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:23:37"> funding that funded most of the technology that we have today</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:23:40"> how did I even get</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:23:43"> there well he got drafted not long after he did sketch</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:23:46"> pad and Lickliter did not want him to go to Vietnam</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:23:49"> so they pulled some strings and as a second lieutenant</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:23:52"> he was made head of ARPA at the age of 26</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:23:55"> that</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:23:58"> was one of the great moves of all time</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:24:1"> because I even you could even though each of these</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:24:4"> four guys are fantastic you could argue that Ivan was the greatest</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:24:7"> of the four of them because he was the youngest he</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:24:10"> was the most vitally interested in the input-output</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:24:13"> human interface part</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:24:16"> of the thing he was the person for instance who first funded Engelbart</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:24:19"> number of other things Taylor</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:24:22"> will meet him again a little bit later because he was one of the people who</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:24:25"> set up Jaques Park and Larry Roberts is</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:24:28"> best known for the for the ARPANET</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:24:31"> Larry Roberts was Ivan Sutherlands</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:24:34"> room late at Lincoln labs</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:24:37"> so here's the angel Bart</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:24:40"> a little bit</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:24:43">show in a couple of minutes on their show in Engelbart</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:24:46"> clip as I saw the system just</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:24:49"> not yet this is happened</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:24:52"> before I came on the scene then the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:25:1">n I was</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:25:4"> programming at the just trying to see what</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:25:7"> it looks like here I was programming at</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:25:10"> Air Training Command in the Air Force in the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:25:13"> early 60s and some</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:25:16"> unknown programmer came up with a great idea because</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:25:19"> back then didn't really have operating systems or</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:25:22"> the most places would build their own little</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:25:25">operating system to help them process back batch jobs and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:25:28"> something and Air Training Command had many different</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:25:31"> phases a lot of them had burrows</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:25:34">and somebody came up with this great idea for</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:25:37"> how to make data</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:25:40"> sensible to people and that</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:25:43"> is the following each record on one</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:25:46"> of the two twenties tapes was a long thing</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:25:49"> those tapes didn't move very fast back then could</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:25:52"> write long records on them and they're in</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:25:55">parts the first part were set of pointers back</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:25:58"> into the second part which were set of procedures</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:26:1"> that knew about the third part which</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:26:4"> were the set of data records okay</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:26:7"> and so the way you use these things so the operating system was minimal</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:26:10"> right all</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:26:13"> you have to do was to read this thing into the core</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:26:16"> memory of the Burroughs 220 and start</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:26:19"> jumping in direct vectoring</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:26:22"> in direct procedure called indirectly through these guys</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:26:25"> were into standard orders that had to do with</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:26:28"> reading and writing and finding out how many fields the data had</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:26:31"> these procedures knew how to give the answers that these</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:26:34"> and the behaviors that these guys did and the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:26:37"> cold mess here knew what to</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:26:40">down there which are never touched directly by</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:26:43"> anybody that a great idea don't</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:26:46"> you wish you had that on the internet I</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:26:49"> thought it was a pretty</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:26:52"> good idea never been able</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:26:55"> to find out who had this idea was there when I arrived</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:26:58"> in 1961 somebody had just done it and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:27:1"> it worked extremely well until</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:27:4"> the government decided everybody has the program in</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:27:7"> COBOL a few years later and then it</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:27:10"> got thrown out so this</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:27:13"> is my first I</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:27:16"> believe this antedates all</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:27:19"> other forms of abstract data types that</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:27:22"> I know about there's an early paper by Doug</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:27:25"> Ross that has some of these ideas from MIT I</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:27:28"> think this is a digital invention by somebody and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:27:31"> it certainly it's stuck in</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:27:34"> my mind the other thing</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:27:37"> that I learned there which I'm not going to try</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:27:40"> and explain is it just happened that the third machine I</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:27:43"> ever learned was the Burroughs be 5000 which</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:27:46"> is probably the greatest not probably it</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:27:49"> was was the greatest machine architecture ever</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:27:52"> designed I think</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:27:55"> 7 out of the 10 best software</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:27:58">thought up are in the hardware of this machine I</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:28:1"> will not try and explain with all of them are but it</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:28:4"> was basically a crash 'less machine is the first machine</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:28:7">to do what is known as capability addressing built into</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:28:10"> the hardware one of the first machines to have a stack the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:28:13"> first machine to have byte codes there's no there are no addresses</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:28:16">allowed in the code all the code is relocatable</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:28:19"> and in fact it was kind of an object-oriented</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:28:22"> machine although this was before people knew how to handle it that</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:28:25"> way it was actually done for Algol 57</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:28:28"> Algol 58 which on</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:28:31"> this machine was called Balga back then but</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:28:34">hey got around to building the machine Barton guy</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:28:37"> who designed to be 5,000 had</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:28:40"> designed the first moderate what</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:28:43">consider the first modern compiler which ran on the Bo's to 20</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:28:46"> and Knuth was one of the programmers of it</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:28:49"> why do I say modern I think everybody</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:28:52"> in here knows what I mean when I say pass and a half</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:28:55">compiler which is a compiler that streams once</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:28:58"> through the source code puts</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:29:1"> the in fix-up pointers as it goes and then as it finds out</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:29:4"> information about for references fixes those I mop the first</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:29:7"> one of those ran on the bar was 220 when Barton was designing</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:29:10"> it he realized that the intermediate</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:29:13"> output of the compiler was actually more</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:29:16">interesting than borrows 220 machine code so he thought about why</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:29:19"> not just design the machine to run the direct output</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:29:22"> of the compiler and forget about all this down</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:29:25"> below which had nothing to do with</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:29:28"> higher-level languages and I</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:29:31"> commend his paper to you I think</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:29:34">papers ever written in computer science called</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:29:37"> a new approach to the functional design of a digital computer</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:29:40"> Western joint computer conference</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:29:43"> 1961 it's only four</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:29:46"> pages long that gives the complete architecture of this system I should</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:29:49"> mention by the way you know hot Java is</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:29:52"> a hot thing now the virtual machine</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:29:55"> on the B 5000 is much better than Java</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:29:58"> and fact</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:30:1"> the all the virtual machines</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:30:4">we get at Xerox PARC were based on this particular architecture</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:30:7"> anybody who wants to do a good virtual machine shouldn't</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:30:10"> bill themselves of that information rather than just trying</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:30:13"> to roll their own</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:30:16"> here's another</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:30:19"> thing that I came across at 1965</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:30:22"> which is Gordon Moore's original graph</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:30:25"> saying what was going to happen to Silicon</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:30:28"> published in data nation 1965</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:30:31"> I read it while I was helping debug this</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:30:34"> infamous system called the chippewa operating system</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:30:37"> for the 6600 in seymour crazed lab</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:30:40"> was back when you still work for control data</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:30:43"> so this is I'm semi-log</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:30:46"> paper and first</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:30:49"> thing Moore did was just plot what</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:30:52">happening with integrated circuits from 1959</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:30:55"> up to 65 and notice that it was an</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:30:58"> exponential power of two every year and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:31:1"> started asking questions about what</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:31:4">would it be like if you could continue that and a few years later</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:31:7"> he did a more careful analysis and said well it's not going to be worse</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:31:10"> than a factor of two every two years that's this red line</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:31:13"> and here's the line for</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:31:16"> memory dynamic Ram memory</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:31:19"> as it started in about 1971 so</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:31:22">Gordon Moore on the basis of physical principles and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:31:25"> because he picked the right kind of silicon MOS silicon</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:31:28"> to look at this</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:31:31"> is what led many people astray because back in those days it</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:31:34"> was so slow that nobody would ever think of building a</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:31:37"> computer about it because it basically has it</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:31:40"> works like blowing up a balloon with buckets</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:31:43"> basically a capacitive based way</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:31:46"> of doing switching and so you have to put a lot of charge into</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:31:49"> an MOS transistor in order</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:31:52"> to get it to switch it took a long time but</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:31:55"> gordon moore looked at it in part by</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:31:58"> talking with him about it once in part just</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:32:1"> because it was so much simpler to make that than bipolar that he could actually</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:32:4"> do some math on it bipolars has like 14</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:32:7"> layers and it's very complicated but the mos</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:32:10"> he realized that the smaller you make an</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:32:13">transistor the faster is going to be able to switch and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:32:16"> so as a main question was how</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:32:19"> small can we make these guys and still hasn't be a transistor and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:32:22">answer back then was about 5000 electrons we're now</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:32:25"> getting close to so</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:32:28"> 5,000 electrons took his</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:32:31"> graph out to about 1995</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:32:34"> so this is one of the great thirty-year predictions of all</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:32:37"> time and of course everybody here knows that</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:32:40">did the other thing you need to do the to predict</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:32:43"> the future which is he helped invent it right</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:32:46"> the left fairchild is one of the founders</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:32:49"> of Intel and is worth a few billion that worth as much as Bill</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:32:52"> Gates but he's a few billion is is nothing</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:32:55"> to sneeze at okay</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:32:58"> so I have to tell you that when I</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:33:1"> first saw this it meant nothing to me because</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:33:4"> I was be bucking a machine that ran at</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:33:7"> 10 myths in 1965 and it required</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:33:10"> liquid freon cooling</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:33:13"> so there's no particular way</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:33:16">extrapolating</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:33:19"> at that time I found</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:33:22"> myself at Utah and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:33:25"> that Utah the first thing</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:33:28"> when you walk in a Dave Evans is office this is what he looked like is a</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:33:31">real friendly guy look before you even got a desk he</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:33:34"> had a pile of these things on it about this high</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:33:37"> so the first thing he would do is give</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:33:40">take this and we eat it so that</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:33:43"> and then you were supposed to come back and if you could</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:33:46">talk sensibly about it then he would give you a desk</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:33:49"> and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:33:52"> it happened on my desk was a pile</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:33:55"> of tapes and listings that was</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:33:58"> supposed to be the algal compiler for the UNIVAC</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:34:1"> 1108 at the university of utah had but</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:34:4"> in fact it turned out to be the first Simula</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:34:7"> system here's another guy I ran into now</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:34:10"> I made this really murky this is fact is</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:34:13"> not even a picture of Bob Barton because I</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:34:16"> think we have determined that cameras</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:34:19"> cannot take pictures of him</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:34:22"> whose calls goes to walks because he was often</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:34:25"> seen in Merrell engineering building but he's never seen entering</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:34:28"> or leaving it</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:34:31"> in fact he he kind of hated the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:34:34"> whole idea of school and he kind of hated graduate</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:34:37"> students and really hated burrows and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:34:40"> but Dave Evans had convinced him</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:34:43"> to to leave burrows for a year and be</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:34:46"> a professor of sorts at the University</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:34:49"> of Utah I'll just tell you one barton</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:34:52"> story which is I took this course</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:34:55"> called advanced systems design and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:34:58"> he handed out this sheet the first day and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:35:1"> he said well there's something known about this is in 1966</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:35:4"> there's something known about advanced system</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:35:7">design and it's all written down here and I expect you all to learn</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:35:10"> this and understand it he</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:35:13"> said but my job this year</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:35:16"> is to firmly disabuse you of any fondly held notions</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:35:19"> you might have brought into this classroom in</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:35:22">entire classroom simply garbage collecting</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:35:25"> our brains one of the greatest educational experiences</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:35:28"> I've ever had he never referred to advanced</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:35:31"> systems programming again so the effective</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:35:34"> that we would read all of these things his</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:35:37"> what he was concerned was was that</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:35:40"> none of us could think and there</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:35:43"> were many dimensions to his complaints about how</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:35:46"> we weren't able to think and during</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:35:49"> this year he explored each and every one of them</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:35:52"> the result of this and of</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:35:55"> course he he hated pretty much everything</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:35:58"> that had been done all up</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:36:1"> to then in the 60s particularly by IBM and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:36:4"> pretty</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:36:7">anything that we thought might be a good idea he had fifty</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:36:10"> five reasons why it was a terrible idea</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:36:13"> now you think gee whiz this was</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:36:16"> handy but down or taking a course</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:36:19"> but you have to realize this guy had the eloquence of</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:36:22">William F Buckley although he was to the left in his political</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:36:25"> leanings he was one of the most fascinating people you</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:36:28"> can ever imagine running into and he was</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:36:31"> extremely well-read excuse his degree</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:36:34"> was in mathematics and he was extremely well-read</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:36:37"> in philosophy and it was a wonderful experience</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:36:40"> now the result of that class was that the students</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:36:43"> who were left at the end of it were free</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:36:46"> and what I mean by free is he</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:36:49"> had completely removed all traces of</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:36:52"> religion about every</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:36:55"> phase of computer science that</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:36:58">meant there was nothing that we could not there was no thought that we could</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:37:1"> not have so the best</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:37:4">professor can ever do instead of putting knowledge into</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:37:7"> our mind he removed it</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:37:10"> it was the most valuable experience</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:37:13"> I had in graduate school because any also</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:37:16"> he wouldn't talk about the B 5000 I had to</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:37:19"> resort to step on strategies</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:37:22"> like talking asking</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:37:25"> his wife what it was like when he invent it turned out he invented</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:37:28"> the whole thing over one weekend had all</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:37:31">of the ideas he woke up in the middle of the night with all of the ideas for</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:37:34"> this machine that just came down it actually fighting</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:37:37"> him we found</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:37:40"> out he could drink beer problem was it was about six for</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:37:43"> a huge guy and he could drink any of us he</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:37:46">could drink australians under the table so</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:37:49"> is that we actually approached him and realized one of us</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:37:55">o take about four graduate students</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:37:58"> in a row to get him to drink</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:38:1">because you thought was a three to peer state</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:38:4"> but eventually</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:38:7">inside so this is a this is one of the great geniuses that</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:38:10"> has lived in our in our field completely</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:38:13"> unappreciated even today if</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:38:16"> you look at what he did in 1961 and 1962</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:38:19">Motorola sells today</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:38:22"> I mean it just is pathetic it turns your stomach</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:38:25"> turns mine anyway</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:38:28"> well there's this pile of stuff on</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:38:31"> my desk that turned</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:38:34"> out not to be alcohol at all Simula he's an alcohol</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:38:37"> that had been doctored to make a Simula and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:38:40"> in the process of finding</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:38:43">we realized it was a programming language that did the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:38:46"> same kinds of things with sequential code as</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:38:49"> sketchpad the data structures</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:38:52"> were basically very similar and this</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:38:55"> has a disadvantage it wasn't as beautiful as the constraint</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:38:58">solving methods of sketchpad but on the other hand you</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:39:1"> could do many more things with it because</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:39:4"> you weren't limited to what a constraint solver</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:39:7"> could do this is a huge</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:39:10"> revelation now here's here's one of these opportunities</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:39:13"> when you wind up with something new</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:39:16"> so data structures and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:39:19"> procedures with a way to program and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:39:22"> if you held on to your pink thoughts</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:39:25"> and looked at Simula</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:39:28"> as most people did you would wind up inventing</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:39:31"> an abstract data types which many people did happen</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:39:34"> in the 70s now this is</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:39:37"> a really weak thing because an abstract data type is kind of a</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:39:40"> slow way of doing what data structures do why</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:39:43"> do I say that because an abstract data type</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:39:46"> still thinks that you're supposed to use a</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:39:49"> generalized assignment statement on its</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:39:52"> simulated fields okay and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:39:55"> sign assignment statements programming</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:39:58"> is not a very strong way of doing things and so most of the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:40:1"> abstract data type languages have wound up</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:40:4"> requiring about the same code to</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:40:7"> program things as data structure languages before them</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:40:10"> they didn't show this factor of 10 difference</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:40:13"> that we found from OOP now there's a different</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:40:16"> way of looking at this and it came about</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:40:19">because one of my undergraduate degrees was in molecular biology</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:40:22"> and I had read this book a few years before</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:40:25"> published in 65 called</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:40:28"> the molecular biology of the gene and in</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:40:31"> it it had an assay for the first time ever</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:40:34"> of a bacterium</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:40:37"> ecoli bacterium such as we have</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:40:40"> millions of in our stomach this assay is kind of interesting</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:40:43"> it's about 70% water but it has</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:40:46"> about 120 million organic components</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:40:49"> that is things that interact</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:40:52"> with each other informational E and if</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:40:55">represent just those forgetting about the water it's about</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:40:58"> 100 gigabytes as a parallel information</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:41:1"> processing system and when I made this slide it</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:41:4"> was 200,000</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:41:7"> well how about 50,000</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:41:10"> to megabyte desktops in</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:41:13"> one of these eco lies and it was fast if</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:41:16"> you take an atom as being the size</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:41:19"> of a thing toys of a tennis ball then</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:41:22"> one of these white proteins here has about 5,000</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:41:25"> atoms so it's about the size of a Volkswagen and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:41:28"> these guys can move</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:41:31"> their own length in about two nanoseconds</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:41:34"> now if you scale that up that's</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:41:37"> faster than the speed of light</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:41:40"> right anybody ever wonder why chemistry</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:41:43"> works this is it's really</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:41:46"> amazing to me that they never tell</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:41:49"> you in in high school so it's actually the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:41:52">smarter kids that wind up rejecting tan rejecting</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:41:55"> chemistry because how can the molecules find each</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:41:58"> other it just really doesn't make sense if you actually think about it</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:42:1"> the only way it makes sense is</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:42:4">to realize just how much thermal agitation there is as</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:42:7"> you go down there for instance</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:42:10"> the deceleration on a bacterium in</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:42:13"> water is about a million GS</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:42:16"> water is like asphalt to</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:42:19"> these things they are incredibly strong when</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:42:22"> they stop lashing their tail they stop there's</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:42:25"> no inertia of any kind here</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:42:28"> and the thermal agitation as I say is</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:42:31">fit were scaled up it would be things moving the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:42:34"> side moving eight or ten feet in a couple of</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:42:37"> nanoseconds so you can imagine what that is like you can</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:42:40"> imagine why biochemistry actually works</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:42:43"> that's a pretty complicated thing and furthermore</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:42:46"> it's only one five hundredth</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:42:49">e size of the cells in our body and we have between</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:42:52"> 10 and 100 trillion of them so</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:42:55"> you start thinking these cells have</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:42:58"> 60 billion organic components as opposed</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:43:1"> to 120 million and yet</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:43:4"> 50 cell divisions will make an entire baby</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:43:7"> now if you compare this against computing</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:43:10"> even today even against the internet with</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:43:13"> all the computers on it especially if you think about</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:43:16"> it compared to what computing was like back in the 60s you'll</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:43:19"> see that this constitutes a different class of organizing</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:43:22"> complex dynamic structures they just</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:43:25"> aren't like computing machinery at all and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:43:28"> this is what I got from Simula</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:43:31"> so</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:43:34">Simula is not a better old thing but almost a</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:43:37"> new thing and got this</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:43:40"> hit that the one of the great</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:43:43"> ideas you could ever have in</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:43:46"> doing programming was to organize</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:43:49"> that the way biological cells are organized</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:43:52"> that is progressed</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:43:55"> along so you have this nice idea</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:43:58"> of encapsulation which is the main strength</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:44:1"> of it you</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:44:4"> have an even more weird thing but it's partially from</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:44:7"> Simula that you can simulate anything including</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:44:10">structures if you want to go back to them but</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:44:13"> in fact you get to deal with many</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:44:16"> many more things on a much more natural way</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:44:19"> using an architecture that we know from biology scales</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:44:22"> incredibly and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:44:25"> you have something that biology doesn't do which is the DNA</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:44:28"> is not in the cells here but it's extract</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:44:31">get out and so there's only one copy of the DNA which if</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:44:34"> you twitch it everybody is going to feel</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:44:37"> that so that was a huge that was the last that</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:44:40"> happened to be in November 66 it was the last time I ever thought</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:44:43"> about doing procedural and data</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:44:46"> structure programming I just realized that that was</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:44:49"> a that was just an artifact of the past it meant nothing had</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:44:52"> nothing to do with the Destiny's computers in any way</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:44:55"> so</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:44:58"> then I saw let's see if this works</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:45:1"> now this</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:45:4"> thing is gone then angle Bart came</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:45:7"> to Utah I</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:45:10"> mean those AZ</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:45:13"> travel was a projector you could stop and start because people weren't used</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:45:16"> to seeing cursors so stop</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:45:19"> the Sony say I'd like to go to produce but</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:45:22"> I'd like good</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:45:25"> produce a good thing I'd like to say one branch only</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:45:28"> and you know just that little</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:45:31"> oh I can say</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:45:34"> I'd like to see one line or I</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:45:37"> could see but there's a little thing I can</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:45:40"> move does remember place that I found here</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:45:46">so here I'm afraid I'll need a different picture</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:45:49"> than you so here's I do with</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:45:52">picture drawing capability here so slight map if I start</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:45:55"> from work here's the route I seem to have to go to to pick</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:45:58"> up all the materials and that's my plan for getting home tonight</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:46:1"> but if I want to I can say the library</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:46:4"> what am I supposed to take up there I can just point to</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:46:7"> that and all the overdue books</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:46:10">in all while there was a statement there with that name go</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:46:13"> back what if I want my supposed to pick up the drugstore</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:46:16"> I see you understand all right</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:46:19"> target can do</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:46:22"> things if I wanted to say I'd like to interchange partisan</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:46:25"> cans materials jingle</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:46:28"> they're all numbered right if I care to know</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:46:31"> they're changing them very quickly can subpoena</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:46:34"> interchange the products</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:46:37"> they do it in August we numbered</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:46:40"> so it's pretty pretty</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:46:43">sickening to realize that this was done on 192k</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:46:46"> machine that was time shared you notice the response</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:46:49"> ever wish your pc or macintosh</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:46:52"> would have that response well</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:46:55"> you can't they're too fast</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:46:58"> because they're too fast nobody bothers</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:47:1">program them in a way that humans could use them but the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:47:4"> Engelbart people really understood that this was</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:47:7"> all about close interaction and so they really paid attention to</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:47:10"> a lot of these things this is a beautiful system in so many</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:47:13"> ways and I don't know their</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:47:16"> angle Bart has been here to talk but he</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:47:19"> really deserves to say more about all</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:47:22"> they did compete they did conferencing they had programmers</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:47:25"> up in Oregon that worked with the program was done in the Monroe Park</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:47:28"> things that people are still trying to do today he</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:47:31"> did very successfully in the late 60s</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:47:37">well I made a huge impression on me and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:47:40"> around that time I got involved with a</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:47:43"> engineer who</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:47:46"> wanted to do a little machine and together we did this thing</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:47:49">called the Flex machine this is a picture of it on its own display had</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:47:52"> the first object-oriented</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:47:55"> language I designed ran on this machine directly in the hardware</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:47:58"> so he made many mistakes on this</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:48:1"> machine one of them was just trying to scale the B 5,000</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:48:4"> down in history we learned from that experience that</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:48:7"> as Barton used to say good ideas don't often</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:48:10"> scale he</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:48:13"> had one of the earliest clipping dividing</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:48:16"> window system and multiple</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:48:19"> windows and a bunch of things so windows</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:48:22">current idea back</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:48:25"> then so</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:48:28"> another thing I saw early</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:48:31"> on was this system at RAND</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:48:34"> Corporation the same time</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:48:37"> Lee look they match</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:48:40"> go back</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:48:43"> Iran had invented the tablet</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:48:46"> the same year the Mouse's invented 1964 they</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:48:49"> built this system whoops</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:48:52"> first we erase it go arrow then</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:48:55">connector out of the way so that we may draw a box</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:48:58"> in its place seesee wants a box and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:49:1"> makes one form now it's recognizing his printing</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:49:4"> the printing in the box is being used as commentary</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:49:7"> only in this case the box is</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:49:10"> slightly too large so we may change its size that's</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:49:13">where modern-day window control came from literally Android</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:49:16"> flow from the collector to the Box</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:49:19"> attached a</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:49:22"> decision element to the box and draw a flow from</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:49:25"> it to scan we then</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:49:28"> erase the flow arrows attached to the process post new</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:49:31"> area and move the box to a new position</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:49:37">this allows us to</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:49:40"> draw a new box</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:49:43"> okay</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:49:46">nice huh so</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:49:49"> one of these days I have the whole movie and Dave remembers</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:49:52"> well I used to show it to the group every few months of drugs</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:49:55"> part because what we wanted was something that nice</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:49:58"> I showed that movie</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:50:1">at Apple when they were doing the newton and said you</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:50:4"> know people have already done a really great hand</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:50:7"> character recognizer why don't you use it no no</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:50:10">we're going to recognize handwriting I said well you can't recognize</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:50:13">handwriting because people can't even recognize their own handwriting</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:50:16"> half the time they</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:50:19"> said well go corporation is doing it I said they can't be doing it</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:50:22"> it's not possible once you do this this</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:50:25"> a great recognizer done by Gabe groaner</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:50:28"> written up in 1966 and this system</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:50:31"> was around 1968 or I was 68 when I saw</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:50:34"> it today</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:50:37"> I can't talk about it more it's a beautiful first modeless</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:50:40"> system truly beautiful in every way</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:50:43"> and right around the same that</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:50:46"> summer I had seen a little square inch of glass</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:50:49"> with a few blinking</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:50:52"> lights on it little neon lights it was the first flat</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:50:55">display at the University of Illinois then</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:50:58"> in the fall I visited Seymour Papert</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:51:1"> for the first time and got an enormous</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:51:4"> enormous life-changing</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:51:7"> insight and the insight</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:51:10"> was that the computer is not a tool the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:51:13"> computer is not a vehicle that's the way we were thinking about it angle</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:51:16"> Bart was sort of thinking about it as a Model T compared</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:51:19"> to IBM's railroads it's not a bad metaphor personal</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:51:22"> computing but what Seymour was doing</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:51:25"> with children had no interesting analogy</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:51:28"> through things like tools or it's</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:51:31"> a vehicle the only analogy it has it could work</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:51:34"> at all was an analogy to the printing press</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:51:37"> because what it was was a vehicle for</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:51:40"> representing powerful ideas the powerful</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:51:43"> ideas of our civilization in a concrete form</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:51:46"> the children could actually learn not</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:51:49"> in an abstract form or the abstract form</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:51:52"> was actually a concrete way of</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:51:55"> dealing with these things and on the I'll</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:51:58"> never forget that day and on the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:52:1"> plane coming back from MIT</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:52:4"> I designed this machine and made</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:52:7"> a cardboard model of it when I got got back</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:52:10"> and the lady became called the Dynabook because the kids</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:52:13"> computer can't work on a desk kids</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:52:16"> are mobile kids have to go places</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:52:19"> and I got there many things we did this</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:52:22"> was hollow so you could fill it up with lead pellets and see how heavy it</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:52:25"> was would get before anybody didn't</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:52:28"> want to carry it anymore it turns out back in those days</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:52:31"> before people had</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:52:34">to buy these things because they work for companies</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:52:37"> the limit was about two it was about two pounds</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:52:40"> about one kilogram beyond</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:52:43"> doubt is too heavy I think that's still a good figure today</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:52:46"> two pounds and the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:52:49"> other thing we discovered of all the different ways of making one</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:52:52"> of these things the main thing you wanted to do is</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:52:55"> to have it be really slim and at least one dimension the reason</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:52:58"> was you always have to carry other things too</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:53:1"> the portability became defined</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:53:4"> as meaning you could carry other things</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:53:7"> too we realized that this</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:53:10"> was a different kind of thing than the desktop computer</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:53:13"> we thought about how good would you have to make it</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:53:16"> to do mundane things on it like we do on</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:53:19"> paper paper you can write the Declaration of Independence on it</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:53:22"> but you also put grocery lists on so</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:53:25">f the imagines things we actually did was to carry this</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:53:28"> in to a supermarket and in Salt</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:53:31"> Lake City and imagine what it would be like to</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:53:34"> have your grocery list on this thing and you have to walk out</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:53:37"> with two bags of groceries Plus this thing</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:53:40"> so those are the kinds of thoughts in the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:53:43"> late 60s about this</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:53:46"> machine which is called a kiddie computer back then</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:53:52">and because I had a philosophical turn</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:53:55"> in mind as well thinking</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:53:58">stuff while I was trying to write my thesis I</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:54:1"> realized that time</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:54:4"> sharing systems desktop computers and whatever</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:54:7"> this thing was actually constituted</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:54:10">three different kinds of information systems and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:54:13"> it reminded me of something I've seen before</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:54:16"> which is in the history of the book</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:54:19"> so these manuscripts cost</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:54:22"> about two million dollars typical</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:54:25">ibrary would be about four times the size of this room and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:54:28"> each book would have its own desk the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:54:31"> books were chained to the desk they often have precious jewels</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:54:34"> on them because the jewels were nothing compared</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:54:37"> to the cost of one of these books often took as long as ten to fifteen</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:54:40"> years to make one of these books</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:54:43"> give you an example there were only 371</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:54:46">books in the Vatican Library in the Year 1400 it's</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:54:49"> one of the largest libraries in Europe the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:54:52"> richest man in France who is the brother of</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:54:55"> the King John Newbery</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:54:58"> had 154 books when he died</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:55:1"> and he was a bibliophile he had these books made for him and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:55:4"> one of the best twenty-five dollars you can ever spend is to</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:55:7"> get a facsimile of one of the books he had made</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:55:10"> for himself which is called the Book of Hours of John</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:55:13"> gusta berry it's marvelous and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:55:16"> it gives you a bit of a sense of what these books</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:55:19"> were like and also what is lost by simply trying to photograph</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:55:22"> them they're renderings</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:55:25"> and capturing of the charisma</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:55:28"> of an oral basically oral society</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:55:31"> the Gutenberg Bibles</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:55:34"> were intended to look like these guys</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:55:37"> that was sort of the connection I made was oh yeah nobody</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:55:40">computer should look like so the best</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:55:43">computing back then is to make it look like a time-sharing</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:55:46"> terminal without the central mainframe</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:55:49"> but and it's</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:55:52"> just what a Gutenberg Bible is is the same size Gutenberg</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:55:55"> had 253 characters in his font</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:55:58"> just so he could imitate every ligature</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:56:1">and abbreviation the the medieval scribes use</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:56:4"> they had people come in and illuminate these books</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:56:7"> and the Nuremberg Book Fair in</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:56:10"> 1454 20 of these books were</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:56:13"> shown for the first time and they marveled</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:56:16"> of course of how alike these books were</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:56:19"> it was a new idea that the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:56:22"> errors in them were the same and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:56:25"> a place that was right was going to be right in all of</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:56:28"> the books that was a displacing kind of idea</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:56:31"> and they were cheap not cheap by our standards</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:56:34"> but compared to these things there are only</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:56:37"> three years of a clerks wages that's</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:56:40">about sixty thousand dollars so this is a kind of a workstation</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:56:43"> and if you think about that it</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:56:46"> fit well into what these machines friends</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:56:49"> was the link the handmade link was about a twenty thousand</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:56:52"> dollar machine and then</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:56:55"> about fifty years later came the great</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:56:58">printing was a guy by the name of Elvis whose last</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:57:1"> name was not pagemaker</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:57:4"> that's</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:57:7">where the company got their ideas that last name was Manutius or</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:57:10"> if you like colloquialisms which most</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:57:13"> people hate his real name was Aldo minutiae</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:57:16"> oh because thought of his eldest</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:57:19"> today and he made books through the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:57:22"> size books that we use today</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:57:25"> books are like this size are a little bit</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:57:28"> bigger and he made them that size because</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:57:31">the streets of Venice and measured people's saddlebags</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:57:34"> because the first offering from his</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:57:37"> press was called the portable library and what</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:57:40"> he printed was not Bibles but everything the Greeks and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:57:43"> the Romans ever wrote he and his sons went</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:57:46">everything that had ever been written they</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:57:49"> published forty thousand different titles in the thirty years</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:57:52">press existed forty thousand</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:57:55"> different titles each press run was about</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:57:58"> five thousand books or so now</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:58:1"> even though I'm running out of time it's</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:58:4"> it's worthwhile just pausing on one thing to ask the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:58:7"> group here if anybody knows what the actual inventing</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:58:10"> invention of printing was</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:58:13"> anybody know</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:58:16"> what was the f no movable-type was invented by the Chinese</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:58:19"> in the 1st or 2nd century AD</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:58:22"> yes pardon no</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:58:25"> Chinese invented paper</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:58:28"> - yes Paul yes</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:58:31"> ok</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:58:34"> here's the here's the way it worked the Chinese</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:58:37"> invented all his stuff centuries centuries</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:58:40"> before thousands of years before</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:58:43"> they had the whole rigmarole they knew how to</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:58:46"> - they had presses that would</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:58:49"> press these things together they had movable typing</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:58:52">everything the problem was it took forever to get</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:58:55"> a font up and it wasn't just because of the Chinese</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:58:58"> characters so you need to 4,000 of them</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:59:1"> think about how many you need how many little things you</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:59:4"> need to print a book so the secret</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:59:7">here is that Gutenberg was a goldsmith and if you've</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:59:10"> ever worked the gold it's a soft metal you can work it with</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:59:13"> other metals and so</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:59:16"> Gutenberg winks through the following thought process at some point</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:59:19"> when he realized that he could make</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:59:22"> a steel die that</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:59:25"> was the character as he wanted that character</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:59:28"> that steel die was tough enough</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:59:31"> to just strike negative impressions</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:59:34"> of itself in copper or brass</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:59:37"> that copper or brass could</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:59:40"> then be poured with metal softer</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:59:43"> than it like lead and so a standard</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:59:46"> type maker in those days could make between 2,000</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:59:49"> and 4,000 pieces of type a day</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:59:52"> this is why the printing press spread and you</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:59:55"> should think about the connection of this to Moore's</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:59:58"> law right the printing press never</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:0:1"> would have happened the way it did if it hadn't been for</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:0:4"> the proliferation of what served as the bit you</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:0:7"> had to be able to have these bits spread out exponentially</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:0:10"> so that anybody could make these things fairly easily</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:0:13"> and in great quantity well</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:0:16"> that led to a bunch</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:0:19"> of different thoughts because the belief</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:0:22"> system for each one of these areas are completely</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:0:25"> different and in fact in history what</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:0:28">happened between here and here didn't really count</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:0:31"> that happens to</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:0:34"> be where we are in computing today nothing</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:0:37"> that is happening between personal computing in</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:0:40"> this next phase really camps it's all about</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:0:43"> this stuff almost everybody</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:0:46"> - today 100 million</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:0:49">personal computers in the world almost everybody today is not</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:0:52"> using hyperlinks almost</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:0:55"> everybody today is not simulating those are the two</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:0:58"> things that computers are doubt but what almost everybody today</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:1:1"> are doing is simulating the older culture</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:1:4"> the paper culture and this is a recapitulation</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:1:7"> of what happened back then</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:1:10"> so there many interesting things so</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:1:13"> one way of transforming this into a</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:1:16"> thinking way of thinking is</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:1:19"> to think of each one of these as a belief system I</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:1:22">call them the institutional belief system the personal belief system</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:1:25"> in the intimate belief system and you</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:1:28"> can play games writing</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:1:31"> different properties of these</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:1:34"> just the main ones we were thinking about back</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:1:37"> then where this one is going to be driven by the integrated circuit</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:1:40"> and this one would be driven by Wireless many</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:1:43"> people do not realize but I hope you get Larry Roberts</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:1:46"> here some time to realize that his plan for</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:1:49"> doing the ARPANET was not just to wind up with something like</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:1:52"> the internet but to do most of it Wireless back</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:1:55"> in the late 60s in fact when</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:1:58">Bay Area one of the first things I did was to ride around in</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:2:1"> a old Ford van that Stanford Research</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:2:4"> Institute had SR I had they</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:2:7"> had a model 33 teletype in the back of the thing</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:2:10"> and this very very expensive</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:2:13"> transponder that would</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:2:16">baud but it would do it with Wireless you could drive anywhere</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:2:19"> and be logged into angle Bart's STS</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:2:22"> 940 and Larry Roberts</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:2:25"> had a very elaborate plan that</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:2:28">he tried to implement before art Bo got shut down too</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:2:31"> give everybody a handheld terminal and do</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:2:34"> everything via the power of the network and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:2:37"> if you think about that as a model for third world countries especially</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:2:40"> who can't afford desktop machines it's a really good one</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:2:43"> he wrote many papers about</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:2:46"> this and it's a very interesting side story here</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:2:49"> well I have</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:2:52">to be careful with this one because this has been improved</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:2:55"> over the years we've gone back to this many many</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:2:58"> times Larry Tesler did a really great version</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:3:1"> of this at Apple a few years ago everybody</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:3:4"> has their own version most important ideas just</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:3:7"> thinking of these as being really different and trying</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:3:10"> to understand what is different about them</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:3:13"> the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:3:16"> other thing that was going on around 1969 was</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:3:19"> Ivan Sutherland had come to Utah where</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:3:22"> I still was and he brought with</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:3:25"> him the first virtual reality helmet</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:3:28"> here's an example of somebody grabbing you</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:3:31"> could grab things and move them around and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:3:34"> we realized that it wasn't going to be too long</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:3:37"> before this would be an alternative way of thinking</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:3:40"> about a Dynabook and in fact it</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:3:43">lot of sense when you're riding on an airplane to</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:3:46"> be able to have a virtual display</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:3:49"> rather than or rather than a real physical one</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:3:52"> another</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:3:55"> person I met back</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:3:58"> then I have two slides one that this is one of his favorite comments</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:4:1"> life is complex</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:4:4"> for this occasion the actual should</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:4:7"> have been I have a plane to catch</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:4:10"> he was out visiting Utah and there's</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:4:13">long I think it was it had something to do with the I</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:4:16"> was on several ARPANET committee so I think it was an architect</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:4:19"> ARPANET committee saying he was that he had to give</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:4:22"> a talk and a drag on dragged on and finally he</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:4:25"> had prepared this our talk and he only had 15 minutes before</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:4:28">he had to go to the plane so it gave the entire talk in</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:4:31"> 15 minutes and it was just the best</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:4:34"> talk I've ever heard in my life you know he's</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:4:37"> done it for it now maybe 1.1</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:4:40"> or 1.2 Lamson is a little faster than usually</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:4:43"> talks and it could not have been clearer</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:4:46"> and it's all about capability operating</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:4:49"> systems and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:4:52"> one</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:4:55">the things I gleaned from this and this is this is my diagram not</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:4:58"> Butler's but</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:5:1"> they did they weren't it wasn't</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:5:4"> really an object-oriented a capability system is darn</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:5:7"> close to an object system so if you're thinking about</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:5:10"> different kinds of servers</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:5:13"> that each object is a kind of a server then</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:5:16"> one of the things you realize is a lot</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:5:19"> of the services they're going to give have to be generic and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:5:22"> that was in this system and that</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:5:25"> led to this realization</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:5:28"> that you have a kind of</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:5:31"> a matrix between generic behaviors</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:5:34">are your basically your powerful ideas your concepts and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:5:37"> then you have lots of different variations of types or</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:5:40"> object classes and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:5:43"> that made me realize that OOP could</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:5:46"> actually serve four you could actually build an operating system</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:5:49"> out of OOP impact back you probably should because</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:5:52"> you wouldn't have to have a lot of artificial distinctions that</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:5:55"> are in there and these capability mechanisms</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:5:58">would actually give you protection and limit access and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:6:1"> and so forth the biggest problem with them was</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:6:4"> that the typical operating system process back then</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:6:7"> had an overhead of several K bytes to</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:6:10"> make one and so you couldn't make things little things like numbers</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:6:13"> out of this technique so one</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:6:16"> of the things that stuck in my mind is we should find a way of making objects</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:6:19"> any size without incurring an</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:6:22"> overhead</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:6:25"> ok another great book by Martin</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:6:28"> Minsky my</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:6:31"> other degree is in mathematics so I happen</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:6:34"> to enjoy this and this is the way I found out about Lisp</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:6:37"> because Marvin showed</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:6:40"> how gurdial numbers work and in order to illustrate</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:6:43"> it in here he actually built a lisp out of girdle</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:6:46"> numbers which essentially what GERD L did if you know that</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:6:49"> thing of and it was an interesting idea oh yeah</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:6:52"> you can use it sir you can actually</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:6:55">use integers to represent data structures because</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:6:58"> you can factor them back out and since Marvin and McCarthy</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:7:1"> had formed the AI project together and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:7:4">Marvin d-list they actually did a lisp like language in</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:7:7"> there so that's really interesting maybe I should look at Lisp</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:7:10">it was kind</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:7:13"> of looked horrible and I discovered this wonderful book</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:7:16"> which I have about 20 copies of discovered</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:7:19"> over the years that when I need an idea I</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:7:22"> usually want it to come out this nice</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:7:25"> so I go out and buy a fresh copy of this book and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:7:28"> I when MIT press quit printing</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:7:31"> it I'll have to retire they</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:7:34"> seem to use up their power</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:7:37"> so I have to buy new ones periodically</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:7:40"></subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:7:43"> so however</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:7:46"> this let me commend this to you because there's nothing</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:7:49"> more beautiful on this earth than page the bottom</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:7:52"> of page 13 okay</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:7:55"> and there's nothing nicer than he only</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:7:58"> takes 13 pages to get to one of</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:8:1">ideas of all time which I think of as Maxwell this</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:8:4"> is something like Maxwell's equation this is like everything</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:8:7"> this is everything now</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:8:10"> of course Turing machines are everything but what's great about this</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:8:13"> is it's a Turing machine with slope you</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:8:16">don't have to write tons and tons of code to get it to meant anything so</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:8:19"> Universal machine that's small and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:8:22">grow up like this when I finally went everybody</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:8:25"> here in this room remembers who</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:8:28"> went through this thing remembers the day they trace this thing putting</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:8:31"> their fingers down and at some point you realize</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:8:34"> holy this is everything this</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:8:37"> is it if</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:8:40"> you know if you don't get that experience you've missed</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:8:43"> one of the great things in computer science because in it to</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:8:46"> me it divides the world up into two different classes of people</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:8:49"> the people who think that you</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:8:52"> have to write endless amounts of grubby code to do anything and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:8:55"> the people who realize that what you should be spending</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:8:58"> most of your time on is the meta system and let the meta system</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:9:1"> create the rest of the world for you</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:9:4"> so that had a huge</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:9:7"> effect on me I think what I'm</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:9:10"> going to do is skip the next tape in the instant</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:9:13"> of a very funny tape called LSD crocotta</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:9:16"> chip and the magical</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:9:19"> mystery time sharing machine which was made at</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:9:22"> the AI project which is where I went next</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:9:25"> and will will refer it to another time it's basically a</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:9:28"> nice example of what people were doing that</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:9:31">shows one of the first modeless text editors done on the PDP</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:9:34"> one day I'll just pass</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:9:37"> on that so I</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:9:40"> started I wanted to make one of these machines and of course the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:9:43"> screen display was a way off so I thought</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:9:46">I'll get myself a Sony tummy china chime and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:9:49"> I'll just wedge in there what a link has</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:9:52"> and I'll get myself a</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:9:55"> modern version of the link for for kids so this</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:9:58"> is the thing called a kiddy comp that I</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:10:1"> started designing then I wound up</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:10:4">at Xerox PARC and the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:10:7"> chief scientist of</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:10:10">a research center and they were smart enough to hire Bob</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:10:13"> Taylor to set it up and Taylor knew</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:10:16"> every good PhD in the country because he had paid</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:10:19"> for their PhD and he started his</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:10:22"> siren song of gathering</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:10:25"> together a really fantastic group of people which</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:10:28"> included Butler Lampson occluded</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:10:31"> number of the people in this in this room and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:10:34"> that five years is the most</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:10:37"> fun I've had in a five year</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:10:40"> period so I went</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:10:43">saying okay what we really need is something that looks</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:10:46"> like this this was 1971 and this</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:10:49"> was called Vinnie calm and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:10:52"> we need I said we</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:10:55"> need to make about 25 or 30 of these things so we can start working</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:10:58"> with with children we</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:11:1">did Dick Schaap and I did some of the display hardware</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:11:4"> for this machine and then they got turned</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:11:7"> down by a guy who should</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:11:10"> have known better he was known in</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:11:13"> the in the papers executive X</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:11:16"> meanwhile other things were going on we realized that</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:11:19"> because these kinds of machines weren't going to be very</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:11:22"> portable that we need laser printing and Gary Starkweather</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:11:25"> was there to do it he is already</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:11:28"> working on a laser printer when I went to Xerox in 1971</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:11:31"> and got it working late that</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:11:34"> year and Butler</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:11:37"> Lampson had this meeting and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:11:40"> said you know we've done so many bubblegum things</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:11:43"> in the 60s what</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:11:46"> we should do at Xerox PARC is take an oath that will never do anything</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:11:49"> that isn't engineered for 100 users so</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:11:52"> this was a novel thought his</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:11:55">Butler's idea it was probably the greatest reason</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:11:58"> that Park was a success was not that</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:12:1"> it was so far out but because it was actually incredibly conservative</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:12:4"> because of that we actually wound up doing things</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:12:7"> that we'd already done in a half-assed way in</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:12:10"> such a way that we could build a hundred of them as there were personal</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:12:13"> computers or run a hundred users if it was a time sharing</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:12:16"> system there was a huge huge thing</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:12:19">to this idea which today is called living labs</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:12:22"> so the idea is you</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:12:25"> live in your own creations don't just</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:12:28">demo it make enough for everybody but the programming</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:12:31"> language it has to be documented and solid enough</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:12:34"> for 100 people to use it so this became a pretty</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:12:37">general principle for most everything that was was</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:12:40"> done in the first five years of Xerox PARC and the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:12:43"> most amazing thing about it astounding</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:12:46"> thing about it was that with rare exceptions</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:12:49"> it actually made things happen faster</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:12:52"> now everybody knows why</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:12:55"> right because that extra thought</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:12:58"> that you did when you were thinking oh yeah I have to engineer</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:13:1"> this 400 users prevented those bugs</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:13:4"> that add years onto the quick and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:13:7"> dirty thing so in fact the stuffs</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:13:10"> worked just it was unbelievable and I</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:13:13"> won't go through the because it a</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:13:16"> very interesting talk is about Xerox</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:13:19"> PARC in those days I'm not going to do</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:13:22"> that but it was a fascinating process so</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:13:25"> around then there are the ideas we</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:13:28"> have to do a Dinah book notebook kind of thing first</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:13:31"> and then eventually we</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:13:34"> realized that the flat panel displays it actually be easier to make if</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:13:37"> they were small because of the contamination problems</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:13:40"> and that there would be eventually something</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:13:43"> like this that you'd wear on your your head one</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:13:46">the reasons we didn't go much further with that is that the the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:13:49"> lightest head sensing device in those</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:13:52"> days weighed about four and a half pounds and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:13:55">Nicholas Negroponte II had been talking about</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:13:58"> simply wearing your computer so</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:14:1">they have something like a wristwatch that knew where your hand was</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:14:4">and when you walk from one room to another it would know that</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:14:7">one room to another this today</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:14:10"> is called ubiquitous computing and Nikolas has never gotten as far as I</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:14:13"> can tell a shred of credit but in fact this was his</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:14:16"> idea and it was an early idea of his</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:14:19"></subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:14:22"> so oh yeah</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:14:25"> so let me do we have</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:14:28"> yeah tape tape</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:14:31"> for what we want</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:14:34"> now again</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:14:37">this in the spirit of his being historical just</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:14:40"> by coincidence I gave a talk in November</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:14:43"> 72 I</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:14:46"> think this is the right order</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:14:49"> to do this I hope</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:14:52"></subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:14:55"> November 72</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:14:58"> to a conference which happen to be videotaped</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:15:1"> Xerox PARC that</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:15:4"> tape got lost was</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:15:7"> not in any of the holdings that we had</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:15:10"> I saw an excerpt from that tape at</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:15:13"> a thing actually Paul Sappho and I</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:15:16"> an angle Bart did in Japan and I</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:15:19"> asked the Japanese how did you get that he said</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:15:22">we've had this for years so I asked well can I have a copy</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:15:25"> of it please and so the only known copy of</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:15:28">how they got a hold of this damn thing I have no idea but here's</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:15:31"> here's kind of the way I talked about this</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:15:34"> I'm sorry there's</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:15:37"> kind of way I</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:15:40"> talked about this in</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:15:43"> 1972</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:15:46"> and perhaps lower so let's</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:15:49"> sort of see what it is you've already got that on we have</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:15:52"> the lights down and I'll be able to cook this I don't</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:15:55"> drink so okay</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:15:58"></subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:16:1"> well this is</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:16:4"> an existing device something that you a queue</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:16:7"> a Packard calls a pocket electronic slide rule</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:16:10"> and it</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:16:13">urns out that the way they decided to make it is so</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:16:16"> that would fit into Bill Hewlett shirt pocket</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:16:19"> that was the way it was was designed</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:16:22"> it had to do everything the slide rule would do except to</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:16:25"> ten places they actually spent</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:16:28"> almost the next three year</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:16:31"> on this thing to keep it to go to size specifications</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:16:34"> it has batteries and it can indeed should</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:16:37">just positive for a second I found out later that</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:16:40"> they actually retailored</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:16:43"> Hewlett shirt a number of times</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:16:46"> this is</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:16:49"> really and the guy who can tell that story is</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:16:52"> Tom Osborne who did the HP 35 if you remember</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:16:55"> that I knew it was it I got one of the very first one because</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:16:58">knew Tom Osborne and I had it for two weeks and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:17:1"> has a wonderful</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:17:4"> experience with it and then it got stolen and that</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:17:7"> was when I realized that the new era had happened</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:17:10"> you could actually steal a computer now</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:17:13"></subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:17:16"> he used on the gun on the grass</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:17:19"> the power that it has and the size</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:17:22"> portability and everything else make</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:17:25">completely different so different that Hewlett Packard expects</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:17:28">million of these in the next five years people</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:17:31"> who would never buy a calculating machine of any kind buy</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:17:34"> these things for $400</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:17:37"> okay so quantitative changes if you make the margin</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:17:40"> of our qualitative changes</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:17:43"> here's our conception of this gadget</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:17:46">called Dynabook also designed to be used in the graph</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:17:49"> we don't have to worry about what's</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:17:52"> in it it suffice it to say that we designed</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:17:55"> the outside package first we</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:17:58"> want it to be no larger than a standard</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:18:1"> notebook it's about nine by twelve and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:18:4"> we try to make</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:18:7"> these specifications for it stylistic once once</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:18:10"> it had to do with the kind of quality that we wanted with</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:18:13"> the idea that we would try to beat the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:18:16"> technology needs to</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:18:19"> be beaten totally in the submission in order to fulfill</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:18:22"> the inside of the gadget and that in fact is what we</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:18:25"> are doing so the idea here is</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:18:28"> the only idea here is that</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:18:31"> it's supposed to</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:18:34"> be something like active paper okay</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:18:37"> and it's not supposed to be worse than paper</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:18:40"> in any reasonable way one of the problems</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:18:43"> with modern technology they always come up with something worse</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:18:46"> we wanted to be able to handle</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:18:49"> things dynamically rather than statically</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:18:52"> the way paper did but it had no at no</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:18:55"> real loss and quality so basically</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:18:58">display in which you can see things you can think of as being like</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:19:1"> a television display means for</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:19:4"> entering things that has a you can barely see it away</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:19:7"> for entering drawings and it has a removable hunk</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:19:10"> of storage that will store one 500</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:19:13">page book okay or million characters runs</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:19:16"> on batteries and you can carry it with its portable by my definition</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:19:19"> of portability okay which is that</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:19:22"> you can carry something else too</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:19:25">well tell you</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:19:28"> what you can do with it in order</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:19:31"> to check out a few things we decided to simulate it using</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:19:34"> current computer technology so everything</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:19:37">oing to see from now on and everything all the pictures in the paper are</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:19:40"> actual photographs taken</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:19:43"> at our lab okay the simulation is in</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:19:46"> some sense a real simulation</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:19:49"> okay here's an example of the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:19:52"> kind of display for text now</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:19:55"> because this is an active medium we can have any font</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:19:58"> that we want in text files</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:20:1"> for instance we have almost all of this book</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:20:4"> typed in we can look at this</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:20:7"> piece of text using</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:20:10"> any font the we that we wish and Fox of</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:20:13"> course have a great cloth coat so it goes goes on</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:20:16"> and on about</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:20:19"> why you should be able to read from the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:20:22"> from it so here's</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:20:25"> the the old character generator</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:20:28"> as it was known and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:20:31"> just for reference here is</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:20:34"> making a capital to the 20</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:20:37"> point Lydian cursive font and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:20:40"> the page of text and the Lydian cursive back then</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:20:43"> look like this so it actually compares</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:20:46"> quite favorably with anything today</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:20:49"> we overdid practically everything i scary</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:20:52"> Stark withers first laser printer ever ran</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:20:55"> at a page a second at 500 pixels to</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:20:58"> the inch as a wonderful</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:21:1"> story as he tells it he</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:21:4">needed to get some sort of laser printer from Xerox and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:21:7"> the only ones that they weren't selling back then happened</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:21:10"> to be the page a second one and the racks</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:21:13"> 3600 and he tried to slow it down but mechanically</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:21:16"> and inertia wise it was just set up to run at one speed</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:21:19"> so he had to speed up the laser so</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:21:22"> he could actually so he actually the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:21:25"> first thing ever had a 24,000 rpm</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:21:28"> rotating mirror and laser</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:21:31"> is beautiful this this machine is</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:21:34"> beautiful</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:21:37"> okay another thing we're thinking about I'm</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:21:40"> gonna have to go a little bit faster now the other thing we're thinking about</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:21:43"> is psychological models again</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:21:46">this deeply because I've talked about before Piaget</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:21:49"> has a stage theory you go through a kinesthetic</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:21:52"> stage you have an iconic stage where</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:21:55">there's more water in the tall glass and later</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:21:58"> on around the age of</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:22:1"> 13 or 14 you enter a symbolic phase where</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:22:4">ason or at least in swiss-french children of</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:22:7"> that age no</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:22:10"> evidence that American teenagers ever achieve</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:22:13"> this stage</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:22:16"> still perhaps the greatest single</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:22:19"> book ever written on this stuff having</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:22:22">everything to do with the way people learn is</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:22:25"> Jerome Brunner's towards a theory of instruction</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:22:28"> on October</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:22:31"> 13th I'm</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:22:34"> going to be attending drum burners 80th birthday party in</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:22:37"> New York City</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:22:40"> this is one of the this is just a</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:22:43">book and he's a great writer as</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:22:46"> many wonderful things most of the deep</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:22:49"> insights we got about designing user interfaces</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:22:52"> came one way or another from this book</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:22:55"> so his experiment was to take the kid who said</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:22:58"> there was more water in the tall glass and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:23:1"> to put a shield and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:23:4"> discovered to his surprise that the kid changed his mind</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:23:7">said as soon as you prevented the kid from looking at</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:23:10">say oh another there can't be more waters</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:23:13"> and what he would do is then</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:23:16"> take it away and the kid says no there's more</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:23:19"> water put it in there the kid says no there</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:23:22"> can't be more water so if you have any six-year-olds you want to torment</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:23:25"> so</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:23:28"> burners one of burners many conclusions</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:23:31"> was that the Piaget way of thinking</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:23:34"> about things did indeed have some stage dependence</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:23:37"> to it but much more importantly that these mentalities</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:23:40"> our separate ways of thinking it's not a</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:23:43">metamorphosis like a caterpillar into a butterfly it's</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:23:46"> multiple ways of knowing the world they're</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:23:49"> operating at the same time and the development</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:23:52"> of children tends to turn on the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:23:55"> dominance in this order but in fact by various</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:23:58">can show that the other ones are there you can make use of them and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:24:1"> that if you think about it for user interface</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:24:4">of the most powerful ideas to think about because the stage</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:24:7"> theory doesn't help you much it kind of says you should wind</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:24:10"> up with ms-dos if they're over 14 but</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:24:13"> in fact if you</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:24:16"> look at Brenner's idea it says wow you</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:24:19"> should try and get synergy between these different ways of</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:24:22">knowing the world people know the world simultaneously in more</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:24:25"> than one way they can remember and so forth in</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:24:28"> more than one way so for instance everybody here</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:24:31">has had the experience of being able to remember a route better</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:24:34"> if they were the one just driving the car rather than if they're a passenger</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:24:37"> everybody here has has the experience of clicking</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:24:40"> from one channel to another on cable</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:24:43"> TV into a movie they haven't seen for 20 years and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:24:46">being able to recognize that movie in just a couple of seconds right</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:24:49"> ok these are properties of</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:24:52"> these different mentalities and they're quite</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:24:55"> incredible and can be exploited so</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:24:58"> we were thinking about this stuff back then</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:25:4">iconic thinking burners</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:25:7"> middle stage so here's</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:25:10"> an easy one that the area of the triangle is 1/2</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:25:13"> the base times the height but if</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:25:16"> you combine it with a little bit of logic you</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:25:19">it's general for any triangle because you can divide things</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:25:22"> up this is the power of Greek thought</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:25:25">he Greeks realized you could take things apart and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:25:28"> put them back together again and you could by simply</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:25:31">the triangle in half you could get two cases and therefore</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:25:34"> the rule had to be general</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:25:37"> fact</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:25:40"> many of these Dave Dave Smith's</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:25:43"> remembers all of these things we used to</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:25:46"> look at so the iconic ways</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:25:49">thinking about addition and multiplication or</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:25:52"> a plus B times a plus D</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:25:55"> iconic Lee is quite beautiful as well</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:26:1">here's</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:26:4"> a different proof of</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:26:7"> Pythagoras theorem which is even nicer than the one that we</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:26:10"> used to think about back then because it</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:26:13"> says here's the triangle here's the C squared</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:26:16"> and look we can put four more three</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:26:19"> more triangles in there to make this larger thing and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:26:22"> it looks like there's just enough room for the a squared</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:26:25"> and the B squared plus the four triangles bingo</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:26:28"> that's what iconic proofs are like and they're wonderful</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:26:31">notice that one of the problems with the iconic proof</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:26:34"> is it doesn't tell you why this whole just shows</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:26:37"> you that it does that's actually an</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:26:40"> incredible much more subtle thing to</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:26:43"> try and understand why trying right triangles have to have</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:26:46">property besides just understanding that they do</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:26:49"> subtle difference between iconic and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:26:52"> symbolic ways of thinking so early</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:26:55"> on we started thinking</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:26:58"> about we have to retreat from</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:27:1"> symbolic language down to the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:27:4"> iconic down to the kinesthetic because there's a lot of good</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:27:7"> stuff down here it's our first</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:27:10"> essays at user interface design we're</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:27:13"> saying let's let's explore this down</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:27:16"> here more the more right-brain or more Bruner</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:27:19"> type mentality way of thinking</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:27:22"> here's a great book jacques</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:27:25"> hadamard psychology of invention in the mathematical field</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:27:28">showed that most of the great mathematicians and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:27:31"> physicists of the world did most of their thinking in terms of</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:27:34"> visualizations and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:27:37"> about 30% of them you actually use kinesthetic</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:27:40"> sensations Fineman wasn't included in this</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:27:43"> by an oversight but he</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:27:46">were two of the most interesting ones that actually used</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:27:49"> their body in very strong ways for thinking</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:27:52"> about things</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:27:55"></subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:27:58"> we looked</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:28:1"> at a programming language called ambit G this</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:28:4"> is a bubble sort done as</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:28:7">kind of pattern matching diagrams against data</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:28:10"> structures I didn't know Dave Smith was going to be here</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:28:13"> but here's what he did if Dave remembers it</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:28:16"> of an iconic bubble sort</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:28:19"> so the idea</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:28:22">if what he did here is to combine the four and the after</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:28:25"> into one diagram where the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:28:28"> before links are</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:28:31">ones and the after ones are the heavy ones and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:28:34"> there's a single comparison in here so the idea is that this holds remember</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:28:37"> this so</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:28:40"> the whole diet if this whole diagram is is true</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:28:43"> then you do what the what's</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:28:46"> the the fat</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:28:49"> links tell you to tell you to do and that we did actually</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:28:52"> quite a number of programs doing</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:28:55"> this stuff I'm just</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:28:58"> going to skip this the realization that there's more than</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:29:1"> one kind of programming language and here's a another metaphor that</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:29:4"> you can do beautiful things</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:29:7"> in each architecture but the scale</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:29:10"> that you can work in depends a lot on what the actual premises</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:29:13"> of the architecture are so the Greeks built beautiful buildings because</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:29:16">post and lintels but you could not make them very big Gothic</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:29:19"> cathedrals have very similar amount</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:29:22"> of material to the Parthenon they're basically</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:29:25"> made out of air but you can</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:29:28"> make them huge because you have this notion of the vaulted arch and the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:29:31"> flying buttress and of course a geodesic dome you</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:29:34"> can cover all the cathedrals made on this earth with</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:29:37"> the same amount of steel because steel is more</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:29:40"> powerful under tension than it is under compression</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:29:43">Chuck</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:29:46"> Thacker</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:29:49"> so this came about remember</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:29:52"> I told you that the our little mini con thing got turned down by</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:29:55"> executive X and turned out that</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:29:58">and Thacker wanted to do it for me anyway so they snuck over</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:30:1"> in September 72</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:30:4"> and this is what Thacker</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:30:7">said do you have any money and I said well yeah I have about</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:30:10"> two hundred and thirty thousand dollars that</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:30:13">o use to make it a couple of these things out of these</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:30:16">and they said well how would you like us to make your little machine for</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:30:19"> you and he said I'd like it and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:30:22"> I said what is it and he said</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:30:25"> well you want a kiddie comp</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:30:28"> that works like a Dynabook I want to build a ten</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:30:31"> times faster data general Nova 800</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:30:34"> want one that runs at 80 nanoseconds and Butler wants</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:30:37"> a $500 pdp-10 so</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:30:40"> let's let's do a first shot at that so</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:30:43"> he gave them we gave them all the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:30:46"> examples that we had</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:30:49"> done and another</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:30:52"> thing that here's Dan Ingalls another</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:30:55"> thing that happens is we had an argument</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:30:58"> in the hall about how powerful you could make programming</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:31:1"> languages and I said Oh half</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:31:4"> a page half a page you can do the most powerful programming</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:31:7"> language in the world because I knew about Lisp and they</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:31:10"> said put up or shut up so of course I didn't show them</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:31:13"> Lisp I sat down it's been a couple of weeks working out</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:31:16"> the actual first evaluator in</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:31:19"> itself for small talk and they came out to about a half a</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:31:22"> half a page so the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:31:25"> small talk that we got was actually not anything like Dave will remember</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:31:28"> was not anything like what we were planning on doing it was just</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:31:31">accident it just happened as</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:31:34"> the result of this debt and everything</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:31:37"> would have been alright except dan implemented it</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:31:40"> in fact when I got back</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:31:43"> from that trip where I showed the the video he</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:31:46">already had a version of the thing work to the course he only had</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:31:49"> to take a half page description and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:31:52"> he wrote about 700 lines of code on</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:31:55"> one of the many computers there and all of a sudden we</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:31:58">had a working small talk and once you have a working language you</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:32:1"> just really want to write code in it and it</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:32:4">derailed things although it was the language that they wrote</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:32:7"> his thesis in eventually but it actually kind of derailed</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:32:10"> what the research was to just have this thing around</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:32:13"> on the other hand is probably because we don't</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:32:16">whether the research would have been successful if Dan haven't done this</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:32:19"> so maybe I wouldn't be here talking to</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:32:22"> you if Dan hadn't decided to implement this</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:32:25">thing because small talk might have been the most interesting thing that we wound</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:32:28"> up doing we will never know meanwhile</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:32:31"> Thacker had a bet he</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:32:34"> bet a case of champagne with bill vidiq it</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:32:37"> was a Xerox executive that you could do a real system</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:32:40"> in just three months so he started the alto</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:32:43"> on November 22nd 1972 and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:32:46"> around April Fool's Day and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:32:49"> 1973 the alto started working</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:32:52"> one person two</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:32:55"> technicians and Ed macwrite did the disc</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:32:58"> drivers on the thing so that</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:33:1">genius he could just throw stuff at the wall and it would</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:33:4"> fall down machine</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:33:7"> so the first picture ever shown on the alto</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:33:10"> was this clicking monster which</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:33:13"> we done as part of our drawing</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:33:16"> experiments and now I</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:33:19"> should show what the only just play the next</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:33:22"> tape here</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:33:25">ight</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:33:28"> of a fabless didn't get Tron</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:33:31"> kept changing that change the next one please</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:33:34"> just try and show</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:33:37"> you some of the things we were doing back</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:33:40"> then so while he's changing the thing</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:33:43"> one of the summary things I could say here</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:33:46"> about this project is the thing</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:33:49"> that was really great about this project was that we</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:33:52"> didn't have a huge plan but</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:33:55"> we did have a huge vision what</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:33:58"> I mean by vision is like the how</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:34:1"> do you do a plan the best way you write down all the things that</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:34:4">should be and then you erase them and try and smell the perfume</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:34:7"> that's left because if you write down all</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:34:10">that should be and then try to do those things you</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:34:13"> lose why because you don't haven't learned anything yet</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:34:16"> this is why people who do things the plans</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:34:19"> usually don't do very interesting things much</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:34:22"> better way to do it is to set do</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:34:25"> all the writing but set</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:34:28"> the direction and you something</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:34:31"> much better will happen and I think during</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:34:34"> these five years just one thing</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:34:37"> after another that got done just turned out beautifully because</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:34:40"> there wasn't any we never had to justify the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:34:43"> stuff we weren't spending an enormous amount of</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:34:46"> money but on the other hand we didn't have to explain stuff</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:34:49"> we couldn't have explained we</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:34:52"> couldn't exactly because it was all aesthetic there's some</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:34:55"> I mean to the part of the reason for</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:34:58"> doing a small talk was just how beautiful it was to</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:35:1"> do something that was completely this way let's see what this</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:35:4"> yeah so here's the alto</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:35:7"> playroom this is the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:35:10"> alcove synthesizing music</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:35:13"> the alto could do 12 voices in real time</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:35:16"> like a podium all by itself</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:35:19"> bottle 33 dispatch</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:35:22"> here's the alto animation</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:35:25"> I think about that in reference</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:35:28"> to what you've seen on machines today</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:35:34">this</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:35:37"> is a system done by a child here fifteen</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:35:40"> year old the CAD</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:35:43"> system I mean because did</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:35:46">you</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:35:49">[Music]</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:35:52"></subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:35:55"></subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:35:58"></subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:36:1">okay stop</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:36:4"> okay change the tape please</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:36:7"> so</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:36:10"> we built a zillion Altos</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:36:13"> we connected them with Ethernet</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:36:16"> we built five or six pages</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:36:19">econd laser printers and put them on as servers we use the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:36:22"> Altos to construct a file system</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:36:25"> that's now today called client-server although</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:36:28"> I think we should realize the client-server is actually</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:36:31"> a bad model Pierre Pierre is what you really want you</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:36:34"> want to have equally powered machines the altar was so</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:36:37">powerful it's the inter inter engine back then was about</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:36:40"> a six smith machine you have to realize in</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:36:43"> 1972 so it was about a factor of 50 more</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:36:46"> than you got as somebody logging into a time</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:36:49"> sharing system that was me in such an enormous</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:36:52"> difference i week today</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:36:55"> when I see people trying to develop code that's supposed</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:36:58"> to run in the future on today's machines you have to do</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:37:1"> so much optimization but we made it because</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:37:4">Alto we didn't have to optimize it all for the first few</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:37:7"> years we just wrote the simplest code to try out the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:37:10">and we're able to iterate and iterate and iterate</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:37:13"> and iterate how many people here know of</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:37:16"> Paul MacCready and the gossamer Condor</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:37:19"> okay here's an interesting story</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:37:22"> MacCready never intended to win the Kramer</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:37:25"> prize but it happened his brother-in-law had</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:37:28"> gotten into $100,000 in debt which McCready</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:37:31"> decided to assume and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:37:34"> so all of a sudden McCready was a hundred thousand in the hole he's</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:37:37">driving through Arizona watching a hawk circling</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:37:40"> in the sky he suddenly realized that the current rate of exchange</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:37:43"> the Kramer the forty</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:37:46"> thousand pound Kramer prize for man-powered flight was</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:37:49"> exactly 100 thousand dollars</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:37:52"> and so as he was driving</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:37:55"> along he started thinking about gee I could pay off</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:37:58"> his debt if I could win this right now it happened that there's probably</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:38:1">nobody had won this prize for 45 years many</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:38:4"> groups large industrial groups had tried over</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:38:7"> the years McCready won it within six months of</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:38:10"> when he from that realization in the desert</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:38:13"> how because he realized</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:38:16"> that the biggest problem that the way everybody</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:38:19"> else had done it is that they would build an aircraft have</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:38:22"> a crash and then spend another six or eight</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:38:25"> months rebuilding the aircraft these aircraft are incredibly</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:38:28"> elaborate he said what we need is an aircraft that</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:38:31"> we can have ten crashes a day now</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:38:34">built one that you could actually fix with scotch tape</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:38:37"> it was just made out of mylar in a couple of aluminum</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:38:40"> spars and the things started working within</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:38:43">first couple of weeks and within six months he'd won the prize and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:38:46"> we should something we should all think about that beyond</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:38:49"> a pertinent beyond a certain level we simply</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:38:52"> cannot plan our systems they are smarter</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:38:55"> than we are but we have to negotiate with them so</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:38:58">build a system we can't negotiate with and it</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:39:1"> gets beyond a certain size we debt here's</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:39:4"> a couple more things</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:39:7"> from back then so here's the way</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:39:10">kids programming we got them to make a couple of</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:39:13"> boxes each of them</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:39:16">instance of class box one is called Joe and one is called Jill</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:39:19"> and they're both animating separately and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:39:22"> it gives the kids the idea that you can</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:39:25"> have multiple enemy and entities of the same type</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:39:28"> here's</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:39:31"> what the first small talk class is Marian</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:39:34"> Goldeen now one of things that that</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:39:37"> is kind of of interest that people here's the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:39:40"> first application she did which was actually</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:39:43"> a painting program you'll see she built this</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:39:46"> after about I'd</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:39:49"> say about a month she had seen some of our</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:39:52"> painting program so she decided she would do one of her own so she'd see</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:39:55"> she picked up a square brush from the brush</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:39:58"> menu up there that she made this</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:40:1"> whole thing she has a</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:40:4"> different shape there so this is the first known that</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:40:7"> we know a person own example of a tool being</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:40:10"> done by a child what we call an application today</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:40:13"> was done by this 12 year old girl I</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:40:16"> should mention for those of you are interested in that in</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:40:19"> the 70s because there wasn't anything</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:40:22">about computing the girls were just as interested any of</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:40:25"> this boy</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:40:28"></subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:40:31"></subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:40:34"> this</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:40:37"> is next year of completing the class</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:40:40"> now 13</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:40:43"> and here's</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:40:46"> what one of her students did which is something</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:40:49"> more like Mack draw now instead of a painting system it's actually</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:40:52"> an object-oriented illustration system</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:40:55"> so there's a menu down</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:41:1">the menus saying Grosso</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:41:4"> is that she's going to make it grow smaller going</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:41:7">move the thing so each one of these things has</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:41:10"> its own object identity and each one of them is</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:41:13">made for doing polygons so there's a selection handle</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:41:16">twelve-year-old girl it was a girl by name of Susan Hammett</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:41:19"> did this and now</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:41:22">she's going to make it real small and give it a lot of sides so</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:41:25"> she'll get a circle</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:41:28"> change</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:41:31"> the color now she's going to</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:41:34"> make a bunch of these to make a truck</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:41:37"> so this is a very imposing Aalto that</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:41:40"> dick shout did around 1975</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:41:43"> so here's more of but</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:41:46"> the alto animation stuff was done by</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:41:49"> Steve Purcell and it could animate about</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:41:52"> a hundred and twenty square inches of graphics at ten frames a</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:41:55"> second which is very respectable even today was done</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:41:58"> much nicer this machine had double buffering</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:42:1"> built into it which is what you know anything about animation</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:42:4"> trying to do it on today's machines without animation is</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:42:7"> kind of silly here's a here's a system</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:42:10"> that some professional animators plus ron becker</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:42:13">did this is about five pages</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:42:16"> of small talk so</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:42:19"> the cell window is over there the animation window is</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:42:22"> here and what he's going to do is now give this</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:42:25"> ball that he just drew a path to follow</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:42:31">so it's</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:42:34"> following the path now he gets goes</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:42:37"> into the iconic menu here and picks up the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:42:40"> step now he's single steps it what</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:42:43"> he wants to do is to get to the bottom because</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:42:46"> the way if you know anything about animation</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:42:49"> the the basic technique is called stretch and squash</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:42:52"> so we want to do is to make a squashed</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:42:55"> form of the ball down here and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:42:58">furthermore he wants to do it while the animation is running</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:43:1">something that's quite disappointing about the animation</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:43:4"> system today is you have to do this stuff and then run</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:43:7">but notice what he's doing he has another transparent cell</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:43:10"> overlapped on that one so he's not</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:43:13">picture he's drawing a separate picture but he's using it as a reference</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:43:16"> and notice it's being inserted</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:43:19"> in there and now he has to put in the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:43:22"> specular reflection in order to get the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:43:25"> animation effect to work</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:43:28"> so</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:43:31"> this system was done over a single summer is about a five-page</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:43:34"> here's</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:43:37"> a movie name called gallic here's</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:43:40"> a twelve-year-old girl yet another one it's a horse</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:43:43"> galloping so she did a galloping horse in</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:43:46"> this animation write a program that has the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:43:49"> horse scalp and the cross escape the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:43:52">n</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:43:55"> she added a feature to this adult program</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:43:58"> which is to be able to take any</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:44:1"> two things and combine them in</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:44:4"> your single camera jockey I</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:44:7"></subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:44:10"> can simply pose the jockey</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:44:13"> on horse</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:44:16">to make a racial</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:44:19"> then</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:44:22"> it becomes a single object to be animated</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:44:25"> now I can have the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:44:28"> jockey and the horse run across</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:44:31"> the screen screaming by making another program</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:44:34"></subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:44:37"></subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:44:40"></subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:44:43"> okay so we're getting the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:44:46"> making progress here so just a couple of other quick</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:44:49"> things here's a wysiwyg</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:44:52"> retrieval system you</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:44:55"> fill in the blanks and it</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:44:58"> produces what the early window system looks like</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:45:1"> here's a an</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:45:4"> early slightly</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:45:7"> later version of the window system I think around 1975</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:45:10">multiple</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:45:13"> fonts here's an early version of the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:45:16"> browser</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:45:19"> browser for debugging this is probably</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:45:22"> around 1977 or 78 this is a small</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:45:25"> talk 76 thing this was designed by Larry Tesler</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:45:28"> here's an</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:45:31"> early desktop publishing system called the galley editor</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:45:34"> and one of the things you might notice this</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:45:37">doing today this is these are embedded objects</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:45:40"> when you put the mouse into one of them it</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:45:43"> pops up a halo of its iconic menu</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:45:46"> so each one of these things is a different</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:45:49"> this is a component based system you can put</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:45:52"> any kind of thing in there and it simply it's</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:45:55"> like open dock it's like open dock</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:45:58"> so that was a nice really nice system</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:46:7">oh no</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:46:10"> what happened I need</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:46:13"> the other slide tray I'm almost done I</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:46:16"> appreciate your patience because when I laid</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:46:19">thing out I found it extremely difficult to</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:46:22"> tell a story that was somewhat</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:46:25"> like what happened to give you a flavor what</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:46:28"> it was like to do this stuff and realizing</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:46:31"> that there's a limit to people's patience of</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:46:34"> listening to this stuff and looking</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:46:37"> at it maybe it's while he's changing</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:46:40"> well maybe he's already done it</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:46:43"></subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:46:46"> let's try</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:46:49">oh I know what he's having problems with</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:46:58">now how these slide things work you have to push down the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:47:1"> thing to get to zero or</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:47:7">they once did</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:47:10"> yeah so</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:47:13"> here's a here's a multiple view system</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:47:16"> done by trig V rain Scout this is a planner</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:47:19"> I think it's the first one ever done really that</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:47:22"> could show you so this is a pert chart</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:47:25"> at the top I think a Gantt chart</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:47:28"> here a</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:47:31"> sequence list here and a</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:47:34">interested this is done by a guy who was one</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:47:37"> of the designers of the Norwegian ship building</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:47:40"> system and so this is I think the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:47:43"> first sophisticated multiple and you see that's the problem</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:47:46"> with Windows the way they're used today is they almost</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:47:49"> never use to give alternate views of things simultaneously but</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:47:52"> that's the whole goddamn idea is to be able</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:47:55"> to look at the same thing in different ways so you can understand it</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:47:58"> there's one of the really disappointing things in the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:48:1"> commercialization of this stuff that people were so paper</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:48:4"> centric when they went at it</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:48:7"> so the slogan for doing the user interface</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:48:10"> is this is Bruner's progression kinesthetic</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:48:13"> iconic symbolic doing with images make</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:48:16"> symbols that everything is rooted in</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:48:19"> doing and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:48:22"> this general theory</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:48:25"> of user interface which is kind of wide</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:48:28"> widely spreads as well you want to do things</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:48:31"> with your body in various ways and having</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:48:34"> a kinesthetic feedback on the mouse of even better</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:48:37"> icons for the reason we're talking about</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:48:40"> and you need to have some sort of scripting language underneath</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:48:43"> for symbolic underpinning and we</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:48:46"> realized that the retreat</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:48:49"> back to the iconic and the kinesthetic was</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:48:52"> only half the story because the other half is</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:48:55">you want to go this direction as well you want</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:48:58"> to recapitulate childhood you want to learn by touching things</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:49:1">eeing but in you can't escape</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:49:4"> the need for abstract renderings</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:49:7"> of your ideas is very very hard for</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:49:10"> instance to make</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:49:13"> the argument in Tom Paine common sense</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:49:16"> using stained glass windows think</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:49:19"> about it it just doesn't work television</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:49:22"> is no good for this either so</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:49:25"> some very very important arguments need symbolic</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:49:28"> renderings in order to in order to actually</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:49:31"> work and so here's the whole user</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:49:34"> interface idea and so in the dust</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:49:37"> settled around 1974</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:49:40"> 7576 we have this</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:49:43"> complete system which of course Xerox turned down</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:49:46"> as a as a product idea</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:49:49"> but that's a different story it's not the story of</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:49:52"> and of course we had</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:49:55"> to take the Altos out to schools and it turned out</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:49:58"> we had to steal the first three Altos out of Xerox PARC</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:50:1"> because in by the time it came time to take</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:50:4"> the Altos out into the schools Xerox didn't want us to take the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:50:7"> Altos out of the building anymore so Steve</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:50:10"> wire and I loaded several of them a</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:50:13"> guard had never seen anybody steal a computer</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:50:16"> before so instead</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:50:19">underhanded about we simply put the things on trucks and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:50:22">the old station where I can put them on there it's very easy</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:50:25"></subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:50:28"> then we built this</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:50:31"> machine this is 1978 now this</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:50:34">a note-taker this machine has three</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:50:37"> 8086 ins in it and a small talk</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:50:40"> that now runs in under</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:50:43"> basically had 512 K memory and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:50:46"> several people dug Fairbairn</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:50:49"> here who did it Larry Tesler and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:50:52"> I and I think a couple about it we build about</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:50:55"> ten of these machines had the experience of using them at</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:50:58"> least once in an airport</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:51:1"> they weighed a fair amount and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:51:4"> so these were the machines</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:51:7"> that we actually hoped that Xerox would put</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:51:10"> out machine</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:51:13"> kind of look kind of like an Osborn don't they except they're about five</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:51:16"> years earlier a very nice</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:51:19"> machine actually so</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:51:22"> I think it's a good</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:51:25"> place to end with question about the Dynabook is</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:51:28"> there still a use a reason</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:51:31"> for the Dynabook now that we've had commercialization</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:51:34"> personal computing has been a howling success</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:51:37"> many people have made lots of money on it</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:51:40"> hundreds of billions of people are using it and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:51:43"> I would say yeah the the worst</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:51:46"> thing we could possibly do</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:51:49"> here is to</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:51:52"> continue the trend of just trying to stuff</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:51:55"> desktop computers into these things we know</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:51:58"> these are going to get down to a couple of pounds very</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:52:1"> very shortly but the problem is they're never going to be a Dynabook</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:52:4"> unless their major reason</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:52:7"> for being is to help people to think</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:52:10"> they're right so having a printing press is not</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:52:13"> fulfilled if all you print is comic books all</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:52:16"> your print is pornography if all your print is money</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:52:19"> we're in a printing press was fulfilled by</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:52:22"> printing things like</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:52:25"> this and things like this</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:52:28"> is my favorite meta program the Constitution</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:52:31"> of the United States think about it</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:52:34"> you can put it on a single sheet of paper here</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:52:37"> it's just a few tiny little papers</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:52:40"> and it has been the controlling force for</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:52:43"> a an organism made up of millions</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:52:46"> and millions of mutually conflicting parts</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:52:49"> and is not broken</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:52:52"> for more than 200 years nobody</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:52:55"> has ever built an organization that</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:52:58"> complex and this and the only reason it</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:53:1"> works is because this is not a set of laws but</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:53:4"> a set of principles the only way</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:53:7"> we can get people to understand this</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:53:10"> is I believe is to have people</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:53:13"> understand the difference between laws which</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:53:16">makers obviously don't because they keep on making them</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:53:19"> this is case based reasoning of</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:53:22"> the worst traditional society way of</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:53:25"> doing things see the read why do I say that because you</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:53:28"> know King Solomon was the wisest man in</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:53:31"> the Bible and it even says why he knew more</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:53:34"> than 3,000 proverbs the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:53:37">way proverbs work if you come home from a trip and your</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:53:40"> spouse is glad to see you then</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:53:43"> the reason is absence made the heart grow fonder</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:53:46"> but if you come home from a trip and your spouse</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:53:49">particularly glad to see you then what is the reason out</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:53:52"> of sight out of mind so</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:53:55"> oral societies obviously do not list their</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:53:58"> Proverbs because they're almost societies</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:54:1"> and proverbs are basically stories that</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:54:4"> are evaluated the way stories are you never worry about that the movie</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:54:7"> you see today contradicts the movie you saw last week that's</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:54:10">they're about they're about how good they are now</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:54:13"> so this is not</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:54:16"> a story and this</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:54:19"> is not a story</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:54:22"> now the problem is unless we learn these</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:54:25"> other ways of thinking the ways of logic</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:54:28"> and the ways of systems thinking our natural</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:54:31"> biological tendencies are to grow up and tuck</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:54:34"> in entirely in terms of a narrative television</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:54:37"> reinforces growing up in terms of</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:54:40"> a narrative and this isn't probably the most</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:54:43"> disastrous thing that's happened because we are not only getting</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:54:46"> lead meta evil eyes we are actually the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:54:49"> world is now descending back</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:54:52"> to traditional societies and ways of thinking about</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:54:55"> things which is if a story is good</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:54:58"> that's all I need to be convinced now</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:55:1"> of course we don't want to get rid of this because</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:55:4"> that would be going to a theater and never being able to see the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:55:7"> play right you just see people you'd never give</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:55:10"> yourself over to this thing but think of the people who go</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:55:13"> to the exact same format as</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:55:16"> the theater called a political</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:55:19"> rally music pageantry</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:55:22"> fine words and give themselves over</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:55:25"> to it that can't be right so</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:55:28"> these ways of thinking about the world are incredibly</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:55:31"> important to learn and to learn when we're</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:55:34"> going to use one form of thinking or another and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:55:37"> I believe that the Seymour</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:55:40"> Papert was right in the beginning that</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:55:43"> the strongest ways of learning these new ways to think</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:55:46"> these inventions of the Greeks and of</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:55:49"> the 17th century people in the 19th</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:55:52"> century people of 20th century people are to actually be</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:55:55"> able to build things using each of these ways</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:55:58">knowing the world so from that standpoint I</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:56:1"> think the world is more desperately in need of a dining</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:56:4">than ever and one</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:56:7"> of things that be fun to see in the next few years is</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:56:10">hardware of the Dynabook because that was a lead-pipe</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:56:13"> cinch from Moore's law 30 years ago</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:56:16"> but to actually see the software the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:56:19"> Dynabook actually needs thank</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:56:28">[Applause]</subtitle>