View source for The Dynabook -- Past, Present and Future (1986)

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<subtitle id='00:00:00'></subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:04'>well the Greeks held that the visual arts were the imitation of life but the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:09'>computer arts are the imitation of creation itself thank you very much</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:14'>[Applause]</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:19'>[Music] [Applause] [Music]</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:08'>my name is John Jacques I have both a great privilege and the challenge of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:13'>introducing LNK our banquet speaker why</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:17'>why do I say that it's both a privilege and a challenge well my first reaction</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:21'>when I was called up and invited to come to make some brief remarks and introduce Alan was that I was very flattered and I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:27'>really appreciated the invitation that although I'm in the venture capital business these days here in Palo Alto I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:32'>spent 14 years at Xerox and I was in fact hired into the Palo Alto Research</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:37'>Center shortly after it was formed by Alan Kay and one of the many anecdotes</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:41'>I've chosen not to tell tonight is about exactly the manner in which Alan hired</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:45'>me which is a great story that I'll save for later when Alan and I decide to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:49'>embarrass both of us or at least when he will tell his version and I'll tell mine</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:53'>but it was a wonderful time working for Alan and many of you of course know him</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:57'>and it was a period where I got to participate in some tremendously challenging and wonderful research and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:01'>we have lots of wonderful stories so I instantly accepted foolishly and and as</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:06'>soon as I hung up and I thought about it for another 30 milliseconds the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:10'>trepidation set in because how do you go about introducing someone who needs no</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:14'>introduction to use a trite phrase and as I said I considered lots of stories</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:18'>and anecdotes and I concluded that I would just stick to a few of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:22'>formalities and then just a brief observation as I said many of you many</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:26'>of you know Alan of course and and and I'd like to think he needs no introduction yet conversely I'd like to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:31'>think that there are at least some people here who were not only the participants back at those times and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:36'>that we're not just talking to ourselves but there might be a few people who don't know that Alan of course has a PhD</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:41'>from Utah he taught at Stanford join Xerox PARC went on a sabbatical to USCIS</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:47'>I went from there to Atari and is now at Apple as an Apple fellow I think that's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:51'>about right and that's all I'm gonna do on that Ellen those credentials are not the reasons of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:56'>course why Alan has been invited to come here tonight rather it is what I would</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:01'>characterize as almost two decades of a commitment to an idea that spans more</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:07'>than the individual contributions and that is the idea of powerful personal</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:11'>tools including but not limited to computers for children of all ages</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:16'>Thomas Kuhn in his book the structure of scientific revolutions</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:20'>Revolutions talks about shifts in paradigm and that those are the important inflection points in the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:25'>evolution of science and I believe that's what we've seen with work</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:29'>personal workstations that they represented a different kind of paradigm</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:33'>for computing and when you step back and try to integrate over all the individual</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:37'>contributions in many of the speeches we've seen here the work that I and others were involved in I really think</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:42'>it is that shift in paradigm now now having that idea of that alternate</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:46'>paradigm of personal workstations and powerful tools is necessary but it's not</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:51'>sufficient because in order to succeed you have to be able to lead others to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:55'>absorb them to accomplish more than they thought possible than they thought that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:00'>they were able to accomplish so you have to be able to establish a vision and then describe that vision and Alan has</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:05'>been able to do that to create those targets those images in both words and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:09'>pictures many of you are familiar with some of his expressions the pursuit of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:13'>the Holy Grail the establishment of a target that we can then try to reach even if it appears to be well beyond our</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:18'>reach the Dynabook of course is the most well known of those although that's only</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:22'>one of many and those of you who have had a chance to dig through some of the papers will recognize other visions and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:28'>symbols that were used including the reading machine the kiddy camp the mini-com the flexing machine also known</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:33'>as the reactive engine and probably many more that I don't know about that one in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:37'>addition he combined that vision with the ability to express it in ideas and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:41'>in expressions that we will probably not likely forget many of us have heard the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:45'>exhortation that software is of course just like a waffle you have to be</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:49'>prepared to throw out the first one we all took we all took part in a in a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:53'>medium that and in an off-site session at fahara dunes which many of us would</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:57'>have thought was a retreat to go talk about strategy which Alan rechristened as a strategic as a strategy advance and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:02'>at that meeting he exhorted all of us to break out of what we had done and to go</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:06'>back and burn the disc packs on the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:10'>other hand not all of those expressions were associated with the computer business and one of the fondest memories</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:15'>I have which I was thought of as I drove down here today was one year many years ago Alan I think we went out for a drink</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:20'>with Bob Barton who had come to visit and we went to a local watering hole in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:24'>Palo Alto which is now closed and turned into a Mexican restaurant and as we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:28'>walked in and we're going to stop and chat a little bit we walked in and Alan sort of looked around and in his</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:32'>innumerable style look around so yes a nice place sort of a plush sewer and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:37'>he's had a tremendous ability at creating images that can motivate us</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:42'>establishing targets and without further ado and without further comment let me</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:46'>invite Alan Kay up to come and talk about his vision of personal workstations thank you all very much</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:50'>[Applause] [Music] [Applause]</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:59'>now I was reading Toynbee the other day and I know he's out of fashion but there</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:05'>was a section that was particularly interesting which is how do you judge a civilization do you judge it on its art</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:11'>its music its social functions its</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:15'>government I think 100 years from today our civilization will be judged by the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:20'>complexity of audio-visual equipment necessary necessary to put on a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:24'>presentation like this and I think we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:29'>should all look at one gloomy note before I start and that is to realize</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:34'>that there's not a single computer involved up here helping a show anything</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:38'>here and it also at this point like to ask everybody to raise their personal</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:43'>computer in the air can I see it I rest</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:50'>my case ok let's can I start out for the first</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:54'>slide please now I have to warn you that the to me</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:03'>the coupling of work and station is the ultimate oxymoron because I titled my</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:11'>paper you have to be finished playstations because because most of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:17'>stuff that that i was interested in had to do with advancing forms of play and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:24'>when I was a kid I got very involved</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:28'>with Walt Disney's Fantasia and these images like these that entranced me now</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:34'>my background is my father was a physiologist and my mother was an artist</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:38'>and a musician and I grew up working both sides of the street going along and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:44'>Fantasia completely blew me away as a sort of a way of combining many of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:52'>senses together and I thought gee it would be really neat to be able to do</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:56'>your own Fantasia and I thought nothing more of it for for puberty he had</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:00'>happened and one does not think of thoughts like that at age 14</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:09'>and of course that one is is the kind of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:13'>thing you think of at age 14 but you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:21'>know we just have to admit there is a little power urge in all of us and that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:25'>image particularly struck me now also at</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:33'>when I was a teenager I started reading science fiction and I discovered that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:38'>Robert Heinlein would occasionally mention things in his science fiction</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:43'>books that actually had existed and he used them as context and one of the things he mentioned was the two Kista</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:48'>scope which I discovered actually had been invented and was used for measuring</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:53'>reaction times and ability of people to see whether they could read a word and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:57'>500th of a second the other thing that Heinlein mentioned was Memex</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:02'>which he used as a generic term and I had learned that if I went to the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:06'>library and poked around long enough I could find almost any of hymens references and sure enough I found as we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:12'>may think written in July 1945 by Vannevar Bush and I read it with great</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:17'>interest and I think that I would like</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:21'>to sort of revolve my talk around bush in a couple of ways because I think the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:27'>the power of Bush's vision was not that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:31'>he tried to extrapolate from technology but rather he took what should happen</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:36'>and then tried to justify it by looking at technology that could could happen in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:42'>other words he took a proactive view rather than a reactive one and my belief</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:47'>is that in fact Bush would have thought up the Dynabook if he had his work</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:52'>habits involved going to all-night restaurants</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:56'>but in fact he was a creature of his times and like to work at a desk and so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:02'>his envision of what a personal workstation should be was a desk and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:07'>when I started thinking similar thoughts I found long before that I could never</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:13'>work at a desk and in order to get anything done I had to go to an all-night restaurant and take showers so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:19'>some of the early ideas for the Dynabook was that it'd be very very portable and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:23'>waterproof now I guess the other thing I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:33'>should say before I launch into this thing is that the all the stories that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:38'>we've heard at this conference are success stories except mine and I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:42'>consider it my job my duty to fail as</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:47'>strongly as I possibly can in a direction because I think that the one</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:52'>of the differences between practical research and sort of far out research is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:58'>the difference between goals and directions in other words we're taught</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:02'>that it's a very good idea to make up goals and in fact it is compared to just</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:06'>probing around randomly but I think that one of the lessons of Parc that turned</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:12'>out to be very powerful was that the most powerful thing you can do is set up</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:16'>a set of directions and I think of those directions as being like a magnetic</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:20'>field I thought of us all as being iron filings trying to line up in a magnetic</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:25'>field that we're almost all so simultaneously try to create or salmon</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:30'>swimming upstream in other words far out research is when you don't know what it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:34'>is that you're trying to get is done by smelling your way along you're looking</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:38'>for gradients and so for and you have directions that's good because the goals</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:42'>are the things that drop off first the goals are the things you succeed at</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:46'>they're the things you pat yourself on the back but in fact the goals all the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:50'>goals that we did at Parc I think we realize are obsolete and yet the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:54'>directions we had there are still as valid as they ever were now this is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:03'>AGA's ork and if you don't know what is gus' orc</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:07'>is this is a the console of a 6600 and this is the kind of machine i used to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:12'>program in the early 60s and in fact</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:16'>this machine was a wonderful machine it had it had about three things that would</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:20'>drive you and absolutely crazy about it but aside from that which it was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:26'>incredibly simple and incredibly fast and sitting down at the console of one</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:31'>of these babies was just about the right</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:35'>one I was thinking of Gordon Bell today saying you buy computers by the pound</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:39'>and I think one of the ways of summing up what I wanted was about fourteen</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:43'>ounces of one of those sliced to order</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:49'>now in in this first five years of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:53'>programming around I saw a couple of great ideas quite a number of times</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:58'>before I started understanding them at all and when I was trying to write the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:02'>paper I was thinking boy it was really amazing to me how many times for</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:06'>instance I saw object-oriented programming invented by somebody else</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:10'>and liked it and yet it never hit me for</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:14'>those first five years let me give you an example here see if that goes off good well let me</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:22'>just show you something that I ran into</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:26'>when I started programming in the in the Air Force in 1961 back then at least in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:33'>the in spite of Doug Ross is early operating systems the Air Force hadn't</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:37'>learned about them and Air Training Command had a bunch of burrows 220s</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:43'>which were modest sized machines by today's standards but in fact they were</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:48'>rather large physically and one of the problems the Air Training Command had was passing tapes around because the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:54'>operating system wasn't guaranteed to run and they had different different</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:58'>formats and stuff and by the time I got there as a fledgling programmer somebody</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:04'>had thought of this idea and this is the way they did it here's what a file</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:08'>looked like on the Burroughs 220 in Air Training Command three sections to it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:13'>first section were a bunch of relative pointers second section were a bunch</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:18'>burro's 220 machine code the third second section we're a bunch of Records</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:23'>and the way you use this was you read these guys in decor and jumped relative</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:30'>through these guys which you knew what they meant and that caused the execution</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:36'>of these guys which you didn't have to know what they were and those guys could get into this stuff which you didn't</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:40'>know at all in fact didn't want to if that is an object-oriented program I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:45'>don't know what it is you're here so somebody some nameless person used this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:51'>technique very very early and the macro assemblers of the day back then were set</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:56'>up to use it and I used it to and yet it didn't hit me how powerful it really was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:02'>here's another one I learned real early and liked but still didn't realize the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:13'>Burroughs be 5000 that happened to be</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:17'>the replacement computer for the Burroughs 220 but of course Burroughs</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:21'>never had a difficult time building this machine but in fact Brahe's be 5,000 had</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:27'>many many innovations and the one of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:32'>chief ones was this notion of trying to build an environment for a higher-level</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:36'>language but the thing that it was hard to for me to understand and hard to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:41'>explain to other people is that the Burroughs be 5000 was certainly the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:45'>first piece of hardware I think that ever tried to make store into a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:50'>procedure it did it the wrong way but in fact it was something that was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:55'>hardly being thought about back then except by a couple of people like Doug</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:59'>Ross now when I as a as a programmer back then I had no knowledge of what was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:04'>going on in in our core anything else we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:08'>didn't you know we enlisted men weren't expected to read in fact we didn't just</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:13'>like the students of today</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:17'>so in fact that wasn't that was another time of seeing a tremendous idea then</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:32'>through a series of misadventures I wound up at the University of Utah and I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:40'>discovered a number of interesting things one was that Dave Evans was much</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:45'>younger than he looked and much older</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:49'>than he appeared but in fact he is one</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:54'>of these guys who at age 30 just put his appearance on hold and he's still out</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:59'>there running running marathons one of the things that Dave liked was Ivan Sutherlands sketchpad</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:04'>he had a big pile of these brown Lincoln labs documents on his desk and before</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:09'>you found your desk he would give you one of these and you had to read it and understand it and I'd like to show you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:16'>the first sequence from videotape look this is the earliest known movie of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:22'>sketchpad this was done in the summer of 62 I show this a lot today</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:28'>so here's Ivan with the blood starting to run out of his hand but that's okay</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:36'>now notice he did something that we all are familiar with but now he's pointing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:40'>to all these edges and he's telling sketchpad to make them all mutually</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:44'>perpendicular and sketchpad figures out how to do it and the reason is that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:48'>sketchpad is not just one of the first graphic systems but it was the first non</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:52'>procedural programming system that might</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:56'>be disputed but let me go on with it here again he's making a couple lines</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:00'>he's saying make them parallel and perpendicular and sketchpad straightens</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:04'>them up now he's using a constraint called collinearity and the little</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:12'>dashes are aligning themselves right</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:16'>over the guidelines there</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:23'>okay and now he's telling the guidelines to be invisible and he's made his hole</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:30'>through the flange you notice that sketchpad is the first system to have a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:34'>window as far as I know in fact he had drew on a very large virtual canvas now</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:42'>he wants to make a rivet and once again he only has to indicate the general</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:48'>topology and the rules that will constrain the topology into being what</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:53'>he wants that's going to be the center of an arc and I notice this clever thing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:59'>that if he makes these mutually perpendicular that will force the well</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:05'>you see what I mean there it is and now</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:09'>if he distorts it it will still obey</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:15'>that general geometry now he could have constrained the ratios of the sides just</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:21'>as well and kept the the the rivet a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:27'>specific shape in this case what he's done is constrained the angle</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:31'>relationships and sender relationships so we always get a symmetric rivet now</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:38'>sketchpad is also I believe the first true object-oriented programming system</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:45'>because what we see here is actually a dynamic instance of that master drawing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:51'>that was just done he called the masters now nowadays we call them classes</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:56'>because of Simula so they notice he can take that instance and twirl it around</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:01'>and make it different sizes and he's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:05'>going to stick it into the the hole of the in the flange here and one of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:10'>reasons we can tell how early this is is because in this whole film there's no</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:15'>illustration of visible constraints that cain't was the second phase of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:21'>implementation of sketchpad here's a few more now you might ask why is the screen</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:25'>blinking well the tx2 here is putting up every dot by brute force so he's gone back to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:33'>the master and he says well I really don't want to see those guidelines I'll make them</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:37'>invisible and notice all of the instances feel them dynamically and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:45'>anything that you can construct in sketchpad can itself be a master so this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:51'>he's taken these two building blocks the flange and the rivet made it into a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:56'>master and now he can create instances from it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:12'>well this isn't home cooking I don't know what is this this is the kind of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:20'>thing if somebody did that today we would say my god that's unbelievable okay stop the stop the tape please</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:25'>because one of the a British British art</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:33'>historian by the name of letter B said that a man a work of art is one man wide</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:39'>and many man deep and something like</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:43'>sketchpad has the interesting characteristic is that it's not just a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:48'>work of art it's a masterpiece so it is one big man wide and one big</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:53'>man deep it's most of those ideas were ones that all though I even sort of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:58'>gathered them up the data structures came from Doug Ross's papers and there</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:03'>were ideas here and there and he scrounged the matrix multiplication</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:09'>program from lesson Ernest and so forth the vision what here was so pure that it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:14'>stands up today if somebody were to do a system as good as sketchpad today we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:18'>would like it it also is the only known</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:22'>computer graphics thesis in which every illustration was done by the thesis</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:26'>program think of that okay so that was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:32'>pretty exciting and the other another</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:36'>thing it was exciting at Utah is Doug Engelbart who in those days used to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:41'>travel with a special this is this is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:45'>how much he wanted to communicate with people he used to travel with a special 16 millimeter movie projector that could</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:51'>stop train and he would be there with he would be there with one of these things</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:56'>and his stop frame thing and the reason is is it's very hard to explain a system</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:03'>as good as nls in a dynamic movie it's hard to see where the cursor is and it's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:08'>hard to see what's going on and so he had he had evolved this style of talking</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:12'>about it that was really incredible and as I recall the movie he showed then had</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:17'>a green green characters on a screen and I think it was the 3100 implementation</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:22'>of the system well it completely blew our minds at Utah</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:26'>we just could hardly believe what he was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:30'>trying to to do and of course it has some roots in Bush's ideas also but in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:35'>fact one way of characterizing Bush is that he was trying to be to find</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:42'>something that was complementary a complement to human abilities this is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:46'>the way he writes in his paper and Doug was trying to augment human abilities</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:51'>and if if I could characterize what I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:55'>tried to do after seeing his stuff it was to try and allow the system itself</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:00'>to be augmented by the human so the augmentation would actually be mutual</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:04'>back and forth and I still believe that is the main problem of personal</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:08'>computing but anyway I think all of us</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:14'>who were at the 1968 fall joined computer conference and I know Butler</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:18'>mentions it in his paper this was I can't take the time to tell you about it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:24'>but believe me it was like magic ARPA spared no expense thanks to Bob Taylor I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:33'>hesitate even now to mention the figure that they spent to put that on I'll let</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:39'>Taylor decide to say if he ever wants to but believe me the the whole objective</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:43'>of this thing was they had to illustrate what the concept was and they spared</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:48'>nothing to make it to make it work and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:52'>it was an unbelievable thing even for those of us who are fairly familiar with</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:56'>the system just never forget it ever</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:01'>yeah I I do remember the number and yes</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:08'>[Laughter]</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:16'>[Applause]</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:21'>now there are some other things that aren't easy to talk about but I just</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:27'>have to say that there have been many people who have had an enormous</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:31'>influence on me in my somewhat strange</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:35'>career one of the greatest as is Butler</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:39'>Lampson and the STS 940 was one of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:45'>things that machine was so wonderfully designed I can't tell you but that was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:50'>the machine that Doug Engelbart's stuff was implemented on it was one of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:56'>major machines thanks to Bob Taylor again that we used in the ARPA community</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:02'>and again it wasn't just the the fact</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:06'>that it was rather inexpensive and rather responsive and so forth there was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:11'>a whole set of secondary things in that system that were so important for</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:15'>instance Butler had this odd notion that machines occasionally crashed and in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:22'>fact the system was designed mainly for crash recovery and so those of us who</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:28'>used the machine can remember many years in a very flaky era where we'd hardly</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:33'>lose more than a couple of characters a year if that through many many crashes I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:38'>can't explain all the details why but it was beautiful and it made a tremendous impression now</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:47'>those influences thanks to Dave Evans who hook me up with a crazy Texan by the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:53'>name of Ed cheeto resulted in this design in this machine called the Flex</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:57'>machine this is sort of in a general period 1967 to 69 and while I was doing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:04'>this I looked at the the link of West Clark but and liked it very much but in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:09'>fact I didn't understand it I originally poo-pooed it because it didn't exit</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:13'>you to higher-level language and it was small in all of these things and but</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:18'>I'll return to that story in a minute so here's what the Flex machine looked like</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:23'>and it's as drawn on its own display and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:27'>we actually we like Doug's idea of tying a brick to a pencil as</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:32'>sort of a de augmentation concept but we sort of thought that's what the mouse looked like - and thought that tablets</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:39'>might be better which I still think they are so we built this build a table and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:45'>windowing was in the air then there was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:50'>a lot of hookup between Utah and Harvard where our eivin was at that time wearing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:55'>about ivan especially was wearing about 3d clipping and windowing and Cheadle</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:59'>and I were wearing about 2d clipping and windowing in the Flex machine had a 2d</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:06'>windows and in fact multiple windows but</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:11'>of course in a calligraphic display it is somewhat a low-calorie exercise to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:17'>overlap windows it just results in a jumbo what ran on this machine was a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:22'>simulation language that I had derived from Simula I essentially had an</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:29'>enormous revelation when I learned Simula the hard way because I had to and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:33'>discover that simular was a programming language that created the same objects</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:37'>that sketchpad did all these wonderful things with and that was an amazing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:41'>thing because it meant that in some sense we didn't have to solve the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:45'>constraint problem in order to do many of the same kinds of things that sketchpad was able to do with great</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:51'>difficulty so here's an example of what</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:55'>the structures in a a flex program of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:59'>the day there was a scheduling queue which is very similar to Simula a an</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:06'>instance that had the local variables for a particular patient the instance</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:12'>pointed to what we now call a class which contain genetic patient behavior</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:16'>and that was how the Flex machine was organized this is what the flex code</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:22'>looked like on the Flex display</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:27'>this is the flex machine itself was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:31'>organized like the B 5000 that was one of the worst mistakes I ever made and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:36'>not because the B 5000 was a good idea but in those days I didn't understand a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:40'>very important truth and that is that good ideas don't often scale and in fact</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:45'>we were trying to build a machine that would sit on a desk and we've spent all</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:51'>of this time worrying about the processor and forgot totally that a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:55'>computer is mostly memory so that's too</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:01'>bad but that's that the machine basically had three virtual processors</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:05'>all implemented by one set of micro code now reason I'm telling this story of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:10'>course is the Flex machine was a complete failure in a variety of ways</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:14'>technically I think it was pretty much of a success Cheadle was a genius and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:18'>did a great job and my problem is when I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:23'>tried this system out there was designed for lawyers and doctors and so forth</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:27'>it absolutely appalled them they shrank away from it like somebody does from the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:32'>plague or the way people nowadays do from APL had made it many of the same</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:39'>user-friendly appearances to it that was the first time ever in my life I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:43'>realized that graduate students in the rest of the world were two different breeds we loved it we thought it was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:49'>very powerful and oh one final thing is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:54'>the Flex machine this is not a packet switching Network but it did use coax</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:58'>this in fact was what is called an urgency scheduling coax in which the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:02'>trans the transceivers themselves have</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:06'>an urgency and a priority register and they sort of vote among themselves as to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:10'>who's going to who's going to get the thing well while brooding about all this stuff</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:18'>I ran across the work of Seymour Papert and had a revelation and that is boy we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:25'>certainly don't wait until kids are in graduate school to teach them how to read or how to use a pencil in fact we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:32'>like to get them at things as soon as possible and really in many ways that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:37'>the idea that Packard it was worthwhile teaching kids the program and important so forth changed</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:43'>my whole idea about what a personal computer actually should be and that is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:48'>there should never be a thing called a personal computer that doesn't isn't accessible to children there very few</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:55'>think it's not dangerous like a car guys there's no reason waiting until they're</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:59'>18 that give them 6 months of driver's ed like the Boyer report says in order</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:04'>for it to really be a full-fledged medium it has to do two things it has to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:08'>be accessible to children and it has to be used for mundane tasks so one of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:12'>things we thought of got early when we were thinking about it is it's a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:16'>personal computer if you are willing to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:20'>put your grocery list on it carry it into the growth of the grocery store and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:24'>out again with two bags of groceries how many people would do that with their</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:28'>what they call their personal computer today so this notion that it somehow</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:34'>should fit humanity and everything which is a rather novel one to me was very</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:39'>important he taught a course called advanced systems design and the first</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:45'>day he told us well there are a few things known about systems design but they most of them are written down and I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:50'>want you to read all of them but my job in this classroom is to firmly disabuse</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:55'>you of any finally held notions you might have brought here so in fact what</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:59'>he did was the garbage collect our confidence</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:04'>that was the best thing we ever had those of us who lasted out the class and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:09'>the flying chalk and all app walked out of there feeling that nothing was sacred</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:14'>including Bob Barton it's very important</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:19'>and Bob got me reading McLuhan and I'm</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:23'>not going to try and explain McLuhan's ideas here but the I think the most</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:27'>important thing that has been said in this century is can be set in two ways</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:33'>one is McLuhan said I don't know who discovered water but it wasn't a fish</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:37'>that's the simple way of putting it and the other way of looking at it is in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:43'>order to pick out a message from the noise you have to know what the carrier</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:48'>of the message is so you have to know the difference between a fly speck and a period that means you have to know what</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:53'>unadorned paper looks like and because you have to learn what unadorned paper</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:58'>or unadorned television or unadorned computers are like in order to pick the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:02'>messages out of them you have to absorb what they are so you become what the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:09'>medium is what the material is in order to use it as a tool that's pretty</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:13'>heavy-duty stuff and because we become it we don't know that we are it so this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:20'>idea of actually being able to shape the way people think about things by designing the material carefully was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:26'>something that became very important one of the things that of course my old</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:31'>mentor Dave Evans has been around a little bit he was Butler's thesis advisor my thesis advisor and was on the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:39'>alcohol committee and a few other things and one of things that Dave liked to do with his graduate students is to invite</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:44'>them into high-level negotiation meetings because he figured that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:48'>graduate school should be a transient place he hated the idea of it and he</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:54'>wanted us to learn how to negotiate so one of the things he did is he invited all of us graduate students into one of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:58'>the ARPA contractors meetings that was held at Utah and we were there to watch</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:02'>the big boys deal it out and was it was most interesting I can tell you and at</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:08'>the end of the thing Taylor asked all of us whether he had any suggestions and of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:13'>course there were several and Warnock piped up saying you know if you guys are really</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:18'>well he said it a little more subtly this and he said if you guys are really thinking about you know we are going to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:23'>be have our pH D's pretty soon all the graduate students should be meeting together right now and Taylor thought</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:28'>that was a great idea so they set up a a similar graduate student contractors</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:34'>meeting every summer and Warnock and I were the first two to go to from Utah</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:38'>and I talked about the Flex machine there and Warnock showed his great algorithm but the great thing we saw was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:44'>at the University of Illinois which is the very first plasma panel the first</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:48'>flat screen display now wasn't this large this this display screen violates</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:53'>Kay's law which is that all one inch flatscreen displays work and no five</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:57'>inch flatscreen displays work now that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:01'>law is still true but in fact they did</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:05'>have a one inch flat screen display there and a lot of us graduate students</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:09'>who were there spent the rest of the time thinking about what it would be like to put a flex machine on the back</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:14'>of that display because if you're doing input an output with a display then all</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:21'>that cubic volume there is absolutely irrelevant and my new version of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:25'>Engelbart's brick on the pencil was imagine dragging around a digital watch</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:30'>with a CRT on it wouldn't that be ridiculous so this idea</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:37'>wasn't called the Dynabook then but this idea that this is one of the destinies</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:42'>for the computer that goes with you started around the summer of 68 and of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:52'>course the the idea was that should be down at the lowest level so the kids</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:58'>this age could use it and this quaint</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:02'>idea of portability now point five herniation spur block is not portability</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:09'>so there's this notion that you should be able to carry something else too and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:16'>now the link came forward really strongly because everything I started</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:21'>thinking about then reminded me of the link because the one of the things as you'll learn tomorrow is the link was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:27'>designed as cleanly as anything as ever designed it was beautiful you just like</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:34'>you know it's just I salivating right now thinking of it and that was the first time I learned about it because I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:40'>really needed to learn about as to what they were actually able to do with almost nothing it was fabulous and it's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:45'>worthwhile studying today let's show the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:49'>the second segment now what this system</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:54'>is is system called Grail done it ran</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:58'>corporation here's an early menu and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:03'>this is the system this has sound on it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:07'>[Music] so it recognizes the box and makes one</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:13'>now it's recognizing as printing here the printing in the box is being used as</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:19'>commentary only in this case the box is slightly too large so we may change its</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:24'>size that's where Mack window control came from then drawing flow from the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:30'>connector to the box attached a decision</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:35'>element to the box and draw a flow from it to scan we then erase the floor</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:41'>arrows attached to the process post new area and move the box to a new position</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:51'>this allows us to draw a new box then</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:57'>chop off its corner and label it sub scan with the residual error now notice</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:07'>it misses the end here and he sees it but he can keep on going now he goes</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:14'>changes is it correct the labels add a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:18'>decision on sub scan so that control may float to the connector a zero they can</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:23'>complete the diagram from scan to post</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:28'>okay stop the tape okay now that system blew my mind I came</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:34'>along just at the right time because this system was tactile it was like sinking your arms right through the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:39'>glass of the display and touching what you wanted to do and it didn't matter whether they implemented flowcharts or</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:44'>not but in fact I found I read licks 1960 paper just recently and discovered</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:50'>there was a section in describing a system just like that and I think the rand people had obviously read it also</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:55'>but this system removed the barriers you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:00'>were right there and mentioned a couple of other things about it you could dive</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:04'>through any of those flowchart symbols it was really a hypertext kind of thing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:08'>a multi-dimensional thing you could simulate the diagrams it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:12'>would flash the diagrams there's a speed control up there it was modeless and modeless doesn't</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:17'>just mean generic modeless means that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:21'>you never have to terminate what you're doing in order to do something else and you just saw it there it's one of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:25'>most important ideas in user interaction and this is the first system to really</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:29'>have it in spades there been other ideas before this is great this system barely</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:33'>worked was on such an incredible Cluj of hardware and software that eventually</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:37'>collapsed under its own weight I used to show this movie about every three months</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:41'>at Parc we used to show you know because if we wanted it we didn't want assistant</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:45'>had flowcharts but we wanted to be like that we wanted to have that level of tat</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:49'>we wanted it to be not even visual we wanted to be tactile just had to be</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:53'>organic you know it had to be messy and stuff okay let's look at the next slide</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:01'>and now I'm gonna go quickly because my goal is actually to to get to the park</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:06'>movie in one minute which I'm not going to be able to do so here's just some now</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:14'>of course I knew we couldn't do a dining book right then but this is 1970 and I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:18'>started consulting for Taylor at Park and thought boy we should be able to say take some television sets and this is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:25'>the old flex rubber bed sheet tablet if</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:29'>you want to make one for about 25 cents this is how to do it and using Lisp</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:37'>techniques now for a simulation to implement the kernel of a simulation</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:41'>language look like a really great idea because you get an incredibly small</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:45'>kernel and the rest of the system is self describing okay now what I what I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:53'>want to do is degress for just a couple of minutes if I can this is talk is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:57'>really in three parts I'm right at the end of the first part middle part is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:02'>shorter and what it is is it's kind of a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:06'>lie in that this is not exactly the way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:10'>I was thinking back then this is after 15 years of trying to explain these</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:16'>ideas to people but this is what what I'm gonna tell you next is what I think</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:21'>really drove what we're trying to do and it's a much better story than we were</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:25'>able to tell to anybody back then this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:30'>is Park this is the time to give the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:34'>tribute to Bob Taylor he actually deserves another one so I'll say a few more words now you know let's see if</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:40'>there's one before that okay this is a typical way Park was organized was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:45'>organized this way because Bob I think he had two goals and why mine one is he</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:50'>wanted to be different he wanted to be comfortable and I think he'd also</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:54'>discovered that it was impossible to leap to your feet to denounce anybody when you were sitting at a beanbag chair</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:02'>[Applause] there is this there is this curious</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:06'>passivating effect that they had as you slunk in and I I think there are many</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:11'>people in the room that remember what they felt like after trying to sleep on one of these because you your body</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:17'>gradually as you slept sank into it and assumed the strangest positions that you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:21'>woke up but in fact this was the way Park was set up I I'm not sure who that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:28'>person is there but because and that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:36'>youngster I don't recognize either but he doesn't look very trustworthy to me</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:40'>[Music] and one of the efforts to communicate</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:44'>with Xerox was a set of stuff called Penry papers and I wrote one called</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:48'>display transducers and this is the drawing that I made for it showing two</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:52'>ways of doing a display transducer right now and I won't bother going through the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:56'>features but you get the idea should look something like that and Xerox had a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:01'>projection technology a light valve technology that had some promise back</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:06'>then so I threw that in also now this is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:11'>an important point I think the most misunderstood thing about the Dynabook</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:15'>is this idea that it's some kind of box it isn't a box and it isn't a piece of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:21'>hardware what it is is a service and so the idea back then was it's a Dynabook</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:26'>if it gives you your information services wherever you are on earth and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:30'>so there are lots of different ways we used to say we don't care if there's an</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:34'>atomic powered computer on the moon beaming down computations as long as you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:38'>can compute wherever you want so this is an idea based on Ivan Sutherlands head</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:44'>mounted display and realizing that that was a pretty good way of doing it in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:48'>fact that's something that should be looked into today and then the next effort at Parc to get something built</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:54'>was this design idea called mini-com and this was done in conjunction actually</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:59'>with Gordon Bell and Alan Newell so they remember very well we sat in this very</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:04'>strange panel at a fall joint computer conference talking about various machine</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:08'>futures and I went through this machine showing how you could package</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:14'>a thing like a link but a little bit better into something real small and it would be really powerful you do great</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:19'>stuff with it for kids and herb Grolsch</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:23'>who is an old warhorse got up and denounced this whole idea as being</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:28'>absolutely ridiculous and Fred Brooks who was the the fourth person on the panel said to herb he herb said I've</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:35'>been in this business for 20 years ah and fred brooks fred brooks said herb</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:40'>i'd like to make an ad hominem remark he</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:44'>said most of us don't take nearly that long to make up our minds now of course</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:50'>i knew that this meant that my ideas were good because being denounced by</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:55'>herb gross has been a sign that your ideas are good i at the same time that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:03'>that was going on a group led by Bill</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:08'>English who had been the main technical guy for Doug Engelbart was building a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:12'>system called Pollos and this is the original design of the polos terminal</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:17'>and that will fit into the story I think Butler and Chuck will have a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:22'>good version of it here's the angle Bart Mouse which was great because it existed</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:29'>but it was very hard to draw with and I think the I think part of the problem</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:34'>with it was that nobody really wanted to draw over there and it was perfectly</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:39'>fine for everything else polos group</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:43'>wanted a different Mouse this is sort of the Chrome and tail fins Mouse but it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:51'>had the same basic drawback is that you couldn't draw with it and finally we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:59'>built this this was an idea of bill</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:03'>English's and Roger Bates $200,000 worth of hardware see Butler Lampson Bill</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:11'>English Roger Bates Roger built the thing this is the thing called the old the old character generator 40 megahertz</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:18'>of video back in 1972 and you could do almost anything the television screen</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:23'>could do</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:27'>driven by ANOVA and you could capture images by this television camera here's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:34'>what the that thing looked like back then and here's an experiment to compare</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:41'>drawing something in a notebook it's a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:45'>design of an autogyro that I did and comparing it to the best we could do in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:49'>painting on the system and this is the first bitmap painting system done by</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:54'>Steve Purcell now we get to this this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:01'>middle part because this is this is the pivotal point on which I think most of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:05'>our ideas revolved and that is that at some point we had to grapple with the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:09'>idea that there were going to be real people using this stuff and we had already committed ourselves to children</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:14'>and when we talked about it among ourselves and in the spring of 72 our</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:20'>cells were just a few of us Chris Jeffers myself John Jacques we had no</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:25'>idea what was going on and here's an illustration of why this is difficult</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:30'>now if you look at this picture for a while you'll see something wrong with it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:34'>everybody see it what's wrong with it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:38'>teeth are upside down what else whole</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:42'>mouth what else yeah okay well let's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:46'>take a look at it right-side up</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:51'>now notice that even after you knew what the trick was you still had an emotional</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:56'>reaction when I turned it right side up that's significant I have to put it back</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:00'>here to talk because people won't listen to me if I and the the unfortunate thing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:12'>seemed to be that in order to understand what's going on we have to admit</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:17'>something that none of us want to admit and it's not that the universe is not in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:22'>our control that is awful but we usually have forced to find that out a lot</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:26'>earlier but we have to admit something almost a bit as bad and that is that we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:30'>don't live in reality but in a dream of our own fashioning a good one for people</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:36'>who doubted this is something that's good to do every morning along with your</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:40'>jogging you take your thumbs or your to quarters or an orange you can do it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:45'>right now it's okay cameras are on me and you hold one as far as away from me</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:52'>as you can and you put the other one about halfway there and compare the two</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:56'>sizes of them don't squint just look at</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:50:00'>one and then the other and most of you will see that the one that's further</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:50:04'>away is about 80% the size of your thumb if you do it with quarters the quarter</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:50:09'>will be even closer in size and if you think about that that can't be because</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:50:13'>that image of the smaller one on your retina is exactly 1/2 the size so what's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:50:19'>actually going on is you're not seeing what your eyes are seeing but you're</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:50:23'>seeing a reconstruction based on your beliefs of the world and it's that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:50:29'>reconstruction that allows theatrical performances to work and it was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:50:33'>understanding that user interface is basically theater that advanced us quite</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:50:40'>a bit of the way now oh I should tell</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:50:46'>you that let me tell you the final part of this story is this this illusion is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:50:51'>actually known about physiologically on</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:50:55'>the under right-hand side of your brain where you worry about faces there are</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:50:59'>two completely distinct little modules one module where ease about face like</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:04'>thing that's the thing that allows you to see faces and clouds and scares children in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:09'>Twilight and so forth when they shadows look like a face and they think it's a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:13'>monster that's reporting an upside down face like thing about an inch away a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:19'>separate piece of brain tissue is only worried about eyes and mouth and it's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:24'>saying well that's an okay mouth and those are okay eyes so there's very</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:28'>little dissonance here when we go to this guy the face recognition guy is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:34'>saying that's an a right-side up face like thing and the eyes and mouth guy is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:38'>saying something is very wrong here now</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:42'>you can imagine why evolution might have arranged for you to worry about this because it might mean you're going to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:46'>die in the next 10 seconds</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:55'>sorry</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:52:02'>now I can I can tell you it also it also works on mammals also works on all</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:52:09'>mammals and if you'd like to try it out on a dog I suggest you pick a small one</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:52:21'>okay this is the place that's going to start the third part because that is the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:52:26'>first image ever to go on in Alto and let me now continue with this our</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:52:32'>misunderstanding of how the mind works</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:52:41'>what I'm presenting here are not my ideas but once I got this strange idea</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:52:49'>that the the are mentalities bite me modular it reminded me a lot of reading</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:52:56'>Piaget which I never really understood very well that is PJ's fault by the way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:01'>in case you don't feel bad when you read Piaget and find it bumbling verbose and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:07'>obscure because the fact that's the way he writes read somebody else's summary</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:14'>of the stuff the ideas are kind of good so Piaget had this idea that there are</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:21'>three main stages of development in children a sort of a doing stage which</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:25'>he had a long complicated word for an</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:29'>image stage in a symbol stage the doing stage is where an object is to grasp it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:35'>in a hole is to dig it the image stage is where the kid gets the water pouring</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:40'>wrong you know you poured from the squat glass under the tall thin one and the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:44'>kid says there's more water then Piaget says around 11 or 12 the child starts</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:49'>dealing with pacts and logic which i think is a special property of Swiss</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:55'>French children [Laughter]</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:02'>I've always I've always felt it's around that age that logic fast disappears now</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:11'>Jerome Bruner now Jerome Bruner is was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:16'>the person I think of all of the people that I read that influenced me the most</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:20'>he wrote a number of books that are classics unlike Piaget Bruner is one of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:26'>the classic writers of prose in the English language and around the early</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:31'>60s he was pushing the following idea that instead of being stages of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:35'>development what we've got going in children are actually separate</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:40'>mentalities and a change of dominance so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:44'>one of the experiments that Bruner did is to take a kid who would do the water</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:49'>pouring thing wrong he would say there's more water in the tall thin glass and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:53'>then Bruner would immediately cover up that tall thin glass with a cardboard</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:57'>and the kid would say oh wait a minute there must be the same amount of water</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:01'>because where could it go and Brenner would take it away and the kid would look at the glass he said oh but there's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:05'>more look at it and Britney would cover it up again the kids would say oh there</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:09'>there must be the same because where could it go so if you have any 10 year-olds you'd like to tour man</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:15'>bouncing them back and forth here and you do it partially by blocking the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:20'>visual field and so Brenner had convinced himself that there are</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:25'>actually separate mentalities with separate rules and of course there are people like GaN brick and Arnheim who</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:30'>thought the same thing about the way we look at images and do visual thinking</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:35'>that Brenner built a curriculum around it and the curriculum had several</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:39'>interesting ideas one was it's really great to learn things in this order</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:43'>because even though the symbolic one is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:47'>is the most powerful it's only powerful when it's in the right context in other</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:52'>words what Bruner said is that logic is a weak method it's really great when</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:57'>you're in the right territory but it stinks when you're aren't because it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:02'>forces you to build up Chains of things that don't lead you anywhere well in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:07'>other words if you want to multiply two numbers and 60 ad you're in trouble you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:12'>want to find out where more is gonna go in 1325 you're in trouble you have to be an incredible genius and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:18'>work with your Roman numerals or epicycles in order to get something</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:22'>simply because the context is very poor we call those ideas choosing the right</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:27'>representation in computer science I'd also read a book by Hadamard who did</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:37'>a survey of the top 100 mathematicians in the world and being French he</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:41'>included himself in that top 100 but in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:46'>fact he was I always thought he did this in order to atone for having invented</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:51'>the Hadamard transform and forced us all to learn it but his survey indicated</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:57'>that of these top 100 only a few claim to use symbolization at all they all</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:03'>claim to use visualizations of some kind an amazing 30 percent including Einstein</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:09'>were operated down here I in Stein's quote was I have sensations of a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:15'>kinesthetic or muscular type the Einstein actually could feel in his arms</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:20'>in particular the spaces that he was dealing with so this Hannah Hart's book is the cliche</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:26'>genius as the ability recapped your childhood it will or you can look at it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:30'>from Bruner's point of view and say that people we think are creative are able to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:34'>think in more than one scheme and the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:38'>most creative people of the people who can move from one scheme to the other I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:42'>also this also reminded me of a lot of musicians that I'd read about that like</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:47'>great artists conceived their works down here where the blood and guts flows and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:51'>then in our civilization they bring it over here where they where you can apply six centuries of technique to make it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:57'>the most beautiful thing that can be imagined so this notion of being able to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:58:01'>move from one to another was very powerful and also this idea that when</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:58:06'>you try and explain things to people the weakest way is to tell it better to show</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:58:10'>them that's why we started giving demos right away but much better to get them</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:58:15'>to do it now was something that we didn't do so well at we didn't sit them</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:58:19'>down often enough in front of the terminals themselves and so they could get this visceral feel until many years</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:58:23'>too late so this idea that there are</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:58:27'>weighs in leads to this little experiment you can try this is inspired</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:58:35'>by Seymour Packard and that has to take a child in each of these three stages or</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:58:41'>mentalities and get them to try and draw a circle and logo and pampered had done</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:58:45'>it with very young children by just getting them to close their eyes and say</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:58:49'>make a circle with your body so that kid would start going like this and if he</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:58:55'>didn't fall off the stage you could ask the child what are you doing Johnny and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:58:59'>the child would say well I'm going a little and turning a little over and over if you type that into logo you get</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:06'>a perfect circle that's because the five year old knows differential equations</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:12'>the circle circle it has constant curvature and so the change in curvature</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:17'>is zero and Patrick explicitly made logo eco egocentric inertial coordinate</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:22'>systems in order that so the chip the kid could play the turtle be the turtle</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:26'>and use what his body his body knew what his mind did not if you will if you do</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:32'>it with a ten-year-old you get a much different set of results the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:36'>ten-year-old really doesn't want to do that ten-year-old tends to be very</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:40'>visual and so a way to get them to do is you give them a compass and let them</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:44'>draw lots of circles and after a while they decide gee that the compass is a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:49'>constant distance wise are the points of the same distance apart this ought to work and so you pick the pin up and go</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:56'>out to the rim make a dot you come back turn one degree round you go and you get</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:00:03'>a perfect circle locus of points equidistant from a given point now of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:00:08'>course I wouldn't be telling this story if the fifteen-year-old succeeded fifteen-year-old is in the symbolic fact</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:00:13'>logic stage and knows the most horrible fact ever discovered by man</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:00:18'>[Music] wrong wrong coordinate system and even</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:00:22'>if it were a good coordinate system it has very little operational significance</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:00:26'>so this led to a slogan I'd like to do</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:00:30'>things bye-bye slogans I later discovered people used to complain to me</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:00:35'>that it wasn't being professional I finally found that Francis Bacon in the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:00:41'>new organa which has to be a classical enough text to inspire anybody 15 35 or</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:00:48'>something Francis Bacon pointed out there are two ways you can explain things one is in prose which in which</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:00:54'>you essentially defeat involvement by explaining everything the other is by</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:00:58'>form of an aphorism which brahs people in and tries to get them to complete it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:01:03'>themselves and so my characterization of this is the point of view is worth 80 IQ</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:01:09'>points right in other words if you're in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:01:13'>the right context you act as though you're incredibly smart and able if</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:01:17'>you're in the wrong context you don't de Buono has an image of if you're digging</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:01:22'>for gold and you've dug down five feet and you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:01:26'>haven't found it one of the things you can do is dig twice as fast that's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:01:30'>American business when in trouble redouble your efforts but in fact you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:01:35'>might be in trouble because you're digging in the wrong place you might be doing the wrong kinds of things you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:01:39'>might be having the wrong kinds of thoughts so maybe you should shift your context so in anyway this this idea set of ideas</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:01:46'>again I want to say that we didn't talk about things exactly this way we read</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:01:51'>Bruner a lot and in fact it was Adele who solved how to use Bruner with the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:01:57'>children as you'll see in a minute that led to a slogan which is boy wouldn't it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:04'>be great if we could tie these three things together doing with images</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:08'>generate symbols this is the Bruner direction you should do concrete things</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:13'>concretely so we used to say simple things should be sent should be simple</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:17'>and complex things should be possible so it's perlis had this great line once a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:23'>programming language that does nothing simply is not worthwhile learning for in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:27'>order for doing something complicated so there should be some commitment to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:32'>some point of view that gives you leverage my final example is something</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:41'>that came about a few years later but still in the scope of this and that is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:48'>the the following that a guy in Malibu</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:53'>California wrote a book called the inner game of tennis and in it he purported</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:58'>that tennis was actually rather easy to learn and the fact what you should do is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:03'>not think so hard about it not worry and so forth just go out and do a few things</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:07'>you should be able to learn how to play tennis in just a couple of hours and that enraged Harry Reasoner who was at</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:14'>ABC in those days and I think Harry reasoner's from someplace in the Midwest and knew goddamn well at tennis was not</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:20'>easy even trying to play it for for 25 years and so he sent an ABC News team</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:26'>out to do Tim Galway in they picked out</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:30'>35 people and got them to sign legal affidavits saying they'd never played</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:34'>tennis before and they picked the worst one of these who was a 55 year old lady</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:38'>40 pounds overweight 5 foot 2 in a muumuu and in front of all of these</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:45'>people on live television they put a clock at the side of the court and said to Tim Galway you have 20 minutes to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:51'>teach her how to play tennis and the next video selection will show you what I mean now</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:56'>if you're interested in user interface and teaching and stuff like that is I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:01'>think you must be if you're here take a look at this user interface</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:11'>flying through the air I want you to have to watch it the very instant the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:16'>ball hits the court I want you to say bounce and the very instant the ball</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:21'>hits the racket I want you to say hit you just be saying bounce</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:25'>hip all you need to do is watch the ball okay bounce the key of all the exercises</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:31'>in the inner game is to focus their minds attention somewhere where it will</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:37'>not interfere with the body's ability to hit the ball automatically you stand</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:43'>here and Tim will throw you a couple and you just continue doing the same thing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:47'>China hit you not at first at first just say bounce the ball bounces and hit when</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:52'>you would hit it but don't hit then after you feel like I didn't it go ahead and hit it okay</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:56'>watch your right arm here bounce yeah something's trying to hit the ball right</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:01'>now</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:09'>when the players first learning the game of tennis and what he says bounce he's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:15'>also out of the corner of his eye watching me hit the ball so even though</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:20'>he's not trying to see how I get it the image of me hitting it is going right</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:25'>into his memory enjoying a job yeah the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:31'>cardia principle in any book written on tennis about a tennis is to watch the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:36'>ball no I really sees the ball no the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:41'>reason is they get bored so I've tried to give them something to see in the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:48'>ball that's interesting so we watch the trajectory of the ball the the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:52'>gracefulness of the line made by the balls that flying through the air oh my</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:57'>get the same put the mind somewhere or work and stay calm and not get you up</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:02'>tight but relaxed and interested then</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:06'>the body that's so beautifully don't beautiful come on let's move to the ball boys</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:11'>listen to how it sounds in your racket hear that yes</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:18'>[Music] I heard that down like very dull it was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:24'>like wood that would sound people this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:28'>man Daniel you'll hear the sound that your white Britain</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:45'>[Applause] be aware that racket is part of your arm</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:55'>feel uncomfortable not every time I did</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:59'>start to think things went wrong just stop thinking the body seems to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:04'>know what to do you feel with your left</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:08'>hand where it is how'd it go I'll just win the back there feel it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:20'>we're gonna do one other stroke now and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:24'>this one's called the server and the server is dis like a dance he just like</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:30'>a dance we'll come back here I'll show you how to do a dance call the sir okay I've done this dance a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:38'>little bit so I'll just do it okay in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:45'>fact you can start humming if you want the rhythm okay now we do want you to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:08:02'>stand there shut your eyes shut your</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:08:06'>eyes and imagine yourself doing that same dance let's start humming a little</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:08:11'>bit as you're doing it yeah</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:08:16'>okay now there's no thinking just go do</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:08:20'>it quick no thinking just go syrup yeah sir</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:08:24'>don't wait on busy keep serving keeps their own thing dududu quick that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:08:29'>doesn't stop fine again don't worry about hitting now notice the wrist snap</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:08:33'>oh there you go I get them to hone the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:08:40'>rhythm of my serve so they're not thinking oh this is what are you doing with a job</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:08:44'>what are you doing his hands and not trying to remember all up they start</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:08:48'>humming and they see themselves doing very similar things muscular movements</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:08:52'>to what I did but they're not thinking about it so it just comes out naturally and fluidly that didn't take long</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:08:58'>that's called serving oh she didn't</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:08'>double fault the entire match no need of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:37'>it this is a thirty ball rally and became after this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:41'>it just started just sort of like floating along you know and doing what came naturally let me know and I said I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:46'>pointing toes it's really really beautiful I have a clearer idea of what</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:53'>you want then let it happen don't try too hard now he sings a couple</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:58'>Adder I'm gonna try to make you Miss Molly it's going on too long so I'll</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:02'>just get a little bit harder you just</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:07'>keep watching the ball</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:15'>[Applause]</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:25'>[Applause]</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:29'>[Music] [Applause]</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:37'>well when I saw that my reaction was holy shit but in fact that's what we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:44'>were trying to do because one of the things you see here is that as Tim</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:49'>Galway like to say beginning tennis is called chase the ball when you're</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:54'>chasing the ball you're not doing what you're supposed to be doing when you're</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:58'>playing tennis so his feeling is you should do anything that you can to catapult a person as</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:04'>quickly as possible into the lower ranks of the intermediate which is what he did here so that most of the time what she</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:10'>was doing is doing the kinds of things that real tennis players do and also to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:15'>get involved in the actual process of joy because you don't play tennis if you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:20'>don't like to hit the ball you can also try and win but mainly it's about</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:24'>hitting the ball and moving your body and those kinds of things and he gets her involved in it right away</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:28'>the whole idea behind the kinds of user interfaces that were done at Parc was to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:34'>simply trying to get past all that bullshit at the beginning there's no</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:38'>reason that you have to learn ms-dos to get rid of a file or move things around</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:43'>or find an application or any of those things those aren't intrinsically hard</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:47'>there's no entropic reason why you should spend a long time doing those now</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:53'>what we didn't do so well at Parc either in CSL or SSL is find that way of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:12:00'>getting from the concrete operations to the symbolic it's one thing to delete</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:12:04'>three files by dumping them into a trash can but when you have to delete 53 files</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:12:09'>things aren't so much fun anymore and it's that bridge of finding ways to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:12:15'>teach the person the symbolic ways of doing things while they're doing the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:12:19'>concrete operations that I think is one of the cruxes and user interface design</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:12:23'>today now here we go into the last part</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:12:27'>this is a photograph I believe as far as I can tell it it's marked April 72 73</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:12:34'>and that is exactly the right time for it for</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:12:38'>this to be the actual photograph of the first alto screen I think is the very</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:12:43'>day that Steve Purcell got this image up there no not more than a few hours after</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:12:49'>Butler and I mean Chuck and Edie and Larry had finished debugging the thing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:12:55'>so that was the start of an era of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:13:00'>most tremendous fun I've ever had in my life and I just want to show you a little bit of it you get an idea of what</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:13:05'>we're all after so now let's start on</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:13:09'>that tape B and the challenge was why can't if Peele at Packard can do it why can't</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:13:14'>wait because we have a few more functions in mind but still the the HP</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:13:19'>35 was there to inspire us I also discovered that one of the things about</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:13:23'>having an HP 35 is that it's very stealable now here's this is the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:13:28'>character generated I mentioned built by</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:13:32'>Roger Bates and designed by Butler and Bill English and this is Ben laws font</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:13:38'>design program one of the best ever done doing an A and Lydian cursive and I put</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:13:46'>this up this is the exact same thing as I showed you on a slide so I'm trying to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:13:51'>invoke your imagination as to how wonderful this really looked in person</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:13:55'>here's an interesting thing what do you do when you do a rough draft and you're</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:13:59'>printing it out in Times Roman and the answer is you use your own handwriting</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:14:04'>I never understood why this didn't catch on I think it's a logical consequence of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:14:12'>font mania so again the text can be</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:14:17'>rendered very nicely in handwriting here's a phonetic font that we thought</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:14:23'>teachers would might be interested in designing from Pittman initial teaching</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:14:28'>alphabet I never thought much of it but</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:14:32'>one of the nice things was that we didn't have to tell teachers what to do</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:14:36'>on this system now here's the world's first painting program done by I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:14:40'>designed it in the spring of 72 and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:14:44'>Steve Purcell that most amazing person</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:14:48'>did this while he was us I think he's a sophomore at stay</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:14:52'>and at this time I'm not sure you'd ever written a program before in his life</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:14:56'>I never asked anybody that I hired whether they'd programs or not so I usually didn't want to know and the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:15:08'>other thing you notice is that the control here is being done by a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:15:12'>character recognizer and that was done by none other than John Jacques that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:15:18'>proves that venture capitalists can learn how to program so most of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:15:26'>things that Mac Mac Paint could do can do this this system did so we see the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:15:31'>different brushes and you can make up your custom brush shapes right there</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:15:36'>you'll occasionally see the symptoms of an analog mouse here I believe</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:15:41'>occasionally will jump a little bit make</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:15:47'>small brushes and so forth I should</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:15:54'>mention that in these early things you'll see some flicker because I shot all of this early stuff on a Bolex and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:16:00'>16 millimeter so we didn't have any video equipment back then specular</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:16:05'>reflections and let's see I think we make a brush here and do spray painting</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:16:16'>no I guess not there we are</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:16:22'>so this is well running by the summer of 72 I should mention that the one of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:16:30'>reasons why most of the stuff we did at Parc worked out there's the Cookie</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:16:34'>Monster that I drew this is a Xerox executive he was our mascot Winnie the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:16:40'>Pooh space war practically drove small</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:16:47'>talk into existence we wanted a space war to be half a page and here's some</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:16:51'>early animation from I think around August done on the old character</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:16:56'>generator and from all of this simulation we got in an idea of just how</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:17:03'>much power the Alto would need to have to do all of this stuff for real I think</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:17:07'>the next segment is an example of some music I did the music programming on the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:17:11'>Nova Nova 800 was a pretty good machine</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:17:15'>and it could do the following this was keyed in by Steve Saunders</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:17:22'>[Music]</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:17:54'>now of course what we didn't want was just for voices like that Brandenburg we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:17:59'>wanted 12 because 12 or what you need to do things like organs and other keyboard</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:18:06'>instruments lower in stature than the organ and so we sort of multiplied what</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:18:12'>that could do by by a factor of three or four and multiplied the animation by</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:18:17'>that and we'd also done some studies on what the dot size of the display should</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:18:22'>be we discovered that the that there was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:18:26'>a completely nonlinear transformation in the eye that there was a place when you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:18:31'>went from fifty dots per inch to one-hundred dots per inch which cost you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:18:35'>four times as many dots which was pretty expensive but it was ten times harder to see that they were dots if you think of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:18:40'>it the last thing you want to see on a display is a dot if you think of that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:18:46'>there might be a maximum in that curve it happened in corn sweets book when you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:18:51'>work it out for video displays that the worst possible display resolution that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:18:56'>you can ever choose happens to be fifty dots per inch now you might wonder what</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:19:01'>IBM's resolution is it happens to be 50</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:19:05'>dots per inch now let's continue I want to now mention that there are two people</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:19:10'>who really you know I'm this is the last</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:19:14'>of my stuff here from now on the group</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:19:18'>was run by this wonderful person</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:19:22'>notice the pigtails folks this is and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:19:31'>this is the first kind of stuff that kids did in small talk small talk was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:19:36'>done by the second great person that's Dan Ingalls without those two people nothing would</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:19:41'>have happened I did have one little thing to do okay stop it for one second</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:19:46'>please I didn't have one little thing to do with small talk I wrote the original</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:19:50'>evaluator but I neglected to leave out</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:19:54'>things like the storage allocator and things like that and it came about as a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:19:58'>result of a bet I said well you know you can do an arbitrarily powerful</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:20:02'>language in just a half a page of code and unfortunately they called my bluff</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:20:06'>and I had to figure out how to do it I finally wrote that half page of code and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:20:10'>Dan went out and implemented it for real and it took about seven hundred lines of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:20:15'>basic but I only wrote a half page of code I want you to know that and when</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:20:24'>the stark weathers laser printers started working people used to accuse me of writing my page long programs in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:20:32'>pocket Bible fonts now this this next</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:20:39'>sequence is I don't know why we actually shot this but this happens to be the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:20:43'>first time a window has ever done an overlapping window has ever done on an</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:20:47'>alto I wrote my usual one-page of small talk and Diana Mary sweated for months</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:20:52'>doing all the code that I never wanted to see in order to do the following okay</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:20:57'>let it go now in those days I felt</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:21:01'>strongly that windows should be draggable I still do damnit so the idea</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:21:08'>was if we could ever do animation reasonably we should be able to do this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:21:12'>in real time so notice that that text is overlapping there this is like this is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:21:19'>practically like the first day it worked and now we're going to display you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:21:24'>notice the other guy is popping up in front this is one of those little ideas</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:21:28'>that people have in the shower here's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:21:32'>now we needed some frames and so this is a little frame program using the great</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:21:36'>ideas of having little moving handles and stretching handles to go around this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:21:42'>stuff I once asked you know as I always</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:21:47'>found it strange that Park was willing to put a twenty thousand dollar machine in my office but wasn't willing to put a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:21:51'>thousand dollar shower I explained to them I got much more done in the shower</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:21:55'>than any other appliance nobody would ever believe me</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:22:05'>showers now here's here's a great</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:22:16'>sequence this is Larry Tesler Smitty mouse editor which he did to convince</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:22:21'>the polos people that modeless editing was the way to go this was written in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:22:25'>small talk and this is an example of very early programming in small talk and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:22:31'>it's to do the list a cons class so what</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:22:37'>you see there is a message called first time which when it creates the instance</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:22:42'>is going to look for a head and a tail that's like cons here is if you see is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:22:47'>followed by question mark then return</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:22:51'>the answer list if you see is followed by list then return the answer true so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:22:57'>what we're typing in here are responses to messages that any member of this cons</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:23:02'>pair might have and if you see anything</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:23:08'>else return false and if you see the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:23:16'>message head followed by in ass and arrow then rebind head so that's the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:23:22'>same as rip Lakha and if you don't see the arrow then just give back the answer</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:23:26'>head so that's the same as car and here if you see the message tail followed an</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:23:31'>arrow then give back tail that's rip lacta and if you don't see it then give</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:23:35'>back tail that's cooter and that's all</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:23:40'>you have to do to create an infinite number of Lisp cons pairs I think you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:23:46'>can barely see some on the side when they put this thing to tape they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:23:51'>unfortunately cut off some of the stuff so you notice this editor you're just</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:23:56'>moving around you'll notice him be able to go back to this transcript so he made</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:24:02'>himself a list there and called X and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:24:07'>now you can't that's too bad it's off the screen I have to redo that but what</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:24:13'>it's giving back is B and now he's putting a C in there</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:24:18'>and now he decides well I don't really like to see those that stuff printed so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:24:24'>he goes up here and he says look at the small talk evaluator and what gets</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:24:29'>printed out is this loop repeat read</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:24:33'>something give it the message of Al and then give it the message print and what that means is that for any new class we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:24:38'>make all we have to do is give it the message a response to the message print</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:24:43'>and it will print automatically so that's pretty neat print is thus generic</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:24:49'>print is distributed over all the classes in the system so here is this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:24:53'>guy's local thing you notice in Larry's editor you just go up and fix the thing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:24:58'>that you're working on put a few more things in there and that's not quite</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:25:04'>right so you go back and change it so you want to print a left parenthesis you want to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:25:08'>send the message print to whatever is in the head you want to print a period you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:25:12'>want to send the message print to whatever is in the tail and print a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:25:16'>right parenthesis then if you go back down here and Larry's editor you see it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:25:20'>prints out a dot B which is what it's supposed to do then he says oh well why</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:25:24'>not go in here and give it a response to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:25:28'>the message length and that is if the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:25:32'>tail is a list then we want to the response is 1 plus whatever the length</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:25:36'>of the tail is if the tail isn't a list</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:25:40'>then we are the end so the length is 1 that's all you have to write there so if</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:25:45'>you type that in back comes the answer and if you go down and make a little</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:25:51'>more complex to cons C to the existing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:25:56'>thing X you get C dot a dot B and that you can't see it there but length is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:26:01'>giving back 3 so that's a quick pass at small talk and that is the language that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:26:05'>the children programmed in everything was done by writing those class definitions now the meanwhile per cell</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:26:14'>was not idle</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:26:18'>now Chuck in Butler both complain that the alto is slow and that that is the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:26:23'>only dispute I have with him that is absolute bullshit look at this this this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:26:28'>machine could do 120 square inches of graphics in arbitrary freeze it for a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:26:34'>second please 120 square inches of graphics was about that much graphics you can divide it up</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:26:39'>anyway 80 ping-pong balls or were in number of Pegasus or something like that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:26:43'>in two and a half D with transparencies</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:26:47'>at ten frames a second that's what the alto could do and it took 300 words 300</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:26:52'>instructions of micro code to do that and I believe that Purcell had the will</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:26:58'>part of his brain to Faust but aside</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:27:02'>from that really worked well okay so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:27:06'>that was an example of the alto really moving along and in fact I think just as</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:27:11'>a comment here I think that the if we had only done the following on the alto</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:27:15'>which is to added 1k of microcode RAM a year we would have been in fantastic</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:27:20'>shape because that's what we ran out of let's go let's go further I think the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:27:25'>next sequence shows that music was coming along</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:27:31'>here's a piece written by Chris Jeffers and round this time we moved into our</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:27:38'>playpen downstairs across the street at</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:27:42'>what used to be the singer building this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:27:48'>piece is called a happy hacker [Music] there's the organ that's playing the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:27:55'>piece [Music]</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:28:16'>this is great stuff [Music]</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:28:29'>now here comes Adelle and Joe now if we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:28:36'>always believe that Joe was some secret lover that Adele had had but in fact we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:28:40'>discovered that it was a little box that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:28:44'>she gave give a name to and she came up with a way of teaching this very abstract high-level language that the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:28:49'>Japanese are very interested in these days two young children by giving them an</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:28:55'>already written class called box and you could make a box and give it a name and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:28:59'>turn it and here's Jill and you could</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:29:03'>turn her and you could write and right</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:29:11'>from the beginning the kids would start off doing things that involve more than one thing more than one instance of a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:29:17'>class so here's one where we turned Jo</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:29:21'>one direction and we turn Jill in the other this method of teaching the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:29:27'>children was so effective that after the first couple of bunches Adelle was just</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:29:31'>able to leave her little box book around and the children would pick it up by</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:29:35'>themselves because basically all you have to understand about small talk is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:29:40'>that you can make instances the instances can receive messages and you can add more messages to the class</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:29:45'>definitions so here's a more complicated repeat loop that grows one and shrinks</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:29:51'>the other while it's rotating them and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:29:56'>this is when things really started cooking because we were able to instead</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:30:00'>of doing turtle graphics which never leads to a tool we're able to get to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:30:05'>what one of our major aims was was to have children be able to do their own</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:30:09'>applications programs Adelle organized all of this stuff I was sort of in the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:30:16'>background helping a little bit but she conceived of all of these programs she</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:30:20'>wrote the curriculum she just did everything here I think is the first</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:30:24'>tool ever done by a child this is Marian gold Dean's painting</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:30:29'>program she had seen per cells painting program so she decided to write one herself so there's a menu up there of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:30:38'>shapes that you can grab those smaller ones are brushes there so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:30:43'>she now you can imagine behind this that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:30:47'>there's actually a single class called polygons that every time she points into</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:30:52'>one of those is making instances that can splat up on the screen the polygons</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:30:57'>can be called with making with four to make four sides and it can be called</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:31:02'>with six to make a hexagon and so forth so there's very little code here and in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:31:07'>fact this program is not much larger than it would be in logo but no logo</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:31:11'>child has ever done that program because it's not at all obvious in logo a part</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:31:17'>of the thing with novice programmers is that they have to use their short-term memories for all kinds of things and you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:31:22'>have to have some way of allowing them to see how structures go together here's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:31:27'>some very young children that we did in collaboration with Radia Perlman from MIT and they needed big buttons to push</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:31:35'>and they could drive the turtle around the turtle could remember things and so even very young children could write</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:31:40'>procedures and their big problem was doing planning the music editing system</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:31:46'>is under constant revision in an attempt to find a comfortable user interface for</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:31:50'>editing notes and toddlers this is an excerpt from a movie we made about</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:31:54'>computer music the star Rachel has played piano since she was five years</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:31:59'>old [Music]</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:32:16'>so it's being captured [Music]</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:32:41'>she corrects a mistake with no it's okay because you can edit that transcript at</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:32:47'>age six rachel begins where's her</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:32:51'>keyboard technique their philosophy is to introduce children early to music and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:32:55'>art skills developing the necessary motor skill dexterity and hand-eye</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:33:00'>coordination and making the learning of these skills as natural a part of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:33:04'>child's development as our language skills so she's played she's played and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:33:10'>design skills shut up Dianna she's she's she's played</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:33:15'>in it in a compliment now she's gonna play along with the accompaniment now</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:33:23'>this is sort of our idea what a convivial tool really means</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:33:27'>[Music]</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:33:44'>[Music] now of course Rachel was just an an</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:33:49'>average kid this is a nice thing that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:33:57'>Adele organizes Marion was had an</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:34:02'>enormous amount of hutzpah and she decided it would be great to teach a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:34:06'>class of students so we videotaped literally every second of this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:34:22'>and we learned a lot from this now here is Susan Hammett with her escalation of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:34:30'>the painting program notice there's a menu down here now and this is sort of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:34:34'>her version of what we now think of as Mac draw of course Mac draw is 70k of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:34:39'>machine code and you have to buy it but aside from that this is very similar so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:34:44'>notice there are little birdies that came up there and she's changing the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:34:49'>color and she's going to change the size</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:34:53'>of the thing and now she's gonna move it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:35:00'>she's gonna make another instance of it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:35:04'>she wants to select one of them so she puts out the birdies or handles there</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:35:09'>now she's going to make it very small because if you make it small and make it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:35:14'>with a lot of sides you get a circle and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:35:19'>again she could make instances of that well she changed the color now she's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:35:23'>going to make instances of that and so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:35:27'>this is an applications program done by a 12 year 12 year old child and it is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:35:32'>not large let me claim the generic one</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:35:37'>page for it it must be in some font</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:35:42'>actually it's quite a small program so it's really only one class definition</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:35:46'>and a menu she did the menu menus weren't built in now here's Steve putz</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:35:55'>who was unfortunately grown old like the rest of us he's actually in his 20s now</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:36:01'>at age 15 he was interested in ham radio</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:36:05'>and he hated to design to draw a circuit diagram so he did this system which is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:36:11'>pretty damn sophisticated it has a menu</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:36:15'>like they're a pop-up menu for often</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:36:20'>used things like open and closed dots and has they wants that right where the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:36:26'>cursor is right where he's looking and down below he can pick up components and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:36:34'>as you can see rotate them as one of my favorite programs by a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:36:40'>child because less than ten years before it a PhD was awarded for a system that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:36:44'>wasn't as good so he felt at this point that there is some hope for progress in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:36:48'>novice programming</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:37:03'>and the final feature he demonstrates here in a second is being able to float</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:37:08'>text wherever he wants it in the drawing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:37:16'>this is about all the stuff I'm showing you is done between the summer of 74 and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:37:22'>the end of 75 and finally he types in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:37:30'>the text</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:37:36'>I was just around this point that we started seeing where small talk started</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:37:42'>running out of steam and part of it was a design it was a profit here's Bruce</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:37:48'>horn I think this is the first time this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:37:55'>is done by anybody in real time he's 15</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:38:03'>years old also here yeah that's off the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:38:20'>frame there but you get the idea it's pretty damn good</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:38:30'>now here's the the tomber editor there</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:38:35'>were a lot of people involved with music Kris Jeffers myself</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:38:39'>Ted Caylor Chuck Thacker helped a lot in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:38:44'>the early stages of it Bob Shore Steve Saunders who figured out how to do</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:38:49'>Channing's FM with without using a multiply which we didn't have the alto</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:38:55'>could do 12 voices in real time of the kind of stuff that the curse while does</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:39:00'>but do it better it could do eight voices of real-time FM and I could do it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:39:07'>without any hardware except additional hardware except a D to a converter this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:39:14'>is another 300 words of micro code so you take 300 words here and 300 words</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:39:18'>for the animation system and add another thousand or two for small talk</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:39:24'>you can do pretty unbelievable things on an alto I think it's still my favorite</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:39:31'>favorite machine I've ever ever used it was just sort of right so here he's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:39:37'>changing the pitch between those two</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:39:41'>bars to get a vibrato and now he's going to a different Tom Braille palettes if</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:39:51'>you will here's woodwinds but what he really wants is something</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:39:56'>like a bowed string like a cello which is something that FM can do really well</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:40:05'>[Music]</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:40:09'>then you can play a piece that you've played in or edited in in real time each</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:40:17'>voice with a different timbre this is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:40:21'>one of our favorites is the fugue from the passacaglia and Fugue in C minor</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:40:25'>[Music]</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:40:53'>so the idea was on a personal computer you should be able to get all of this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:40:57'>function without there having to be any hardware specially prepared except</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:41:02'>things that you always have to have as Wes Clark points out like D to a and A</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:41:06'>to D converters for God's sakes but all the rest of the stuff should be done by</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:41:10'>software remember a hardware is just software crystallized early and what we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:41:15'>really want is to crystallize our functions late now here is what was made</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:41:22'>out of per cells animation primitives system calls Shazam then by some</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:41:27'>visitors Ron Becker and Eric Martin Tom Horsley with some assistance from</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:41:32'>Purcell and some of the gang doing what every animator always wanted to do which</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:41:36'>is to draw on a cell there on the right then the left the movie window just pick</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:41:42'>up that thing you've drawn and shown it what showed it what to do this is a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:41:48'>wonderful system because with per cells microcode primitives the whole user</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:41:53'>interface for this was only five pages of small talk they did four different</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:41:58'>systems that summer of 74 which is when this was done so notice he's single</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:42:04'>stepping it because what he really wants to do is to get a squash effect down</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:42:08'>here so he's going to zap that guy there</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:42:12'>and what he's going to do is to is to tie that space in the frame into another</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:42:19'>animation cell which is transparently superimposed over the thing on the right</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:42:24'>there so when you see that menu come coming up it's actually for the the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:42:30'>transparent cell and what he's going to paint here is not going to disturb what's there he's just using it as a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:42:34'>reference and notice it's being inserted in in real time in fact you could do</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:42:40'>dynamic graphics inserted in real time what the animator wants to see is how</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:42:44'>many features of the image does he have to include before you get the illusion</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:42:48'>of single frame squashing so as he puts</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:42:52'>in the specular reflection you see that does it just one frame changed but it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:42:58'>looks like it's squashing and just to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:43:04'>give Steve Purcell a few more plot it's one of the problem with doing a system like this is that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:43:08'>white is ambiguous that can either mean</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:43:12'>transfer here in the thing like a window frame here can either mean transparent</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:43:16'>or it can mean opaque and the default</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:43:21'>was transparent so here he's got a a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:43:26'>blob animating there and now he's gonna bring up this guy and just swing it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:43:33'>around so we can see that the holes in it are actually letting us look through</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:43:37'>so now what he's done is gotten this is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:43:42'>the painting window and now he's going to opaque paint and he's gonna paint</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:43:46'>over those notice the painting is being simultaneously looked into the other</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:43:50'>window there and so now some of the what</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:43:56'>was white transparence is now white opaque and now he's going to pick up the thing and moving around this was all</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:44:02'>done on the alto amazing one of the one</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:44:09'>of the great stories of course is the great leaps backward possible in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:44:13'>research in fact we never did anything like this as good again another one of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:44:19'>our famous twelve-year-old girls who loved horses as they often do Shazaam</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:44:29'>was bigger than a twelve-year-old can handle but we discovered that kids can</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:44:34'>read much larger programs written by other people and make modifications and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:44:39'>so she was able to add a feature to this animation system that she wouldn't have</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:44:43'>been able to program herself</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:44:51'>I can superimpose the jockey this is the feature she added which is to allow</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:44:56'>images to be combined into single animated images just like sketchpad and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:45:03'>now she has a composite</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:45:30'>okay let's I think there's there's a pause in there well this at the end of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:45:34'>my talk except for one announcement one more little show and that is I didn't</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:45:39'>know how to talk about all the stuff we did at Park there are many years of work</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:45:43'>afterwards and in fact I didn't know how to really talk about the Dinah book of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:45:47'>the future I still think that as with Bush's original vision if somebody just</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:45:51'>sat down and implemented what Bush had wanted in 1945 and didn't try and add</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:45:57'>any extra features we would like it today I think the same thing is true</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:46:01'>about what we wanted for the Dynabook if we only had what we wanted then in one</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:46:05'>machine we would like it today now of course that doesn't mean that the Dinah</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:46:10'>book covered everything one of the things that I didn't anticipate was what</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:46:14'>networks really do to you and that is they change the whole environment that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:46:20'>you're in they don't just hook environments together and I subscribed like everybody</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:46:25'>else because we were all old time sharing hackers to the idea that a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:46:29'>personal computer is always connected but in fact the very connection of it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:46:33'>through the ethernet changed everything the ethernet dominated the press</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:46:38'>protocol for printing dominated all the machines that were on it it was the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:46:43'>thing that was eternal and the services that provided not the machines that we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:46:47'>built and the kinds of services that you can get through networking are so large</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:46:52'>and so vast that almost none of the browsing techniques that we originated</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:46:56'>at Parc are going to be of any use in five years so there's much more to come</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:47:00'>in personal computing than just the Dynabook but I'm gonna stop here with</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:47:04'>just one look ahead and it's a look that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:47:08'>we didn't do it park but one I got from a person who worked at Parc Alvy Ray</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:47:13'>Smith wonderful person and a not yet another graduate student of Dave Evans</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:47:18'>IDI Catmull and this is a special effects sequence done at Lucasfilm and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:47:23'>it returns to my original theme of Fantasia and everybody should be able to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:47:28'>do their own and the Fantasia here is that there is a gadget called the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:47:32'>Genesis bomb the Genesis bomb can be exploded on an airless planet and a fire</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:47:38'>races across the surface of the planet and converts the planet into life</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:47:42'>and of course the the the dichotomy of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:47:47'>the thing is of course if you explode it on a planet that already has life it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:47:51'>converts that into new life too so it's both the ultimate life giver and the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:47:55'>ultimate life destroyer they wanted to show what this would look like they went</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:48:00'>to Industrial Light & Magic and they said oh now that's too complicated for model building too much detail we can't</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:48:07'>show mountains rising and waters coming up and they went to the animators the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:48:11'>animator said oh no we can't do that there's too hard to do it cost too much</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:48:16'>we can't get it done in the Philippines and so forth and so the computer science</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:48:21'>group at Lucasfilm said we'll let us take a whack at it and here's what they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:48:25'>came up with what I have done is I hated</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:48:29'>the original music in the film so I just deep-six it I found so much better stuff</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:48:34'>written by vogner and also I mean if</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:48:43'>you're gonna steal you might as well steal from the best so I say never steal</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:48:49'>anything small and make sure the lie is large the other the music though is also</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:48:55'>synthesized by computers so what we have here in a minute and 10 seconds is a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:49:01'>vision of something that if we were to increase current day personal computers</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:49:06'>by about the same ratio that the Alto increased cycles from time sharing we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:49:10'>could do in five or six years so this is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:49:14'>definitely on the horizon and this is I claim is what we all at Parc had in mind</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:49:18'>and I don't think you can argue with me but you can't prove I'm wrong remember</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:49:26'>the truth is but a lie that hasn't been found out yet okay so let's roll this sequence</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:49:42'>[Music] [Applause]</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:49:48'>[Music]</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:49:57'>[Applause]</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:50:03'>[Music]</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:50:16'>[Music]</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:50:28'>[Music]</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:50:49'>well the Greeks held that the visual arts were the imitation of life but the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:50:54'>computer arts are the imitation of creation itself thank you very much</subtitle>
<subtitle id='6659'>[Applause] </subtitle>