Difference between revisions of "Alan Kay: A powerful idea about teaching ideas at TED (2007)"

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<subtitle id="0:0:20">A great way to start, I think, with my view of simplicity</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:0:23">is to take a look at TED. Here you are, understanding why we're here,</subtitle>
 +
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<subtitle id="0:0:26"></subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:0:29"></subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:0:32">what's going on with no difficulty at all.</subtitle>
 +
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<subtitle id="0:0:35">The best A.I. in the planet would find it complex and confusing,</subtitle>
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 +
<subtitle id="0:0:38"></subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:0:41">and my little dog Watson would find it simple and understandable</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:0:44">but would miss the point.</subtitle>
 +
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<subtitle id="0:0:47">(Laughter)</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:0:50">He would have a great time.</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:0:53">And of course, if you're a speaker here, like Hans Rosling,</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:0:56"></subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:0:59">a speaker finds this complex, tricky. But in Hans Rosling's case,</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:1:2">he had a secret weapon yesterday,</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:1:5">literally, in his sword swallowing act.</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:1:8">And I must say, I thought of quite a few objects</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:1:11">that I might try to swallow today and finally gave up on,</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:1:14"></subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:1:17">but he just did it and that was a wonderful thing.</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:1:20">So Puck meant not only are we fools in the pejorative sense,</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:1:23"></subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:1:26">but that we're easily fooled. In fact, what Shakespeare</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:1:29">was pointing out is we go to the theater in order to be fooled,</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:1:32">so we're actually looking forward to it.</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:1:35">We go to magic shows in order to be fooled.</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:1:38">And this makes many things fun, but it makes it difficult to actually</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:1:41"></subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:1:44"></subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:1:47">get any kind of picture on the world we live in or on ourselves.</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:1:50">And our friend, Betty Edwards,</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:1:53">the "Drawing on the Right Side of the Brain" lady, shows these two tables</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:1:56">to her drawing class and says,</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:1:59">"The problem you have with learning to draw</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:2:2"></subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:2:5">but that the way your brain perceives images is faulty.</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:2:8"></subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:2:11">It's trying to perceive images into objects</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:2:14">rather than seeing what's there."</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:2:17">And to prove it, she says, "The exact size and shape of these tabletops</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:2:20">is the same, and I'm going to prove it to you."</subtitle>
 +
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<subtitle id="0:2:23">She does this with cardboard, but since I have</subtitle>
 +
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<subtitle id="0:2:26">an expensive computer here</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:2:29">I'll just rotate this little guy around and ...</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:2:35">Now having seen that -- and I've seen it hundreds of times,</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:2:38">because I use this in every talk I give -- I still can't see</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:2:41"></subtitle>
 +
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<subtitle id="0:2:44">that they're the same size and shape, and I doubt that you can either.</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:2:47">So what do artists do? Well, what artists do is to measure.</subtitle>
 +
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<subtitle id="0:2:50"></subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:2:53">They measure very, very carefully.</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:2:56">And if you measure very, very carefully with a stiff arm and a straight edge,</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:2:59">you'll see that those two shapes are</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:3:2">xactly the same size.</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:3:5">And the Talmud saw this a long time ago, saying,</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:3:8">"We see things not as they are, but as we are."</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:3:11">I certainly would like to know what happened to the person</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:3:14">who had that insight back then,</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:3:17">if they actually followed it to its ultimate conclusion.</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:3:23">So if the world is not as it seems and we see things as we are,</subtitle>
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 +
<subtitle id="0:3:26">then what we call reality is a kind of hallucination</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:3:29"></subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:3:32">happening inside here. It's a waking dream,</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:3:35">and understanding that that is what we actually exist in</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:3:38">is one of the biggest epistemological barriers in human history.</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:3:41"></subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:3:44">And what that means: "simple and understandable"</subtitle>
 +
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<subtitle id="0:3:47">might not be actually simple or understandable,</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:3:50">and things we think are "complex" might be made simple and understandable.</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:3:53"></subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:3:56">Somehow we have to understand ourselves to get around our flaws.</subtitle>
 +
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<subtitle id="0:3:59">We can think of ourselves as kind of a noisy channel.</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:4:2">The way I think of it is, we can't learn to see</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:4:5">until we admit we're blind.</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:4:8">Once you start down at this very humble level,</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:4:11">then you can start finding ways to see things.</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:4:14">And what's happened, over the last 400 years in particular,</subtitle>
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 +
<subtitle id="0:4:17"></subtitle>
 +
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<subtitle id="0:4:20">is that human beings have invented "brainlets" --</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:4:23">little additional parts for our brain --</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:4:26">made out of powerful ideas that help us</subtitle>
 +
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<subtitle id="0:4:29">ee the world in different ways.</subtitle>
 +
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<subtitle id="0:4:32">And these are in the form of sensory apparatus --</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:4:35">telescopes, microscopes -- reasoning apparatus --</subtitle>
 +
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<subtitle id="0:4:38">various ways of thinking -- and, most importantly,</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:4:41"></subtitle>
 +
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<subtitle id="0:4:44">in the ability to change perspective on things.</subtitle>
 +
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<subtitle id="0:4:47">It's this change in perspective</subtitle>
 +
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<subtitle id="0:4:50">on what it is we think we're perceiving</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:4:53">that has helped us make more progress in the last 400 years</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:4:56"></subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:4:59">And yet, it is not taught in any K through 12 curriculum in America that I'm aware of.</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:5:2"></subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:5:5"></subtitle>
 +
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<subtitle id="0:5:14">is when we do more. We like more.</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:5:17">If we do more in a kind of a stupid way,</subtitle>
 +
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<subtitle id="0:5:20">the simplicity gets complex</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:5:23">and, in fact, we can keep on doing it for a very long time.</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:5:26"></subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:5:29">But Murray Gell-Mann yesterday talked about emergent properties;</subtitle>
 +
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<subtitle id="0:5:32">another name for them could be "architecture"</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:5:35">as a metaphor for taking the same old material</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:5:38"></subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:5:41">and thinking about non-obvious, non-simple ways of combining it.</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:5:44"></subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:5:47">And in fact, what Murray was talking about yesterday in the fractal beauty of nature --</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:5:50"></subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:5:53"></subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:5:56">at various levels be rather similar --</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:5:59"></subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:6:2">all goes down to the idea that the elementary particles</subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:6:5">are both sticky and standoffish,</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:6:8">and they're in violent motion.</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:6:11"></subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:6:14">Those three things give rise to all the different levels</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:6:17">of what seem to be complexity in our world.</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:6:23">So, when I saw Roslings' Gapminder stuff a few years ago,</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:6:26"></subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:6:29">I just thought it was the greatest thing I'd seen</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:6:32">in conveying complex ideas simply.</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:6:35">But then I had a thought of, "Boy, maybe it's too simple."</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:6:38">And I put some effort in to try and check</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:6:41"></subtitle>
 +
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<subtitle id="0:6:44">to see how well these simple portrayals of trends over time</subtitle>
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 +
<subtitle id="0:6:47">actually matched up with some ideas and investigations from the side,</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:6:50"></subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:6:53">and I found that they matched up very well.</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:6:56">So the Roslings have been able to do simplicity</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:6:59">without removing what's important about the data.</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:7:2"></subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:7:5">Whereas the film yesterday that we saw</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:7:8">of the simulation of the inside of a cell,</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:7:11">as a former molecular biologist, I didn't like that at all.</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:7:14"></subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:7:17">but because it misses the thing that most students fail to understand</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:7:20"></subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:7:23">about molecular biology, and that is:</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:7:26">why is there any probability at all of two complex shapes</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:7:29"></subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:7:32">o they combine together and be catalyzed?</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:7:35">And what we saw yesterday was</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:7:38">every reaction was fortuitous;</subtitle>
 +
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<subtitle id="0:7:41">they just swooped in the air and bound, and something happened.</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:7:44">But in fact, those molecules are spinning at the rate of</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:7:47"></subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:7:50">about a million revolutions per second;</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:7:53">they're agitating back and forth their size every two nanoseconds;</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:7:56"></subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:7:59">they're completely crowded together, they're jammed,</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:8:2">they're bashing up against each other.</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:8:5">And if you don't understand that in your mental model of this stuff,</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:8:8">what happens inside of a cell seems completely mysterious and fortuitous,</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:8:11">and I think that's exactly the wrong image</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:8:14">for when you're trying to teach science.</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:8:20">So, another thing that we do is to confuse adult sophistication</subtitle>
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 +
<subtitle id="0:8:23"></subtitle>
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<subtitle id="0:8:26">with the actual understanding of some principle.</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:8:29">So a kid who's 14 in high school</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:8:32">gets this version of the Pythagorean theorem,</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:8:35"></subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:8:38">which is a truly subtle and interesting proof,</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:8:41">but in fact it's not a good way to start learning about mathematics.</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:8:44"></subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:8:47">So a more direct one, one that gives you more of the feeling of math,</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:8:50"></subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:8:53">is something closer to Pythagoras' own proof, which goes like this:</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:8:56">so here we have this triangle, and if we surround that C square with</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:8:59"></subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:9:2">ree more triangles and we copy that,</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:9:5">notice that we can move those triangles down like this.</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:9:8"></subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:9:11">And that leaves two open areas that are kind of suspicious ...</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:9:14">and bingo. That is all you have to do.</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:9:17"></subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:9:20">And this kind of proof is the kind of proof</subtitle>
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 +
<subtitle id="0:9:23">that you need to learn when you're learning mathematics</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:9:26">in order to get an idea of what it means</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:9:29">before you look into the, literally, 1,200 or 1,500 proofs</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:9:32">of Pythagoras' theorem that have been discovered.</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:9:38">Now let's go to young children.</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:9:41">This is a very unusual teacher</subtitle>
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 +
<subtitle id="0:9:44">who was a kindergarten and first-grade teacher,</subtitle>
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 +
<subtitle id="0:9:47">but was a natural mathematician.</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:9:50">So she was like that jazz musician friend you have who never studied music</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:9:53"></subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:9:56">she just had a feeling for math.</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:9:59">And here are her six-year-olds,</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:10:2">and she's got them making shapes out of a shape.</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:10:5"></subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:10:8">or a triangle, or a trapezoid -- and then they try and make</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:10:11">the next larger shape of that same shape, and the next larger shape.</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:10:14"></subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:10:17">You can see the trapezoids are a little challenging there.</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:10:20">And what this teacher did on every project</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:10:23">was to have the children act like first it was a creative arts project,</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:10:26"></subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:10:29">So they had created these artifacts.</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:10:32">Now she had them look at them and do this ... laborious,</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:10:35">which I thought for a long time, until she explained to me was</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:10:38"></subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:10:41">to slow them down so they'll think.</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:10:44">So they're cutting out the little pieces of cardboard here</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:10:47">But the whole point of this thing is</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:10:50"></subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:10:53">for them to look at this chart and fill it out.</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:10:56">"What have you noticed about what you did?"</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:10:59">And so six-year-old Lauren there noticed that the first one took one,</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:11:2">and the second one took three more</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:11:5"></subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:11:8">and the total was four on that one,</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:11:11">the third one took five more and the total was nine on that one,</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:11:14">She saw right away that the additional tiles that you had to add</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:11:17"></subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:11:20">around the edges was always going to grow by two,</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:11:23">so she was very confident about how she made those numbers there.</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:11:26">And she could see that these were the square numbers up until about six,</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:11:29"></subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:11:32">where she wasn't sure what six times six was</subtitle>
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 +
<subtitle id="0:11:35">and what seven times seven was,</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:11:38">but then she was confident again.</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:11:41">And then the teacher, Gillian Ishijima, had the kids</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:11:44"></subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:11:47">bring all of their projects up to the front of the room and put them on the floor,</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:11:50">and everybody went batshit: "Holy shit! They're the same!"</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:11:53"></subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:11:56">No matter what the shapes were, the growth law is the same.</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:11:59"></subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:12:2">And the mathematicians and scientists in the crowd</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:12:5">as a first-order discrete differential equation</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:12:8">and a second-order discrete differential equation,</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:12:11"></subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:12:14">derived by six-year-olds.</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:12:17">Well, that's pretty amazing.</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:12:20">That isn't what we usually try to teach six-year-olds.</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:12:23">So, let's take a look now at how we might use the computer for some of this.</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:12:26"></subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:12:29">And so the first idea here is</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:12:32">just to show you the kind of things that children do.</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:12:35"></subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:12:38">I'm using the software that we're putting on the $100 laptop.</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:12:41">So I'd like to draw a little car here --</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:12:44"></subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:12:47">I'll just do this very quickly -- and put a big tire on him.</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:12:50"></subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:12:53"></subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:13:2">And I get a little object here and I can look inside this object,</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:13:5">I'll call it a car. And here's a little behavior: car forward.</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:13:8"></subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:13:11">Each time I click it, car turn.</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:13:14">I just drag these guys out and set them going.</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:13:17"></subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:13:23">And I can try steering the car here by ...</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:13:26">So what if I click this down to zero?</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:13:29">It goes straight. That's a big revelation for nine-year-olds.</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:13:32"></subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:13:35">Make it go in the other direction.</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:13:38">as far as driving a car,</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:13:41">so the kids want to do a steering wheel;</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:13:44">so they draw a steering wheel.</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:13:47">And we'll call this a wheel.</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:13:50"></subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:13:53">See this wheel's heading here?</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:13:56">If I turn this wheel, you can see that number over there going minus and positive.</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:13:59"></subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:14:2">That's kind of an invitation to pick up this name of</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:14:5">those numbers coming out there</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:14:8">and now I can steer the car with the steering wheel.</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:14:11"></subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:14:14">And it's interesting.</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:14:17">You know how much trouble the children have with variables,</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:14:20">they never forget from this single trial</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:14:23">what a variable is and how to use it.</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:14:26">And we can reflect here the way Gillian Ishijima did.</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:14:29">So if you look at the little script here,</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:14:32">We're going to move the car according to that over and over again.</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:14:35"></subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:14:38">And I'm dropping a little dot for each one of these things;</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:14:41">they're evenly spaced because they're 30 apart.</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:14:44">And what if I do this progression that the six-year-olds did</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:14:47">of saying, "OK, I'm going to increase the speed by two each time,</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:14:50"></subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:14:53">and then I'm going to increase the distance by the speed each time?</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:14:56">What do I get there?"</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:14:59">We get a visual pattern of what these nine-year-olds called acceleration.</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:15:2"></subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:15:5"></subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:15:11">(Video) Teacher: [Choose] objects that you think will fall to the Earth at the same time.</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:15:14">Student 1: Ooh, this is nice.</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:15:20">Teacher: Do not pay any attention</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:15:23">to what anybody else is doing.</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:15:38">Alan Kay: They've got little stopwatches.</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:15:47">AK: Stopwatches aren't accurate enough.</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:15:50">Student 3: 0.99 seconds.</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:15:53">Teacher: So put "sponge ball" ...</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:15:59">Student 4l: [I decided to] do the shot put and the sponge ball</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:16:2">because they're two totally different weights,</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:16:5">maybe they'll drop at the same speed.</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:16:8">Teacher: Drop. Class: Whoa!</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:16:11">AK: So obviously, Aristotle never asked a child</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:16:14">about this particular point</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:16:17">because, of course, he didn't bother doing the experiment,</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:16:20">and neither did St. Thomas Aquinas.</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:16:23">that an adult thought like a child,</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:16:26">only 400 years ago.</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:16:29">We get one child like that about every classroom of 30 kids</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:16:32"></subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:16:35">who will actually cut straight to the chase.</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:16:38">Now, what if we want to look at this more closely?</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:16:41">We can take a movie of what's going on,</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:16:44">it's tricky to see what's going on.</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:16:47">And so what we can do is we can lay out the frames side by side</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:16:50">or stack them up.</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:16:53">So when the children see this, they say, "Ah! Acceleration,"</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:16:56">remembering back four months when they did their cars sideways,</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:16:59">and they start measuring to find out what kind of acceleration it is.</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:17:2"></subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:17:5">So what I'm doing is measuring from the bottom of one image</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:17:8"></subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:17:11">to the bottom of the next image, about a fifth of a second later,</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:17:14"></subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:17:17">like that. And they're getting faster and faster each time,</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:17:20">and if I stack these guys up, then we see the differences; the increase</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:17:23"></subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:17:26"></subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:17:29">in the speed is constant.</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:17:32">And they say, "Oh, yeah. Constant acceleration.</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:17:35">And how shall we look and verify that we actually have it?</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:17:38"></subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:17:41"></subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:17:44">So you can't tell much from just making the ball drop there,</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:17:47"></subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:17:50">but if we drop the ball and run the movie at the same time,</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:17:56">we can see that we have come up with an accurate physical model.</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:18:2">Galileo, by the way, did this very cleverly</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:18:5">by running a ball backwards down the strings of his lute.</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:18:8">I pulled out those apples to remind myself to tell you that</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:18:11"></subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:18:14">his is actually probably a Newton and the apple type story,</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:18:17"></subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:18:20">And I thought I would do just one thing</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:18:23">on the $100 laptop here just to prove that this stuff works here.</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:18:26"></subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:18:29"></subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:18:32">So once you have gravity, here's this --</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:18:35">increase the speed by something,</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:18:38">increase the ship's speed.</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:18:41">If I start the little game here that the kids have done,</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:18:44">it'll crash the space ship.</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:18:47">But if I oppose gravity, here we go ... Oops!</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:18:50">(Laughter)</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:18:56">Yeah, there we go. Yeah, OK?</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:18:59"></subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:19:2">I guess the best way to end this is with two quotes:</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:19:5"></subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:19:8">Marshall McLuhan said,</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:19:11">"Children are the messages that we send to the future,"</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:19:14">but in fact, if you think of it,</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:19:17">Forget about messages;</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:19:20">children are the future,</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:19:23">and children in the first and second world</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:19:26">and, most especially, in the third world</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:19:29">need mentors.</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:19:32">And this summer, we're going to build five million of these $100 laptops,</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:19:35">and maybe 50 million next year.</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:19:38">But we couldn't create 1,000 new teachers this summer to save our life.</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:19:41"></subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:19:44">That means that we, once again, have a thing where we can put technology out,</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:19:47"></subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:19:50">but the mentoring that is required to go</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:19:53">from a simple new iChat instant messaging system</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:19:56"></subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:19:59">to something with depth is missing.</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:20:2">I believe this has to be done with a new kind of user interface,</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:20:5">and this new kind of user interface could be done</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:20:8">with an expenditure of about 100 million dollars.</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:20:11"></subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:20:14">It sounds like a lot, but it is literally 18 minutes of what we're spending in Iraq --</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:20:17"></subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:20:20">we're spending 8 billion dollars a month; 18 minutes is 100 million dollars --</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:20:23"></subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:20:26">And Einstein said,</subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:20:29"></subtitle>
 +
 +
<subtitle id="0:20:32">"Things should be as simple as possible, but not simpler."</subtitle>

Latest revision as of 00:33, 6 December 2017

A great way to start, I think, with my view of simplicity
is to take a look at TED. Here you are, understanding why we're here,
what's going on with no difficulty at all.
The best A.I. in the planet would find it complex and confusing,
and my little dog Watson would find it simple and understandable
but would miss the point.
(Laughter)
He would have a great time.
And of course, if you're a speaker here, like Hans Rosling,
a speaker finds this complex, tricky. But in Hans Rosling's case,
he had a secret weapon yesterday,
literally, in his sword swallowing act.
And I must say, I thought of quite a few objects
that I might try to swallow today and finally gave up on,
but he just did it and that was a wonderful thing.
So Puck meant not only are we fools in the pejorative sense,
but that we're easily fooled. In fact, what Shakespeare
was pointing out is we go to the theater in order to be fooled,
so we're actually looking forward to it.
We go to magic shows in order to be fooled.
And this makes many things fun, but it makes it difficult to actually
get any kind of picture on the world we live in or on ourselves.
And our friend, Betty Edwards,
the "Drawing on the Right Side of the Brain" lady, shows these two tables
to her drawing class and says,
"The problem you have with learning to draw
but that the way your brain perceives images is faulty.
It's trying to perceive images into objects
rather than seeing what's there."
And to prove it, she says, "The exact size and shape of these tabletops
is the same, and I'm going to prove it to you."
She does this with cardboard, but since I have
an expensive computer here
I'll just rotate this little guy around and ...
Now having seen that -- and I've seen it hundreds of times,
because I use this in every talk I give -- I still can't see
that they're the same size and shape, and I doubt that you can either.
So what do artists do? Well, what artists do is to measure.
They measure very, very carefully.
And if you measure very, very carefully with a stiff arm and a straight edge,
you'll see that those two shapes are
xactly the same size.
And the Talmud saw this a long time ago, saying,
"We see things not as they are, but as we are."
I certainly would like to know what happened to the person
who had that insight back then,
if they actually followed it to its ultimate conclusion.
So if the world is not as it seems and we see things as we are,
then what we call reality is a kind of hallucination
happening inside here. It's a waking dream,
and understanding that that is what we actually exist in
is one of the biggest epistemological barriers in human history.
And what that means: "simple and understandable"
might not be actually simple or understandable,
and things we think are "complex" might be made simple and understandable.
Somehow we have to understand ourselves to get around our flaws.
We can think of ourselves as kind of a noisy channel.
The way I think of it is, we can't learn to see
until we admit we're blind.
Once you start down at this very humble level,
then you can start finding ways to see things.
And what's happened, over the last 400 years in particular,
is that human beings have invented "brainlets" --
little additional parts for our brain --
made out of powerful ideas that help us
ee the world in different ways.
And these are in the form of sensory apparatus --
telescopes, microscopes -- reasoning apparatus --
various ways of thinking -- and, most importantly,
in the ability to change perspective on things.
It's this change in perspective
on what it is we think we're perceiving
that has helped us make more progress in the last 400 years
And yet, it is not taught in any K through 12 curriculum in America that I'm aware of.
is when we do more. We like more.
If we do more in a kind of a stupid way,
the simplicity gets complex
and, in fact, we can keep on doing it for a very long time.
But Murray Gell-Mann yesterday talked about emergent properties;
another name for them could be "architecture"
as a metaphor for taking the same old material
and thinking about non-obvious, non-simple ways of combining it.
And in fact, what Murray was talking about yesterday in the fractal beauty of nature --
at various levels be rather similar --
all goes down to the idea that the elementary particles
are both sticky and standoffish,
and they're in violent motion.
Those three things give rise to all the different levels
of what seem to be complexity in our world.
So, when I saw Roslings' Gapminder stuff a few years ago,
I just thought it was the greatest thing I'd seen
in conveying complex ideas simply.
But then I had a thought of, "Boy, maybe it's too simple."
And I put some effort in to try and check
to see how well these simple portrayals of trends over time
actually matched up with some ideas and investigations from the side,
and I found that they matched up very well.
So the Roslings have been able to do simplicity
without removing what's important about the data.
Whereas the film yesterday that we saw
of the simulation of the inside of a cell,
as a former molecular biologist, I didn't like that at all.
but because it misses the thing that most students fail to understand
about molecular biology, and that is:
why is there any probability at all of two complex shapes
o they combine together and be catalyzed?
And what we saw yesterday was
every reaction was fortuitous;
they just swooped in the air and bound, and something happened.
But in fact, those molecules are spinning at the rate of
about a million revolutions per second;
they're agitating back and forth their size every two nanoseconds;
they're completely crowded together, they're jammed,
they're bashing up against each other.
And if you don't understand that in your mental model of this stuff,
what happens inside of a cell seems completely mysterious and fortuitous,
and I think that's exactly the wrong image
for when you're trying to teach science.
So, another thing that we do is to confuse adult sophistication
with the actual understanding of some principle.
So a kid who's 14 in high school
gets this version of the Pythagorean theorem,
which is a truly subtle and interesting proof,
but in fact it's not a good way to start learning about mathematics.
So a more direct one, one that gives you more of the feeling of math,
is something closer to Pythagoras' own proof, which goes like this:
so here we have this triangle, and if we surround that C square with
ree more triangles and we copy that,
notice that we can move those triangles down like this.
And that leaves two open areas that are kind of suspicious ...
and bingo. That is all you have to do.
And this kind of proof is the kind of proof
that you need to learn when you're learning mathematics
in order to get an idea of what it means
before you look into the, literally, 1,200 or 1,500 proofs
of Pythagoras' theorem that have been discovered.
Now let's go to young children.
This is a very unusual teacher
who was a kindergarten and first-grade teacher,
but was a natural mathematician.
So she was like that jazz musician friend you have who never studied music
she just had a feeling for math.
And here are her six-year-olds,
and she's got them making shapes out of a shape.
or a triangle, or a trapezoid -- and then they try and make
the next larger shape of that same shape, and the next larger shape.
You can see the trapezoids are a little challenging there.
And what this teacher did on every project
was to have the children act like first it was a creative arts project,
So they had created these artifacts.
Now she had them look at them and do this ... laborious,
which I thought for a long time, until she explained to me was
to slow them down so they'll think.
So they're cutting out the little pieces of cardboard here
But the whole point of this thing is
for them to look at this chart and fill it out.
"What have you noticed about what you did?"
And so six-year-old Lauren there noticed that the first one took one,
and the second one took three more
and the total was four on that one,
the third one took five more and the total was nine on that one,
She saw right away that the additional tiles that you had to add
around the edges was always going to grow by two,
so she was very confident about how she made those numbers there.
And she could see that these were the square numbers up until about six,
where she wasn't sure what six times six was
and what seven times seven was,
but then she was confident again.
And then the teacher, Gillian Ishijima, had the kids
bring all of their projects up to the front of the room and put them on the floor,
and everybody went batshit: "Holy shit! They're the same!"
No matter what the shapes were, the growth law is the same.
And the mathematicians and scientists in the crowd
as a first-order discrete differential equation
and a second-order discrete differential equation,
derived by six-year-olds.
Well, that's pretty amazing.
That isn't what we usually try to teach six-year-olds.
So, let's take a look now at how we might use the computer for some of this.
And so the first idea here is
just to show you the kind of things that children do.
I'm using the software that we're putting on the $100 laptop.
So I'd like to draw a little car here --
I'll just do this very quickly -- and put a big tire on him.
And I get a little object here and I can look inside this object,
I'll call it a car. And here's a little behavior: car forward.
Each time I click it, car turn.
I just drag these guys out and set them going.
And I can try steering the car here by ...
So what if I click this down to zero?
It goes straight. That's a big revelation for nine-year-olds.
Make it go in the other direction.
as far as driving a car,
so the kids want to do a steering wheel;
so they draw a steering wheel.
And we'll call this a wheel.
See this wheel's heading here?
If I turn this wheel, you can see that number over there going minus and positive.
That's kind of an invitation to pick up this name of
those numbers coming out there
and now I can steer the car with the steering wheel.
And it's interesting.
You know how much trouble the children have with variables,
they never forget from this single trial
what a variable is and how to use it.
And we can reflect here the way Gillian Ishijima did.
So if you look at the little script here,
We're going to move the car according to that over and over again.
And I'm dropping a little dot for each one of these things;
they're evenly spaced because they're 30 apart.
And what if I do this progression that the six-year-olds did
of saying, "OK, I'm going to increase the speed by two each time,
and then I'm going to increase the distance by the speed each time?
What do I get there?"
We get a visual pattern of what these nine-year-olds called acceleration.
(Video) Teacher: [Choose] objects that you think will fall to the Earth at the same time.
Student 1: Ooh, this is nice.
Teacher: Do not pay any attention
to what anybody else is doing.
Alan Kay: They've got little stopwatches.
AK: Stopwatches aren't accurate enough.
Student 3: 0.99 seconds.
Teacher: So put "sponge ball" ...
Student 4l: [I decided to] do the shot put and the sponge ball
because they're two totally different weights,
maybe they'll drop at the same speed.
Teacher: Drop. Class: Whoa!
AK: So obviously, Aristotle never asked a child
about this particular point
because, of course, he didn't bother doing the experiment,
and neither did St. Thomas Aquinas.
that an adult thought like a child,
only 400 years ago.
We get one child like that about every classroom of 30 kids
who will actually cut straight to the chase.
Now, what if we want to look at this more closely?
We can take a movie of what's going on,
it's tricky to see what's going on.
And so what we can do is we can lay out the frames side by side
or stack them up.
So when the children see this, they say, "Ah! Acceleration,"
remembering back four months when they did their cars sideways,
and they start measuring to find out what kind of acceleration it is.
So what I'm doing is measuring from the bottom of one image
to the bottom of the next image, about a fifth of a second later,
like that. And they're getting faster and faster each time,
and if I stack these guys up, then we see the differences; the increase
in the speed is constant.
And they say, "Oh, yeah. Constant acceleration.
And how shall we look and verify that we actually have it?
So you can't tell much from just making the ball drop there,
but if we drop the ball and run the movie at the same time,
we can see that we have come up with an accurate physical model.
Galileo, by the way, did this very cleverly
by running a ball backwards down the strings of his lute.
I pulled out those apples to remind myself to tell you that
his is actually probably a Newton and the apple type story,
And I thought I would do just one thing
on the $100 laptop here just to prove that this stuff works here.
So once you have gravity, here's this --
increase the speed by something,
increase the ship's speed.
If I start the little game here that the kids have done,
it'll crash the space ship.
But if I oppose gravity, here we go ... Oops!
(Laughter)
Yeah, there we go. Yeah, OK?
I guess the best way to end this is with two quotes:
Marshall McLuhan said,
"Children are the messages that we send to the future,"
but in fact, if you think of it,
Forget about messages;
children are the future,
and children in the first and second world
and, most especially, in the third world
need mentors.
And this summer, we're going to build five million of these $100 laptops,
and maybe 50 million next year.
But we couldn't create 1,000 new teachers this summer to save our life.
That means that we, once again, have a thing where we can put technology out,
but the mentoring that is required to go
from a simple new iChat instant messaging system
to something with depth is missing.
I believe this has to be done with a new kind of user interface,
and this new kind of user interface could be done
with an expenditure of about 100 million dollars.
It sounds like a lot, but it is literally 18 minutes of what we're spending in Iraq --
we're spending 8 billion dollars a month; 18 minutes is 100 million dollars --
And Einstein said,
"Things should be as simple as possible, but not simpler."