Difference between revisions of "Alan Kay at the Internet 50th event in London"

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<subtitle id="0:0:13">English (auto-generated) Click  for settings</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:0:19">thanks for coming</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:0:22"> everybody I'm Jim we're</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:0:25"> very lucky that we've got four fantastic speakers I feel</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:0:28"> so privileged and and been so lucky one of the reasons</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:0:31">Leonard said that we should put on an event in London is because</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:0:34"> London played a key part that the in the early days of</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:0:37"> the internet and particularly this next gentleman peter</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:0:40"> kirsten CBE notice and</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:0:43">Peter's still a professor of computer science at</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:0:46"> UCL who of course got departments based</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:0:49"> here and Peter was the first person to</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:0:52"> put a computer on the ARPANET outside of</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:0:55"> the u.s. in 1973 as</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:0:58"> well as other claims to fame he was is a key part</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:1:1"> of creating if the Internet Protocol suite along</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:1:4"> with Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn and implementing</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:1:7"> it in the mid 70s so we're going to show a short interview</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:1:10"> that Peter and I did together last month and</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:1:13"> then we're going to sit down with Peter and get some of his observations</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:1:16"> we've</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:1:19"> got a friend of mine an inspiration a</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:1:22"> the Pasco serial digital entrepreneur</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:1:25"> who set up the first internet cafe in London</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:1:28"> in 94 I think it was supper digital think</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:1:31"> tank cyber salon 97 really early in to ecommerce</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:1:34"> she's going to be talking to us about the difference the web made</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:1:37"> when it when the web became part of the internet</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:1:40"> landscape and a broader set of people came on board</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:1:43"> we're finishing</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:1:46"> with plexus very own sage hug he's</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:1:49"> the program director of lorca which is a cybersecurity</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:1:52"> research team here at here</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:1:55">at plex all he's going to be talking about the opportunities</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:1:58"> and challenges that total connectivity</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:2:1"> bring along especially in the age of mistrust so really</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:2:4"> looking forward to that but</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:2:7">starting off with Alan Cain he was a personal</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:2:10"> computing pioneer and a bit of a legend</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:2:13"> he's he's best known for creating the</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:2:16"> Dynabook which was a carry-all device</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:2:19"> a personal computer for kids of all ages but it's</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:2:22"> kind of familiar and he came up with this concept</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:2:25"> this idea in the late 60s while he was at the University of</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:2:28"> Utah and he was</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:2:31"> actually there when Utah became the fourth node on the ARPANET</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:2:34"> after the University of</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:2:37"> Utah I believe he went to work at Xerox</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:2:40">a huge amount of pioneering breakthroughs</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:2:43"> the Dynabook came to life in the form of the alto but</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:2:46">hey created the ethernet they created laser printing</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:2:49"> graphical user interface object orientated programming</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:2:52"> modern computing as we know it</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:2:55">what thing people don't necessarily realize is</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:2:58"> the overlap between the our community and Xerox PARC a lot</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:3:1">graduate students that were were sponsored by the</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:3:4"> ARPA project ended up finding jobs at at</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:3:7"> Xerox PARC and indeed the leader of up</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:3:10"> to the information processing techniques office at</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:3:13"> ARPA Bob Taylor ended up running Xerox</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:3:16"> PARC so there's a big crossover and it's almost like</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:3:19"> one one community so Allen's</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:3:22"> going to be talking about the culture at Xerox PARC and</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:3:25"> in the oppor community that led to such fantastic</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:3:28">breakthroughs in such a short period of time</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:3:31"> the other thing people might not know as well is that</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:3:34"> Alan is Tron and after</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:3:37"> that kind of visit to Xerox</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:3:40"> PARC bonnie mcbride the scriptwriter of of</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:3:43"> tron basically made</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:3:46"> alan the the the main character and here he is in</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:3:49"> action and actually if you watched ron for the you</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:3:52"> know the people are familiar with the film it's actually a metaphor</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:3:55">object orientated programming so what should again with that</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:3:58"> with that in mind and the main character Tron is</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:4:1"> actually user name is Alan one which was Alan's user</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:4:4"> name at Xerox PARC I believe we're</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:4:7">not talking we're not a so much Tron and although</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:4:10"> I'd like to we're here to talk about the culture at</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:4:13"> Xerox PARC and and the ARPA community</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:4:16"> that led to such a huge amount of innovation in a short period of time and</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:4:19"> what we can learn from it and on that note I'm</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:4:22"> gonna pass you over to our keynote speaker Alan</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:4:31">so</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:4:34"> Jim asked</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:4:37"> me if I could talk about the internet and also</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:4:40"> about our current Park as he as he mentioned and could</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:4:43">o in just a couple of minutes please and of</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:4:46"> course my reaction was well okay so</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:4:49"> here it is in one</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:4:52"> second</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:4:55"></subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:4:58"> because I actually like history</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:5:1"> and this is the minimal just for an exercise I put down the</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:5:4"> minimal number of things that</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:5:7"> need to be talked about too that got us to</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:5:10"> the Internet and personal</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:5:13"> computing and of course that's way</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:5:16"> too much and this leads us to two ideas which</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:5:19"> is this whole fortune teller</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:5:22"> says I tell the future nothing easier it hasn't</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:5:25"> happened yet so you can say anything you want and</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:5:28">by the way if you're feeling creative that's a good way to start just</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:5:31"> tell a future you'd like to see happen and</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:5:34">you can make it happen but she also asked</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:5:37"> who can tell the past and the reason</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:5:40"> the past is hard to tell is it happened</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:5:43"> in real time across an entire world and</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:5:46"> what it means is any kind of compression</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:5:49"> of that past is almost certainly</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:5:52"> going to leave out something important including</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:5:55"> as Goethe pointed out most</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:5:58"> of the people who actually participated</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:6:1"> in making something happen and this</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:6:4"> is why we don't in in</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:6:7"> my research community we have superheroes</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:6:10"> or like most valuable players in sports but</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:6:13"> in fact it's all of</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:6:16"> the stuff that we did was done by teams</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:6:19"> of various size and so</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:6:22"> we try not to claim</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:6:25"> this got invented first and that got invented</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:6:28"> first it actually doesn't work very well</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:6:31"> for instance most people here may not know because in</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:6:34"> both television both America and the United States</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:6:37"> claimed</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:6:40"> to have invented television most</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:6:43"> people don't know that the first image</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:6:46"> television image ever put on a CRT was</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:6:49"> actually done in Japan in the early</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:6:52"> 20s by a Japanese guy he understood</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:6:55"> what a CRT could be and made</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:6:58"> one that could show a television image</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:7:1"> so having said that we</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:7:4"> can start isolating different parts of</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:7:7"> this thing for instance this is the radar part of it and</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:7:10"> British radar is on the left hand side and American radar</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:7:13"> is on the right-hand side the key idea here is</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:7:16"> there are a couple of really important people Henry</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:7:19"> Tizard was the most important person if</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:7:22"> you want to know who was most directly</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:7:25"> responsible for this country</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:7:28"> not being lost in the Battle of Britain it was</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:7:31"> Henry Tizard because in the early</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:7:34"> 30s he started worrying about Germany</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:7:37"> when Hitler came to power he was a physicist</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:7:40"> and he started poking</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:7:43"> at people first looking for a death ray or</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:7:46"> a directed-energy weapon and</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:7:49"> the people he talked to said well that's too much power</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:7:52"> but we might be able to detect planes coming and</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:7:55"> so the</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:7:58"> result of that was long before while</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:8:1"> chamberlain was still appeasing and all of that where</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:8:4"> a series of coastal stations all around the</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:8:7"> eastern part of this island from the tip-top</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:8:10"> of scotland all the way down the</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:8:13"> bottom and when the german planes came over</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:8:16"> they were detected and they could scramble the</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:8:19"> raf to take care of them and</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:8:22"> britain wound up winning</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:8:25"> those battles and radar also</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:8:28">was the key technology for deep defeating</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:8:31"> submarines and night bombing</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:8:34"> so it was the key technology</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:8:37"> that won the war for the Allies</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:8:40"> and a lot of it happened here the</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:8:43"> bosses of these two physicists let them do</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:8:46"> what they wanted and they wound up inventing the cavity</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:8:49"> magnetron which was the first electronic</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:8:52">device that could actually put out enough power at</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:8:55"> a small enough wavelength to make</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:8:58"> very even the</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:9:1"> the detection of a periscope of submarine possible</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:9:4"> and Tizard again</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:9:7"> got together with Vannevar Bush in the United</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:9:10"> States and Tizard convinced</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:9:13"> the British government that the secrets</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:9:16"> that Britain had instead of being barded</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:9:19"> with the Americans they should just give them all to us and</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:9:22"> expect that</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:9:25"> goodwill and trustworthiness</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:9:28">would take care of everything else and he was completely right</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:9:31"> so it just cuts through an enormous amount of</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:9:34"> that you would see in almost any other</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:9:37"> time and the magnetron was bought brought</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:9:40"> to the United States and that set up this</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:9:43"> enormous research and development effort at MIT</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:9:46"> that made almost all of the radars that were</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:9:49"> used in world war ii which were manufactured by</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:9:52"> American companies and distributed and this was</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:9:55"> set up in part by having British</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:9:58"> scientists come over there and there's</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:10:1"> one other little benefit at the very end</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:10:4"> of the the war that Bush had been thinking about how</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:10:7"> do you organize all of this stuff and he thought everybody</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:10:10"> who dealt with knowledge should have a desk</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:10:13"> like this a desk that holds</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:10:16"> the equivalent of maybe</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:10:19"> 10,000 books worth of stuff that has scanners</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:10:22"> as pointing devices</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:10:25"> has hyperlinks this was called mimics this</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:10:28"> look familiar today okay so this</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:10:31"> is 1945 and many of the inventors</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:10:34"> of the stuff that we have today read</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:10:37"> what Bush wrote in 1945</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:10:40"> so this is a direct this is an image</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:10:43"> of something that everybody wanted to have</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:10:46"> and people started looking to find out about it</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:10:49"> okay British computing Turing</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:10:52"> of course going all the way up to</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:10:55">Babbage and ADA at the top Bletchley Park which</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:10:58"> they couldn't talk about but in fact the people at Bletchley</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:11:1"> Park remembered what they did and that led</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:11:4"> to a number of computers particularly the</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:11:7"> Manchester computers and</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:11:10"> the Brits were way ahead of the mayor during</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:11:13"> the late 50s in the early 60s and unfortunately you</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:11:16"> let IBM in and they kind of bought</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:11:19"> out all the good stuff that was being done over</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:11:22"> here and for as part of our story we</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:11:25"> could just as well in 1969</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:11:28"> and should be celebrating</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:11:31"> Don Davies the National Physical Laboratory</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:11:34"> Network because that started</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:11:37"> working in 1969 also</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:11:40"> and the</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:11:43"> people working on network being were friendly</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:11:46"> the u.s. got more of the credit than it deserved</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:11:49"> in a way because there</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:11:52"> are the resources to develop the stuff it into</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:11:55"> the internet and make it larger but</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:11:58">intellectually it was kind of an even-steven thing and</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:12:1"> there was a wonderful character by the name Louie</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:12:4"> Azam in France who was also</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:12:7"> instrumental and this here's Peter</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:12:10"> we'll hear from him a little bit later he had a lot</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:12:13">do and I'm hoping he will tell the v80 story</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:12:16"> what Jim calls ARPA</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:12:19"> is basically open-ended</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:12:22"> government research in the public domain most</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:12:25"> of which was ARPA so this is a little bit</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:12:29"> too complicated to</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:12:31"></subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:12:34">talk about and here's Xerox PARC he said he said a few words about that dark</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:12:37"> spark was really an integral part of</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:12:40"> this community everybody at Xerox PARC have gotten</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:12:43"> their PhDs paid for by ARP and we'll talk about</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:12:46"> that in a little bit and this whole</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:12:49"> thing started out because this one guy Licklider said</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:12:52"> early on computers are destined to become interactive</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:12:55"> intellectual amplifiers for</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:12:58"> everyone universally networked worldwide</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:13:1"> so he said that in 1962 and</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:13:4"> he got money</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:13:7"> from the government because they liked him and he</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:13:10">started all of these things happening now if we</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:13:13"> look at just the network aspects here and</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:13:16"> combine the British and the American we</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:13:19"> get something that's a bit like this that in the 50s</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:13:22"> there were air defense systems</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:13:25"> done in the u.s. that had displays</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:13:28"> and pointing devices on them Lickliter saw</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:13:31"> those and said what he just said</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:13:34"> he decided to fund MIT to</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:13:37"> make a computing utility because</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:13:40"> this wartime system</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:13:43"> was the kind of thing that pretty much everybody could</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:13:46"> make use of it was networked together there are 25</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:13:49"> different places and</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:13:52"> that led like to say well we need an</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:13:55"> intergalactic Network we want to connect up</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:13:58"> everything and that got the romance that turned</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:14:1"> into the internet started and Len Kleinrock never</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:14:4"> been called Leonard in his life from</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:14:7"> New York so Lenny</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:14:10"> and California's called</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:14:13"> Len he did some</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:14:16"> important early work showing that you</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:14:19"> could cue messages without congestion</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:14:22"> he did not invent packets</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:14:25"> but his messages were</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:14:28"> were like what packets</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:14:31"> eventually came to be and packets were</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:14:34"> invented more or less independently by</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:14:37"> Paul Baran and Don Davies one in the</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:14:40"> US and one in the UK and this</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:14:43"> led to two networks the ARPANET and NPL</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:14:46"> net and as was mentioned oh</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:14:49"> then in a wonderful</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:14:52"> network called Aloha net which dealt with</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:14:55"> the problem of how do you have the University of Hawaii</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:14:58"> work over all the islands back</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:15:1"> in the days when telephones were incredibly expensive and</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:15:4"> the idea as well.you broadcasts it into the air and</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:15:7"> Xerox PARC took that idea and made the</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:15:10"> ethernet because a coax cable is actually</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:15:13"> like what you broadcast rate</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:15:16"> if you broadcast radio inside of a of a</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:15:19"> cable you can do something like Aloha</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:15:22"> net and then as was mentioned these</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:15:25">networks were connected for the first time in</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:15:28"> 1973 that Peter had a lot to do with</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:15:31"> and then there are a lot of work</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:15:34"> on internet working what we're celebrating not</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:15:37"> internetworking we're celebrating</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:15:40"> packet networking</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:15:43"> in both places and</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:15:46"> we can celebrate internet</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:15:49"> working in a few years but</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:15:52"> why not celebrate it now also</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:15:55"> so they're Park it had its own</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:15:58"> internet little-known fact and worked</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:16:1"> on it and many people worked on it and then</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:16:4"> there was the SR I bread truck what</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:16:7">doing here and I'll show you right</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:16:10"> now so in 1976 this</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:16:13"> is an outdoor beer garden near the Stanford</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:16:16"> campus out in the woods still they're</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:16:19"> called Zots rose Oddie's and in</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:16:22"> october</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:16:25"> this red</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:16:28"> truck which inside had</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:16:31"> a couple of pdp-11 s and radio</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:16:34"> transmitters and it had a Mickey Mouse phone</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:16:37"> and reason they had this is so they could prove</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:16:40"> to the people in Washington that was using a standard telephone</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:16:43"> so this is the maybe the first voice</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:16:46"> over IP and the connection</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:16:49"> was radio net linked into</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:16:52"> the Bay Area packet radio network going</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:16:55"> to s RI and then across the country on</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:16:58"> the ARPANET to the to the East Coast and</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:17:1"> why were they at this beer garden well of course</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:17:4"> so they could drink beer while doing</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:17:7"> their monthly report so here</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:17:10"> they are with a teletype machine quaffing</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:17:13"> the golden liquid trying to figure</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:17:16">it is that they should tell to the government sponsors that</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:17:19"> the other and I happen to be there for</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:17:22"> this and everybody had a very Merry time</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:17:25"> that day because it all worked</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:17:28"> so this is an early</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:17:31"> example of internet working because it had to go</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:17:34"> through a bunch of different networks in order to get to</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:17:37"> Washington and maybe the the</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:17:40"> date we really celebrate as the start of the internet</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:17:43"> was the next year in 1977 which also</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:17:46"> involved the bridge bread truck and it also involved</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:17:49"> things that Peter did</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:17:52"> over here to connect up several networks together</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:17:55"> by satellite well there were these sponsors</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:17:58"> so in the u.s. we have a Congress and we</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:18:1"> have the Pentagon and Russians</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:18:4"> gave us a gift in 1957</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:18:7"> which is to get Americans</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:18:10"> to do things for the only reason they do them which</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:18:13"> is they were scared by</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:18:16"> the way that's what happens over here so if you are</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:18:19"> interested in why all this stuff happens at some</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:18:22"> times and not others it's because regular people</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:18:25"> don't want to do anything with boffins</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:18:28"> unless they're terribly scared</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:18:31"> because they really don't want to deal with</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:18:34"> unusual people it's only when there's</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:18:37"> a real threat of war that they start looking for unusual</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:18:40"> people to try and find more ways</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:18:43"> out of the dilemma so the Sputnik caused</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:18:46"> ARPA to be created and in</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:18:49"> the 60s the for our protectors were these guys</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:18:52"> the first one of those funded</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:18:55"> Licklider over here and</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:18:58"> then a line of one guy</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:19:1"> every year every two years through</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:19:4"> the 60s and of course Congress wasn't</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:19:7"> as bad as our Congress is now but you</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:19:10"> can route how is this relevant tell me why this work</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:19:13">you're doing at ARPA is relevant to the Department of Defense</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:19:16"> why are you spending this money and</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:19:19"> what these guys would say these guys are</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:19:22"> all scientists they weren't administrators these</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:19:25">were all scientists so what they would say is oh that's not</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:19:28"> the right question to ask the right question to ask</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:19:31">is this going to help the United States or</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:19:34"> this technology or our society or our culture generally</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:19:37"> that's the question well if you</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:19:40"> ask us those questions will tell you and Bob Taylor who</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:19:43"> was a bystander there said</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:19:46"> these are projectors would stand up to these guys in</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:19:49"> a polite civilized way attack their</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:19:52"> myopia because these are</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:19:55"> per directors were scientific statesmen and he says</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:19:58"> we have had too few of these people in that job since</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:20:1"> then and an example it's</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:20:4"> relevant to our story today is that in 66</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:20:7"> Charlie Hertzfeld to ask Bob</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:20:10"> well what do you want and Bob said well this</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:20:13">network is what I want to do and here's why and</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:20:16"> Hertzfeld said okay you got it and that</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:20:19"> conversation was a 15-minute conversation</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:20:22"> and then Hurstville said well how much money do</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:20:25">this thing going and Bob</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:20:28"> so about a million dollars which is about six</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:20:31"> million pounds today you give it give us six</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:20:34"> million pounds which will get it organized and</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:20:37"> off the ground in Hertz</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:20:40"> field said okay and Bob</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:20:43"> said there was no ARPA order</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:20:46">anything for months maybe even a year they just started</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:20:49"> doing it and started spending this money that is</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:20:52"> how the internet got started</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:20:55"> imagine trying to do that today imagine</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:20:58"> how many reasonable people would be</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:21:1"> put in the path of progress</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:21:4"> and when the</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:21:7"> Vietnam War started shutting this</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:21:10"> funding down Taylor went to</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:21:13"> find other funding which he found at</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:21:16"> Xerox and he set up Xerox PARC and so this is</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:21:19"> the lineage of the people who made our technologies</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:21:22"> today possible not just the internet but also personal</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:21:25"> computing and</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:21:28"> if you want to read about this there's a website</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:21:31"> the website of this meeting</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:21:34"> that we have and you can just go to Internet at</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:21:37"> 50 comm and there's a link to</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:21:40"> the Alan Kay references so</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:21:43"> I have downloadable stuff and references to</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:21:46"> read about this nobody should</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:21:49"> escape the next</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:21:52">without reading about the Tizard mission of radar</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:21:55"> in this country this is the book</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:21:58"> about ARPA and Xerox PARC and</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:22:1"> and there are some documents</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:22:4"> also on the website that are written</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:22:7"> at the time for instance one</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:22:10"> of the great books of all time is this book written in 1953</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:22:13"> about British computer so</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:22:16"> if you want to know what was going on in 1953</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:22:19"> this book has papers by everybody</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:22:22"> who is important it has a paper by Turing</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:22:25"> as a paper by Christopher stray key</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:22:28"> it has papers by the Manchester people</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:22:31"> it's got a paper in there by Maurice Wilkes my</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:22:34"> old hero just a great thing</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:22:37"> I</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:22:40"> have to promise myself not to digress</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:22:43"> so if you're interested</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:22:46"> in this stuff go there and read this ok</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:22:49"> now I want to talk about</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:22:52"> the problem that most people have today in</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:22:55"> dealing with the past it's not just the old</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:22:58"> fortune-teller problem the problem</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:23:1"> is is that the words that we use today</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:23:4"> we're used in different ways in the</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:23:7"> past and so when we</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:23:10">something in the past when we see something in the past we</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:23:13"> tend to evaluate it in terms</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:23:16"> of the present and a</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:23:19"> good example of this and a great complaint</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:23:22"> what happened when angle Bart who's</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:23:25"> known as the inventor of the mouse and other</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:23:28"> things died the</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:23:31"> modern day Englebart wrote a great obituaries</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:23:34"> and here's the most telling</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:23:37">when I read tech writers interviews with Engelbart</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:23:40"> I imagine these writers interviewing George</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:23:43"> Orwell and asking in-depth probing</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:23:46"> questions about his typewriter that's the</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:23:49"> problem the mouse was nothing</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:23:52"> it just happens to be visible</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:23:55"> it's the invisible stuff</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:23:58">you have to look at similarly the shopping list</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:24:1"> thing well yeah it had hypertext</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:24:4"> shared screen collaboration blue Globa and as</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:24:7"> brett victor says the flaws you</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:24:10"> don't want to treat the past as like</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:24:13"> today except cruder that assumes</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:24:16">that today is some refinement of the past in</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:24:19"> fact in many many cases what we have is</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:24:22"> a much cruder present from</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:24:25">uch more refined past and if we</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:24:28"> had more time I would demonstrate this to you in ways that</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:24:31"> would astonish you and the reason this is true is</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:24:34"> because angle Bart was special and almost</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:24:37"> nobody who followed him was as special so we</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:24:40"> got these special ideas early on from this genius</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:24:43"> and Engelbart himself said hey</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:24:46"> the mouse that's just a button on the radio we</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:24:49"> invented a whole car</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:24:52"> you're spending all this time worrying about some knob</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:24:55"> on the radio</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:24:58"> okay so the problem</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:25:1"> with invention and even innovation</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:25:4"> which is just</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:25:7"> something incremental on something that's already known is</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:25:10"> people don't</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:25:13">even reinvent the wheel they reinvent the flat tire and</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:25:16"> if you don't know about wheels</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:25:19"> this sort of works right have you ever had a flat and had</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:25:22">rive on it anybody sorry</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:25:25"> works and if you don't know about something better</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:25:28"> you might think that's what a wheel is similarly</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:25:31"> full glass of water holds</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:25:34"> a half glass</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:25:37"> and so</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:25:40"> for the creature that's comfortable in the half glass the creature</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:25:43"> can swim in that but also has the opportunity to go up to the</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:25:46"> top there but if you give only</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:25:49"> give the half-full glass out that</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:25:52"> creature has no opportunity to explore the top and might</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:25:55"> start thinking that that's reality</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:25:58"> so a very important thing</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:26:1"> to understand about today is that a many important</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:26:4"> respects normal has</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:26:7"> been redefined downward</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:26:10"> so the things we take to be normal</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:26:13"> today in many ways are just shadows</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:26:16"> of better ideas</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:26:19"> in the past and of</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:26:22"> course people are curious about went</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:26:25"> on the net to see if people were curious about Orwell's typewriter</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:26:28"> and boy they are here it is and because</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:26:31"> it's so much easier to talk about a typewriter than it is</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:26:34"> to wonder what he meant by this so we really</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:26:37">to ask what was he trying to accomplish how did he go about it</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:26:40"> and eventually we'd get down to his typewriter it</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:26:43"> actually is important printing is important</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:26:46"> but we have to go for the top</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:26:49"> ideas and similarly in the</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:26:52">mid-50s we had these</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:26:55"> there were 25 centers in the US</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:26:58"> each one of which had about a hundred and fifty of these interactive</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:27:1"> terminals with pointing devices but</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:27:4"> you didn't realize that and</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:27:7"> they were all networked together</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:27:10"> what this turned into by the way was</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:27:13"> our air traffic control system</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:27:16"> developed directly from</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:27:19"> this back then it was the air traffic control system</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:27:22"> for Russian bombers</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:27:25"> and we want to</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:27:28"> do the same kind of thing what were these people actually thinking</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:27:31"> about because that's the typewriter we</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:27:34">know what were they trying to accomplish how</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:27:37"> are they able to make it happen and eventually you can get down</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:27:40"> to some questions about the technology so</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:27:43"> just a quick sample here we saw what Bush was interested</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:27:46"> in with something like</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:27:49"> a super version of Wikipedia the head</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:27:52"> of ARPA wanted to keep track</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:27:55"> of everything Lickliter was more lofty</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:27:58"> he saw that the combination of humans</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:28:1"> and computers would think together as no humans have ever thought</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:28:4"> before McCarthy looked at it</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:28:7"> and said every home will have one one of</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:28:10"> these every home will have one because</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:28:13"> they thought of this as an information utility like</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:28:16"> our power utility or our water utility</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:28:19"> or gas utility Ivan invented</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:28:22"> computer graphics which is used today</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:28:25"> and Engelbart wanted to deal</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:28:28"> with humans capabilities for</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:28:31">dealing with complex urgent problems like the climate problem</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:28:34"> like education</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:28:37"> like energy like water</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:28:40"> inkelaar is a very serious guy and this is what</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:28:43"> he wanted to do and in the short talk I'll just look</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:28:46">things so here's</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:28:49"> Lickliter memo in 1963 to</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:28:52">members in Affiliate of the intergalactic</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:28:55"> computer network they</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:28:58"> asked him why do you call it intergalactic and he said well engineers</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:29:1"> always give you the minimum and</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:29:4"> I want a worldwide network</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:29:7"> so I'm asking for an intergalactic one</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:29:10"> and he said if we make</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:29:13">an intergalactic net Network then our main problem will</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:29:16"> be learning to communicate with aliens and this</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:29:19">important idea it's an idea that hasn't been grappled</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:29:22"> with in today's commercialization of the technology</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:29:25"> that once you scale up the</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:29:28"> most points in</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:29:31"> a scaled-up network are going to be alien</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:29:34"> to you in a variety of ways and</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:29:37"> one of the papers I put online for you to</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:29:40">is this paper called the computer as a communications</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:29:43"> device you'll find it very interesting because it is almost</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:29:46"> absent from the communication</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:29:49"> devices you're using at this very moment</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:29:52"> almost no good ideas are in</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:29:55"> the mobile phones that you have</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:29:58"> so the key thing is</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:30:1"> if you can't share context</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:30:4"> it's hard to agree on something so if</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:30:7"> the subject is a vein and hooves and</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:30:10"> tail one person could be thinking of a horse and another of</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:30:13"> a zebra they might agree on a hamburger</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:30:16"> if you're trying to communicate with</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:30:19">computer what shared context could you possibly have</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:30:22"> what could you do with its thought cloud to get</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:30:25"> it to intersect with yours if it's an AI these are</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:30:28"> all illustrations by the way from this paper</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:30:31"> back then and I've added a</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:30:34"> couple to them in the same style so</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:30:37"> the salesman wants money the computer is not</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:30:40">about what humans are but knows to protect</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:30:43"> the boss there's the problem of the chocolate</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:30:46"> and the Apple even inside our own heads so</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:30:49"> we have this problem of humans</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:30:52"> and groups communicating with themselves to</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:30:55"> each other individually in groups as one</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:30:58"> example of alien problems</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:31:1"> once we add computers in we've got the</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:31:4">problems of human communicating with computers that's the</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:31:7"> user in Faye's problem we've got the problem of different</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:31:10"> computers communicating with each other both in hardware</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:31:13"> and software that's half of what the</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:31:16"> internet tried to work on and then we have real aliens</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:31:19">that we should think about every once in a while what does that mean</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:31:22"> now important idea here is that one</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:31:25"> of the ways we help to communicate with ourselves and</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:31:28"> others is through media and so we can</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:31:31"> put me on the computer but as soon as we do the biggest</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:31:34"> sin would be just to imitate the</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:31:37"> physical media that we've been using that is the number</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:31:40">one problem with these devices that you have they</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:31:43"> are all conveniences for media that happened</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:31:46"> before you know they're all about</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:31:49"> movies they're all about recordings they're all about</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:31:52"> photographs they're all about text</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:31:55"> all the things that people have gotten used to</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:31:58"> that you can sell without a learning curve are</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:32:1"> in the normal of today almost</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:32:4">hat's important about computers has been left out</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:32:7"> of the normal and so if you think that what you're doing</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:32:10"> is just normal reality you're missing</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:32:13"> entirely what the computer is all about and in fact</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:32:16"> what these guys we're all about so</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:32:19"> here they are collaborating on something important</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:32:22"> like making a bridge designing it testing it</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:32:25"> and this cartoon was taken from an actual</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:32:28"> meeting of the Engelbart group because</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:32:31"> their system was so important to them and the</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:32:34"> sharing was so deep in their system for</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:32:37"> instance no matter what you did in the Engelbart system</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:32:40"> any number of people could</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:32:43"> get in there and they each had their cursors so</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:32:46"> it wasn't a sharing cursor it wasn't just seeing a</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:32:49"> picture you were actually all able to interact on</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:32:52"> the same stuff and</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:32:55"> to communicate about it they thought about what are tools</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:32:58"> so here's a simple tool that goes right to</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:33:1"> something that's genetic in humans if</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:33:4"> it doesn't work bash it</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:33:7"> so you her goal this</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:33:10"> is what angle Bart called an a process and</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:33:13"> the B process is improving her</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:33:16"> a process she's getting better at hitting these</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:33:19"> things and an important thing too and</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:33:22"> about tools is they actually trained</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:33:25"> us while we're using them she's thinking</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:33:28">more and more hammer like thoughts as an adult she might think</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:33:31"> of using a nuclear weapon on somebody it's a natural</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:33:34"> thing if people don't do what we want hammer</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:33:37">them the favorite hammer of today is starting to be AI</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:33:40">dangerous this is to</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:33:43"> have a place to seem brain with</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:33:46"> nuclear weapons</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:33:49"> well most people don't worry about this today</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:33:52"> but these guys did</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:33:55"> but</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:33:58"> there are also inward tools</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:34:1"> so here's a tool that actually</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:34:4"> changes her perceptions and</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:34:7"> again we can use an agent a servant to</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:34:10"> do things for us that gives us a view of the</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:34:13">can also use an agent to help our internal growth</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:34:16"> use a teacher we can hammer people affect</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:34:19"> people through teaming but</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:34:22"> we can also put teams together to grow so</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:34:25"> all of these things I'm telling you here were things that</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:34:28"> were thought about back then and of</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:34:31">course what they thought about is what with these modes of</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:34:34"> use what if we replace parts of it with computers</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:34:37"> now and what does that mean in terms of</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:34:40">communication what does that mean in terms of agencies</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:34:43"> so if we take that idea and this</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:34:46"> angle Bart meeting here's what they thought of</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:34:49"> is that this diagram which is</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:34:52"> the one that we have today humans controlling</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:34:55"> powerful agencies is not what you want</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:34:58"> you have to include education</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:35:1"> the thing that doesn't happen today and with that</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:35:4">can use new methods you can use use new languages</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:35:7"> and you've created a system that includes</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:35:10"> the human this is what Engelbart meant by augmentation</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:35:13"> didn't mean just adding a tool and</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:35:16"> that system is kind of</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:35:19"> a thinking unit and if you put together a group</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:35:22">you're putting together groups of these so</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:35:25"> this is a big idea almost nobody who</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:35:28"> reads about Engelbart reads far enough to</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:35:31">driving I think this</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:35:34"> might help some of the discussions</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:35:37"> later on in this in this meeting</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:35:40"> okay so I hate bullet</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:35:43"> lists so I'll just</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:35:46"> mention a couple here so why did this stuff work well the</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:35:49"> funders funded visions not goals they</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:35:52">think they were wise enough to pick goals</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:35:55"> what they wanted to do is to put</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:35:58"> out a vision and let people different people</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:36:1"> find different ways of realizing the vision they</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:36:4"> didn't want to fund just problem-solving because if</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:36:7"> you make up a problem from the current context it's probably</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:36:10"> not the problem you should put your work into you</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:36:13"> need to find problems they pay money for that</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:36:16"> fund people not projects</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:36:19"> the top people the ones are going to make a difference</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:36:22"> only fund the very best people because they're</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:36:25">qualitatively different than the next levels down</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:36:28"> and this is a</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:36:31"> long-term venture so part of our research</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:36:34">ave to be the next generation researchers and</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:36:37"> our Pro was one of the few groups ever to</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:36:40"> build in a very</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:36:43"> large amount of money to</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:36:46"> create the next generation of researchers every researcher</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:36:49"> at Xerox PARC have been created</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:36:52"> by ARPA I was the oldest one there and I was</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:36:55"> 30 Butler Lampson who was the</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:36:58"> Oppenheimer of Park was only 27</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:37:1"> and Taylor at Park was only 38</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:37:4"></subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:37:7"> so you need unusual people but this</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:37:10">least thing to worry about because they're just way</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:37:13"> out in the bell curve and if you have a couple hundred million to</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:37:16"> to choose from if</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:37:19"> you want a championship football team get Beckham</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:37:22"> Juwan Xerox PARC get Butler Butler</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:37:25"> Lampson in this case and who knows</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:37:28"> how rare they are but if you need one in a million</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:37:31">there's going to be 200 if you need one in 10 million there's</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:37:34"> going to be 20 you can find</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:37:37"> these people Xerox PARC was only 25 researchers</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:37:40"> only 25 you</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:37:43"> can find them the problems you can't find the funders</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:37:46"> so what did these guys look</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:37:49"> for well they were just trying to get the best people</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:37:52"> who are interested in this and let them do their</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:37:55"> thing the people you want to get also want to choose</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:37:58">own problems and methods sure because they're artists you</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:38:1"> want to work on their own conceptions of the</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:38:4"> problems Taylor said my job is to organize things so</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:38:7"> that when the lone wolves need to cooperate they will and</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:38:10"> he was very successful at that</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:38:13"> this man right here is my great-grandfather he's</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:38:16"> the first cat herder in our family's</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:38:19"> burden cats don't</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:38:22"> let anybody tell you it's easy</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:38:25"> anybody can hurt cattle hold them together</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:38:28"> 10,000 1/2 mile short hairs that's another</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:38:31"> thing all together being a cat herders probably about</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:38:34"> the toughest thing I think I've ever done I got</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:38:37"> this in this morning right here and</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:38:40"> if you look at his face they just</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:38:43"> ripped to shreds you know to see the movies yet</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:38:46"> here the story is I'm</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:38:49"> living a dream so</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:38:52"> the</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:38:55">thing about this is this is the way management</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:38:58"> thinks about dealing with these top</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:39:1"> researchers it's completely wrong</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:39:4"> 100% wrong couldn't be more wrong</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:39:7"> if you tried but the only thing they think</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:39:10">their job is actually to manage to control</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:39:13"> and you can't control cats</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:39:16"> but here's a much</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:39:19"> younger set of research funders who really understand</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:39:22"> come ajar fellows all the names</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:39:25"> of the toys we have sitting right next to us they're gonna take</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:39:28"> me to her one by one open up these toys would</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:39:31"> you like to go first picking something funky John alright</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:39:34"> what an ounce on his spring</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:39:37"></subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:39:40"> right</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:39:43"> here so this is this little mouse on</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:39:46">and is gonna up and down a cat so we're gonna try to catch it I'll</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:39:49"> catch really like having Mouse's but they keep on</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:39:52"> tearing apart cuz they have ambitious everyone</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:39:55"> okay I got and this is it</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:39:58"> boy</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:40:1"></subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:40:4"> what does this mysterious item</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:40:7"></subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:40:10"> so easy if</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:40:13"> you actually understand who you're dealing with</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:40:16">so</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:40:19"> here's why this stuff work this is the number one</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:40:22"> reason here</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:40:25"> because a great vision is not a set of goals a</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:40:28"> vision has to be nonspecific enough it</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:40:31"> has to be romantic but it has to be something</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:40:34"> that can be filled in by the people who hear the vision</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:40:37"> and lick lighters as I mentioned was computers</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:40:40">our destiny become interactive intellectual amplifiers</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:40:43"> for everyone universally network worldwide he</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:40:46"> tied that to a magnet and he hit it over the</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:40:49"> horizon and it attracted hundreds of iron</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:40:52"> particles in different places they</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:40:55"> all pointed to north they</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:40:58">what North was and neither did look lighter</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:41:1"> but they all got to north so</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:41:4">ne principle here is the goodness of the results</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:41:7"> correlates most strongly with the goodness of the funders</subtitle>
 +
<subtitle id="0:41:10"> thank you</subtitle>

Latest revision as of 18:25, 20 November 2021

English (auto-generated) Click for settings
thanks for coming
everybody I'm Jim we're
very lucky that we've got four fantastic speakers I feel
so privileged and and been so lucky one of the reasons
Leonard said that we should put on an event in London is because
London played a key part that the in the early days of
the internet and particularly this next gentleman peter
kirsten CBE notice and
Peter's still a professor of computer science at
UCL who of course got departments based
here and Peter was the first person to
put a computer on the ARPANET outside of
the u.s. in 1973 as
well as other claims to fame he was is a key part
of creating if the Internet Protocol suite along
with Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn and implementing
it in the mid 70s so we're going to show a short interview
that Peter and I did together last month and
then we're going to sit down with Peter and get some of his observations
we've
got a friend of mine an inspiration a
the Pasco serial digital entrepreneur
who set up the first internet cafe in London
in 94 I think it was supper digital think
tank cyber salon 97 really early in to ecommerce
she's going to be talking to us about the difference the web made
when it when the web became part of the internet
landscape and a broader set of people came on board
we're finishing
with plexus very own sage hug he's
the program director of lorca which is a cybersecurity
research team here at here
at plex all he's going to be talking about the opportunities
and challenges that total connectivity
bring along especially in the age of mistrust so really
looking forward to that but
starting off with Alan Cain he was a personal
computing pioneer and a bit of a legend
he's he's best known for creating the
Dynabook which was a carry-all device
a personal computer for kids of all ages but it's
kind of familiar and he came up with this concept
this idea in the late 60s while he was at the University of
Utah and he was
actually there when Utah became the fourth node on the ARPANET
after the University of
Utah I believe he went to work at Xerox
a huge amount of pioneering breakthroughs
the Dynabook came to life in the form of the alto but
hey created the ethernet they created laser printing
graphical user interface object orientated programming
modern computing as we know it
what thing people don't necessarily realize is
the overlap between the our community and Xerox PARC a lot
graduate students that were were sponsored by the
ARPA project ended up finding jobs at at
Xerox PARC and indeed the leader of up
to the information processing techniques office at
ARPA Bob Taylor ended up running Xerox
PARC so there's a big crossover and it's almost like
one one community so Allen's
going to be talking about the culture at Xerox PARC and
in the oppor community that led to such fantastic
breakthroughs in such a short period of time
the other thing people might not know as well is that
Alan is Tron and after
that kind of visit to Xerox
PARC bonnie mcbride the scriptwriter of of
tron basically made
alan the the the main character and here he is in
action and actually if you watched ron for the you
know the people are familiar with the film it's actually a metaphor
object orientated programming so what should again with that
with that in mind and the main character Tron is
actually user name is Alan one which was Alan's user
name at Xerox PARC I believe we're
not talking we're not a so much Tron and although
I'd like to we're here to talk about the culture at
Xerox PARC and and the ARPA community
that led to such a huge amount of innovation in a short period of time and
what we can learn from it and on that note I'm
gonna pass you over to our keynote speaker Alan
so
Jim asked
me if I could talk about the internet and also
about our current Park as he as he mentioned and could
o in just a couple of minutes please and of
course my reaction was well okay so
here it is in one
second
because I actually like history
and this is the minimal just for an exercise I put down the
minimal number of things that
need to be talked about too that got us to
the Internet and personal
computing and of course that's way
too much and this leads us to two ideas which
is this whole fortune teller
says I tell the future nothing easier it hasn't
happened yet so you can say anything you want and
by the way if you're feeling creative that's a good way to start just
tell a future you'd like to see happen and
you can make it happen but she also asked
who can tell the past and the reason
the past is hard to tell is it happened
in real time across an entire world and
what it means is any kind of compression
of that past is almost certainly
going to leave out something important including
as Goethe pointed out most
of the people who actually participated
in making something happen and this
is why we don't in in
my research community we have superheroes
or like most valuable players in sports but
in fact it's all of
the stuff that we did was done by teams
of various size and so
we try not to claim
this got invented first and that got invented
first it actually doesn't work very well
for instance most people here may not know because in
both television both America and the United States
claimed
to have invented television most
people don't know that the first image
television image ever put on a CRT was
actually done in Japan in the early
20s by a Japanese guy he understood
what a CRT could be and made
one that could show a television image
so having said that we
can start isolating different parts of
this thing for instance this is the radar part of it and
British radar is on the left hand side and American radar
is on the right-hand side the key idea here is
there are a couple of really important people Henry
Tizard was the most important person if
you want to know who was most directly
responsible for this country
not being lost in the Battle of Britain it was
Henry Tizard because in the early
30s he started worrying about Germany
when Hitler came to power he was a physicist
and he started poking
at people first looking for a death ray or
a directed-energy weapon and
the people he talked to said well that's too much power
but we might be able to detect planes coming and
so the
result of that was long before while
chamberlain was still appeasing and all of that where
a series of coastal stations all around the
eastern part of this island from the tip-top
of scotland all the way down the
bottom and when the german planes came over
they were detected and they could scramble the
raf to take care of them and
britain wound up winning
those battles and radar also
was the key technology for deep defeating
submarines and night bombing
so it was the key technology
that won the war for the Allies
and a lot of it happened here the
bosses of these two physicists let them do
what they wanted and they wound up inventing the cavity
magnetron which was the first electronic
device that could actually put out enough power at
a small enough wavelength to make
very even the
the detection of a periscope of submarine possible
and Tizard again
got together with Vannevar Bush in the United
States and Tizard convinced
the British government that the secrets
that Britain had instead of being barded
with the Americans they should just give them all to us and
expect that
goodwill and trustworthiness
would take care of everything else and he was completely right
so it just cuts through an enormous amount of
that you would see in almost any other
time and the magnetron was bought brought
to the United States and that set up this
enormous research and development effort at MIT
that made almost all of the radars that were
used in world war ii which were manufactured by
American companies and distributed and this was
set up in part by having British
scientists come over there and there's
one other little benefit at the very end
of the the war that Bush had been thinking about how
do you organize all of this stuff and he thought everybody
who dealt with knowledge should have a desk
like this a desk that holds
the equivalent of maybe
10,000 books worth of stuff that has scanners
as pointing devices
has hyperlinks this was called mimics this
look familiar today okay so this
is 1945 and many of the inventors
of the stuff that we have today read
what Bush wrote in 1945
so this is a direct this is an image
of something that everybody wanted to have
and people started looking to find out about it
okay British computing Turing
of course going all the way up to
Babbage and ADA at the top Bletchley Park which
they couldn't talk about but in fact the people at Bletchley
Park remembered what they did and that led
to a number of computers particularly the
Manchester computers and
the Brits were way ahead of the mayor during
the late 50s in the early 60s and unfortunately you
let IBM in and they kind of bought
out all the good stuff that was being done over
here and for as part of our story we
could just as well in 1969
and should be celebrating
Don Davies the National Physical Laboratory
Network because that started
working in 1969 also
and the
people working on network being were friendly
the u.s. got more of the credit than it deserved
in a way because there
are the resources to develop the stuff it into
the internet and make it larger but
intellectually it was kind of an even-steven thing and
there was a wonderful character by the name Louie
Azam in France who was also
instrumental and this here's Peter
we'll hear from him a little bit later he had a lot
do and I'm hoping he will tell the v80 story
what Jim calls ARPA
is basically open-ended
government research in the public domain most
of which was ARPA so this is a little bit
too complicated to
talk about and here's Xerox PARC he said he said a few words about that dark
spark was really an integral part of
this community everybody at Xerox PARC have gotten
their PhDs paid for by ARP and we'll talk about
that in a little bit and this whole
thing started out because this one guy Licklider said
early on computers are destined to become interactive
intellectual amplifiers for
everyone universally networked worldwide
so he said that in 1962 and
he got money
from the government because they liked him and he
started all of these things happening now if we
look at just the network aspects here and
combine the British and the American we
get something that's a bit like this that in the 50s
there were air defense systems
done in the u.s. that had displays
and pointing devices on them Lickliter saw
those and said what he just said
he decided to fund MIT to
make a computing utility because
this wartime system
was the kind of thing that pretty much everybody could
make use of it was networked together there are 25
different places and
that led like to say well we need an
intergalactic Network we want to connect up
everything and that got the romance that turned
into the internet started and Len Kleinrock never
been called Leonard in his life from
New York so Lenny
and California's called
Len he did some
important early work showing that you
could cue messages without congestion
he did not invent packets
but his messages were
were like what packets
eventually came to be and packets were
invented more or less independently by
Paul Baran and Don Davies one in the
US and one in the UK and this
led to two networks the ARPANET and NPL
net and as was mentioned oh
then in a wonderful
network called Aloha net which dealt with
the problem of how do you have the University of Hawaii
work over all the islands back
in the days when telephones were incredibly expensive and
the idea as well.you broadcasts it into the air and
Xerox PARC took that idea and made the
ethernet because a coax cable is actually
like what you broadcast rate
if you broadcast radio inside of a of a
cable you can do something like Aloha
net and then as was mentioned these
networks were connected for the first time in
1973 that Peter had a lot to do with
and then there are a lot of work
on internet working what we're celebrating not
internetworking we're celebrating
packet networking
in both places and
we can celebrate internet
working in a few years but
why not celebrate it now also
so they're Park it had its own
internet little-known fact and worked
on it and many people worked on it and then
there was the SR I bread truck what
doing here and I'll show you right
now so in 1976 this
is an outdoor beer garden near the Stanford
campus out in the woods still they're
called Zots rose Oddie's and in
october
this red
truck which inside had
a couple of pdp-11 s and radio
transmitters and it had a Mickey Mouse phone
and reason they had this is so they could prove
to the people in Washington that was using a standard telephone
so this is the maybe the first voice
over IP and the connection
was radio net linked into
the Bay Area packet radio network going
to s RI and then across the country on
the ARPANET to the to the East Coast and
why were they at this beer garden well of course
so they could drink beer while doing
their monthly report so here
they are with a teletype machine quaffing
the golden liquid trying to figure
it is that they should tell to the government sponsors that
the other and I happen to be there for
this and everybody had a very Merry time
that day because it all worked
so this is an early
example of internet working because it had to go
through a bunch of different networks in order to get to
Washington and maybe the the
date we really celebrate as the start of the internet
was the next year in 1977 which also
involved the bridge bread truck and it also involved
things that Peter did
over here to connect up several networks together
by satellite well there were these sponsors
so in the u.s. we have a Congress and we
have the Pentagon and Russians
gave us a gift in 1957
which is to get Americans
to do things for the only reason they do them which
is they were scared by
the way that's what happens over here so if you are
interested in why all this stuff happens at some
times and not others it's because regular people
don't want to do anything with boffins
unless they're terribly scared
because they really don't want to deal with
unusual people it's only when there's
a real threat of war that they start looking for unusual
people to try and find more ways
out of the dilemma so the Sputnik caused
ARPA to be created and in
the 60s the for our protectors were these guys
the first one of those funded
Licklider over here and
then a line of one guy
every year every two years through
the 60s and of course Congress wasn't
as bad as our Congress is now but you
can route how is this relevant tell me why this work
you're doing at ARPA is relevant to the Department of Defense
why are you spending this money and
what these guys would say these guys are
all scientists they weren't administrators these
were all scientists so what they would say is oh that's not
the right question to ask the right question to ask
is this going to help the United States or
this technology or our society or our culture generally
that's the question well if you
ask us those questions will tell you and Bob Taylor who
was a bystander there said
these are projectors would stand up to these guys in
a polite civilized way attack their
myopia because these are
per directors were scientific statesmen and he says
we have had too few of these people in that job since
then and an example it's
relevant to our story today is that in 66
Charlie Hertzfeld to ask Bob
well what do you want and Bob said well this
network is what I want to do and here's why and
Hertzfeld said okay you got it and that
conversation was a 15-minute conversation
and then Hurstville said well how much money do
this thing going and Bob
so about a million dollars which is about six
million pounds today you give it give us six
million pounds which will get it organized and
off the ground in Hertz
field said okay and Bob
said there was no ARPA order
anything for months maybe even a year they just started
doing it and started spending this money that is
how the internet got started
imagine trying to do that today imagine
how many reasonable people would be
put in the path of progress
and when the
Vietnam War started shutting this
funding down Taylor went to
find other funding which he found at
Xerox and he set up Xerox PARC and so this is
the lineage of the people who made our technologies
today possible not just the internet but also personal
computing and
if you want to read about this there's a website
the website of this meeting
that we have and you can just go to Internet at
50 comm and there's a link to
the Alan Kay references so
I have downloadable stuff and references to
read about this nobody should
escape the next
without reading about the Tizard mission of radar
in this country this is the book
about ARPA and Xerox PARC and
and there are some documents
also on the website that are written
at the time for instance one
of the great books of all time is this book written in 1953
about British computer so
if you want to know what was going on in 1953
this book has papers by everybody
who is important it has a paper by Turing
as a paper by Christopher stray key
it has papers by the Manchester people
it's got a paper in there by Maurice Wilkes my
old hero just a great thing
I
have to promise myself not to digress
so if you're interested
in this stuff go there and read this ok
now I want to talk about
the problem that most people have today in
dealing with the past it's not just the old
fortune-teller problem the problem
is is that the words that we use today
we're used in different ways in the
past and so when we
something in the past when we see something in the past we
tend to evaluate it in terms
of the present and a
good example of this and a great complaint
what happened when angle Bart who's
known as the inventor of the mouse and other
things died the
modern day Englebart wrote a great obituaries
and here's the most telling
when I read tech writers interviews with Engelbart
I imagine these writers interviewing George
Orwell and asking in-depth probing
questions about his typewriter that's the
problem the mouse was nothing
it just happens to be visible
it's the invisible stuff
you have to look at similarly the shopping list
thing well yeah it had hypertext
shared screen collaboration blue Globa and as
brett victor says the flaws you
don't want to treat the past as like
today except cruder that assumes
that today is some refinement of the past in
fact in many many cases what we have is
a much cruder present from
uch more refined past and if we
had more time I would demonstrate this to you in ways that
would astonish you and the reason this is true is
because angle Bart was special and almost
nobody who followed him was as special so we
got these special ideas early on from this genius
and Engelbart himself said hey
the mouse that's just a button on the radio we
invented a whole car
you're spending all this time worrying about some knob
on the radio
okay so the problem
with invention and even innovation
which is just
something incremental on something that's already known is
people don't
even reinvent the wheel they reinvent the flat tire and
if you don't know about wheels
this sort of works right have you ever had a flat and had
rive on it anybody sorry
works and if you don't know about something better
you might think that's what a wheel is similarly
full glass of water holds
a half glass
and so
for the creature that's comfortable in the half glass the creature
can swim in that but also has the opportunity to go up to the
top there but if you give only
give the half-full glass out that
creature has no opportunity to explore the top and might
start thinking that that's reality
so a very important thing
to understand about today is that a many important
respects normal has
been redefined downward
so the things we take to be normal
today in many ways are just shadows
of better ideas
in the past and of
course people are curious about went
on the net to see if people were curious about Orwell's typewriter
and boy they are here it is and because
it's so much easier to talk about a typewriter than it is
to wonder what he meant by this so we really
to ask what was he trying to accomplish how did he go about it
and eventually we'd get down to his typewriter it
actually is important printing is important
but we have to go for the top
ideas and similarly in the
mid-50s we had these
there were 25 centers in the US
each one of which had about a hundred and fifty of these interactive
terminals with pointing devices but
you didn't realize that and
they were all networked together
what this turned into by the way was
our air traffic control system
developed directly from
this back then it was the air traffic control system
for Russian bombers
and we want to
do the same kind of thing what were these people actually thinking
about because that's the typewriter we
know what were they trying to accomplish how
are they able to make it happen and eventually you can get down
to some questions about the technology so
just a quick sample here we saw what Bush was interested
in with something like
a super version of Wikipedia the head
of ARPA wanted to keep track
of everything Lickliter was more lofty
he saw that the combination of humans
and computers would think together as no humans have ever thought
before McCarthy looked at it
and said every home will have one one of
these every home will have one because
they thought of this as an information utility like
our power utility or our water utility
or gas utility Ivan invented
computer graphics which is used today
and Engelbart wanted to deal
with humans capabilities for
dealing with complex urgent problems like the climate problem
like education
like energy like water
inkelaar is a very serious guy and this is what
he wanted to do and in the short talk I'll just look
things so here's
Lickliter memo in 1963 to
members in Affiliate of the intergalactic
computer network they
asked him why do you call it intergalactic and he said well engineers
always give you the minimum and
I want a worldwide network
so I'm asking for an intergalactic one
and he said if we make
an intergalactic net Network then our main problem will
be learning to communicate with aliens and this
important idea it's an idea that hasn't been grappled
with in today's commercialization of the technology
that once you scale up the
most points in
a scaled-up network are going to be alien
to you in a variety of ways and
one of the papers I put online for you to
is this paper called the computer as a communications
device you'll find it very interesting because it is almost
absent from the communication
devices you're using at this very moment
almost no good ideas are in
the mobile phones that you have
so the key thing is
if you can't share context
it's hard to agree on something so if
the subject is a vein and hooves and
tail one person could be thinking of a horse and another of
a zebra they might agree on a hamburger
if you're trying to communicate with
computer what shared context could you possibly have
what could you do with its thought cloud to get
it to intersect with yours if it's an AI these are
all illustrations by the way from this paper
back then and I've added a
couple to them in the same style so
the salesman wants money the computer is not
about what humans are but knows to protect
the boss there's the problem of the chocolate
and the Apple even inside our own heads so
we have this problem of humans
and groups communicating with themselves to
each other individually in groups as one
example of alien problems
once we add computers in we've got the
problems of human communicating with computers that's the
user in Faye's problem we've got the problem of different
computers communicating with each other both in hardware
and software that's half of what the
internet tried to work on and then we have real aliens
that we should think about every once in a while what does that mean
now important idea here is that one
of the ways we help to communicate with ourselves and
others is through media and so we can
put me on the computer but as soon as we do the biggest
sin would be just to imitate the
physical media that we've been using that is the number
one problem with these devices that you have they
are all conveniences for media that happened
before you know they're all about
movies they're all about recordings they're all about
photographs they're all about text
all the things that people have gotten used to
that you can sell without a learning curve are
in the normal of today almost
hat's important about computers has been left out
of the normal and so if you think that what you're doing
is just normal reality you're missing
entirely what the computer is all about and in fact
what these guys we're all about so
here they are collaborating on something important
like making a bridge designing it testing it
and this cartoon was taken from an actual
meeting of the Engelbart group because
their system was so important to them and the
sharing was so deep in their system for
instance no matter what you did in the Engelbart system
any number of people could
get in there and they each had their cursors so
it wasn't a sharing cursor it wasn't just seeing a
picture you were actually all able to interact on
the same stuff and
to communicate about it they thought about what are tools
so here's a simple tool that goes right to
something that's genetic in humans if
it doesn't work bash it
so you her goal this
is what angle Bart called an a process and
the B process is improving her
a process she's getting better at hitting these
things and an important thing too and
about tools is they actually trained
us while we're using them she's thinking
more and more hammer like thoughts as an adult she might think
of using a nuclear weapon on somebody it's a natural
thing if people don't do what we want hammer
them the favorite hammer of today is starting to be AI
dangerous this is to
have a place to seem brain with
nuclear weapons
well most people don't worry about this today
but these guys did
but
there are also inward tools
so here's a tool that actually
changes her perceptions and
again we can use an agent a servant to
do things for us that gives us a view of the
can also use an agent to help our internal growth
use a teacher we can hammer people affect
people through teaming but
we can also put teams together to grow so
all of these things I'm telling you here were things that
were thought about back then and of
course what they thought about is what with these modes of
use what if we replace parts of it with computers
now and what does that mean in terms of
communication what does that mean in terms of agencies
so if we take that idea and this
angle Bart meeting here's what they thought of
is that this diagram which is
the one that we have today humans controlling
powerful agencies is not what you want
you have to include education
the thing that doesn't happen today and with that
can use new methods you can use use new languages
and you've created a system that includes
the human this is what Engelbart meant by augmentation
didn't mean just adding a tool and
that system is kind of
a thinking unit and if you put together a group
you're putting together groups of these so
this is a big idea almost nobody who
reads about Engelbart reads far enough to
driving I think this
might help some of the discussions
later on in this in this meeting
okay so I hate bullet
lists so I'll just
mention a couple here so why did this stuff work well the
funders funded visions not goals they
think they were wise enough to pick goals
what they wanted to do is to put
out a vision and let people different people
find different ways of realizing the vision they
didn't want to fund just problem-solving because if
you make up a problem from the current context it's probably
not the problem you should put your work into you
need to find problems they pay money for that
fund people not projects
the top people the ones are going to make a difference
only fund the very best people because they're
qualitatively different than the next levels down
and this is a
long-term venture so part of our research
ave to be the next generation researchers and
our Pro was one of the few groups ever to
build in a very
large amount of money to
create the next generation of researchers every researcher
at Xerox PARC have been created
by ARPA I was the oldest one there and I was
30 Butler Lampson who was the
Oppenheimer of Park was only 27
and Taylor at Park was only 38
so you need unusual people but this
least thing to worry about because they're just way
out in the bell curve and if you have a couple hundred million to
to choose from if
you want a championship football team get Beckham
Juwan Xerox PARC get Butler Butler
Lampson in this case and who knows
how rare they are but if you need one in a million
there's going to be 200 if you need one in 10 million there's
going to be 20 you can find
these people Xerox PARC was only 25 researchers
only 25 you
can find them the problems you can't find the funders
so what did these guys look
for well they were just trying to get the best people
who are interested in this and let them do their
thing the people you want to get also want to choose
own problems and methods sure because they're artists you
want to work on their own conceptions of the
problems Taylor said my job is to organize things so
that when the lone wolves need to cooperate they will and
he was very successful at that
this man right here is my great-grandfather he's
the first cat herder in our family's
burden cats don't
let anybody tell you it's easy
anybody can hurt cattle hold them together
10,000 1/2 mile short hairs that's another
thing all together being a cat herders probably about
the toughest thing I think I've ever done I got
this in this morning right here and
if you look at his face they just
ripped to shreds you know to see the movies yet
here the story is I'm
living a dream so
the
thing about this is this is the way management
thinks about dealing with these top
researchers it's completely wrong
100% wrong couldn't be more wrong
if you tried but the only thing they think
their job is actually to manage to control
and you can't control cats
but here's a much
younger set of research funders who really understand
come ajar fellows all the names
of the toys we have sitting right next to us they're gonna take
me to her one by one open up these toys would
you like to go first picking something funky John alright
what an ounce on his spring
right
here so this is this little mouse on
and is gonna up and down a cat so we're gonna try to catch it I'll
catch really like having Mouse's but they keep on
tearing apart cuz they have ambitious everyone
okay I got and this is it
boy
what does this mysterious item
so easy if
you actually understand who you're dealing with
so
here's why this stuff work this is the number one
reason here
because a great vision is not a set of goals a
vision has to be nonspecific enough it
has to be romantic but it has to be something
that can be filled in by the people who hear the vision
and lick lighters as I mentioned was computers
our destiny become interactive intellectual amplifiers
for everyone universally network worldwide he
tied that to a magnet and he hit it over the
horizon and it attracted hundreds of iron
particles in different places they
all pointed to north they
what North was and neither did look lighter
but they all got to north so
ne principle here is the goodness of the results
correlates most strongly with the goodness of the funders
thank you