View source for Directions in Object-Oriented Programming From Actions to Agents

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<subtitle id='00:00:00'></subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:05'>in the timeframe of 15 or 20 years ago Alan Kay conceived of the Dynabook which</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:12'>most of you probably know was a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:16'>conceptual forerunner of the PCs and and and probably some future machines that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:24'>we've not not even seen commercially yet Alan Kay obviously as the man who's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:28'>always been ahead of his time he was the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:32'>inventor of the first small talk some of you may know that there were actually</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:36'>several small talks the one that you now know a small talk ad was the fourth or</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:40'>fifth in a sequence of small talks Alan Kay did that first that very first small talk and currently he is a an Apple</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:49'>fellow and prior to that he was a chief scientist at Atari with credentials like</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:55'>that I found it interesting to note in his biography that the only professional</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:00'>Society of which he is a member is the International Society of organ builders</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:06'>without taking any more of Alan's time let me now bring up Alan Kay</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:12'>[Applause]</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:20'>I have a piece</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:37'>oops</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:49'>so I found it necessary when giving talks in the East Coast to put the slide</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:55'>up so that people who might be offended can leave early I thought this might be</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:00'>an especially appropriate place well I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:04'>think a good way to start off is to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:08'>recall a statement by William James made</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:13'>about a century ago about the three stages in the life cycle of any idea and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:19'>the first stage is that the new idea is condemned as being the work of madmen</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:24'>then a few years later it's remarked on as being commonplace and obvious all the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:28'>time and the final stage is when the original condemned errs claim to have invented it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:35'>I think we're at that stage now with</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:39'>objects in window oriented and pointing user interfaces which to me means that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:44'>they must be hopelessly obsolete so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:48'>we're actually we're actually having a symposium here about a patient who's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:52'>already dead but in the grand tradition</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:56'>of computer science will live on for at least a century this is gonna be a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:03'>different talk than norms talk norm is a norms talk as a practical talk by a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:08'>person who got interested in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:12'>object-oriented programming as a way of implementing large-scale complex systems</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:19'>in the context of a university where you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:23'>don't have a lot of people to do the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:27'>work and a lot of the work is transient and this this need to deal with</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:33'>complexity in a way is one of the main selling points in object-oriented</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:37'>systems and people have this notion that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:41'>because object-oriented systems are usually worked on by small groups that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:45'>it's something mainly for small groups the main reason small groups use it I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:50'>think is because it's one of the few vehicles that a small group can do truly</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:54'>interesting things in a short time but if object-oriented systems are</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:59'>implemented in a in a thoughtful way than by their very nature and we'll talk</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:06'>about this in a bit if the protection mechanisms that are inherent in the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:11'>notion of object-oriented programming are also implemented which they often aren't then one should be able to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:17'>organize very large-scale projects as well because the whole joy in the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:24'>object-oriented design is the notion that when you put an object in the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:28'>system it should be able to make use of what's there but its presence in the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:33'>system shouldn't disturb any other objects that's in the system it should</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:38'>be something that is self-contained it should not be able to be destroyed by</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:42'>the system and so forth and so the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:46'>in an object-oriented system that's well designed you should be able to add new</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:50'>knowledge in an incremental fashion almost linear fashion how we can a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:55'>little bit later we'll talk about a couple of the places where that isn't really true and maybe some of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:00'>solutions for it but I thought a good way of starting off would be to just</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:04'>take a look at a couple of object-oriented systems of the past or</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:09'>almost object-oriented systems the first one and I understand they're only a few</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:13'>people here last night to look at it I have an excerpt maybe this is even a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:19'>different film of Ivan Sutherlands sketchpad which was one of the earliest</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:26'>object-oriented systems although Ivan didn't really quite think of it that way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:30'>there's an interesting history behind it so let's show that first tape this is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:42'>implemented by making this room that's -</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:48'>the last computer in the u.s. to have its own roof this is what you saw there</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:58'>was the very first implementation of the rubberband technique and here's something you don't often see even in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:02'>graphic systems today he pointed he did a rough sketch he pointed to those edges</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:08'>and told him he wanted them all mutually perpendicular and sketchpad figured out</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:12'>how to do it we just saw that sketchpad was also the first system to have a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:16'>window this is all done in 1962 there he</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:21'>pointed to those two lines and told them that he wanted them to be parallel and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:27'>now the constraint is to be collinear so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:32'>these little dashes will be precisely lined up over the lines underneath this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:41'>is the first time when people discovered that the light pin was not a good input device</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:47'>and in spite of that it's been reinvented at least 90 times in the last</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:51'>25 years so he's made a hole in the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:55'>flange and now he wants a rivet and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:03'>again the whole idea behind sketchpad is you should be able to quickly sketch in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:09'>an approximation of what you wanted who's going to use that as the center</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:13'>for the arc and then get the system to complete the drawing by implementing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:19'>various constraints or rules and here he's saying make those four lines</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:23'>mutually perpendicular the doing of that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:27'>pulls the diagonal line which pulls the center which pulls the arc which makes a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:32'>perfect rivet so this is also the first</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:36'>non procedural programming system</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:43'>showing that no matter what you do and of course he could have added further</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:47'>constraints that would constrain the ratios of those sides so that no matter</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:52'>how you distorted it always would come back to something that was the same</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:56'>relative size so that was a master what</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:02'>we call a class today and here's an instance of that rivet the instances can</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:12'>be scaled and rotated in real time you might wonder why is a display jumping</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:16'>around like that well I didn't display</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:21'>is back then the tx2 here is putting up every screen individually in fact memory</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:27'>for each separate dot so this is a software oriented display</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:32'>and when you put up a lot of dots that starts flashing because it's tracking</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:37'>the pen here are a couple more instances</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:42'>listen you might imagine led to the development of better displays now he</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:49'>doesn't like the cross piece on the rivet so he goes back to the master and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:53'>says make those invisible they're still there but they're invisible now and lo</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:57'>and behold we see that the instances feel that change dynamically and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:05'>remarkably sketchpad even had a form of inheritance who's actually one of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:12'>first object-oriented software systems so now he's made this constructed thing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:18'>into a master and now he can get instances of it I once asked Ivan</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:24'>Sutherland many years ago how is it possible for you to in a single year of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:29'>1962 to do the first computer graphics system the first non procedural</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:33'>programming system and the first object-oriented software system and he said well I didn't know it was hard ok</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:43'>stopped them made a tremendous</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:49'>impression I had to learn it that's 22</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:54'>now when I first went to graduate school</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:58'>the desk at the University of Utah Dave Evans had one of these theses in and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:02'>hand out and you had to prove that you understood it before you're allowed to sit down and think I might</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:23'>this isn't worthwhile looking at in any detail maybe I'll just use this from the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:32'>main line here this this is essentially</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:40'>the pathway that I took getting interested in this stuff I was in the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:44'>Air Force and there was a file system on the Burroughs 220 that was what we would</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:50'>call today object oriented back in those days I didn't have operating systems of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:54'>course and these days did not have operating systems either back then there</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:58'>was more excuse for it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:02'>and the Meniere's had the problem of how</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:08'>can I hand data tapes around Air Training Command</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:12'>they all have Burroughs 220s but there is no standard operating system and so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:17'>somebody some genius in the late 50s came up with the following idea he said</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:22'>well what if we had to take format like this with each long tape record is going</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:29'>to be made up of three parts the first part is going to be a relative transfer</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:33'>vector into the second part which is going to be a bunch of Burroughs 220</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:37'>code that 220 code will know how to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:41'>interpret the third part which are going to be our unit records so all you have</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:45'>to do when you get one of these tapes is you simply read the transfer back to the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:49'>front part of it into a special place in core and then you can do anything you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:53'>want with these tapes because we'll have a standard protocol in this transfer</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:57'>vector that's the way that file system worked back then heck of a good idea I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:01'>was just mentioning to somebody this morning that the first time I ever did</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:05'>what we would call object-oriented programming today was done on the 1401</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:10'>in Auto coder because we used this technique on the 1401 s there as well</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:16'>and made up macros to allow us this generic access to things</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:21'>terrific idea why didn't it last well COBOL actually drove it out the adoption</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:26'>of COBOL as a as a way of getting ahead</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:30'>actually gave us a weaker metaphor that we're still saddled with today</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:35'>the borough's be 5,000 actually implemented these ideas and hardware it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:40'>it antedate sketchpad and probably sent seven out of the top ten ideas ever</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:45'>thought up in software are actually implementing the hardware of this machine Burroughs made the enormous</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:51'>mistake of trying to explain this machine to their customers back then</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:56'>they actually hired college graduates and taught them how the machine works so they could go out and tell the customers</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:01'>how good it really was and I was I think it was the third machine that I learned</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:05'>back then and the these college graduates scared the heck out of all of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:09'>these old data processing managers who are just struggling out of punch cards</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:13'>and the machine was late as well so it just never caught on sketchpad and then</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:19'>Simula was the first programming</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:23'>language that I would call trying to be</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:27'>an object-oriented language and there are two versions of it in between I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:32'>designed a language called flex which is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:36'>an attempt to simplify Simula and in some sense some real sense the small</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:41'>talks were an attempt to send to simplify Simula as well but there are</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:47'>all these other things that fed into it over here which the most important ones</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:53'>for I think object-oriented programming are the Lisp influences and over on this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:59'>side influences that are basically either philosophical or coming out of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:04'>cell biology now reason I bring these</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:12'>these up is because I think it's it's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:16'>critical when thinking about object-oriented programming not to look at the the systems that are out there</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:22'>today and think this is object-oriented programming because in my opinion it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:26'>isn't to me small talk eighty is not an object-oriented language because it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:31'>lacks one of the things that I thought was most important in object-oriented</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:35'>design and that is differential protection which means that you should</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:42'>be it when an object is put out into the world that should be able to protect</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:46'>itself against various cendars so for instance if you have a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:51'>file object but you would like the file object to be able to do is to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:55'>discriminate about who's sending it the message to change bite number eight in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:59'>the file and it's possible to do that in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:03'>small talk but it's not set up to actually do that you can act in small</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:11'>talk you have to instrument every method that you want to protect in order to in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:16'>order for it to do something the earliest small talk it was combined</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:20'>with what's known as capability protection there was objects were seen</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:24'>as a generalization of capability protection and that protection was built</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:28'>in so that no object could command another one to me the biggest difference</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:34'>between whether you really have an object-oriented system or not is whether you are really sending messages or not</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:39'>and small talk and Objective C and C++</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:43'>and all this you aren't really sending messages you're actually just doing subroutine calls which means that in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:49'>some sense the sender guy on the outside is commanding the object to do things</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:55'>and the whole notion is not for doing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:59'>commands but for doing something else let me give you a sort of a feeling for</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:03'>that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:17'>when I started thinking about this stuff</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:21'>for real after I done a done a few</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:25'>failures I came to realize that the only</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:30'>model that I knew of either done by man or in nature that really could handle</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:35'>complexity in any appreciable fashion was a biological one the biological one</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:41'>ninety percent of a cell's effort is going into its own protection only ten</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:47'>percent of the cells effort is going into contribute or less as going into contributing to what the organism is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:52'>about and the cells communicate both in the embryo and in the adult organism by</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:00'>sending messages around that they have very elaborate mechanisms to keep most</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:06'>messages out but many of the diseases that we fall prey to including AIDS have</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:12'>to do with cells not being able to keep certain messages out so that translated</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:20'>to me into take the biological cell</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:24'>metaphor and try and translate it into machine terms it's like you have lots of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:29'>separate little computers running on a network able to send messages back and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:33'>forth to each other when you think of this as the ground base of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:37'>object-oriented systems then it's very difficult to think of this machine</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:41'>commanding this other machine because real computers have mechanisms for</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:46'>holding off commands they don't have to listen to you if they don't want and so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:51'>the idea that each one of these objects is responsible for its own protection as</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:56'>the strongest thing you should ever be able to do is to be able to beseech</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:00'>please do this for me but you shouldn't be able to say do this for me any more</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:06'>than you should be able to do the equivalent of an assignment statement so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:10'>one of the major things I worked on when I was designing the early small talk was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:14'>how can we get rid of the assignment statement as an imperative and replace</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:19'>it with something that was much more of a suggestion and the amount of state that got changed</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:24'>if any was completely up to the discretion of the underlying object to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:28'>me any language that doesn't implement that fully is not an object-oriented</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:32'>language because you've what you have is something more much more like abstract</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:37'>data types where you have a bad old idea and you're trying to put Bearnaise sauce</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:41'>on it in the hopes that will be better but Bearnaise sauce on a hot dog doesn't</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:47'>help so the input basic two implications</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:53'>here is that you have an outside and an</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:57'>inside the outside is completely behavioral messages can't be commands</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:01'>and assignment has to be replaced by advise if you have those two things then</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:08'>you have object or whether you have inheritance or not is not nearly as critical not nearly as critical because</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:14'>I'm a good object-oriented language you can actually build it and you may very well want to in some form of delegation</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:20'>mechanism so on these mysteries started</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:28'>becoming clear when I worked on this machine this is the old flex machine</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:32'>that Idi Cheadle and I did 20 years ago 67 to 69 this is what it looked like on</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:38'>its own display and it was influenced very much by sketchpad by angle Bart's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:44'>first hypertext system by simulant had a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:49'>programming language I designed called flex it had a user interface that was so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:54'>well designed it most people reacted to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:58'>it the way you would if you opened up the lid of a garbage can and saw something moist and fuzzy down at the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:02'>bottom or pretty much the way people react to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:06'>APL today I'm really proud of that user</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:14'>interface of all the things I've</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:18'>designed it produced probably the most startling reaction but didn't have a few</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:25'>ideas on it it had a really good windowing system one of the first and I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:32'>had multiple windows it was a calligraphic display so the windows didn't overlap back then but a lot of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:37'>the things that we're familiar with now in modern user interface were developed</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:43'>on this machine although kind of ass backwards most of the time so after</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:53'>wandering about what we should do I realized that McLuhan made this great</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:58'>statement that I read one day said I don't know who discovered water but it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:02'>wasn't a fish and I realized that as a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:06'>graduate student I was the world's worst user interface designer because the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:11'>whole thing about being a graduate student is to learn a really stupid system with 500 obscure commands just to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:17'>prove that you can when you turn a person like that loose on a user</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:21'>interface you wind up with something like ms-dos</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:29'>so for a while I was thinking well I need some other context there must be</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:33'>some other context and I looked at some of the language work with chimpanzees</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:37'>was rather hard to get hold of chimpanzees the Xerox corporate</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:42'>executives who would never stay around long enough</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:48'>so finally for various reasons decided to work with children who are also an</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:53'>alien species but Palo Alto had had bred</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:59'>hundreds of them just for our experiments and once we started thinking</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:10'>about children as the end users lots of things changed because children had to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:18'>have something so portable they could carry other things too</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:22'>in other words 0.5 herniation spur block is not portability so about 20 years ago</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:33'>I came up with this idea which is called the we call the Dynabook back then in it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:38'>my friend Dave Liddell who is here today</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:42'>when he was at the University of Illinois and worked for Owens Corning</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:47'>worked on the very first flat panel display which I saw a one-inch square</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:52'>version of back in 1968 and realized it was only going to be a number of years before we could put all of the silicon</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:58'>that was in the Flex machine on the back of the display and that this would be</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:02'>one of the inescapable form factors of the computers of the of the future so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:07'>once starting to think about that and thinking about the children as the end</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:11'>users it meant that things had to be much much simpler than we'd ever done</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:16'>before and one of the hints I got was from a great system done at RAND</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:22'>Corporation a Rand probably has contributed more to user interface</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:27'>design than almost any other single place nobody knows that probably nobody</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:32'>in this room or maybe only one or two people in this room remember a language</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:36'>called Joss Joss was designed in the very early 60s on a machine called the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:42'>johniac and Joss was probably the best</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:46'>teletype or typewriter oriented programming system ever done it was the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:51'>one that invented the interaction scheme that we now know of in APL of having two</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:58'>in direct commands that came from Jos basic adopted at many years later and so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:05'>forth and Jos had the misfortune of being implemented on the wrong machine or else we would have been able to start</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:10'>much further along than then a language like basic so this language have been</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:17'>developed for non expert users who are mostly economists who had to do a fair</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:22'>amount of computation and the these</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:27'>users loved Jos fact I get a chance to use it in the 60s as well and it was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:31'>just there's one of the few systems that you've ever worked on in which there was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:35'>a pleasant little tingle when you knew you were going to get a chance to work</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:39'>on it for a few hours in the afternoon how many systems can you say that about it was just encrypt there was nothing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:45'>left to chance everything was done beautifully aesthetically and so forth</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:51'>and the only complaint these economists had was they said hey none of us can</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:56'>type we love this system but we can't type can't you do something for us so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:01'>the RAM people went actually went through their waste paper baskets to see</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:05'>what they did right I guess not too many divorces were caused by that these guys used to write</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:10'>on legal pads and so forth and they made</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:14'>diagrams and so the RAM people in 1964 invented the first tablet was called Ram</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:20'>tablet I remember when we got one at Utah a few years later 1967 one of those</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:27'>Rand tablets thousand by a thousand stylus pointing device first good one</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:32'>ever done 1967 that single device cost</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:37'>$18,000 and you had to hook it to a machine that was worth a half a million</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:41'>to a million to make any use of it a year after 1965 a guy by the name of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:48'>Gabe groaner did the first really good gesture recognizer and a few years later they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:53'>put this all together into a system called Grail for graphical input</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:57'>language let's run the second cut on tape one here's what this looked like 20</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:03'>years ago</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:14'>this list takes us back where we may</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:19'>start to edit the flow diagram the no keyboard first we erase a flow arrow</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:23'>then move the connector toddled away so that we may draw a box in its place</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:28'>it recognizes he wants a box and just makes one the printed nine used as</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:35'>commentary only in this case the box is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:39'>large so we make as where modern-day</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:43'>window control came from literally Android flow from the connector to the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:47'>box attached a decision element to the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:52'>box and joy flow from it to scan we then</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:57'>erased the floor arrows attached to the process post new area and move the box</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:02'>to a new position this allows us to draw</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:09'>a new box then chop off its corner and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:15'>label it sub scan with a residual error</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:24'>I notice it misses the end here he sees it he has to thing but it's motiveless</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:29'>so just continues what he was doing it makes the change correct the label add a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:36'>decision on sub scan so that control may flow to the pleat the diagram from scan</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:45'>to post a chance for an hour really</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:53'>changed used interaction or synching your hands right display the structures</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:00'>underneath so it wasn't just personal</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:04'>wasn't just going from the mainframe to the desktop this was intimate because</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:09'>you were right there there were fewer barriers notice that the command scheme</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:14'>is not even menu-driven here the commands are actually analogues to the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:19'>results you want to have so it's not just icon it's an illogical very powerful set of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:25'>ideas again done on a machine almost the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:29'>size of this this room but slightly less powerful than a 512 K Mac but this is a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:36'>technology that actually got buried we we did many versions of this kind of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:42'>stuff at Parc I used to show this movie every couple of months to my group so we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:46'>wouldn't forget what it was that we were trying to do and the we're ready now in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:53'>the next few years to see a rise of gesture recognition because the micros</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:58'>are now powerful enough to do this and still have some cycles left over for</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:02'>doing work for the for the user and you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:06'>may not know it or not but actually one of the best groups in the country in doing a handwriting recognition is at</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:13'>IBM big surprise but you actually have</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:17'>one of the better technologies here and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:21'>so if you're you're interested in this I suggest you look in the IBM phone</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:26'>dictionary for the group that is doing it now John Sculley was once wearing how</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:33'>many scientists that were at IBM and I said yeah John there are many more</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:38'>scientists at IBM there are employees at Apple but don't worry IBM doesn't listen</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:42'>to them just like it Xerox you know you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:53'>want them to let you alone when you're working but then you want them to come around when you've got something</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:58'>[Laughter]</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:02'>it's hard to get both to happen so I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:09'>want to intertwine some stuff in here because in although this isn't really a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:14'>historical thing it's very to me it's very important that the stuff that gave</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:19'>rise to what this symposium is all about was not at all disconnected from the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:24'>fact that there were going to be users working on the on a system and so the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:31'>the whole thing that brought forth real object-oriented programming and small</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:36'>talk and the user interface that went along with it was that we had these children and we wanted these children to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:41'>not just be able to have access to things but we wanted the children to be</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:45'>able to build things so our if this what we said was is if</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:49'>this is if this were print literacy we don't want to teach the kids just to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:53'>read print literacy isn't just reading it's also writing we want the kids to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:58'>somehow be able to write and the equivalent of writing on the computer is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:03'>not necessarily programming in the in the COBOL sense but it certainly is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:07'>building structures of your own and so very early we got into this whole area</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:12'>of wondering well how does the mind work</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:16'>if at all and the first thing we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:20'>discovered that whatever common sense notions we had about the mind working</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:24'>they certainly weren't at all in accord</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:28'>with what had been discovered in the last couple of decades</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:32'>for instance common sense idea that's been in history for thousands of years</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:37'>is that because we think of ourselves as an individual we think there's a single</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:43'>eyeness and even in the work of Piaget we see in thinking of the progression of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:49'>an infant mind to an adult mind as something like the transformation of a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:53'>caterpillar into a butterfly that you go from something less form to something</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:58'>more form but it's all made out of the same stuff whereas the the truth seems</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:04'>to be quite different and quite startling that our mind is really made up of a kind of a patchwork quilt</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:09'>modules or objects if you will and these</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:13'>objects indicate imperfectly because they came about at different biological times for</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:17'>different evolutionary reasons and it give you an idea of the modularity of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:23'>the mind let's take a look at this and let's see who in the audience can spot</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:29'>what's wrong with this picture besides the fact you've all seen ups and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:34'>upside down faces before who can see</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:38'>smile is what upside down and what else</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:42'>these teeth are and what else the eyes okay so now if we were in school and I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:50'>were a teacher I would say to you this is the way things are taught in school</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:54'>by language I would say that what we've</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:58'>done here is we've taken a picture of a young girl extracted the eyes and mouth</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:03'>turned them upside down put them back in with an airbrush and then turned the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:07'>entire picture upside down okay so having said that you should be perfectly</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:11'>prepared for what it looks like right side up</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:20'>now I'm gonna turn this back as I've discovered discovered nobody will listen</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:24'>to me when it's on the other way so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:35'>that's interesting that I gave you the exactly the same amount of information</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:40'>two times one through language and one visually and you had a completely</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:45'>different reaction to the exact same information that's the kind of thing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:49'>that perceptual cycle and cognitive psychologists really love because means</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:54'>that different information going into different channels is going to different</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:58'>parts of the brain and you're having different reactions therefore there are modules in this particular one the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:05'>module that's causing this effect the two modules are actually known</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:09'>physiologically they're located on the under right hand side of the brain where</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:13'>you do face recognition and about an inch apart from each other one of them</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:18'>is a expert in recognizing face like things as the thing allows you to see</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:23'>faces in the clouds when children get scale scared at twilight with menacing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:27'>shadows and so forth that module is going off saying I see a face like thing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:32'>right now it's reporting I see an upside down face like thing about an inch away</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:37'>is another module that's only interested in eyes and mouth it doesn't care where they are and it's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:42'>reporting that's a good looking mouth and those are okay eyes and so the two</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:46'>descriptions basically have very little interaction they're quite independent</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:52'>reporting's from two different modules now when I go to this version the face</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:58'>guy is saying that's a right-side up face like thing and the eyes and mouth</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:02'>guy is saying something is very wrong here</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:11'>now you can imagine why nature might want you to be startled see a face like</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:16'>this up close to might mean you're going to die on the next 10 seconds and in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:24'>fact it's this is not something that you learn it's actually built into our</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:28'>nervous systems from birth into most mammals in fact so if you try this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:32'>experiment out on a dog I suggest you pick a small one</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:42'>[Applause] so important idea here is that there are</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:49'>modules the just what the modules are is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:54'>still open to debate some of the modules</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:58'>are even metaphoric I'm not all of them are physiologically cited because of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:05'>way the the nervous system is organized they can act we can have modules that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:09'>are distributed all over the the brains of going ideas like left brain and right</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:13'>brain are a particularly weak way of trying to characterize it but most</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:17'>important thing is once you realize that there's more than one module and that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:21'>the modules have different ways of thinking about things and are somewhat</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:25'>weak recalcitrant and unable to talk with each other then you have the basis</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:31'>for a much stronger user interface design or curriculum now the ideas that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:38'>led to this user interface that norm was talking about it was developed at the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:43'>same time as small talk came from a Harvard psychologist by the name of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:47'>Jerome Bruner and Bruner had redone a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:51'>number of the experiments of Piaget but</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:56'>with some twists so for instance Bruner took a child he was in this middle</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:01'>Piaget stage the image stage and is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:05'>where you take a squat glass of water and you pour it into a tall thin glass and the child says yep this was more</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:11'>water in the tall thin glass and what Brenner thought to do is to then occlude</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:18'>the tall thin glass with a piece of cardboard and ask the kid again and the kid said oh wait a minute there must be</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:22'>the same amount of water because where would it go and Brendan would take it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:26'>away and the kids would say no look there's more there's more Brenda would cover it up and they could say well hey</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:30'>wait a minute so if you have any six-year-olds you'd like to tour man</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:38'>and burner did booty did many experiments in the 50s and early 60s and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:42'>the conclusion was that what we didn't have was a progression of stages of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:48'>caterpillar going to the butterfly but instead what we had were multiple mentalities and a change in dominance</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:53'>because brunner could show the existence of the previous and mentalities to come</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:58'>by various tricks and Brunner said of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:02'>well there are lots of different mentalities and he picked three that he</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:06'>could show the existence of and concentrated his curriculum ideas on</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:10'>those and those three were a kinesthetic mentality identical with the PJs first</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:15'>stage where a whole is to diggit an object is to grab it the iconic</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:19'>mentality that we just talked about and then around 11 or 12 a symbolic</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:23'>mentality where facts and logic are used or at least in Swiss French children</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:28'>around 11 and 12 American children have</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:32'>a very difficult time ever getting to the facts and logic stage because we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:36'>have an enormous iconic barrier between them which is called television now the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:44'>existence of these three mentalities they each they each have striking</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:50'>characteristics and in a nutshell as I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:54'>can only go into here the kinesthetic mentality is the one that places you in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:59'>space not your visual mentality as you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:03'>might think because you can blind a person person can be blinded and still</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:07'>have a perfect sense of where they are in space but if you remove the for</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:13'>instance a person's limb from their body map as sometimes happens in an accident</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:17'>then they may have a perfectly healthy leg attached to them but they cannot</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:21'>feel that it is there and they they relate waking up in the middle of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:26'>night with somebody else's leg in bed with them and in fact they have a very hard time looking at their leg to see</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:31'>that it's actually attached to their body there's kind of a blur there</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:35'>because of course we see not what our eye sees but what our brain knows we see</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:40'>a simulation that is pieced together and our brain has had its knowledge removed</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:46'>that this limb is part of us and is very hard to actually what it what it actually yes so the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:51'>kinesthetic sense is the one that places us in space it is the one that when we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:56'>when removed is the most alienating contact one is the deepest one the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:01'>oldest evolutionary one the tactile</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:05'>sense the image one has two main characteristics that are worth noting</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:10'>one is the ability to remember images after only a brief exposure is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:15'>astounding hopper who is a psychologist in the 60s</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:19'>in several experiments where he showed 2,500 photographs spaced 10 seconds of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:25'>parts just a bunch of slide trays for hours until I seen 2,500 images all</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:31'>sorts of random pictures and he discovered after 30 days that all of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:36'>experimental subjects had a better than 90% recall of those random slides and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:42'>could even identify occluded parts on slides and so forth this is an</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:46'>experiment you can do yourself get a friend to manipulate a cable TV movie</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:50'>channel and have them dial into a movie</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:54'>you haven't seen for 18 years and see how many frames of the movie you have to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:58'>see before you can identify it most people can do it in under 90 frames</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:02'>three seconds of exposure is quite</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:06'>enough for them to say yep I've seen this movie before and I know it's gonna here's what's gonna happen next I think</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:11'>about that means 18 years ago you saw this movie you're being put into the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:15'>center of it without any preparation and stuff and for some reason your visual system can organize all of those pixels</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:21'>or what the pixels have turned into to be able to perform that recognition so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:26'>it's striking recognition is also fast</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:30'>so you put a hundred pictures on a bulletin board you can find a specified</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:36'>picture four times as fast as you can find the word in a list of four on the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:41'>list of 100 words so it's much more efficient and this recognition in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:46'>comparison and stuff is done by a completely different part of the brain</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:50'>visual system is also the mentality that is least blocked because it's very</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:58'>modus operandi is to flit around and take in different parts not to become</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:03'>fixated in one thing in the visual scene so it's there are many things you can do</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:07'>that in which an access to visual scene</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:11'>augments the short-term memory and boosts creativity then finally the the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:17'>facts and logic system which is what we concentrate on in school unfortunately</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:23'>in its strong in in many ways because of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:27'>its abstractions but it's actually the weakest mechanism that we have it only</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:32'>works when there's a strong context so when we're thinking about these ideas</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:36'>but we had this basis from Brenner and it took us three or four years of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:41'>experimentation to come up with this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:45'>model that what we what we really should</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:50'>do this is something has been misunderstood about this user interface because it's always talked of as the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:55'>graphical user interface but in fact it was an attempt to combine three</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:00'>mentalities into some kind of synergy so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:04'>the doing with images make symbols says there's some kind of progression which</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:09'>Brenner identified as well that if you learn where you are learn things tact</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:14'>alee that gives you a much better set of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:18'>hooks for your image system to put things on and then at the very end you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:23'>have something to abstract that you want to princess if you want to learn physics</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:27'>the best way to learn it is body physics and visual physics before you start</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:32'>looking at calculus then you have intuition and Bruner claimed that and I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:38'>believed him that what we call intuition is simply these mentalities that don't</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:42'>talk sort of vaguely whispering to us</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:46'>somewhat variant thoughts than the than the one that the one we call eye</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:50'>actually does so if you take those ideas you the way we picked and we didn't even</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:57'>like the mouse but as I said tablets were expensive and so we took angle</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:03'>Bart's Mouse and made a better one and let that be our pointing device if you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:08'>believe what I'm saying about the user interface then would suggest number one that we should</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:12'>have better pointing devices and number two that the pointing devices should</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:16'>start to give us some force feedback back into our hand because then the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:20'>kinesthetic contact would be much greater and the windows and icons are</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:26'>for the purposes I've just mentioned and we came up with small talk to be the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:32'>underlying symbolic framework for all of this stuff this is why the on the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:38'>Macintosh and the Macintosh imitators that the pointing scheme is not</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:44'>functional you don't give the command first and then be stuck in a mode and go</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:49'>out and then try and pick parameters for it what you do is you do it exactly the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:53'>same order that the you do object-oriented programming and that is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:57'>you designate the objects of interest first and then you send the messages so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:02'>translate it to user interface it says selection first messages later and that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:07'>gives you an approach to doing modeless interaction and here's an interesting</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:15'>idea that we implemented at Parc but in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:20'>fact has never made its I just cannot believe that this idea has never made</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:24'>its way out into the out of the world because it is a direct implication of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:28'>object-oriented design the implication of object-oriented design is not cutting</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:32'>and pasting that is absolutely at odds</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:36'>with an object-oriented user interface the this is the implication of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:41'>object-oriented design this is a document that has a variety of different</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:45'>paragraph types in it one of them holds texts and other one holds pictures and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:50'>these are as norm was pointing out these are the applications themselves so you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:57'>don't go out to another app you don't go out in this system you didn't go out to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:02'>a painting system to make this picture the painting was actually developed right in the context of the document</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:06'>because you just started a new paragraph type there and what you see here is a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:11'>this is a page from the Lord of the Rings and the cursor has just gone into</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:19'>this picture and what has happened is it's sprouted a menu because it thinks</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:23'>you might want to edit it further so as you go into each each paragraph type it activates the sub</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:30'>activation if you the sub if you will so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:34'>that all of the things that you're working on are in the context of your</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:38'>result it's the thing we call results mode interaction which i think is one of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:42'>the most important aspects of WYSIWYG that hasn't really made it into the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:46'>outside world always keep the user working in the context of their results</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:50'>that means they shouldn't go out other applications to get values and bringing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:54'>them back they should be able to develop those the values that they want from</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:58'>within the final thing that they're working on</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:03'>now this next in order to talk about</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:09'>this next next part of the talk a little</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:13'>more context if we think about the two ways that humans have extended</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:18'>themselves over the last several hundred thousand years one of them is by making</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:23'>amplifying tools physical tools like the lever and the wheel figurative tools</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:29'>like mathematics like language itself and so forth all these I think of as</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:35'>being extensions of manipulation but even mathematics which we think is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:39'>something fairly abstract is actually a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:43'>way of taking the hopelessly abstract making it into concrete things that we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:47'>can then move around so all of these things I think of as being manipulation</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:51'>the N word is manipulation and the other one and of course the Macintosh user</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:56'>interface is that style it's basically make everything into an</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:01'>object and was norm mentioned if you take things that are verbs in English</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:06'>and make them into objects you have a much better time of it because of course the universe doesn't seem to have any</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:11'>verbs right English has invented to talk</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:15'>about horses and cows and plowed fields and so forth and it didn't anticipate</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:21'>modern physics which as far as we can tell there are no abstract verbs out in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:28'>the universe instead what we have are things that are much more like objects</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:33'>in process so when I hear a sentence like the clock runs down</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:38'>or the boy runs down the only way I can come up for any meaning of what runs</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:43'>down actually is all about is by thinking of it as an attribute of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:48'>subject of the sentence okay and there</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:52'>is enough metaphorical similarity between the two items so that we can use the same word but I always think of what</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:57'>we think of as a verb as really an attribute of some subject otherwise the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:01'>sentence wouldn't make any any real sense and that is an accord with with</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:06'>modern physics so the other way we've</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:11'>extended ourselves over the years what I call goal cloning goal cloning means</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:16'>that we simply are able and willing to go out and convince other people to take</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:21'>on our own goal structures that's how we get most things done so what's going on</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:25'>here we have a group that has for the moment has fewer goals than the sum of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:29'>its parts and companies are that way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:34'>countries cultures and so forth sometimes the methods accrued as in the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:38'>way the Egyptians got the slaves to build the pyramids sometimes they're slicker like in the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:43'>modern television advertisements mumford called this building a mega machine he</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:48'>pointed out that over most of recorded history most machines built by human</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:53'>beings had human beings as parts and the M word for this to me is management that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:59'>you manage that kind of process and we manipulate objects and we're going to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:50:05'>see a transformation from actions having to do with objects into agents which we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:50:11'>are going to manage now let me give you the examples the first is sort of an</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:50:16'>example of what you can do with a tool</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:50:20'>and what a tool really means so let's show the I want to show tape number two</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:50:45'>this 2012 young girl who never lived</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:50:49'>world not insulated by Akash her mother's my aunt both are there and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:50:55'>father work at home if another father as an act to her this is an acknowledge</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:50:59'>that one around your warrant we do think and some paper technology is what Israel</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:04'>never see anything I fast use it yes in computers I Karen told she injected and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:14'>I don't mean you sir today my did one with her anis governing athlete for here</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:19'>has been stolen disks even though the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:23'>belt is you inter favorite children I never even it is about child anywhere here than I was quite intrigued yeah</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:27'>yeah here says doing visible you man acne and of course you don't have to get</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:34'>them out I thought well I'll go along</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:39'>this is arrested but wasn't me impress until I saw what havin a she wants a fresh sheet paper so she used a closed</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:43'>box in the window and user Ultron's the pop up and goes to the plan F rating</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:54'>okay implications here it's kind of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:52:02'>interesting it do the user interface at all an accord with what's actually going</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:52:08'>on inside of people's head then you get something that can actually extend all</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:52:13'>the way down into childhood and be to them as fundamental as the marking</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:52:18'>instruments that we grew up with and I think this is very important because I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:52:22'>believe that the the children that can form themselves by being around this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:52:28'>media as media are going to be thinking</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:52:32'>and doing things very differently than the way we do this is another example of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:52:37'>in the long line of how we act smarter</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:52:42'>by changing our representations we go from Roman numerals to Arabic we go from</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:52:46'>Ptolemaic the Copernican every time we change the representation system our</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:52:50'>weak systems of logic are made that much</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:52:55'>stronger and I think of user interface main aim is not to present but to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:00'>represent and it's figuring out what those representation schemes are going</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:05'>to mean in terms of leverage they give the user this is the most important point that point has been missed in most</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:10'>people who are doing user interfaces today including a lot of the people at</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:14'>Apple and certainly the the Apple imitators because they think that the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:18'>whole job of the user interface is to present old-style applications with</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:23'>multiple windows and pull-downs and so forth nothing can be further from the truth</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:27'>most important aspect of the multiple windows stuff is not to have different</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:32'>applications up there because as I pointed out that's not the way you want to go after different parts of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:37'>things the most important thing for having multiple windows is to be able to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:41'>present different points of view on the same thing marvin minsky says you don't</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:45'>understand something unless you understand it in more than one way and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:50'>almost no one who uses these user interfaces thinks to sit down even</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:55'>though Apple showed them in the finder that you want to have multiple views of different kinds of things thinks of what</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:00'>the leverage means is to be able to look at the same kind of thing for multiple points of view and what it means</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:05'>pedagogically is once you've seen that you realize that if I only know one</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:10'>point of view about something I don't know it in fact I'm likely to be misled by it so now let's take a look at the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:16'>other way that's just starting to come</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:21'>in and think of why it's going to why are we going to have management of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:25'>semi-intelligent computer processes now</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:29'>I think it's because we're gonna we're starting to be networked up and there</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:35'>are a whole bunch of things that networks give you as opportunities that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:40'>we simply don't have the time and the scope to deal with give you an example</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:45'>when I was a kid I used to get questions answered by going into the into a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:50'>library and once I was visiting some friends in Washington DC and I had a question so I demanded to be taken to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:55'>the library I'd heard there's a library in the town and we got to the Library of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:00'>Congress and I discovered that the card catalog which they didn't even allow you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:04'>to go in was much larger than my home town library and instead of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:09'>having you do the browsing they had people who would meet you at the door</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:13'>their job was to absorb what your goals were and then apply their expertise of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:18'>the facilities to that so they became your agent and they even would energize</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:22'>other agents so my my problem turned out</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:26'>to be fairly interesting for one brought in by a nine-year-old and so he had five</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:31'>or six adults scurrying around trying to find the answer to it and it left a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:36'>lasting impression and this notion of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:41'>agents is as old as computer interfaces itself it goes back to McCarthy's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:45'>original advice taker paper it basically says that when you have an information</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:49'>utility there's going to be an embarrassment of riches organized in a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:56'>way so that no human will have the time to go after the stuff no human will be</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:01'>able to remember all the things they might be interested in so something else has to go and do it now the problem with</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:06'>agents in the user interface sense is that AI has not progressed much since</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:11'>1970 it was extremely difficult to build an agent I have built several over the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:17'>last eight years or so just to see what they would would be like and they're</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:22'>excruciating to build one of them was a system called News peak at MIT that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:27'>stays up all night trying to find for you the newspaper you'd most like to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:31'>read at breakfast so it what it does is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:36'>to log in to a dozen or so information</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:41'>sources New York Times Associated Press Nexus Reuters looking for articles it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:49'>thinks you might be interested in it reads the articles to the best of its</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:53'>ability if it sees a famous name like Mitterrand it has a video disc of 45,000</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:57'>pictures of famous people it's like a newspaper more get picks a picture of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:01'>MIT Iran did have there's a map disk with 37,000 maps and so forth uses an</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:06'>expert system to format the page and you wind up the next morning with something</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:10'>that is very much like USA Today</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:15'>and in often with about the same amount of content</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:22'>but there are some differences because the headline might say more fighting in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:27'>Afghanistan or it might just as well say your three o'clock meeting is cancelled</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:31'>today because one of the 12 news sources it logs into is your own electronic mail</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:35'>it reads it while you sleep and if it spots to anything that looks important</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:39'>it puts that in the newspaper the next morning a sidebar might say your</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:43'>children slept well last night because remember what we call news is entirely</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:48'>dependent on the communications system that we have in the late 1700s the news</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:55'>was all about depth the Federalist Papers were published in the newspapers</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:59'>of New York City something would be unthinkable today actual essays but</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:58:05'>people had time to read them when the telegraph got invented all that went</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:58:09'>away because they couldn't possibly have you reading anything long that had to be</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:58:13'>thought about and understood because you'd still be working on it when the next news came along so currency and as</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:58:20'>McLuhan predicted as soon as you start hooking up news to electronic media you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:58:24'>start getting fragmentation so that's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:58:28'>the idea of an agent that newspaper is something that people would like to have</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:58:33'>but nobody is going to sit up doing it even with the best sequel type database and so forth</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:58:40'>because it's very hard to even remember all the things that you're interested in so the agents also are going to be</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:58:46'>somewhat anthropomorphic this is a real problem because they aren't going to be</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:58:50'>very smart when we start off we have to in the user interface design somehow</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:58:54'>subliminal ii project exactly how smart</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:58:59'>they are and still make the user now we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:03'>want something like a puppy dog that goes out and gets your newspaper most of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:07'>the time it only occasionally makes a mess on the floor so let's let's take a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:13'>look at this is a video we made for John</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:17'>Scully and we start off at the 1988 Winter Olympics in HyperCard HyperCard</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:22'>stack that ABC television used to keep track of things and then we project four</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:27'>years into the future and see what things might look like in 1992 with the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:31'>user interface that is still mostly manipulative but has a little bit of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:36'>of the management aspect to it let's roll tape number three please so much</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:00:03'>this Bob's math Calgary if you click on</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:00:07'>any Olympic site you see a list of the events scheduled for that site you can</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:00:13'>get more information about any event by clicking on the name let's say ski</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:00:18'>jumping background maybe you can brag to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:00:22'>the last or the main map and then</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:00:26'>continue exploring here at the University of Calgary I see the figure</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:00:31'>skating events are running now that's a sport my family's interested in so I'd</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:00:35'>like to learn more about it the previous Winter Olympics took place at Sarajevo</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:00:41'>in 1984 when Macintosh was barely a month old</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:00:46'>imagine what Macintosh together with hyper card will allow us to do in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:00:50'>another four years by the time of the next Olympics</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:00:54'>[Music] we will require powerful techniques to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:00:59'>help us find and manipulate volumes of images text music video and applications</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:01:06'>we might by that time see the beginnings of intelligent agents or perhaps by then</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:01:11'>they'll be only semi-intelligent Phil</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:01:16'>today is March 3rd 1992 you have several data service articles ready and you have</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:01:22'>ma'am this is my agent I call him Phil Phil</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:01:26'>open the 1992 Olympic stack</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:01:42'>the 1992 Winter Games are being held in Alba V friends let's get a closer look</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:01:48'>at the town let's look at ski jumping</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:01:52'>again we can play the video</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:01:59'>[Music] we could learn more about this sport or</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:03'>go back to the math let's look at figure skating</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:09'>I'd like to see who's on the USA team and I'd like to see Debbie Thomas I'm</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:17'>looking for a spin</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:21'>like that let's go back alan kay was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:31'>explaining why skaters go faster as they tuck their arms in he showed me a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:35'>simulation to illustrate the underlying principles let me call that up Phil add</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:42'>the physics draw toolbox which tool box</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:46'>physics draw let's see I'll need a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:51'>counter we can make the window</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:55'>translucent let's step through the spin</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:59'>and count the frames okay that's one</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:06'>complete rotation now I'll draw a model</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:10'>representing a skater with her arms extended select the center axis and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:21'>rotate how fast to rotate this speed and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:29'>here's an overhead view of the figure let's hold on to that earlier Allan and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:36'>I created a similar model where the skater has tucked her arms in and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:40'>appears to be spinning faster Phil display skater a model 1 let's compare</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:48'>these two models</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:54'>the small one the one with the shorter radius seems to run faster but let's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:02'>check that I'll set them both to run for three tenths of a second a small one</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:11'>turns farther around the circle but let's see how much distance is actually</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:15'>covered I'll straighten out the curved paths to measure them both paths are the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:21'>same length even though spin increases the distance</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:25'>traveled is the same the luge event is about to begin show it live or record it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:31'>no I'm not interested in luge I don't understand I like skating</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:37'>I don't understand don't show luge don't</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:41'>record it I understand</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:45'>I'd like to say this simulation Phil start a link Phil show the stack map</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:01'>too far okay show recent link to this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:10'>background now anytime I'm on a skating</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:14'>card I can link to my physics simulation by the time the Winter Olympics come to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:19'>a birdie in 1992 CD media will be well</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:23'>established each of us will be able to choose our own path through Worlds of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:27'>entertainment and information and tools like those that we've been seeing will</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:32'>allow us to integrate the full range of sound video and text information this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:37'>demo ends here John should I show the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:41'>pre-recorded speech or will you give it live humane things to think about it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:51'>here are that although we are of course</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:55'>going to go to hypermedia and it's going to be object-oriented it's really not</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:59'>going to be complete until the user is able to do active thought experiments</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:04'>experiments most hypermedia up till now is assumes that the user is going to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:09'>navigate around stuff that may be active</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:13'>but the user isn't going to be able to do a lot of creation themselves this is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:17'>a critical thing to to realize and that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:21'>the agents of the future are going to be helpful mainly for their ability to work away from us not from the amount of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:26'>comprehensiveness that they have the best object we have for exploring this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:30'>new area is the one between our ears providing its active thank you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:56'>tell some questions yes yes</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:15'>well you can do that but just consider</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:20'>the problem of a system file that some people have access to and other people don't have access to all right there's a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:27'>perfect example of when somebody's what you really like to have is when somebody sends a message not a command but a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:32'>message to that system file you'd like to have some way number one of checking</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:38'>the access privileges before you do anything and number two and you'd like</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:42'>to be able to do that checking quickly okay but even being able to do the first</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:47'>would be good whereas in the current things that are called object oriented</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:51'>languages you are already committed you've already formed an activation record because it's a procedure call you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:56'>are already inside the method and thus each method that is sensitive has to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:08:02'>have the responsibility access you can</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:08:08'>put that in you can put all through a procedure and you have to remember the next time you do that it has this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:08:14'>problem that isn't all I mean languages</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:08:18'>also allow your things that allow you access this way I'll talk allows you to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:08:26'>turn a thing called a block that block is a particular kind of object that it's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:08:33'>a block context actually that by virtue</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:08:37'>of what it is it has access to some of the internal variables of the object and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:08:41'>so it's you can create Trojan horses and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:08:45'>so forth and but basically what happened is when they were implementing the newer</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:08:50'>versions of small talk some of the older people who worked on it didn't work on the newer ones number one and number two</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:08:56'>most of the newer people had never done any operating system type stuff and so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:00'>the operating system type stuff that was in the original one didn't get put in as</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:06'>the later the later small talk went back to be looking a lot more like similar</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:10'>than the original one did the original one when you sent a message you weren't</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:15'>calling a procedure at all all you were doing is knocking on it and saying hey</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:20'>you know it's the equivalent of the postman leaving a thing that says there's a message waiting for you down</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:24'>at the post office if you would care to get it it was that arms off relationship that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:30'>small talk 72 had that allows you to implement all the operating system</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:35'>protection ideas that are important and I think that the the ability to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:40'>implement large systems in object-oriented languages as well as</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:44'>being a being able to implement them conveniently is going to have a lot to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:48'>do about how much protection integrity there actually is it's easy to do you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:53'>just have to know that it's important and put it in the in the system yes</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:19'>right</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:23'>yeah well I think again I had a there's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:28'>a little technical part of the talk that I left out that but I think that one of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:33'>the things that's going to happen is that the way we're thinking about objects now just even as people are</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:38'>struggling to use them one of the when</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:44'>you look at object based systems today they're mainly modular in terms of state</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:48'>right the state is sealed off and sometimes it's not even state because</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:53'>you can have procedural interpretations for things and the thing that's not</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:57'>modular in object-oriented systems is control in fact sometimes gets worse</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:02'>because you can have what's called a buck passing theory of control where you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:07'>constantly pass and control all over the place and eventually it gets to somebody</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:11'>you can handle it and they handle it and it's both through inheritance and also</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:16'>through containment that that happens when you when you start looking in the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:23'>system that's been implemented that way you start realizing whoa all of a sudden you have to start understanding things</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:28'>again and the whole idea of object-oriented programming is be able to program things without having to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:32'>understand how everything works it's like Prolog it's like magic for the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:36'>Baths the first three hours and then all of a sudden you have to understand ten times more than you ever did so it's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:42'>it's kind of a cruel trick and if you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:46'>look into biological systems again the first small talk was designed</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:50'>more this way it was less procedural in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:54'>many ways and it was hoping to use a control structure invented by Dave</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:58'>Fisher who did a great thesis at Carnegie in 1970 called the control</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:12:03'>definition language that was one of the that was one of the inputs to the design</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:12:08'>of small talk and there he was very interested in what you might call a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:12:12'>gorrik computing and the the current</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:12:16'>stuff I've been fooling around with our systems that don't send messages but only receive in other words one of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:12:22'>ways of getting around the control problem is to if you're a module what</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:12:26'>you do is let the system know what you're interested in it's up to the system to somehow get that in for</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:12:30'>to you you don't care how what you don't want to have is a system which every</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:12:34'>time a new object goes into it some other object has to know it should send</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:12:38'>it a message to write because then you're right back to something analogous</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:12:42'>to the data structure problem having random procedures understand the formats</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:12:46'>of data structures and here we're talking about having objects have to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:12:50'>haven't understand essentially control formats so I've been working on a design</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:12:56'>of a system that only receives but it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:13:00'>receives by indicating things that's interesting interested in and then the the system constructs a structure that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:13:07'>will guarantee to deliver that information to it in a timely fashion and again I think if you just get away</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:13:13'>from software systems and think about networks again it will tell you a lot</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:13:17'>about what to do with objects because you really you can't take objects</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:13:22'>seriously unless you think of a transmission line between them it's too easy to just think of sending a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:13:27'>procedure call to them and you don't have any of the interesting things that have happened with concurrency and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:13:31'>synchronization and protection and all of those things that are really going to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:13:35'>be a major part of just standard</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:13:40'>programs that we're doing in the world so I think you just think of it as being a whole bunch of net networked computers</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:13:45'>crying to cooperate and realize and what the problems there and how you want to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:13:49'>write the code then I think it tells you what to do with objects that was the way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:13:53'>the original small talk was designed anyway yes</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:14:06'>right good question the I don't actually</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:14:12'>have any of those things in mind but when when Smalltalk 72 was done 16 years</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:14:19'>ago the idea back then was what</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:14:23'>capabilities could do if abilities are a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:14:28'>short way of dealing with access rights</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:14:32'>okay and the access rights there our instance are at the instance level in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:14:39'>capability systems and I wouldn't think that trying to protect at the class</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:14:43'>level is C it's easy to protect the class if you can protect at the instance</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:14:48'>right because the class is an instance of class class that's trivial to do it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:14:52'>so you want to protect at the instance level its itself and protecting at the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:14:57'>instance level in capability systems is tantamount to protecting each message</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:15:01'>individually because that's what a what a capability map actually does for you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:15:06'>so it's a very nice way of doing it yeah</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:15:11'>sure no I don't see any if you can deliver it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:15:17'>for that price I think he will sell a few but as far as I can see there's no</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:15:22'>in fact the interesting thing is the user interface a lot of the things in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:15:27'>user interface are more like small talk than than than the Mac he has</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:15:32'>hierarchical browsers in it and the proportional scroll bars and other kinds</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:15:37'>of things that small talk and although</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:15:41'>he has a very strange scroll nose we saw</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:15:45'>at window resizing method apparently I haven't actually used the machine yeah</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:15:49'>but somebody told me you can only resize one dimension of the window at a time and he would would have known that Apple</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:15:56'>didn't own that if he'd seen the the Grail movie because</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:16:09'>well again in the longer in a longer talk what when I started thinking about</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:16:15'>it I realized I didn't have not only didn't have any good ideas about AI that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:16:20'>I'd never had I had had a good idea in AI and I figured that was either because</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:16:27'>I was completely stupid or else I was thinking about it in a way that wasn't</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:16:31'>terribly fruitful or the stuff that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:16:35'>people have been doing in AI didn't have any good extrapolation into what would</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:16:39'>be powerful I still don't know which of those three is the is the case but I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:16:45'>have a couple of degrees in biology so I started thinking about it from biological stand the first thing that I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:16:53'>realized was that trying to essentially do a Beethoven which has been one of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:16:58'>main aims of AI who knows to do some superhuman</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:17:02'>intelligence right off the bath to impress the Pentagon sponsors is a real</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:17:06'>loser because we can't even do a decent ant and so I got basically I got</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:17:17'>interested in thinking about what would it be like if you forgot about forget about Beethoven for a while what would</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:17:21'>it be like to just try and understand a I as an architectural problem which I I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:17:26'>do this is I think of life as an architecture right the material moves</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:17:32'>through us we recycle the atoms in our bodies every seven years or so but the pattern remains some kind of a weird</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:17:38'>feeling to think of matter passing through this force field or so that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:17:43'>organizes it and the same same thing is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:17:47'>likely to be true for intelligence it's it's an architecture and when you're doing doing architecture you have to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:17:52'>start building things and seeing which cathedrals fall down and you're really</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:17:59'>in bad shape in architecture if you build dog houses because you can build a doghouse out of almost anything and it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:18:04'>won't fall down and doesn't scale you know the big problem with our whole field is big good ideas don't often</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:18:10'>scale and we always get screwed when somebody has a good idea that works in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:18:14'>the small and then they try and scale it off by a factor of thousand and all of a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:18:18'>sudden anymore so the to me it seemed like the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:18:22'>an interesting thing to do would be to try and build some biologically relevant</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:18:26'>models of animal intelligence and pick</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:18:30'>at a bunch of different levels so that you wouldn't get into the scaling bug so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:18:35'>that you actually thought you were developing some something that might</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:18:39'>give you a few hints as to what the what a good architecture for intelligence is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:18:43'>I joined up forces with Marvin Minsky at MIT set up a project called the vivarium</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:18:47'>which it involves children because the again it's it's hard to design for</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:18:51'>adults it gets boring after a while so the project for children wound up being</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:18:57'>saying what would it be like for children to actually build these animals</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:19:01'>what would it be like for a child to sit down and build up a both a physical</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:19:08'>animal and a mental animal that you could put into a big environment if we have one more second I can show you a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:19:13'>little clip of some of the work that we've been doing this is will be taped</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:19:19'>six and what it is is before you show it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:19:28'>what it is is some real stuff and some fake stuff the real stuff is all of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:19:33'>3d graphics that are in it which we did in real time on a an Evans & Sutherland</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:19:37'>flight simulator this is the machine that has something like 3.5 gigaflops of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:19:43'>computation it's about six to eight Cray</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:19:47'>XMP 48 worth of stuff so it can actually</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:19:53'>generate on a database that has some sub planetary in size</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:19:59'>you know because you have to have to fly over hundreds of miles of it at Mach 3</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:20:05'>and it's able to perfect anti rastering</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:20:09'>perfect texture mapping on the thing and it has it has the ability to have as</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:20:16'>many as thirty two independent cameras at once so you can see look into the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:20:20'>same database from multiple points of view so all the stuff that you see in in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:20:25'>this user interface at that level is real and then what we did is a little</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:20:29'>mock-up to see what the user interface some of the elements of the user</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:20:33'>interface might be for children we're using elementary school children so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:20:38'>they're both visual and very tactile so we got very interested in what would a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:20:42'>tactile kind of user interface be particularly one without any menus in it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:20:46'>so when you so I think you'll be able to tell the difference between the two so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:20:50'>let's roll that tape number six so here</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:21:00'>just turn out the lights so here we have actually four desktops in operation</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:21:06'>under projects and we go into the vivarium one and here's the flight</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:21:11'>simulator we have two different points of view two camera controls as you see</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:21:18'>there so this is 60 frames a second</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:21:22'>real-time computer we wanted to do it all in real time to keep honest about it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:21:27'>and one nice thing about real-time graphics is you want three minutes of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:21:31'>real-time graphics you it only takes</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:21:37'>three minutes to generate so here's the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:21:41'>little kids notebook going rockfish you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:21:45'>see the real real crab over there and the simulated crab and the crab model</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:21:50'>that the kids working on here's the sea</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:21:55'>snail weird color it has is actually the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:22:00'>color that's how we do scrolling</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:22:04'>and here's an avoidance reaction this is what a real one looks like really an</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:22:10'>amazing amazing color and down in the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:22:16'>sales simulation here it's just chucking along on its basic movement cycle these</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:22:25'>these snails these particular ones have only about 2,000 neurons so here we open</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:22:30'>it up a little bit kids love that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:22:39'>various brain models there's three or four different points of view here's the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:22:45'>one that they would use to program it with all the sensors and now if we put</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:22:50'>them all to work get to see what the whole environment actually looks like</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:22:54'>here</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:22:59'>[Music]</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:23:19'>[Music]</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:23:38'>[Music]</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:23:50'>[Music]</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:24:27'>[Music]</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:24:42'>[Music]</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:25:02'>[Music]</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:25:11'>this about two years into a six-year project where we basically built all</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:25:17'>this stuff by bite simulator brains of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:25:22'>the animals we built with a bunch of thesis projects at MIT that Marvin</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:25:27'>Minsky and I are supervising the next phase of the thing is to do a system now</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:25:32'>that children can actually build the the animals and put the brains and so we're</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:25:39'>now the the idea is about two years from now that is to start testing that aspect</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:25:44'>of it by the end of the six years is to exhibit sort of an animal building kit</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:25:50'>with brain models that ethologists would not turn up their noses at thank you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:25:55'>very much [Applause]</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:26:01'>[Music]</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:26:08'>[Applause]</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:26:13'>we're gonna take a break and it'll be</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:26:17'>ten minutes please return in ten minutes thanks</subtitle>
<subtitle id='5183'>[Music] </subtitle>