View source for Alan Kay's IFERS address at the American Film Institute

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<subtitle id='00:00:00'></subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:09'>so either like essays which we have one</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:13'>printed out is the proposal that I've</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:18'>been asked to write for in his death this summer in fact the reason I'm here</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:23'>is that the global got funded against all odds you'll see why if you read it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:29'>and so we're prospecting around for</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:33'>smart interesting people who might want</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:38'>to help us do this project the large project two million dollars a year for</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:43'>five years in the staff vault at two</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:48'>million they only fund the fund million</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:52'>billion so we're really going to do it and as I go through this thing you'll</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:58'>see that this proposal is somewhat far-fetched way it happened is that we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:05'>talked about this and my research groups off and on for decades always something</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:16'>else to do and about a year ago or so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:23'>two things happened one was that Peter</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:27'>Freeman was starting to fund the genie reinvention of the internet and I got</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:32'>asked to be on one of them committees to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:36'>talk about it and remember sitting there thinking jeez the internet actually was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:41'>probably the best thing that my research community did in the seventies and we're</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:50'>going to reinvent should be programmed and so I started</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:55'>thinking a little harder about that and realized that it would be awfully</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:02'>difficult to reinvent program pieces they're sort of been embedded in pretty</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:08'>much the same paradigms for pretty much</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:13'>as long as I didn't compute it pushes the ball with axes takes simular as</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:19'>first appearing at 64 65 or so then the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:25'>stuff that were doing today it would not only be all too familiar except for the networking a lot</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:33'>of the best people in the 60s would think what most people are doing today</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:40'>in any case is extremely recognizable</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:46'>and so let's you've been embedded in something for that many decades it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:52'>actually sets up a sense of normality we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:56'>have the sense of what's normal business</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:00'>doing it so long it's actually hard to think really arrogant thoughts so the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:07'>other thing that happened is that one of the researchers and our Research</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:12'>Institute India mardik who has been</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:16'>interested in sort of now kind of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:21'>distant topic bootstrapping for nothing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:26'>for the last bunch of years actually started showing some real progress on</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:32'>his latest system about a year ago and as you as I move it into what this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:37'>proposal is all about which is basically to take a very large computer experience</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:44'>of the entire thing one of the things</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:51'>that everybody here is very familiar with you can use off up a lot of those</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:55'>lines of codes and thought and so you have to have some strategy to deal with</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:01'>the issues at the bottom you can use them</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:07'>thousand to ten thousand more life I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:16'>dude this can't do extend to other hunters</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:24'>and so I guess the other introductory</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:29'>meeting mark here is that my first</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:33'>prepared this particular top and came a version of it I realized that my usual</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:42'>approach which is usually critical that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:46'>is a lot of things that I think most people do is because they ain't</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:50'>something somebody else has done and I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:56'>realized that informed criticism has been completely been done in my web</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:03'>because the web has produced so much uninformed uninformed criticism this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:09'>kind of aggression sloth good circulation bad criticism is giving</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:16'>good criticism out of circulation just can't criticize and so I've changed my</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:26'>tune and tried to shift over to asking questions</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:34'>now this talk will be successful if I can get you to read that paper and get</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:40'>some of you to contact me so I had to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:44'>rewrite the story but I think it's a good story about our profession full of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:50'>comforters without it closed but of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:54'>course in the original story the kid declared that the employee had no</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:58'>clothes</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:07'>and it's interesting that my neighbors who are not computer scientists just</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:14'>have questions like this if they ask all of the time and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:24'>try and think of something reasonable to tell why does it hit one</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:32'>why is new restroom my wife just got a huge top-of-the-line palpable be tested</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:41'>everything and the van slower than the mum that she hadn't discovered that's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:46'>because there's even though the this drive on it is larger she got the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:50'>largest one and there still wasn't enough room for all the passion the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:54'>system was doing to make it appear as though in fact the system is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:02'>unbelievably an efficient enormous amounts of disk space just to get five</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:07'>course that's true after an update why</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:15'>do I have to reboot my machine that's a really good question because you think</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:20'>that things would be more lately down</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:26'>yeah I'm confusing League authoring and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:30'>Microsoft Word which was originally done back in 1974 but for some reason I can't</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:36'>do it in my blog my my wiki hey which</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:41'>came much after and in fact I can't even really do much authoring in this most</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:49'>useful browser thing even though</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:53'>HyperCard was already 8 or 9 years old</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:00'>why didn't it just into the browser</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:05'>instead</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:10'>yeah I think everybody here knows the answers</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:15'>to those questions I hope you do you don't talk to me later I have my own</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:23'>versions of these questions so pretty</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:28'>much any of the computers we have today as pretty much what the total computing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:34'>and storage capacity of the entire internet was around 1986 or so Sandra's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:40'>been trying to figure out exactly and but the internet already had zillions of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:45'>knows it was already growing and working quite well in the mid 80s it was very</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:52'>simple then it's very simple now but what happened what's inside when I look</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:58'>inside the PC or Mac I don't see anything that's like I didn't see any</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:04'>scalable architecture then they are to expect to see thousands of virtual machines but in fact talking to my</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:11'>friends at Microsoft they said rarely does Windows XP ever had 120 processors</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:21'>because the Internet has been able to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:25'>scale by 12 orders of magnitude but it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:29'>must be a reason as a systems person I'm really interested and I'm interested in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:34'>how the system software on these computers hasn't scale past it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:41'>especially since you can throw away the operating system essentially just get</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:47'>bid</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:55'>and etc etc</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:01'>as I did a little calculation you're</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:05'>having a lot of books I have a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:10'>collection of encyclopedia Britannica's and my favorite is the 14th edition the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:16'>classic one as each volume is about a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:21'>thousand pages long it's about ammunition and to stack those up you can</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:29'>sort of read for yourself eleven thousand volumes of thousand things you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:34'>see so many pages of so many lines of text actually if you start counting</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:41'>lines of code in just the operating</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:45'>system and windows application so far to get to a quite a few lines of code it's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:52'>probably more than this after some</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:56'>comparison is completely unfair so I put samples there down here is this system</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:01'>I'm using to give this presentation which also is its own operating system</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:05'>that was its</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:09'>Xerox PARC and everything being done</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:14'>here is being done by the system sockets</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:24'>and everything yeah it's about two hundred thirty thousand yeah so just to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:37'>prove that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:47'>[Laughter]</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:51'>so it's actually if everything is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:55'>dynamic and live no mode which is my identity it's kind of it's one of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:09'>things that we've done over the years speak is only about ten years old it's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:13'>just this small company because we feared Java wasn't going to really be</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:17'>compatible across machines stand the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:27'>test that wasn't ever produced</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:35'>or the way we used to do it is to make an actual model of the virtual machine</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:43'>translator to translate so this system</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:50'>I'm not going to Virtual Assistants old obsolete system solutions - 1970</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:58'>but the system does run bit identically on doesn't and if you're going to be on</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:05'>the internet kind of have to run identically because</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:12'>otherwise you know so thinking about the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:18'>functionality here we did a little test</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:22'>and indicated that pretty much all of the time we're only there's 100,000</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:26'>lines of it and we started wondering about well how small could you make it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:31'>if you didn't do it in 1970 small talk like what if you actually tried to do</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:37'>some higher-level and various handlers</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:43'>got us down thinking well the interest in machine coaching for twenty thousand</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:47'>lines and of course we never intended that we're going to do this because who</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:53'>would fund us nobody today and it might</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:57'>even be hard to get market</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:01'>yeah 60s but without 20 thousand lines of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:05'>code be pretty nice because that's about a 400 page book employ one book is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:10'>different than an encyclopedia and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:15'>that's because our brains don't scale</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:19'>the only way we can scale things is not by size but by abstraction everybody</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:25'>there's nothing in this pocket</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:32'>and then we thought well 20,000 Minds</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:36'>code that would be really interesting what if you could also explain it you wind up with something about the size of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:41'>my book and this book is one of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:50'>great books of all time we do not have an equivalent book really a shame one of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:57'>the reasons is that biologists are incredibly fortunate in the nature has</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:03'>already presented them with living things and what they spend virtually all</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:08'>of their time thinking about is how those things work all the different</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:12'>other ways you can think living things so all I have to do is mail it get a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:19'>couple of geniuses to write five or six editions of this book and you get this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:23'>masterpiece this book doesn't even require you to know anything about</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:28'>chemistry start meeting just open it up start media and it just takes you along</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:36'>you know a lot about it's not a light so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:44'>we started thinking about that and I wrote a white paper as I usually do</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:49'>just to try and think it through I never</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:54'>finish these white papers but I hand them out to everybody and what amazing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:02'>thing happened is that the summer NSF called me up and asking about you trying</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:07'>to trim that white paper proposal I still don't know exactly why this is dr.</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:14'>King because there's a high probability of failure in fact the difficulty with</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:21'>the viewers hands of the proposal is that you'll notice when you read it that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:26'>it actually has sections in there who say we don't know what the feeling on</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:31'>this part and that used to be okay a long time ago because that's what</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:35'>research determines been doing research and engineering engineering you're</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:40'>supposed to get that jet engine working and not have the cleaning fall out of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:44'>the sky whereas research he kind of wanted to fall out of the sky and it's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:48'>uninteresting what so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:58'>then they surprised us by funding it and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:04'>this is part of our kind of Grand Challenges list that we think people</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:09'>should be one of the most interesting things that I think of it again</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:14'>everybody in this room this talk is so full of cliches I can't stand it but you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:21'>know there just hasn't been a Moore's law for software just incredible yes the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:28'>toughest culture progressively slowed up yeah probably get worse more maybe</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:33'>inverse-square work so that's an</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:39'>interesting one to think about what what would it mean to do something that's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:44'>around two orders of magnitude improvement targeting imagine whatever</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:52'>interoperability I just can't believe whoops prison would be great if we have</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:00'>and I've always been pissed off that the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:06'>vendors aimed personal computing sit at business where we have the least</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:12'>inviting the least interested computer and users the most boring people and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:21'>horses but it's really bad because the people</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:26'>who should be joining our field and should be having fun they don't see the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:31'>fun that we realize now that we've been</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:37'>analyzing English language wrong suffix</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:43'>thing actually is an negation operator</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:47'>so fun being don't know why this stuff</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:55'>is done in the first place and these</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:59'>last two I won't bother explaining with the are they're really critical one of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:06'>the one of the things some of us old people decide to do is to take matters</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:11'>into our own hands and try and make a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:16'>difference Anita Ponte and I and a bunch of other people decided to do this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:20'>undergoing a laptop and just like I do it on the grounds that all the laptops</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:26'>are made in Taiwan anyway the world's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:31'>largest laptop manufacturers wanted this 43% of all the glasses world with all of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:37'>the Hewlett Packard's all of the Dells most of the Sony's and half of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:43'>Macintosh</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:47'>I also make this place Nicolas talked to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:51'>the CEO of quanta through the following</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:55'>wonderful proposition which involved</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:00'>showing this guy how many hits the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:04'>hundred dollar laptop is getting on Google how few hits this guy was getting</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:11'>on Google and so the wonderful end of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:15'>the story was that not only this guy agree to build this actually put in a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:21'>substantial amount of funding including</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:26'>enough funding to do give remarkable display on this machine so less than two</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:32'>years since this project started and the first thousand factory built machines</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:37'>just appeared last week I came within a couple of days of being able to give</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:42'>this talk on this issue and in order to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:48'>do a real computer for the cost of a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:53'>little over hundred dollars one thing to have to solve displayed the CEO of One</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:00'>Laptop Per child is extremely talented</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:07'>lady scientist can used to work for Intel specialist displays and she was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:15'>she had the guts to actually design and really invent a new kind of flat screen</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:20'>display as a product and completely Avenue critical path and this display</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:27'>had takes 1/7 the power of a new display</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:33'>just shows that 15 or 20 people who are</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:56'>determined can do pretty much anything well I hope that Nichols gets the Nobel</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:02'>Peace Prize for this because it is they will manifest this thing out of almost</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:07'>nothing I'm going to get buyers for the machine funders for the project builders</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:13'>for the thing and it's actually happening but of course the children's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:18'>computer is not the hardware this the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:22'>experience that's on it that is a different matter entirely</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:27'>quickly let's go I'll leave that side so these are things</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:35'>that affected me deeply when I was younger and essentially this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:43'>project is looking at the physicists</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:48'>with envy and saying please</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:52'>every time the physicists do something it starts out messy and then they wind</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:56'>up inventing some mathematics and it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:02'>really fits into an iPhone and if this is what I feel you can actually notice</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:08'>things about it that are hard to notice that it's 10 to 15 pages long like</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:14'>certain asymmetries between the electric and magnetic field attracted Einsteins</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:19'>attention that probably shouldn't have been here and this is my Bible when I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:27'>was a biologist and particularly like</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:33'>this this is the constitution of the US</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:40'>and think about it's the colonel some can think of as metaprogramming but it's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:46'>the colonel of an operating system that's been running with millions of not</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:50'>terribly cooperative parts being with us for hundreds of years and hasn't broken</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:55'>think about it Annetta ideas here I had to be small in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:02'>order for them to work those guys really</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:06'>knew what they were doing and astoundingly everybody who worked on the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:10'>Constitution the United States ramp is actually educated here everything</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:17'>possible yeah so I started in graduate</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:23'>school ivan sutherland had already done sketch</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:27'>pad which used the kind of a field idea so i'll get you in a little bit and the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:34'>big topic of conversation 40 years ago was the ARPANET which hadn't been done</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:40'>yet and Lickliter this guy called it the intergalactic</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:47'>network even in his reports to the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:52'>military and the reason to use that term is that he was convinced that networking</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:58'>was bad in the 60s because people weren't thinking big enough they were always trying to solve little</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:03'>problems particularly vendors like IBM</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:07'>and the vendors were trying to build perfect little machines that were half</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:15'>duplex rather than full duplex and so forth and when I started in graduate</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:20'>school the publication's of Simula in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:24'>this country had just come out a few months earlier and it turned out all</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:30'>three of these things were abstractly similar this had a thing that wasn't</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:39'>called objects in it but that was the way the graphics system was organized</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:43'>this had separate things that were supposed to cooperate in some form by</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:48'>sending messages this was designed for huge oil refineries in Norwegian</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:54'>shipbuilding and my background was I had a math major and a biology major and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:00'>these things just all looked very very</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:04'>similar they look like a network of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:09'>computer like things just sending</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:13'>messages around and didn't have the way that was hardware or software and I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:20'>thought boy we have a hundred trillion cells in our body and it only took 40</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:28'>cell divisions in order to make us actually takes 50 but 10 of those cell</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:35'>divisions are actually used up in debugging in destroying cells one of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:41'>nicer things that Nature has has given us so this became kind of a mental image</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:49'>for the systems and pretty much</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:53'>everybody in the ARPA community also</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:57'>felt the same way and there was also a computer done by this guy Barton that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:07'>was had the structure in it this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:12'>computer that be 5000 had 7 for my money had 7 out of the 10 best ideas ever done</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:17'>in software put in the hardware of the machine designed in 1961 happened to be</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:25'>by luck the third machine I ever had to learn and it's be quite recognizable to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:29'>people today because every byte encoded VM on the planet is a software version</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:36'>of what this machine executed directly alright so this was the first computer</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:42'>and almost the only computer where the designer of it said you know people are</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:46'>going to write in higher-level languages so let us make a piece of hardware that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:52'>will optimize that instead of think</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:56'>about what we have today we have everybody you're trying to write in higher-level languages and yet we have</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:02'>to emulate the hardware environment they should be running in because the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:09'>computer chip vendors refuse to learn</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:13'>anything about software so I think I'm just think about how out of whack this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:18'>is and the other book I carry around is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:32'>this because bottom half of page 13 had</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:37'>the other part of the question so if objects are the way to organize things</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:42'>how do you organize the methods and one</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:46'>of the ways of thinking about it is to think about it in the self referential</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:50'>way that McCarthy arrived at and of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:54'>course there are zillions of universal Turing machines before McCarthy did this the interesting thing about what</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:00'>McCarthy did was it was the first time anybody had done a Turing machine that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:04'>had slope to it it was not just Universal but it was actually within</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:09'>some short Hamming distance of whole</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:13'>bunches of interesting computations and yet it was still small so that says</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:19'>something interests I've always thought about this is the math Maxwell's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:23'>equations of programming right and of course what what we need now is the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:28'>relativistic equations for programming whatever that means so so the other</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:39'>thing about the ARPA community was it had big ideas it wasn't just the group</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:47'>of us we were a part of the ARCA community but we were by no means we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:52'>wound up getting the better books written about us but in fact the ARPA</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:57'>community itself thirsted after this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:02'>notion of being able to provide people with a kind of an amplification of their</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:07'>intellect an amplification of their intellectual reach both in time and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:14'>space in ideas and and so forth and so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:19'>this whole community cooperated and talked with each other very well and one</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:24'>of the key parts of it was this early</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:30'>workstation or first workstation called the Alto</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:34'>which among besides having the the screen on it it was about fifty to a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:39'>hundred times faster than you could get on time sharing so all of a sudden when</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:45'>you sat down to this machine you're sitting down to something there was a bit like a supercomputer and immediately</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:52'>you found that there are a zillion things you could do without optimization</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:56'>so you can go out and drink a pitcher of beer at lunch and do five or six</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:00'>complete experiments before suppertime</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:04'>because you have this machine and he didn't have to optimize you could just</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:08'>throw the code away you write these short little snippets of code and since</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:14'>most ideas are mediocre down to bad the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:18'>whole idea is to be able to have lots of ideas and get rid of most of them so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:23'>this is a perfect setup for that and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:27'>it's interesting to look at the specs</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:32'>here so a clock speed today is x 75</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:37'>bandwidth is x 150 11,000 larger main</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:42'>memory disk is out of sight tenth the price but if you look at Moore's Law</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:49'>it's 23 doublings since then so that is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:53'>a factor of eight million and you know</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:57'>no matter how you twist and turn this you can't find eight million in there</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:02'>something is not scaling and my favorite</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:08'>guy to be critical is Butler so he has</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:15'>the harshest thing I'm usually I've</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:19'>usually been the harshest but I could only the benchmarks that we did show</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:23'>about a factor of 600 has been lost and Butler has pretty good figures that show</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:28'>a full factor of a thousand I think about that that's ten doublings right</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:35'>and the doublings happen every year and a half all right so that means fifteen</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:41'>years has been lost because of bad architecture</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:45'>and so there's this myth that says don't</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:49'>do special purpose hardware because Moore's law will always overtake the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:54'>special purpose hardware little shit that's not even close actually what's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:01'>happened is we've lost the factor of a thousand in efficiency because we can't</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:05'>run a code the way we want to what it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:09'>needs to be run that's a really interesting figure to go go back and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:15'>look at so another thing we tried to do</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:19'>at Parc so I'm not going to dwell on much here but we just noticed that the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:24'>thing that was most like the user interfaces of the 60s was a nuclear</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:28'>power thing or maybe a nuclear submarine</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:32'>thing where it takes 20 people to run the the application on it and in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:39'>personal computing you really can't have that you really need to have something</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:43'>that's explorable undoable something and where the main thing you're trying to do</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:48'>is not so much functionality but learnability basically taking the idea that if there</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:53'>is going to be progress then you have to somehow build in learning into the thing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:00'>because no great idea that is put on a computer that is not learn about is a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:05'>great idea I ain't there so we saw this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:11'>as a huge switch and without trying to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:15'>be critical about today I would say today's user interface is even on the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:19'>parked models are way too much like this people actually take training courses</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:26'>for them so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:32'>so one of the things we thought that would be neat if we did this project</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:37'>since it would be so small it would be interesting to try and think of it also</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:41'>as the museum on itself what would that mean so it wouldn't just be reflective</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:47'>but it would actually be introspective so it actually not just be a model of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:52'>computation but it would actually have a model of itself and so that suggests</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:56'>become a rather different kind of user interface yet to be designed so I think</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:08'>architecture is the key here again I'm not saying anything people don't know</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:13'>and I'll just put up three pictures here</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:18'>most software today feels like this to me because once software gets beyond a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:24'>certain size you can only add around the edges right it grows by accretion you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:29'>can't really do much of anything else and over here we have something that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:35'>nobody in computing knows how to do what I call real engineering Empire State</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:40'>Building was built by less than 3000 people in less than a year they had to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:44'>demolish the old Waldorf Astoria Hotel in order to do it the steel arrived from</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:49'>Pittsburgh still 110 degrees hot and the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:54'>framing went up at the rate of two floors a day each floor the Empire State</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:58'>Building had a narrow gauge railroad on it and it had three times as many elevators going up the side just to get</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:04'>stuff up there then the mid then the building has today was one of the great</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:09'>building jobs and anybody who has pretensions to be an engineer should get</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:13'>any of the four or five marvelous books including a Foreman's notebook which has</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:19'>been reproduced in facsimile that had little snapshots that this guy had taken</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:24'>in the No Pike a typewriter talking</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:30'>about what was going on so I claimed that nobody in computing knows how to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:36'>organize 3,000 people who do something really big and get it done in a year so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:41'>whatever software engineering is it isn't anything like modern engineering</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:46'>software engineering is more like that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:50'>like architecture before they were arches I think the best practice is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:55'>rather more towards the pyramid you could call this a form of dynamic</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:00'>object-oriented programming or pick your favorite architectural thing that just</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:05'>isn't brick like and yeah you can build big structures that are the size of this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:11'>thing with one millionth the amount of materials but if you think about how</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:16'>primitive the best stuff that's done today is its epaulet so my favorite don</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:31'>quote here is beware of bugs in the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:37'>above code i've only proved the correct not tried it and so what we have is a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:42'>new kind of mathematics by old math is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:46'>tiny little theorems that have an infinite number of instances and what we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:55'>do in computing is things that are</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:59'>finite but huge do to beyond the worst</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:03'>nightmares of any mathematician and so we don't get to prove anything</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:08'>interesting piece to my theoretical</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:12'>friends but essentially proving</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:16'>something as np-hard is not interesting because you can still build it build</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:22'>anything you want so the real question is how can you build it and debug it and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:28'>this is what makes this talk difficult because I'm used to giving talks about</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:34'>stuff that we've already done but here's an analogy that won't play the Tacoma</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:40'>Narrows movie but I love this movie but everybody here has seen this movie any</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:45'>number of times it's just the great movie it's wonderful that the person who</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:51'>predicted that the bridge was going to go down had predicted it more than six</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:56'>months ahead of time and had predicted more or less the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:01'>magnitude of the wind a wind that nobody thought would ever happen 95 to 100</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:06'>miles an hour and so six months or so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:10'>later they were measuring a 95 mile an</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:14'>hour wind in the Tacoma Narrows and so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:18'>they actually went to the camera store and as this is online you can go to the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:22'>website of the camera story that they got the movie cameras and he just set</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:26'>the movie cameras up at the end of the bridge turn them on and just let the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:30'>whole thing happen that's so great but</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:37'>so to me computer science is a science</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:41'>that requires an artifact to be made so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:45'>this project is partly to make an artifact that is can be actually studied</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:49'>now the problem is 100 million lines of code can't really be studied so you have</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:54'>to make something that's actually study above but it has to be big enough to be</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:59'>interesting so we decided to take</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:04'>something that we understood and just try in like this chain of being up here</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:12'>from tiny little building blocks to more and more complex architectures of things</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:23'>so this is at least my favorite slide and sooner it's key in my lifetime</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:31'>people were right around there this is Linus I was born when Linus Pauling did</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:36'>his book on the chemical bond in 1940</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:40'>and I was 13 when Watson and Crick did</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:45'>DNA and we're now up to still thinking</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:53'>there might be a miracle or two in intelligent behavior but all the ones</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:00'>before hand have turned out to be architectures of things so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:08'>for this system we've got basically something that goes from the power</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:12'>supply up to the end user and we really</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:16'>have to do all of these things and we're</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:20'>going to leave some of the logic gates alone but not all of them because the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:30'>not just the temptation but the things that can be accomplished by using field</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:35'>programmable gate arrays is just too great all right the thing that made the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:40'>alto interesting at zero Xerox PARC was the microcode the micro code allowed you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:46'>to make an emulator for a desired virtual machine that would keep main</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:51'>memory busy and that meant that no</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:55'>custom-made hardware could run any faster the thing was memory bound period and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:00'>field programmable gate arrays actually allow some really interesting thoughts</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:07'>and as you read in the proposal the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:13'>there about a dozen principles in there I believe every one of you knows every</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:19'>single one of these maybe there's a couple that have escaped you but</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:23'>basically there's nothing here that is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:27'>particularly remarkable and in in our</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:32'>diagram here essentially this middle</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:37'>area is the area that we actually don't</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:41'>understand very well it also is the place where the most interesting ideas</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:47'>in this system if they are going to appear are going to appear and we know</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:53'>something about how to do this pretty well and we've done a lot of experimentation up towards the end user</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:58'>sign I'm going to give you a couple of examples before we before we quit and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:06'>have some chance for some questions so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:12'>we did this system call eToys for</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:16'>children and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:20'>while we were wanting to make it really simple and while we were doing it we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:26'>thought well let's we can toss a few</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:31'>more things in there that the children</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:37'>may or may not find but we can try out some of our pet theories so basically</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:44'>one of the inspirations for etoys was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:48'>thinking about what would a hyper card on steroids be like what if it were just</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:55'>had a really powerful simple object model and it was Universal and okay it's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:04'>a little car that a child might make and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:12'>makes it into it into a thing and I can</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:21'>like I did before I can drag out some</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:25'>tiles here from the viewer on the on the car and I'll just start the the car</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:32'>going now we saw that there was a little</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:41'>halo of stuff on that object and you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:46'>know here's another thing that's on a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:50'>photograph and so I could possibly drag</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:56'>out something on it and here's another object which is the script but it's also</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:02'>got one of these things so so maybe I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:09'>can write a script for it and I can come</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:17'>over here perhaps and grab on to the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:23'>thing that's there like that and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:27'>actually this whole thing I'm in this world die I'm in here</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:33'>I can look at it and so that one of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:40'>ways of thinking about this system is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:45'>instead of having a class object in a zillion this subclass only has one kind</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:49'>of object this is a universal object</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:53'>idea and the objects have different costumes and to give you a kind of a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:57'>sense of this I'm going to suppress all</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:02'>the graphics and this it helps you see</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:06'>that all of these things are actually the same this idea goes back a long ways</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:11'>because when we're doing the Alto at Xerox PARC one of the thoughts we had as</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:15'>well to a naive user everything on the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:19'>alto is just a smart rectangle the windows are rectangles the characters</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:23'>are rectangles and there's some sort of function and magic behind them and that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:30'>should allow you to make a different kind of object system than the one that similar thought about now of course I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:36'>have to remember where I did this so I can change this thing back here okay so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:47'>I'll just show you a few more examples but basic idea here what I'm trying to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:52'>convince you is that the media part of this system is just endlessly recursive</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:57'>in fact one of the things that I forgot</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:03'>to do here is to show you how this presentation was made this is an idea we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:12'>could never convince Apple of but at</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:16'>Xerox PARC we had unlimited desktops and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:24'>the reason was that a desktop is a unit of work it's not a place where you go</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:29'>and you do a project that persists over days what happened when this interface</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:34'>went to Apple and then to Microsoft is that they forgot about the workflow</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:39'>aspect so you have the silly thing of people building up windows and collapsing and building up windows but</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:44'>what you really want is something that's over time so if you look carefully up</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:48'>here you can see the presentation that you've seen so far and that is because I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:53'>can have any number of sorting zuv these desktops right these desktops are like</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:57'>web pages I can hand them around except they're full blown media with objects</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:04'>they run in a browser because squeek can be a plugin but I can also sort them so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:10'>if I want to come back to my miracle happen slide next I can put put it in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:18'>like that and say okay and I'm going to call it the entail November 27 talk I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:23'>can use these guys over and over again here and so if I go now to the next</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:31'>slide it's not the one that I had but it's the one that I just put in there</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:35'>see how simple this this is why PowerPoint is bad PowerPoint is a thing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:40'>that essentially neuters any powerful thing that you have done it's unpowered</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:46'>you do this wonderful thing and then you have to copy it into this weak thing in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:51'>order to show it but you can't show any of the dynamics right whereas what you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:56'>really want to do is just work in the thing and some of them you're going to show on some of them you aren't going to show okay here's another idea and again</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:04'>using the children's programming and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:08'>this is just a little salmon here following a brightness gradient you can</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:14'>read the thing fish is always going forward by five the last scene thing is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:21'>greater than the brightness under the fish so I'm plotting what the fish is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:26'>doing over here if it's yes keep on going straight up no just just turn</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:33'>randomly and so the wonderful thing is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:41'>that this fish will eventually wind its</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:45'>way up there and every living thing has</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:50'>this little algorithm built into it and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:55'>evolution has this algorithm built into it this is what evolution actually does</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:50:00'>doesn't do anything more than this then</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:50:04'>the fun thing is so having done such a simple little hill climbing thing then</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:50:10'>if you have a particle system that is programmed the same way you can do</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:50:14'>something much more interesting here but almost as easily so these are a bunch of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:50:19'>ants and this field that the ants are on</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:50:23'>is actually 10,000 little patch</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:50:27'>computers that are handling the defusing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:50:31'>of the pheromones and the evaporation of them right and so even on this little</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:50:38'>laptop that I have we can do a million particles at 10 frames a second okay</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:50:44'>from these tiny simple little programs I think most of you are aware that Tec is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:50:53'>an example of a system that is able to do a very very good job of solving</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:50:58'>certain kinds of constraints for dealing with these and so this metaphor is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:04'>spoken about in this paper as particle field programming so just a zillion</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:10'>things like sending messages in an object-oriented language is one of these</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:14'>things you can think of this as a tuple space for Linda if you want right</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:20'>there's just a zillion things where you want to be able to have an environment</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:25'>and one of the differences between this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:29'>children's environment and say squeak or</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:34'>Java is that the objects in here can all</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:39'>see each other because they're in the same and they're actually situated we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:43'>don't use lists sharing so I'll talk uses list sharing but the e toy system</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:48'>doesn't so everybody knows where they are ok so here's an example of particle</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:58'>field programming so here's a little</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:52:04'>here's a little text paragraph so I'm</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:52:08'>just getting it to justify itself everybody has done</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:52:13'>this program but maybe not this way this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:52:17'>is the entire text editor shown on the screen here and I'll reveal what's going</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:52:23'>on here by letting these guys loose okay so each one of these is a little guy one</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:52:29'>of those ants and so the formatting if I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:52:36'>tell them to just wander back you can see them following the leader if I tell</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:52:45'>them the hot back then they they stop if</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:52:49'>I tell them the snap back they snap back and now they do that thing in between</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:52:55'>the frame time and this system the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:52:59'>process switching and the message passing have are the same speed all</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:05'>right so it actually doesn't cost you to have two hundred thousand processes in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:10'>this system you can just use them and all of a sudden you wind up with these</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:15'>extremely simple like this is all you need to do the formatting and this is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:23'>all you need to do to do the selection</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:27'>so if I draw through each of these guys</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:31'>is actually looking out to see where the thing is and the editing for doing it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:47'>so let's see this is a Japanese keyboard so I have to be careful here maybe this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:53'>one nope</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:02'>that one okay</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:10'>the well the spellcheck is usually done by having lots of examples right I don't</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:17'>know of any algorithm that understands English intrinsically so I'm not sure</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:22'>what your question is but sure you you mean the thing to check to see whether</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:28'>you're at some interesting Hamming distance from the thing I don't know</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:32'>because we haven't done it so I'm just taking Don Knuth escape route here but</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:37'>it better be because the system in order</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:41'>to fit into 20,000 lines all of this stuff has to be done in this kind of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:51'>Model T Co because the basic idea here is that you should be able to give you a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:57'>little example here is a simple animation program and the kids just made</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:05'>different examples in both this two liner and the movies are essentially</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:12'>animations so here's the movie for</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:16'>dropping a ball in this gravity thing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:20'>and that is exactly the same code at the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:25'>end user level and this movie is the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:50'>so this movie has exactly the same two liner but there are things in between</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:56'>now this thing is actually fetching the frames off the disc it's doing an MPEG</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:02'>decoding of them and so forth but the master code for what the movie is and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:07'>what the user interface is exactly is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:11'>exactly the same and I won't okay and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:21'>I've already showed showed you this but this is kind of that answe thing done as</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:27'>desktop publishing or maybe not</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:52'>so the text runs around and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:10'>so now it has this is a harder task because it has to do the anti-aliasing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:14'>on the text okay now of course the kids</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:19'>system wasn't actually made to do this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:23'>but now let's just take maybe one example from down here as maybe the last</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:34'>actual example here's one that I already mentioned is that you should be able to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:39'>put replace any wiring system with an Ethernet and I believe you should be</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:44'>able to replace the hundreds of difference of ways that messages are</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:49'>sent to each other in operating systems by also something like that that is you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:53'>should be ever replaced an operating system with an Internet internally and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:58:00'>another thing that is kind of annoying</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:58:04'>it goes all the way back to Tony Hoare and Dijkstra is the idea of using</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:58:11'>semaphores and monitors and stuff like</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:58:15'>that and the problem with those is that they cause various kinds of bottlenecks</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:58:19'>and lock up and at the very same time when that stuff was being done the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:58:25'>Simula guys and john mccarthy separately we're doing a much better way of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:58:30'>thinking about the stuff and that is to run your computations in pseudo time</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:58:35'>when you run in pseudo time there are no race conditions that are not detectable</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:58:41'>because you're basically labeling every state and you're essentially only</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:58:46'>advancing the pseudo time clock when you're not doing any computation I will</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:58:51'>not go too much further but a very</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:58:55'>interesting example of this as Dave Reid's thesis read is the guy who's the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:58:59'>slash in tcp/ip he was the guy who</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:04'>suggested separating them and his thesis was about how to distribute computations</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:10'>over the Internet right so the idea is there just so many</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:18'>examples where you have to essentially clone an object that you want to remain</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:23'>large indistinct so you essentially have the dynamic version of atomic transactions</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:30'>on distributed databases except you've got objects danso reads thesis was one</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:36'>of the first schemes that allows you to do that kind of coordination safely and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:41'>it actually works well enough so that you can do something that appeals</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:47'>appears to be real-time to the end users</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:52'>okay and I just refer you to that we have done two versions of this and if</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:58'>you're interested you can go look at croquet on the on the Internet</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:00:04'>so this is a essentially a model of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:00:08'>computation where time is actually part</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:00:13'>of the model it's not something that happens to you from the outside it's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:00:17'>something that you were actually controlling okay so the this is Ian P</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:00:23'>amardas work and I suggest having him</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:00:27'>invited if you're interested in this stuff this is pretty neat I think if</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:00:31'>this is good old-time computer science because it's something that was big in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:00:35'>the late 60s which was how can you do extensible languages from tiny kernels</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:00:40'>and still have them run very well so we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:00:45'>can describe the system as a little golden box and the golden and this some</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:00:53'>of the people in this room I'm sure have done things kind of like it so for</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:00:57'>example one of these pages of the couple</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:01:04'>hundred lines of code here looks kind of like a BNF and it has patterns that are</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:01:13'>translatable and so 150 lines or so into</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:01:20'>the golden box makes a JavaScript or</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:01:24'>Python or Prolog or pretty much any of the languages today the JavaScript one</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:01:29'>runs about 20 times as fast as the one in the browser that's because the golden</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:01:34'>box generates machine code for a wide variety of forms not interpreters okay and so this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:01:40'>is a key part of this thing is you'd like to have something that has all of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:01:44'>these wonderful self reflective properties but is still able to compile</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:01:51'>fast code and then the other trick that the golden box can do is a thousand</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:01:56'>lines of code put into the golden box makes another golden box so in fact in a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:03'>week you can experiment with three or four programming languages change the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:07'>golden box and the next week you have a different golden box and you have a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:11'>different set of experiments we've been doing this starting in the starting in the summer</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:16'>and as Mick Jagger it might say it's only math and science basically this is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:22'>something that many of the graduate students I've run into just have never</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:27'>had the experience of bootstrapping from scratch because they're supposed to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:33'>learn Java they're supposed to learn all</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:37'>event you know you think they were going to some sort of trade school rather than</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:41'>learning how to do real computing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:45'>actually an interesting example of that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:49'>just show you so this is about three</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:00'>hundred lines of code so we're going to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:07'>make a JavaScript from scratch and then give it a Tetris program</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:17'>if it makes this little engine</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:29'>you know why jack graduate students are a lot faster than I am but you get the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:35'>idea so that's like about 350 lines of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:39'>code to do that and part of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:43'>experiments down here just to do lots of these to try and understand what the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:48'>what the best balance because we we actually can't spend a lot of time and a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:53'>lot of lines of code down at the sand and be successful in this project so the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:58'>next project in the golden box is to do tcp/ip because it might sound kind of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:03'>weird but if you think of tcp/ip it's kind of parsing and pattern matching problem if you were to look at it from</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:08'>that like you can think of as kind of a pipeline process with non-determinism</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:14'>in there in an interesting way and so we think it can be done in around 200 lines</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:19'>of code and actually run fast enough to fulfill what tcp/ip has to do on the on</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:25'>the network and that would be a very good test of some of these ideas okay so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:35'>so the approach here is to say that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:39'>there's there's really two things that have gotten smashed into one in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:43'>computing and actually there's a psychology that has arisen because of it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:49'>so my first machine in 1961 was an 8k by</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:54'>1401 and in those days the number one</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:01'>thing that a programmer had to be able to do was to cope and I would claim that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:07'>over those 46 years 45 years but that is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:11'>pretty much stayed constant that a large</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:15'>part of what it means to be a programmer is to be able to cope with what's there because the kind of that's what they're</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:19'>paying you for problem is that's not what they're paying graduate students for right graduate students need to say</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:27'>no I'm not going to cope with this this is shit I'm gonna do this this and this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:32'>but in fact we hire people who have a huge background in programming and so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:38'>they're willing to show how much pain they can take</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:42'>when you give them some system and they tend to just add on to that system</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:46'>instead of saying this is shit that's a huge problem</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:50'>so what one of the things that this is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:57'>one of the most important parts of the system is to completely separate out the meanings and the meanings are not going</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:04'>to be expressed in terms of unit tests or just predicates the meanings have to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:09'>be expressed in terms of a runnable code sufficient enough to get the entire</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:15'>system running but the meanings are going to be completely separated from</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:19'>the optimizations completely so that any</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:24'>set of optimizations can be turned off while the system is running it'll still</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:28'>run so bottle tea here I grew up with</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:36'>model tea on a farm in Massachusetts</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:40'>reason they were still theirs you could not really destroy a Model T we would</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:46'>have to grenade it or something because it was made out of cast iron and this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:51'>the farms all had little black smithy things and it only had about 350 main</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:57'>parts and about a thousand screws and other things and basically a twelve or</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:02'>thirteen year old could take it apart on the floor of a barn do something to it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:06'>and put it back together over a weekend and yet it was a completely real</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:11'>automobile so it's just you know wish</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:15'>people had that experience and the reason I put this dime here is to remind</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:20'>me to say that the spark gap on the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:25'>Model T was set by the thickness of a dime and when they asked Henry Ford why</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:30'>did he do that he says well people lose gauges but they usually have a dime on</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:34'>them imagine any automobile today being</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:39'>done that way like you have to put on a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:43'>radiation suit to open the hood of them so the so that the premise here is that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:50'>the actual meaning the meaningful semantics separated out from the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:55'>pregnant Erick's is actually tiny that's what my</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:08:00'>intuition says there's hardly any content in these millions of lines of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:08:05'>code and that combined with extremely</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:08:10'>binding right so so if you're working in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:08:17'>an early binding system you're doing something but you're gonna have a hard</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:08:21'>time doing all the experiments that you need and you're going to have a hard time taking the important things you've</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:08:25'>learned when you've gotten this far and being able to put them back in here so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:08:30'>this leads to sort of the first and only system syndrome and then people feed</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:08:35'>that system rather than throwing it away and I think it's vital given that we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:08:40'>don't understand how to do computer science or software engineering to make</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:08:45'>everything like bound okay just a couple</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:08:50'>okay so now the other thing that's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:08:54'>exciting and it's happening right here at Berkeley and some of you may be familiar with Dave Patterson's ramp</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:01'>project here anybody so Dave is a very</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:05'>cool guy and Chuck Thacker here is an</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:09'>even cooler guy in a way because he was responsible for all of the hardware</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:14'>architectures that we have at Xerox PARC and we just make these machines about</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:19'>every 18 months he would make a new machine for us and we had a little</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:24'>manufacturing facility so about 2000 of these alphas were actually made by us in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:29'>the 70s so we could hand them out to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:33'>everybody and chuck is in the middle of taking the next field programmable gate</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:41'>array technology and making an Alto for 2007 right in Alto being defined as 2</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:49'>cubed feet of the fastest Hardware on the planet and it gives you two things</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:55'>it gives you the ability to do a lot of things without having to optimize or it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:01'>gives you the chance to actually do a program as it would be done 10 years in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:05'>the future by then you would do some optimization</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:09'>so both of those things obtained at Xerox PARC and the this machine was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:16'>Italy more responsible I think for our success than most of our good ideas the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:22'>fact that we had that thing it just completely changed the dynamic of what</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:26'>we were willing to try and trying in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:30'>both directions we got a lot of insights</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:34'>both ways so here's the sermon here is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:43'>to that we have to be conscious that our</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:47'>nervous system is internalizing what's constant in our environment as normal</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:52'>and as explorative scientists and designers we cannot tolerate that so the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:58'>number one thing is just to be aware of whatever you think is normal is probably</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:02'>bad for you but just getting sensitized</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:06'>to it because it's the basic attitude in science common sense dominated for</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:10'>200,000 years 400 years ago people</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:14'>started finding ways around what was wrong with human common sense and the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:19'>same thing is in computing today is that the common sense of most of the people</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:23'>who are coping with all of the stuff that's out there today is completely</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:28'>blinding them to what the actual possibilities are I think I'll just and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:40'>that these are a couple of statistics about this system done dynamically so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:45'>I'm just asking it how many what sizes</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:53'>all the code in the system of this thing that I've shown you it's about 3.5</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:57'>megabytes and how many methods are there</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:12:10'>and about 60,000 which is huge and but</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:12:19'>the average number of bytes per method is only 59 so that's not bad</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:12:24'>they're tiny little things 230,000 lines</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:12:28'>of code in the system and the total number of objects in here because this is a dynamic system I can actually ask</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:12:33'>it to count all the objects in the system including all the integers in it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:12:38'>right now that's always an interesting number so just just a little less than 5</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:12:46'>million dynamic objects in the system</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:12:50'>going on with the same architecture going all the way down to where there isn't an operating system but where what</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:12:55'>an operating system does so this is kind of a sloppy example that you can do</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:13:01'>something interesting and a few hundred thousand lines of code that covers large</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:13:05'>parts of what we think of as personal computing and I think we can go a factor</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:13:09'>of 10 smaller and invite any of you who</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:13:13'>are interested to contact me and we have</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:13:18'>money for internships and faculty consulting etc etc and it's going to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:13:25'>take a fair number of people who were</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:13:30'>interested in solving these difficult problems to make the results of this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:13:34'>project interesting thank you very much</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:13:38'>[Applause]</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:13:43'>any questions it is preposterous let's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:13:50'>get past that yes well that's sure one</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:14:01'>person with a factor of ten more IQ than I have absolutely well we have a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:14:07'>graduate student it has a factor of five more IQ than I have so yeah two we just</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:14:13'>really need one more graduate student badly yes</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:14:27'>well it's not exact</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:14:31'>basically the although google is I've</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:14:35'>been talking to Peter Norvig over there off and on trying to get them interested</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:14:41'>we don't need funding from them thank goodness but I've been trying to get</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:14:45'>them interested in some of this higher level stuff most of the stuff that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:14:51'>they're doing over there is is trying to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:14:56'>make things make the executable smaller but I'm not aware of the of trying for</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:15:04'>really high levels of expression but</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:15:08'>maybe maybe you know something I I don't</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:15:12'>but I go over there every once and every once in a while every couple of months</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:15:16'>or so and talk talking about what they're doing it's interesting that if</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:15:21'>you look at the you know the web programming that the the actual</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:15:28'>programming languages are except for the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:15:32'>fact that they lack depth are rather you know similar to any dynamic language the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:15:39'>scripting language is like like JavaScript in and Python but what what</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:15:43'>is lacking in their terribly is the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:15:47'>environment though in the browser it's the do M which is just really a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:15:52'>god-awful mess it doesn't have any power and the JavaScript which you can get to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:15:58'>is not strong enough to allow you to to supply your own primitives to that like</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:16:04'>you should be able to override stuff that's in the Dom like if you don't like</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:16:08'>the way their canvas those you should be able to take JavaScript running 50 times</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:16:14'>faster and write a better canvas in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:16:18'>there but you can't because they just aren't the scripting languages are</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:16:23'>thought of as add-ons on to some thing that was originally written in C++ or</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:16:28'>some other kind of thing so the so the the architecture is actually wall</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:16:33'>and it reminds me of like experiments and radioactive chemistry you know where</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:16:37'>there's that dangerous stuff behind the lead wall and you're over here with the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:16:43'>Waldos pouring things whereas if you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:16:48'>look at if you take something that isn't reference to our own work in the past</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:16:52'>but you take something that we looked on with some admiration the list machine</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:16:57'>that the MIT AI lab did and then there's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:17:01'>a list machine company that was an example of a higher level architecture done from the bottom up to the top or</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:17:08'>top down to the bottom so the hardware was there to run the programming</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:17:14'>language efficiently and so that every single part of that system could be</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:17:20'>criticized by some programmer and you could override it was something of your</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:17:26'>own I mean even Simula habit Simula had this idea of virtual procedures and even</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:17:32'>though it was a an early bound language a virtual procedure if you marked some</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:17:38'>procedure in a superclass virtual and you subclass that and supplied a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:17:44'>procedure with that name it would actually also be called up in the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:17:49'>superclass so you could have a mediocre</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:17:53'>sort program up in the superclass you could write a better sort program and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:17:57'>the whole system would use that better sort program not just your subclass</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:18:03'>right and that's done dynamically in the small talks but basically all of those</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:18:09'>things are saying that in the end you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:18:13'>need to be able to have your cake and eat it too you have to have perfect</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:18:17'>safety and one of the ways of doing that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:18:22'>is to notice how difficult it is to really crash the internet right it's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:18:27'>only with some computer program that the internet can't really be crashed you can</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:18:33'>slow it down but the only crashes that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:18:37'>ever happen are some bad piece of code and somebody else's operating system</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:18:42'>deciding to execute some perfectly innocent message they were sent</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:18:46'>and I said you think about the Internet is a secure messaging environment that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:18:51'>does not have in it the the ability to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:18:56'>crash itself that was deliberate by those guys so you but then you have this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:19:02'>possibility once you have that then you can actually safely override anything</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:19:07'>with something better so I don't want to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:19:11'>criticize the way programming is done on</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:19:15'>the the net but I'm I wish they would do it a different way basically it's like a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:19:22'>pop culture trying to reinvent Bach and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:19:26'>it's just hard to do it that way because</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:19:30'>Bach was one of the time you know you better off reading about Bach and Newton</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:19:34'>rather than trying to recapitulate with what they did I think that's the big problem there</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:19:40'>other yes because in the end the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:20:02'>programmers succumb to the temptation of using the library and using this and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:20:07'>using the the other thing and it wasn't supposed to happen with squeak you know</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:20:12'>I actually got blood oaths from some of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:20:16'>the systems people who we worked on with that thing but in the end when the shit</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:20:21'>hit the fan they just wouldn't get rid of it because it was too useful and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:20:27'>that's why I gave that little funny little demo because I haven't actually run a demo from a command-line interface</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:20:33'>since like the early seventies but yeah</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:20:37'>we decide and that's why EMP Marta stuff is important just for morale and we just</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:20:44'>decided that even though it's going to be inconvenient psychologically it's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:20:49'>going to be critical for us to believe that we don't have to make a big</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:20:53'>scaffolding and small talk and then promise to ourselves that we're going to get rid of it later now we're absolutely</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:20:58'>gonna build a from the raw bits andean stuff generates</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:21:04'>machine code and that's the machine code we're gonna live with we go on there and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:21:09'>of course we have to you know right away we have to make some sort of interactive</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:21:13'>development environment for because we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:21:17'>absolutely don't want to be pushing text files into the thing but as soon as we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:21:23'>do that we've actually started down the pathway of making commitments too early</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:21:30'>my interactive development environments are actually a fair amount of work and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:21:35'>you need them early so once you've done that all of a sudden you've set the tone</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:21:41'>of what what one part of the architecture is going to be and then try and get any programmer to give up that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:21:47'>thing so a lot of the logistics on this thing are basically laying the plans</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:21:52'>that I draw our plans that for the first</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:21:57'>year 2007 we basically are going to have five or six parallel strands of just</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:22:03'>doing extra way experiments because we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:22:09'>think we understand that how the top end works in this thing that's the thing we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:22:15'>understand the most of the single object model at the sort of in the end user space and how you get everything out of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:22:21'>it and the getting the bottom to a place</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:22:26'>where we can get into that yellow ellipse without having made too many</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:22:31'>commitments already at the top is basically the trick on this project we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:22:35'>have to get ourselves into a place where where we can do serious throwaway</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:22:40'>experiments with very high level constructs that are actually going to take a fair amount of work to do so it's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:22:47'>kind of and basically when people join the project I explained the deal here</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:22:52'>this is not this is not just a technical project it's actually dealing with</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:22:56'>psychological difficulties that we all have as computer scientists and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:23:00'>designers and you know thank goodness and NSF gave us an incredible gift here</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:23:06'>because this is the first funding I've gotten since really since 1990</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:23:12'>that didn't have a lot of side conditions on it they just really did</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:23:17'>fund this thing and I found another million a year for five years to make</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:23:21'>this the size project can be and there's just nobody waiting for us to get done</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:23:25'>on this thing right so it's it's like the like Xerox PARC you know except we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:23:31'>don't have Butler Lampson down the hall to tell us why we're doing it all wrong</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:23:36'>and I miss him terribly because no</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:23:42'>Butler had an interesting way of being right in an the most important way you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:23:48'>can be even when we went against him the fact that he was critical in the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:23:53'>particular way he was helped us thinking about why we really didn't want to do it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:23:58'>that way all right because he's just incredibly sharp so yeah so it's an</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:24:04'>interesting it's an interesting deal of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:24:11'>trying to find it you in fact I've been</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:24:16'>talking to the UCLA computer science department where I'm on the faculty</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:24:20'>there but they have this paper mill for both graduate students and professors</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:24:25'>that is just outrageous outrageous</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:24:29'>nobody can do any real work because they have to write so many papers and when I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:24:36'>went to graduate school you basically only have to do your PhD thesis and it was supposed to be good but they didn't</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:24:43'>waste anybody's effort with little things along along the way because they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:24:49'>just divert focus so yeah so we're</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:24:54'>getting actually a lot of cooperation the computer science department is cooperating we have one of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:24:59'>professor's roped in there's an int one of the interesting ideas in this system</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:25:04'>is typing is big today but of course you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:25:09'>don't what you need typing for is something completely different in a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:25:13'>system like this and most of the typing results are not at all interesting but</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:25:18'>there's a thing that's like a super type which is to think of an object or a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:25:25'>method</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:25:29'>being able to characterize what that object or method means in its environment in order to actually run and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:25:36'>so one of the things that's proposed in there is the idea that is they're</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:25:41'>worrying about typing on variables we should be worrying about typing meaning and in fact any object we really care</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:25:48'>about we should write a stub environment that allows the object to run just in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:25:55'>that environment stand a lot right and you can think of that as being a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:25:59'>simulation of its type Naseem inif you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:26:03'>don't know what it is logically and when</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:26:07'>you take that object and put it in a dynamic environment then it may find</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:26:11'>some of the things that needs in the environment but these stubs also supplied the defaults now the may or may</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:26:17'>not be there all right so this is a late binding idea for trying to guarantee</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:26:24'>that the like the meaningful stuff that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:26:28'>you've said over here stays meaningful over here which is kind of what typing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:26:33'>is a it's about it's just that it's not that interesting to have it be an</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:26:37'>integer or a string and a variable that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:26:41'>justice then doesn't cut it as far as what you're really trying to deal with</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:26:46'>but that is a really interesting theoretical problem and but it's also an</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:26:53'>interesting practical one of how can you make it easy for the program so you should be able to use something like</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:26:57'>type inference to try and start building this external model you should be able</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:27:01'>to present it in a user interface to help the programmer but maybe instead of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:27:06'>just maybe there's a function out there but maybe you just give it some typical values to start off with so now it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:27:12'>starts looking like an AI program no like one of Doug Lynette's automated</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:27:18'>mathematician programs are you risk oh that goes around gathering evidence</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:27:22'>before it tries to make a picture of the function all right so that's one of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:27:27'>dozen things in there that we think really needs to be the another one is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:27:33'>set of support so AI has this idea of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:27:37'>truth maintenance but no system I know of actually has</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:27:41'>truth maintenance of a method same idea</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:27:45'>right some systems programmer changes</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:27:49'>some cysts something over here and all of a sudden your method which was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:27:55'>running perfectly well is not running so well any more even though it passed all</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:27:59'>the unit tests over here all right that just can't be allowed to do it but</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:28:05'>nobody knows how to deal with that problem but it's clearly part of what software engineering has to be able to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:28:11'>to deal with that's akin to being able</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:28:16'>being able to have some sensitivity to the signal levels that are actually</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:28:22'>being sent you in an IC there's a lot of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:28:26'>interesting I think only stop we find it this project very interesting and we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:28:31'>didn't expect to get funded and we just actually got our first infusion of money</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:28:35'>a few days ago from them so I think it's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:28:39'>real yes yeah well ago the golden but I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:28:54'>I've tried a lot of different ways of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:29:00'>explain but basically what if you could</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:29:04'>the golden box actually has two models</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:29:08'>that are intertwined in each other and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:29:14'>the simplest way of thinking about it is you can go back to that one half page</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:29:19'>Lisp in itself so you can't run that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:29:25'>right because there's no there's no energy coming yet so it's just</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:29:30'>meta-circular and so to run it you have to actually sneak in some computation</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:29:37'>somewhere and one of the things you can do there is a really good exercise to do</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:29:42'>it is to try and figure out how you could use something very much like what</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:29:46'>McCarthy wrote but instead of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:29:50'>because describing an interpreter what the thing does is to admit machine code</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:29:54'>and some of the early Lisp compilers back in the 60s did just that because</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:30:00'>they realized oh yeah this thing this thing is chucking it along there and the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:30:06'>main difference between compilation and interpretation is that when I'm</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:30:12'>compiling I have to generate code that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:30:16'>will make that result that I would expect to get from the interpreter so if</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:30:22'>you do that really careful you end up with this thing that is essentially a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:30:26'>compiler for things that are of the power of Lisp that are about the size of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:30:30'>that half page of code but they actually generate machine code that's just a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:30:35'>revelation because it's right there and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:30:39'>you turn the crank on it and it starts making new versions of itself right</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:30:44'>because it's written in itself so so the golden box is you know 30 years of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:30:51'>sophistication on top of that for</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:30:55'>methods and then kind of orthogonal e it has a meta model for what objects mean</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:31:01'>and by the way that paper that system is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:31:05'>called Albert in here and there is a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:31:09'>paper online that you can read that tries to explain just what this thing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:31:15'>does so the so what does that slide man</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:31:22'>is that the golden box is something it will take a description of some</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:31:31'>correspondence of some form and assign</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:31:35'>meanings to it and then it will compile code from that that's what the golden</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:31:39'>box does and the size of the golden box</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:31:43'>itself is only a thousand lines of code and it's in exactly the same form as</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:31:49'>what you put in there to get JavaScript the JavaScript is only like 150 lines of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:31:54'>code golden box has many other things and it uses the pattern matcher for also</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:31:59'>doing register allocation and stuff like that it's pretty sophisticated</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:32:03'>but still small so it's basically a thousand lines that generates a complete</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:32:09'>kernel that can generate other things out of it as a very 60s kind of thing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:32:16'>the first in all talk at Xerox PARC was done very much like that small tech 72</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:32:22'>but the difference between then and now</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:32:27'>is that this thing has just had a lot</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:32:31'>more thought put into it then we what we do how to do back then and this guy Ian</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:32:36'>P Amara got his PhD at Manchester is a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:32:40'>bit of a genius I think so the golden</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:32:44'>box is actually philosophically interesting also but thought it's not a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:32:49'>secret I mean it's just there are papers being written about it but has this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:32:55'>interesting thing that be because the first because it doesn't take much to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:33:00'>specify a language you can do it kind of in an afternoon and do a bunch of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:33:05'>experiments you can do a couple of languages every couple of days and try</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:33:10'>out various kinds of schemes on the thing and that usually tells you something about what the golden box is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:33:15'>or is not doing for you but then you can go and modify those thousand lines and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:33:20'>shove it through the golden box you get a new golden box and so you just you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:33:26'>know at some point you don't take such a draconian measure on the thing but for</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:33:34'>experiments it's wonderful because it's actual actually think about we have the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:33:38'>the golden box itself up on the wall we print it out and put it off on the wall</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:33:43'>so we can just look at it that's you know it's whatever 50 into a thousand is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:33:50'>like 20 pages of code or so so it's a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:33:54'>kind of play table kind of thing it has a garbage collector in it you know it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:33:59'>has a bunch of different things in there that allow it to make a little</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:34:04'>environment that's just a better one than we did for small talk Stephanie -</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:34:09'>that's similar the biggest program the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:34:14'>alto could handle when it was first done was twenty pages</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:34:18'>of small talk and and we were doing you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:34:26'>know complete windowing systems and modeless editors and everything else on</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:34:32'>the thing in part because it could only hold 20 pages of code so we had to think</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:34:39'>about what the meaning of that those 20</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:34:43'>pages could actually be the part of it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:34:47'>is just assess it it's like $100 laptop I'm gonna try and get some four blow</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:34:52'>with UCLA and Berkeley if I can get them away from Nicolas but all of the ones</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:34:58'>right now are slated for the third world but it is just a great machine to give</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:35:02'>to a graduate student because it's about a factor of five to ten slower than</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:35:09'>today's laptops and yet it's a factor of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:35:15'>20 or 30 times faster than the Alpha was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:35:20'>right it's 100 bucks and you know any computer person should be able to do</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:35:24'>something on this machine and so and it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:35:28'>just changes the scale of what you're</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:35:32'>going to try and do and basically I think for good computer people it just</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:35:36'>immediately gets them thinking higher level thoughts because they know</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:35:41'>instinctively that this thing that's this big is really this big if they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:35:46'>could just figure out what it is mathematically thank you very much thank</subtitle>
<subtitle id='5752'>you [Applause] </subtitle>