View source for How to Invent the Future II - CS183F

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<subtitle id="0:0:13">So I kept on rewriting the title.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:0:19">Another way of looking at it is instead of trying to move forward from here,</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:0:22">where everything is confusing, and the present looks like reality.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:0:25"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:0:28">We want to go out to the future and bring it back.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:0:34">And we talked about some process and methods,</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:0:37">today we're going to talk about a few of the gazillion things.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:0:40">Of course I didn't get done last week which made this week even more.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:0:43"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:0:46">And finally, I decided **** it I'm going to do both of these</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:0:49"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:0:52">talks again without an audience to do them to their natural length.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:0:55">Because the destiny for this is being online and</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:0:58">online people are not confined to 50 minute hours.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:1:1"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:1:4">I'm sure Sam was all for that, great.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:1:7">So again, here's my email address.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:1:10">Now, of all the people who are tuned into this talk and in the classroom,</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:1:13"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:1:22">That means that either or</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:1:25">both of my talk isn't interesting, or you're not interesting, or both.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:1:28"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:1:31">So try and, at least, disabuse me of the latter.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:1:37">Okay, to start off with, here's Leonardo, pretty smart guy.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:1:40"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:1:43">Imagine if you were born with twice Leonardo's IQ.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:1:46">Think of how easy it would be to get into Stanford.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:1:49">Maybe you do have twice Leonardo's IQ.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:1:52">But suppose you were born with twice Leonardo's IQ in 10,000 BC.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:1:55"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:2:4">Before they burn you at the stake, or whatever they did back then.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:2:7">Yeah, so here's a guy with nowhere near Leonardo's IQ, Henry Ford.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:2:10"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:2:16">And whereas Leonardo could not invent a single motor for</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:2:19">any of his vehicles, think about that.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:2:22"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:2:28">Henry Ford was able to put together processes that allowed him to make</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:2:31">millions and millions of cars for about, sell them for $800 a piece.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:2:34"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:2:37">And the difference between the two was that Ford was born into the right century,</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:2:40"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:2:46">And so the knowledge that had accumulated in the 19th century made</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:2:49"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:2:52">much more difference than any level of smartness.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:2:55">And where did that knowledge come from,</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:2:58">it came might as well pick Newton if you're going to pick anybody.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:3:4">It came because the context was changed from the Middle Ages and</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:3:7">the Renaissance to something completely different in the 17th century.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:3:10"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:3:13">And Newton made the biggest change of anybody.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:3:16">And so we can call that change a change in outlook.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:3:19">We can call it a change in context, world view, point of view, whatever you want.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:3:22"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:3:28">So when I'm numbering rules for you I decided to go back and start with zero.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:3:34">So the zeroth rule here, probably the most important one is</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:3:37">to make progress here, let me move this guy off.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:3:40">Context or point of view is worth 80 IQ points.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:3:46">If you've got the context of science and math, you're a gazillion of times smarter,</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:3:49"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:3:52"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:3:55">effectively, than the smartest people of antiquity like Archimedes.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:3:58">A person who learns calculus with an IQ of 110 or</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:4:1"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:4:4">120 can do things that the greatest geniuses of the past can't do.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:4:7"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:4:10">Okay, so we can sum that up by saying</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:4:13">knowledge is silver, context is gold.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:4:16"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:4:19">It's a lead weight on you.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:4:22">Biggest problem with most people who are at your level and</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:4:25"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:4:28">going to the next level is you're always</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:4:31">the smartest people in your classroom or room at home.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:4:34"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:4:37">But that only means you're the smartest person amongst 30 or a 100.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:4:40">And if you happened to be in a room that had the 100 smartest people in the world.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:4:43"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:4:46">And you were the smartest person in that room,</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:4:49">you're still not as smart as the other 99 working together.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:4:55">So being clever doesn't do it.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:4:58">And this is the simplest snare is the IQ snare.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:5:1">Tony Hoare, really great guy, was here at Stanford for</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:5:4">awhile Turing winner, said debugging is harder than programming so</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:5:7"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:5:10">don't use all your cleverness to write the program.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:5:13">Anybody recognize this?</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:5:16">Let me see hands.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:5:19">people are so clever writing the program they forget that debugging is harder.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:5:22">And that's true about anything.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:5:25">So that's principle number one, we had zero.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:5:28">And then here's a summary of what I showed you.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:5:34">And the number 2 one at the top there is that the goodness of the results</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:5:37">correlates most strongly with the goodness of the funders.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:5:40">This is the simplest way of summing up the past.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:5:43">because you have to realize the difference in the past wasn't that the people were</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:5:46"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:5:49">smarter back then, we weren't smarter than the smart people today.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:5:52">Every generation has really smart people.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:5:55">The difference in whether you get enormous results or</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:5:58"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:6:1">not, is in this context idea and the funders that support it.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:6:4">One of the ways of thinking about them is,</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:6:7">as opposed to getting gold medals like a bunch of us have gotten in our sixties and</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:6:10"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:6:13">seventies, 40 years after you did the deeds.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:6:16">Good funders give out the gold models ahead of time.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:6:19">Knowing that 70% of them are going to turn to lead,</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:6:22">because the funders give it out before you've gotten the results.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:6:25"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:6:28">So this will be a slide that you can use later on,</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:6:31">it's basically what I said last time.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:6:34">Now last time we looked at four systems.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:6:37">Sketchpad, we didn't really look at the Engelbart system, but</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:6:40"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:6:43">We looked at the first really good gesture system, GRAIL.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:6:46"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:6:49">And we saw that Ivan Sutherland, again,</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:6:52">invented VR a long, long before it ever came to use.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:6:55">And I really rushed past personal computers.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:6:58"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:7:1">The first thing that was kind of like a personal computer,</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:7:4">it was kind of cute, was Henry Husky's Bend XG 15 in the mid-50s.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:7:7"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:7:10">So this was really early.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:7:13">Harry just left us a few years over the age of 100.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:7:16"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:7:19">Here's my vote for the first real personal computer called the LINC by Wes Clark.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:7:22"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:7:25">Wes Clark also did the building size computer that Sketchpad was done on.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:7:28">So he liked to work both large and small.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:7:31">Here's one I did with Ed Cheadle.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:7:37">And an idea I had in 1968,</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:7:40"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:7:43">which struck me really deeply, not because it was a tablet, but</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:7:46">because it was a thing that children needed.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:7:52">And I'd learned from Seymour Papert what children could actually do with computers.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:7:55">And that seized me in a romantic fashion.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:7:58"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:8:1">And we looked at this idea of better and</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:8:4">perfect are the enemy Of what is actually needed.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:8:7">In other words, you have to draw thresholds in order to know where you</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:8:10">are or else you're just measuring local variations.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:8:13">You don't know whether they're good or bad.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:8:16">And the last thing we did on Tuesday was looking at this process of</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:8:22">taking a glimmer of an idea out 30 or more years,</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:8:25">to see if it makes more sense 30 years from now than it seems to now.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:8:28"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:8:31">Simulate it by making super computers that allow you to do the software.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:8:34"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:8:37"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:8:40">you've got something that will revolutionize the world.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:8:43"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:8:46">This is where the trillions rather than billions</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:8:49">comes in because you create an industry.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:8:52">I didn't get a chance to show you kind of just one of the examples of what PARC did.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:8:55"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:8:58">So I thought I'd do it today.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:9:1">And this is a self-portrait, because now I have extracted stuff from a demo.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:9:4"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:9:7"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:9:10">But this is a system we brought back to life from 1978, so you get a chance.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:9:13"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:9:16">And this is a self-portrait.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:9:19">So this is the successor to the Alto called the Dorado.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:9:22">So it had now bigger than XVGA screen rather than the portrait model.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:9:25"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:9:28"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:9:31">And this dithering technique was invented at the same time in</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:9:34"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:9:37">the 70s by Bob Floyd and Steinberg, and partly done at PARC.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:9:40">So this is what a typical image on only a few computers in the world looked like,</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:9:43"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:9:46">back then, one bit per point.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:9:49">And where do we get this system from?</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:9:52"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:9:55">Well, here's the Xerox dump.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:9:58">And if you closely there, there's a disk pack, actually we got Xerox through out.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:10:1">Most of the disk packs of the work that was done at Xerox PARC,</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:10:4"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:10:10">Here it is, few hundred files on there.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:10:13">One of them happened to be most of a system that we did in 1978.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:10:16"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:10:19">And it's of partial interest because the next year,</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:10:22">it was the stuff that Steve Jobs got shown doing his famous visit to.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:10:25"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:10:28">So you have a little flavor here.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:10:34">And it was relatively easy because the system is called Smalltalk.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:10:37">Smalltalk-78 is a pure object system, and so it resembles the internet.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:10:40"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:10:43"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:10:46">This is an internet self-portrait and it's just as a good a self-portrait, Smalltalk.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:10:49"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:10:52">Because the idea was to have one-to-one</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:10:55">correspondence between the idea of little logical computers.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:10:58">Which is what we called objects that could send messages around and</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:11:1"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:11:4">make an entire system.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:11:10">And so it's a little different than from what you think object-oriented programming</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:11:13">is today.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:11:16">One of the consequences is that there are no actual applications because</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:11:19"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:11:22">you can mix and match objects as you choose.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:11:25">Here we see something that is vaguely familiar.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:11:28">I thought I turned that off.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:11:31">Okay, so this is a typical screen back then, and</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:11:34">it ran on the Alto there, the portable note taker, and the Dorado.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:11:37"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:11:40">Here's a bitmap painting I did 45 years ago that we found and stuck in here.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:11:43"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:11:46">See the user interface is with the object itself, and here I'm marking it up.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:11:49"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:11:52">And it has a character recognizer, gesture recognizer like GRAIL did.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:11:55"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:11:58">There it's recognizing I want an arrow and making one.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:12:1">The overlapping windows, the icons.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:12:7">What would be called Rich Text today.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:12:10">And you can see the gesture recognizer is being used to tell it how to justify.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:12:13"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:12:16">And this system is organized in terms of projects.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:12:19">So each project you can think of in today's terms as a separate desktop,</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:12:22">they persist over time.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:12:25">Now think about this compared to the user interface today,</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:12:28">where you use an application that doesn't have every feature that you want.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:12:31"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:12:34">And you start and stop applications, and try and cut and paste between them.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:12:37"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:12:40">Here what you have is just working spaces, an unlimited desk for</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:12:43">every project that you have.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:12:46">You can have as many, they persist over time because this is a workflow idea.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:12:49"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:12:52">We couldn't get Apple to adopt this idea.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:12:55"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:12:58">And so these are kind of thumbnails of each one of them.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:13:1">We can go into one of them.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:13:4">Here's a little thing done by a 13-year old girl,</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:13:7">writing an article for Creative Computing back in 1975.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:13:10"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:13:13">And so you can see it's sort of like desktop publishing.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:13:16"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:13:19">But in fact, any object can be used in here.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:13:22">And so for example, if we look here, she's telling about how she</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:13:25"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:13:28">used the program and how she's typing in there.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:13:31"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:13:34">She's typing in code, and it's being executed to with the box and turn the box,</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:13:37">and so forth.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:13:40">So, it'd be nice if Wikipedia had even thought about this, right?</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:13:43"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:13:46">Because imagine, you go to the article on logo, guess what?</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:13:49"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:13:52">Why? It's on a computer.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:13:55">What didn't they get about computing?</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:13:58">If you look at it closely, you'll see the web design and</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:14:1"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:14:4">the web browser are two of the worst things ever done in computing.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:14:7">Because they failed to take account of the fact that you're actually on a computer.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:14:13">Okay, another example here is an animation system.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:14:16"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:14:19">You notice that ball is not squashing there.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:14:25">And it would look better if the ball squashed when it hit.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:14:31">So if this were normal system and it didn't have that feature, we'd be done.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:14:34">But we can relate objects to each other.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:14:37">So here we're single stepping to get to that frame that we'd like to change.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:14:40"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:14:43">We're looking at the interface of this bouncing guy, and</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:14:46">we're seeing, yeah, there's a thing called current frame.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:14:49">That's what this thing is.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:14:52">And here's our painting window.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:14:58">And here's something that allows me to set the picture in there.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:15:1"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:15:4">And I want to connect the two windows together, so</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:15:7">I use the gesture recognizer to draw a line between them.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:15:10">It gives me a little place to explain how I'd like to relate them.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:15:13">And I save all the painter's picture,</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:15:16"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:15:19">wants to be the bouncing animation's current frame.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:15:25">Okay, everybody get what's going on here?</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:15:28">So I say, okay, go ahead and do that, and</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:15:31">Now we can start the animation going again, but while it's going, I can paint.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:15:34"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:15:37"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:15:40">Look carefully and you'll see that the thing is being painted while it's running.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:15:43">Won't you like to be able to do that today?</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:15:46">And just think about, why not?</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:15:49">This is like sketch pad, right?</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:15:52">Except a few years later.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:15:55">Yeah, this is completely natural.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:15:58">It's what you get very, very easily if you just have unlimited objects.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:16:1"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:16:4">So in this Particular thing gives you automatically something much more</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:16:7">powerful in PowerPoint, because all you have to do is sequence</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:16:10"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:16:13">That's what I'm doing here.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:16:16">I'm just moving from one to another.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:16:19">So that's an example of what happened at Parc,</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:16:22">and if we go back to the screen of the various inventions there.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:16:25">We can look at this now I'm answering Sam's question.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:16:28"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:16:31">Well how much of the alto idea actually made it out of Xerox parc.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:16:34"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:16:37">Well about half.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:16:40">We'll see that see what the other half is in a second.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:16:43">How about the GUI?</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:16:46">Well about 70%, because you notice the GUI didn't</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:16:49">come out as something that has this unlimited desktop idea.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:16:52"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:16:55">Even today, 30 some odd years after this nobody has put it in there.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:16:58"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:17:1">But it has to do with people wanting to have application and sell applications.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:17:4"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:17:7"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:17:10">Even though most applications won't do all the things that you need.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:17:13">How about desktop publishing about 70% for the same reason.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:17:16">The way we did programming, only about 10% has come out.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:17:19">And I won't go into all the differences, but I think you've seen some of them.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:17:22">Laser printer about 90%.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:17:25">Postscript 100%, and that's partly because the guys</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:17:28"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:17:31">who did this at Parc formed Adobe, Geschke and Warnock.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:17:34"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:17:37">And so they sold, in their company,</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:17:40">how they thought you should be able to do printing.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:17:43">A 100% of the Ethernet, there was no competitor.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:17:49">About 50% of peer to peer and client server, we'll see why in a second.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:17:52"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:17:55">Again, there was no competitor for it, there was no.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:17:58">And so one way of looking at this is, what came out?</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:18:1"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:18:4">Most successfully were the things for</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:18:7">which people already out there didn't think they already knew how to do it.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:18:10">So everybody knew how to program, and so</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:18:13">the biggest resistance was on how we did programming.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:18:16">That just didn't make it.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:18:19">Now here's three things I've mentioned before, because none of them made it.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:18:22">But one of them was, hey the architecture of the Alto was revolutionary and</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:18:25"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:18:28">it allowed you to run very high level languages very efficiently.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:18:31">And to make changes on the fly.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:18:34">And we tried with Intel and Motorola to get them to</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:18:37"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:18:40">adopt these architectures for the chip and zero.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:18:43">Intel especially at the time, didn't know anything about computing,</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:18:46">didn't know anything about programming and didn't want to learn.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:18:49"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:18:52">They had to be dragged kicking and screaming even to do CPUs.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:18:55">Andy Grove for instance was against the first CPU on a chip that Intel did.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:18:58"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:19:1"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:19:4">The idea of the Dynabook didn't make it out.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:19:7">when did the iPad decide to put the styles in the keyboard in the iPad?</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:19:10"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:19:13">Why couldn't they do it?</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:19:16"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:19:25">Now here's an interesting idea to think about.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:19:28">Here we've got the Internet</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:19:31"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:19:34">of machines connected together and if your programming language happens to be</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:19:37">a software Internet like small talk was, then you can map the objects</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:19:40"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:19:46">into the network and you can migrate the objects around.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:19:49">Each object is self contained, they do messaging.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:19:52">The messaging is either done internally or it goes out on the Internet.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:19:55"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:19:58">And so you have a solution for all the different scalings of computing that you</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:20:1">have, whether it's a small device.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:20:4">>> So why do you say only 10% of the Dynabook, what's so</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:20:7">important about the stylus and keyboard?</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:20:10">>> Well so here's the thing, 2 year old use this and</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:20:13">92 year old use this, and everybody else uses tools for dealing with media.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:20:16"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:20:22">So Steve decided not to do styluses.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:20:25">He completely went away.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:20:28">All he was doing was selling sugar water to babies.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:20:31">He was not selling something, for instance that any artist can draw on.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:20:34">And when I first, and he sent me the first iPad for my comments on the thing,</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:20:37"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:20:40">and the first thing I did was to go out and get a capacitive stylus and</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:20:43"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:20:46">raw lines with a rule on I guess it was Autodesk,</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:20:49">one of the Autodesk software that was pretty good.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:20:52">And I determined that the touch sensitivity on the iPad was</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:20:55">fabulous despite the fact that it's done in a very,</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:20:58"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:21:1">very complex way because it has to find centroids from wide things on it,</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:21:4"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:21:7">but it was done extremely well and I got very linear results on it.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:21:10">And so it was there to do, but there was no place to put the stylus on the iPad.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:21:13"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:21:16">And long, long ago, remember I showed you a tablet</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:21:19"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:21:22">system from the mid 60s, 50 years ago.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:21:25">So we had a perfect chance to decide</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:21:28"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:21:31">by experiment whether a purely stylus driven system was actually enough to do</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:21:34">the work that you want to do and the answer is no.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:21:37">Similarly with angle bar, you could do every</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:21:40">piece of text entry without using the keyboard but they have the keyboard there.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:21:43"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:21:46">Because you just can't do it fast enough for</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:21:49">being able to put in large amount of text, you need to have a keyboard.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:21:52">This is- >> [INAUDIBLE]</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:21:55"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:21:58">here's the thing that Engelbart said.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:22:1">Well, why do you have to learn your system?</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:22:4">Back then he said, well people are going to use their computers for</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:22:7">6 to 8 hours a day and they laughed at him.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:22:10">So what you guys are doing, [SOUND] is using your computers for</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:22:13"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:22:16">6 to 8 hours a day and using interfaces that are made for</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:22:19"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:22:22">That if that is the most ridiculous thing you've ever,</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:22:25">it's a bout ridiculous as this building.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:22:28">>> [LAUGH] >> You think about it as a user interface,</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:22:31"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:22:34">Come in the door and there's a stairway and there's no map.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:22:37">And where am I, where can I go?</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:22:40">And Jesus, this looks like a dungeon.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:22:43">>> [LAUGH] >> And remember,</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:22:46">computer-human interface is part of what you're supposed to learn about and</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:22:49"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:22:52">>> [LAUGH] >> You have to have some sense of</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:22:55">And I'm not sure you can do software</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:22:58">without having some sense of design around.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:23:1">So how could, I won't make any really rude remarks.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:23:4"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:23:7"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:23:10">>> And just to use up time I don't have,</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:23:13"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:23:16">I should point out that some of this migrating object idea was done at Parc,</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:23:19"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:23:22">a really great follow up was done by a visitor to Parc Jerry.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:23:25"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:23:28">Who was at UCLA, went back to UCLA, and did a fabulous system,</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:23:31"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:23:34">using Unix as the base, called LOCUS, L-O-C-U-S.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:23:37">And if you're interested in looking at a future that will</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:23:40">at some point actually happen, you can get that book from MIT Press.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:23:43"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:23:46">And particularly the first couple of chapters of that book</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:23:49">outline what the issues are for dealing with real scaling on the Internet.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:23:52"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:23:55">I won't go further than that, so zero.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:23:58"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:24:1">So the principle 21 reality is a low pass filter.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:24:4"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:24:7">You have to have enormous ideas in order, so</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:24:10">that people not understanding them will retain something.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:24:13"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:24:16">You don't want to have the low pass filter give you back a dial tone.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:24:22">That happens, because most ideas are mediocre down to bad,</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:24:25">even by people who have good ideas.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:24:28">Those are the ones that you don't want to work on.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:24:31">Because if you're successful on them, they're still going to get peeled at.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:24:34"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:24:40">So here's a book, I put this slide up here for Sam, because Sam reads books.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:24:43"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:24:46">>> [LAUGH] >> You people probably don't.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:24:49">But this is not a book about Xerox PARC, Sam.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:24:52"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:24:55">This is a book by an executive at Xerox written in the 60s,</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:24:58"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:25:1">before PARC, about trying to get the Xerox machine adopted.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:25:4"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:25:7">And this was after Xerox had been the fastest growing, but</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:25:10">one of the companies that turned down the complete rights for</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:25:13"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:25:16">a licensing fee to the Xerox machine was IBM.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:25:19">That story is in this book.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:25:22">And IBM's consultant said, well this isn't going to work,</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:25:25"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:25:28">because there's no market for plain paper copying.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:25:31">Well of course, it wasn't good copier back then.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:25:34"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:25:37">And so I could write a book, Our Years with Xerox, the Trillions Nobody Wanted.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:25:40"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:25:43">I didn't have time to make a picture that looks like John Dessauer.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:25:46"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:25:49">So it doesn't matter, and I'm going to try and explain to you in the time I</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:25:52"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:25:55">have left, why the goodness of an idea is almost irrelevant.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:26:1">Now, for the reality kit.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:26:10">So just break the seal, and just open up the,</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:26:19">Thing and this will work best if you put it down on your thing like this, but,</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:26:25">And look at the instructions for</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:26:28">people online, Did you get a reality kit?</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:26:31"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:26:34"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:26:37">Okay, everybody got one?</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:26:40">What happened?</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:26:52">>> [INAUDIBLE] >> Take them, hand them out to.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:26:55"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:26:58">Anybody else?</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:27:1">Okay, you're killing me guys.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:27:7">Look at the + with your left eye and then slowly move the thing in.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:27:10"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:27:16">Keeping focused on the plus until something happens.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:27:19">Slowly moves, slow.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:27:25">Who's seeing something?</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:27:28">>> Disappears on the blind spot.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:27:31">>> Disappears on the blind, is everybody seeing that?</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:27:34">Don't say yes if you're not.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:27:37">>> [COUGH] >> This is a good thing for everybody,</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:27:40">particularly in computing to do once a day.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:27:49">Okay, so now let me ask you.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:27:52"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:27:55">What do you see, where the dot was?</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:27:58">>> [INAUDIBLE] >> You see text?</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:28:1"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:28:4">>> [CROSSTALK]</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:28:7"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:28:10"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:28:16">>> Black.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:28:19">>> Okay, so here's what's happening here.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:28:22"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:28:28">So what's happening is inside your eye there is, I wonder if I go to laser.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:28:31"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:28:34">Over here is where the blood vessels come through.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:28:37">So we have a very badly designed eye.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:28:40">If you're arguing with a creationist this is a good argument against God here.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:28:43">>> [LAUGH] >> Because if there was a God,</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:28:46"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:28:49">he gave squids a great eye and he gave us a bad one.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:28:52">Our eye happens to have the blood vessels in front of the light detecting cells.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:28:55"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:28:58"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:29:1">And so our brain has to filter out all of those also.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:29:4">And over here is where most of your acuity is in an area called the fovea.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:29:7"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:29:10">And, So when the thing is further away, you get something like this.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:29:13"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:29:16">And when you move in at some point the dot</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:29:19"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:29:22">gets over where there are no light sensitive cells at all.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:29:25">And as my friend over here said, somehow the brain</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:29:28"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:29:31">fills it in and we'll look at that in a second.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:29:34"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:29:37">So principle number 22,</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:29:40">is we have a blind spot in our eyes that our brain makes up stuff to fill in.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:29:43">It's just making it up.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:29:46">Think about this, because</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:29:49">what's the other case where your brain makes up stuff that you think is real?</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:29:52"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:29:55">A dream?</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:29:58">Most people think they only dream at night, but</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:30:1">in fact human brains are set up so that we actually dream.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:30:10">So in the old days we'd throw chalk at you but there is no chalk.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:30:13">>> [LAUGH] >> Okay.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:30:16">And a powerful idea about that is number 23 is that we can't</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:30:19"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:30:22">learn to see until we realize and admit that we are blind.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:30:25">And the biggest problem with most human beings is they</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:30:28">don't understand that they are blind, because they think they can see.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:30:34">And the powerful idea about that is the 0th one again is it makes</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:30:37"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:30:40">huge difference if ideas are experienced in as many ways as possible.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:30:43">In other words, perspective point of view is worth 80 IQ points.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:30:49">this is why math is a danger about thinking.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:30:52"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:30:55">Okay, let's go to the poker chips now.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:31:7">Okay, and what you're going to do is hold them up like this, so</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:31:10">ne is about twice as far away as the other.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:31:16">Like that.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:31:19">Okay, you'll see something like this, right?</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:31:25">On your retina is actually something like this.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:31:31">Think about it, if it's twice as far away it's subtending half the angle and</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:31:34"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:31:37">But it doesn't show up as half size, and we can stick these guys on a ruler.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:31:40"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:31:43">Since these poker chips are now yours, you can take it back and</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:31:46">really, science the **** out of it.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:31:49">>> [LAUGH] >> Here's what we should see,</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:31:52">that's what's on our retina.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:31:55">Descartes by the way, got an axis and peel the back of it off to see whether</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:31:58"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:32:1">a biological lenses actually active like glass lenses and they do.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:32:4"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:32:13">So the stuff that's on your retina gets mapped into</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:32:19">If you think about this in computer terms,</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:32:22"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:32:25">[INAUDIBLE].</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:32:28">In computer terms, the cells in your brain are like the hardware and</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:32:31"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:32:37">And one set of processes are all the ones that have to do with our belief system.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:32:40"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:32:43">And before we recognize something, it goes through our belief system, and then</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:32:46"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:32:49"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:32:52">it goes into the real-time version of our belief system, which is called The Dream.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:32:58">our beliefs are, damn it, these things are the same size.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:33:1"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:33:4">By the way you can do this with oranges, with quarters,</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:33:10">Anything where you know they're the same size, do the same thing and.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:33:16">So the result of Information from the actual world combined</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:33:19">with your beliefs, you wind up with this.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:33:25">And anybody here who's an artist who can draw?</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:33:31">Okay, you must know this illusion then, right?</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:33:34">It's called size constancy.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:33:37">And it's why, One of the things that you learned, I mean, can you actually draw?</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:33:40"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:33:43"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:33:46">>> [INAUDIBLE] >> Yeah.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:33:49">You can draw, right?</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:33:52">So if you can actually draw, first thing you realize is</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:33:55">you can't see what's going on, and so you start measuring.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:33:58">Hold your arm rigid, you measure it off, so I can measure.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:34:1"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:34:4">Sam's head is that high and wow,</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:34:7">it's only half size compared to this guy who's closer to me.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:34:10">It doesn't look like it to me,</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:34:13">it looks like it's almost the same size because heads are the same.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:34:19">So the principle 24.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:34:22">The mind's eye is different than our sensory eye.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:34:25"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:34:28">And we do things according to the mind's eye.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:34:31">And most people who have ever lived on this planet</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:34:37">Because they take the world as it seems.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:34:40">This is why human beings generally cannot think.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:34:46">So another term for beliefs is a private universe.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:34:49">We each have one of our very own.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:34:52">If you've ever argued with somebody you thought was reasonable up to that point,</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:34:55"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:34:58">what's happening is your beliefs are conflicting with their beliefs.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:35:4">Our waking dreams are private.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:35:7">I love this phrase, this is a new phrase, Alternate Truths, Kelly Ann Conway.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:35:10"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:35:13">That's what is going on.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:35:16">So you can see why being a scientist is tough.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:35:19">A scientist has to get around all of this crap that our brain is throwing up.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:35:25">Okay, so a quick easy model is how random this is,</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:35:28">is a little bit of rain water on dirt, dislodges a few crumbs of dirt,</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:35:31"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:35:34">and a little gully happens and the gully is more efficient at routing water,</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:35:37"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:35:40">so things start happening just where things start happening.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:35:43"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:35:46">Originally, you get something like this, completely random,</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:35:49"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:35:52">And you can make a whole world out of it.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:35:55">Here's a world that's completely pink,</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:35:58">if you've ever been in the Grand Canyon, it is just almost overwhelming.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:36:1">If you look up, you have to remember to look up.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:36:4"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:36:7">There's a little bit of blue sky up above.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:36:10">And the problem with human beings was we don't look up, we look out.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:36:16">So, here's an example.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:36:19">That's pretty washed out, but that's a pink plain, and</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:36:22">our thoughts are like ants crawling over it.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:36:28">We can run into an obstacle.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:36:31">We can get around the obstacle, and so forth.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:36:34">But everything we're doing here is pink, except we don't know it's</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:36:37">pink because we've never been in anything else but pink.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:36:40">So this is like a fish not knowing it's in water.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:36:46">Every once in a while, you might have little outlaw thought,</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:36:49"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:36:52">But you've been to school, you're going to Stanford.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:36:55"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:36:58">You go to church, temple, synagogue, mosque, whatever it is.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:37:1"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:37:4">Because our beliefs project out.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:37:7">And when we see something that isn't normal,</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:37:10">normal is actually the same as crazy.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:37:16">But maybe you're out for a run, you're just waking up in the morning,</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:37:19"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:37:22">you're taking a shower, and all of a sudden, you get a holy ****.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:37:28">Holy ****.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:37:34">Blue world that orthogonal to the one I'm in.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:37:37">Once you're in that blue world, you realize, there's probably a lot of them.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:37:43">Can you see each one of these as a context?</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:37:46">Can you see that what happened from the renaissance by Newton</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:37:49"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:37:52">to our modern age was going from a pink plane to a blue plane, right?</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:37:55">This is what ARPA did with computing.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:37:58">It went from mainframes, a completely different way of thinking about things,</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:38:1"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:38:4">to the world we have today despite the fact that nobody had thought of it at all.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:38:7"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:38:10">It was considered literally crazy by our colleagues in</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:38:13">computing when we were doing it, okay?</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:38:16">So you just leave the compass on there.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:38:19">It's for you to remember that some people get to this really early.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:38:22">Einstein was five, he was recovering from having the measles I think.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:38:25"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:38:28">His father brought him a little compass for him to play with, and</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:38:31"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:38:34">Einstein remembered later in life, he said,</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:38:37">this made the most impression of me of anything in my childhood.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:38:40">Because the way he looked at it,</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:38:43">there must be something deeply hidden behind things.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:38:46">He didn't take it as it came,</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:38:49">because he was worrying about how does the needle know where to go.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:38:55">There's nothing visible about it, and yet it is doing this.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:38:58">And that changed Einstein's complete way of thinking about things.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:39:4">Okay, so when a baby is born, when we are born, we're not born into nothing.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:39:10">Most cultures over the last hundred</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:39:13">plus thousands of years were traditional cultures, hunting and gathering cultures.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:39:16"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:39:19">And traditional cultures don't know that they are inside a particular outlook.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:39:22"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:39:25">Traditional cultures think they're in reality.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:39:28">And so they react incredibly strongly</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:39:31">to other people's versions of reality to the point of war.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:39:34"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:39:40">this is what our genes give rise to in many people today including in our country</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:39:43">are born into this pretty natural way of looking at things.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:39:46"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:39:49">We had to invent the idea of outlook, and well, here's another one.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:39:52"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:39:55">So if you happen to be born here, you can have the same baby and</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:39:58">bring it up here, the baby will grow into being French, French in its outlook,</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:40:1"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:40:4">French in language, and so forth.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:40:7">What happens when books got invented?</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:40:10">So a guy by the name of Asher Mccluen asked the question, what are books?</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:40:13"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:40:16">What is writing as an environment?</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:40:19">If you thought of writing as being brought up in France,</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:40:22">what would that actually mean to the human race?</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:40:25"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:40:28">Take a look at it if you're interested.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:40:34">You also ask, what is media as an environment?</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:40:37">So for example, what is this is an environment 24/7?</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:40:40"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:40:49">Not that the kids are being told to shoot people.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:40:55">But the problem is, they're seeing shooting people as normal.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:41:1">Because what environments do is to take things and normalize them,</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:41:4">they make them into part of reality and make things thinkable.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:41:7">They don't say what to do, and of course, media that we have today is</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:41:10"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:41:13">doing exactly the same thing, and most people don't realize.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:41:19">Okay, so unhook the last flap here.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:41:28">There's a little Desktop here, tabletop.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:41:31"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:41:34">So look at the picture there first, and before you start experimenting,</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:41:37"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:41:40">let me make an assertion that the tops of the tables are exactly the same shapes.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:41:43"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:41:46">I've been doing this hundreds of times and I can't see it,</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:41:49">but if I take my plastic thing and move it over there.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:41:52"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:42:4">>> [LAUGH] >> If you remember nothing else from this</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:42:7"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:42:10">course, remember that the natural state of humanity is to be crazy.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:42:16">Because crazy is not having good models in our mind for what's going on out there.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:42:22">We just draw the line at certain kinds of crazy, but we are actually crazy.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:42:25"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:42:31">Happens to have been first done here at Stanford, this guy is Roger Sheppard.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:42:34">And that his book, it's full of these.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:42:40">Okay so, Good, last couple of,</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:42:43">got a, yeah, I think I'll get through.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:42:46"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:42:49">So anthropologists over the last 120 years or</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:42:52">so, studied several thousand traditional cultures and</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:42:55"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:42:58">wrote down properties of these cultures that were never absent.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:43:1"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:43:4">So, if a single culture out of several thousand did not have a trait,</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:43:7"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:43:13">So all of these traits are thought of as human universals.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:43:16"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:43:22">And, Here's a book.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:43:25">You know books are actually useful.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:43:28">This is another good one to read.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:43:37">I became very friendly with Sam, and I noticed that I could not mention a book to</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:43:40"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:43:43">him that he would not have read the next time I saw him.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:43:46">That's how you know he's a good guy.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:43:49">so the basic idea here is genetics drives culture.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:43:52">Genetics has the precursors, the desires, and culture fills in the parameters.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:43:55"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:43:58"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:44:7">And once that list was made, people got interested in</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:44:10"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:44:13">things that were not in every culture, and this is a partial list of those.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:44:16"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:44:22">So agriculture had to be invented.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:44:25">It was a pretty easy invention but, it was only invented about 12,000 years ago,</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:44:28"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:44:31">out of several hundred thousand years of us being on the planet.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:44:34">So initially, it was a hard thing for hunting and</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:44:40">Like every animal we have zillions of genes to help us cope with things.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:44:43"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:44:46">We can deal with hardship like every animal incredibly.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:44:52">It's really an invention of the 18th century.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:44:55">And the reason is, is that for almost all of human existence,</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:44:58"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:45:1">people died in the same world that they were born into.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:45:4">Almost nothing happened.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:45:7">And so, what you had to do, to get from birth to death was to cope.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:45:10"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:45:13">It's only been recently that the idea of, no, we could shape the world to be better.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:45:19">That's a new idea, these are all powerful ideas.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:45:22">Oral language versus writing and reading,</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:45:25">the differences are profound, stories, superstition, religion, and</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:45:28">magic versus the representation systems of science, News.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:45:31"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:45:37">Remember news, never introduces a new category, right?</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:45:40">What you hear about is, it's this forest fire, it's that war,</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:45:43"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:45:46">it's this murder, it's this kind deed.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:45:49">This is why news can happen so quickly.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:45:52">And that's what our mind craves, what we hate is categories because it can take us</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:45:55"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:45:58">That's why you never hear any news about calculus,</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:46:1">takes a couple of years to learn it, and there aren't enough people.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:46:7">Fast thinking verses slow thinking.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:46:13">this is one of the reasons why most programming languages go bad.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:46:16"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:46:22">Whereas, a modern way of thinking about things is similarities over differences.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:46:28">It has many things to do also with equal rights and democracy.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:46:31">Vendetta and revenge.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:46:34">Those are the favorite movies, and the favorite video games are revenge games.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:46:40">Personal revenge games, where the system has gone bad, and</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:46:43">somebody has to break the law to put things right.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:46:49">But in fact, the whole legal system was setup and</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:46:52">we're doing avoid thousand year feuds in Vendettas.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:46:55">Okay, so we can think of this side, we have things that human beings want.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:46:58"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:47:1">And simple way of thinking about them is,</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:47:4">every single one of them on this side is illegal drug.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:47:7">And for people in this class who are trying to make money by being</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:47:10">entrepreneurs, just make a technological amplifier for</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:47:13">any of these things that we crave, genetically.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:47:16"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:47:19">Look at the things that are there,</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:47:22">hunting and gathering, social, language.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:47:31">Stories, news, theater, all of those things.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:47:34">That's your list.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:47:37">Just get this book, right, Sam?</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:47:40">And, make something that will make people worse, and they'll buy the hell out of it.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:47:43"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:47:46">Because we don't have any natural, all of these things are in shortage in the world</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:47:49"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:47:52">that human beings have been into except for a couple hundred years ago.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:47:55"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:47:58">Over here, we have things a human beings need and you can't really see, but</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:48:1"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:48:4">Because they're not particularly genetically prepared for.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:48:7">They had to be They had to be invented, okay.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:48:10"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:48:13"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:48:16">So last shot here, 21st century going on into the 22nd century.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:48:19"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:48:22"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:48:25">Hey, we're not born into France, or traditional society anymore.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:48:28">We're born into a universe that is unbelievably large.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:48:31"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:48:34">A planet that most people don't even realize we're on yet.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:48:37">Not just our social system of a few hundred people that we know, but</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:48:40"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:48:43">millions of social systems, and billions of people.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:48:49">A technological system that is starting to touch everybody in many,</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:48:52"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:48:58">For instance, modern medicine really dates from only World War II.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:49:1">That's a long time ago for you folks, but it's within my lifetime.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:49:4"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:49:7">I was born before World War II.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:49:10">you simply did not get antibiotics when you had an infection.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:49:16">Was that soon, doctoring was almost quackery.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:49:22">Much of scientific medicine has happened in the last 50 or 60 years.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:49:25"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:49:28">And then we have the system of our mind.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:49:31">There's not just social, but psychological, cognitive, and so forth.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:49:34"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:49:37">So we can sum up this world that we're born into in this century</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:49:40">as the systems we live in and the systems we are.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:49:43">Think about that, the difference between that and</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:49:46"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:49:49">what most people think that they want.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:49:52">These are the systems we have to learn about and deal with.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:49:55">And these systems are not separate, I've mentioned them separately but</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:49:58"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:50:1">hey're all intertwined with each other, they're all invisible.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:50:10">Okay, and I'll just leave you with this last slide.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:50:13">So we found out about all of these systems.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:50:16">They were invisible until a few hundred years ago, and</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:50:19">some of them invisible until a few years ago.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:50:22">And the human tragedy is in two parts.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:50:25">Part of it is just finding out something in our civilization,</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:50:28"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:50:31"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:50:34">doesn't automatically transmit it to people born into the civilization, right?</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:50:37">The educational system has to be changed in order to reflect this stuff.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:50:40"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:50:43">And the composite picture here is that part of our brain,</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:50:46"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:50:49">the genetic part of our brain, even overlaid with this stuff,</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:50:52">still has these reactions, and ways of thinking about things or</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:50:55">not thinking about things that go back a hundred thousand years.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:50:58"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:51:1">So I think with things like television to look at,</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:51:4"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:51:7">things like video games to look at, things like Facebook to look at, if you're</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:51:13">going to go out and make a company that is going to appeal to people, try to do it</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:51:16"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:51:19">without appealing to the parts of their nature, that they're helpless in front of.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:51:22"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:51:28">Because one of the things that those of us who helped invent the technologies</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:51:31"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:51:34">of today are quite worried about now, is that the technology is so</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:51:37">much easier to invent than it is to change the educational system.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:51:40"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:51:43">And so what we've got is the informational equivalent of cave</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:51:46"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:51:49">people with nuclear weapons, but now they're informational weapons.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:51:52"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:51:55">And in many ways, I think these weapons are more dangerous because by</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:52:1">renormalizing human attitudes and human beliefs could very easily bring</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:52:4">down our civilization and put us back into the Stone Age.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:52:7"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:52:10">The talk on Tuesday, maybe a little thicker today, but the whole impetus</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:52:13">behind the ARPA research and inventions of these things.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:52:16"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:52:19"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:52:22">And particularly, people like Engelbart was to try</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:52:25"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:52:28">to invent new tools and</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:52:31">new media for humanity to get itself out of its problems.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:52:37">And Engelbart, for example, said almost everything important</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:52:40"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:52:43">hat has consequence in the adult world is done by adults working together.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:52:49">And so this is why his system was collaborative from the,</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:52:52">So here's a Mac, some people have Linux, some people have Windows on it.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:52:55"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:52:58">Here's the interesting thing.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:53:1">Not a single one of the main operating systems today has built into it</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:53:4"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:53:7">he thing that Englebart showed in 1968, which is the intrinsic</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:53:10">ability to share any content that you're looking at with anybody else,</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:53:13"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:53:16">to the point of allowing them to interact with it and to talk back and forth, right?</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:53:19"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:53:25">So this a thing that is at an operating system level.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:53:28">It is possible to do, but not a single operating system use today does it.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:53:31"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:53:34">And so the ability to actually work collaboratively on content is been held</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:53:37"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:53:40"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:53:43">back by notions of operating systems that go back pre-1965.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:53:46"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:53:49">All three operating systems we have today that are the main ones are old, old ideas.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:53:52"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:53:55">They don't even get to where Park was,</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:53:58">the notion of how processes can coordinate with each other.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:54:1">And there are many, many other of these things, because these operating</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:54:4">systems are rather similar to each other, and because they're pervasive.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:54:7"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:54:10">Unless you use your reality kit, you're going to think that they're normal and,</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:54:13"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:54:16">therefore, that's the way things should be.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:54:19">Many people, in computing, have a misplaced notion of</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:54:22">Darwinian process, Like most people.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:54:28">Most people think Darwinian processes optimize.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:54:34">One of my degrees in molecular biology, and I can tell you,</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:54:37">any biologist would say, they're absolutely not optimized.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:54:40">The whole point of Darwinian processes is</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:54:43">to fit into some niche in some environment.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:54:46"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:54:49">And if that environment isn't the right kind of environment, the processes of</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:54:52">evolution is not going to give you something that's very interesting.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:54:55"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:54:58">That is the way it works.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:55:1">And as computing gets less and less interesting, its way of accepting and</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:55:4">rejecting things gets more and more mundane.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:55:10">So this is why some of these early systems, like Sam looks at sketchpads and</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:55:13">said, why aren't they doing it today?</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:55:19">Nobody even thinks of doing Wiziwig on the web, on web media.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:55:22"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:55:25">I just typed in some answers to Cora, and</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:55:28"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:55:31">I was in a regime that was pre-70s.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:55:34">I was typing into a little window.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:55:37">I couldn't see what it was going to look like until I clicked the button.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:55:40">Come on, this is ****.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:55:43">nobody is protesting except old fogies like me, because I know it can be better.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:55:46"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:55:49">You need to find out that it can be better, that is your job.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:55:52">Your job is not to agree with me, your job is to wake up.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:55:58">Find ways of criticizing the stuff that seems normal.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:56:1">That is the only way out of the soup.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:56:4">You have to go against your genetic impulses to try and</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:56:7">learn the environment around you, it's the most natural thing we have.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:56:10"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:56:13">But it's not going to help, because the environment is weak.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:56:16">And if you learn the environment, you're going to be weak.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:56:19">>> All right, thank you very much.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:56:22">>> [APPLAUSE]</subtitle>