View source for Alan Kay talk at BSO MultiMedia Group

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<subtitle id='00:00:00'> [Music]</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:12'>in an vena even bouton Los Angeles Bond Alan Curtis gay benefactors are out a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:18'>Varrick by Apple and were called the Archfiend upon the personal computer who</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:22'>noon a fool dr. tend to see it in the communicate see to some demands and the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:26'>machine you need all that optimal openness I'm a person who's always been</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:30'>interested in design and the whole</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:35'>interaction of how our minds work with our bodies through our visual senses and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:42'>through our ability to capture things symbolically that's what I'm interested</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:47'>in all my life Alan Kay the Nieto did lament on a sabbatical year Elaine</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:51'>softens done on Schmitt assault vehicle ten Eva Cronin on the computer talking</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:55'>about a certain article at artfully from the Maris and proceeded upon the windows</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:59'>marked a distance the computer of fulfillments and to conclude just as far</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:04'>fewer people right well then are able to speak it's a little writing is a little</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:09'>bit more artificial than reading I think</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:14'>you are forced to do it less often the same thing with computer you can use</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:18'>tools made by other people for a very long time but then at some point you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:24'>find something I'd like I wish it could do this or I wish I could do that and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:28'>it's allowing people to be able to do that without having to become a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:32'>profession interests L&K needle a peck of computers</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:43'>Maroko Oracle's tears up in the pan circuit character from a keyboard from</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:48'>the computer nerd clavier Fernet Oracle is will have my recliner stop many many</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:53'>computer scientists are musicians come</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:57'>in a because of the parallels I think between the two just as Einstein played</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:02'>violin one of the things he drew from it with were aesthetic feelings that he</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:07'>wanted to apply to mathematics and physics I I mean I think most of us computer scientists have the same kind</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:12'>of feeling that we're looking for a kind</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:16'>of structure that is like the computer architectures we deal with it jaeseok</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:22'>I've seen dogs on commencin who in fact enough of stone Deluca holding ten</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:26'>opposite the vanadium not a violent businessman and educators have to look</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:31'>after their own interests they have to understand that the computer is a new</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:35'>piece of media so it has the impact of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:39'>the printing press and those who were slow to adapt to what the printing press</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:43'>was all about we're slow to get past the Renaissance and into Western</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:49'>civilization comparative a lot L&K long as it's turned on velvet on a Turkish</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:55'>taught school in all arrests nearly a day in up to doom sometimes ideas pop</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:00'>into your head and also the the relaxed</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:04'>feeling of the beach is more the way I would like human computer communication</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:09'>to be then tense and goal-oriented</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:13'>okay ended on TV day and hey Topher down sort of a new hood that was in here and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:18'>here is Alan Kay</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:22'>okay thank you I'm here to talk about</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:29'>computers and communication two words that haven't often gone together in the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:34'>past is sort of like Airlines and food or consulting in business but the way we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:47'>try and communicate with computers these days the most successful ways have come</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:52'>about from under trying to understand better what a computer is not as a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:58'>device for doing word processing imitating paper in various ways but to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:03'>try and understand how it lies at the root of the human experience</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:09'>what can we compare it to well one one</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:14'>thing I like to compare it to and I'd like to go to the first slide here is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:19'>the book we often think of a computer as a calculator but in fact the book I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:26'>think is a closer way of thinking of it a book is a piece of technology that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:31'>contains marks that represent our ideas and the marks can be about things that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:37'>we think are true they can be about things we'd like to think are true for</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:41'>instance this is a chapter about transforming a dead moon like our own</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:46'>into an earth-like planet and there are equations and there's an argument in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:51'>this book that says this could be done if we could make such and such an effect</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:55'>and that's books contain ideas that are</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:00'>outside of the physical world and sometimes have to do with it now</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:05'>if we look at a computer one way of thinking about as a computer is a book</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:09'>that can read and write itself and so if</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:13'>we wanted to transform a moon into an earth-like planet and we were thinking</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:20'>about representing it on a computer we wouldn't just represent what we wanted</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:24'>to do we wouldn't just represent equations we'd represent it as a dynamic</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:28'>simulation that actually tries to carry it out and because of that we get to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:33'>understand our ideas and yearnings much better</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:37'>let's take a look at this as it's actually done on on a computer let's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:43'>look at the first video so here we have</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:48'>our airless moon and [Music]</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:57'>[Applause] [Music]</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:08'>[Applause]</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:12'>[Music] [Applause] [Music]</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:31'>[Applause]</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:35'>[Music]</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:48'>so the computer is big very very big</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:53'>computer art is not showing a picture but showing a process</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:58'>so those geological formations that you saw were actually being carried out</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:03'>using our best knowledge of how mountains and valleys are created on the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:07'>earth so that was not a cartoon animation but actually a representation</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:13'>and illustration of the kind of simulation that computers are actually</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:17'>capable of and it's in that light of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:21'>looking at computers I want to give the talk today a second idea that I'd like</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:28'>to share with you is that most of our</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:33'>existence as human beings over the last several hundred thousand years we've had</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:37'>two major ways of extending ourselves and the first way immediately comes to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:42'>mind go to the next slide please I I need to get my tie signal down so we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:53'>immediately think of tools like a screwdriver and a wheel but we also have</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:58'>some mental tools like language and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:02'>mathematics and all of these tools I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:06'>think of as extensions of the gesture they help us manipulate things they make</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:11'>them into little bits and pieces that we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:15'>can then move around and make new combinations that may have new meanings</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:19'>that are useful for us the second way that we've extended ourselves over the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:26'>years is a little more subtle but it illustrates perfectly by this by this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:30'>gathering and that's that we extend our goal structures into other people so we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:36'>can another person can act for us as an</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:40'>agent so we can manipulate and carry out</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:45'>goals by doing it ourselves or by</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:49'>getting another human being to do do it for us and even better an agent of ours</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:54'>can get other agents to do things so if we want to work on something hard we may</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:59'>have dozens of agents that are working with other agents and for most of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:04'>history actually until just recently this way of extending ourselves of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:10'>making machines was the most dominant way and the the M word for that is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:15'>management so we have manipulation for tools management with with agents now</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:22'>the problem with the mainframe computer when it came along is it didn't resemble</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:26'>either a tool or an agent and so it was some complicated actually resembled an</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:32'>altar of a God cared for by priests and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:37'>white coats and so forth and it didn't</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:41'>feel like you could step up to it and use it either directly or by getting it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:46'>to take on on some of your goals now a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:50'>very pivotal year in the history of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:54'>communicating with computers was 1968</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:58'>when there are a number of systems that were very different one of them was done</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:03'>by Douglas Engelbart in California and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:07'>let's take a look at what his system was like in 1968 let's run that next so here</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:14'>he is in 1968 this is a picture that could be taken today he's sitting in his office he has a black on white screen he</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:19'>has a mouse to point at things and the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:23'>system was more than just a text editor as you see right now let's have some</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:27'>sound with this please for the produce they get big I'd like to say one branch</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:32'>only and let me look just that low and I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:36'>see it oh I can say I'd like to see one line only I can see it but there's a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:43'>little thing I can do there's a root place that I have here</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:50'>so here I'm afraid I'll need a different picture the view so here's what I do</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:56'>with a picture drawing capability here's a slight and lamp if I start from work and here's the route I seem to have to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:01'>go to to pick up all the materials and that's my plan for getting home tonight</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:05'>but if I want to I can say the library what am I supposed to pick up there I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:10'>can just point to that you know oh I see overdue books and all while there was a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:15'>statement there with that name on it go back what if I once am I supposed to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:19'>pick up the drugstore hmm I see everything all right market can do</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:26'>things if I want to just say I'd like to interchange the parties and camp</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:30'>materials bingo they're all numbered right if I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:34'>care to look interchanging them very quickly cans are going to get</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:40'>interchanged with Prados they do it and all gets me numbered so that vision</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:47'>could have been shot yesterday even so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:51'>there are very few computers today that can do the kind of hyper media hypertext</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:56'>stuff that you saw there this is a complete vision of what I call the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:00'>personal computer desktop machine with a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:04'>pointing device a use of the machine other than just imitating flat paper</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:09'>completely modern in every way and for me back then it led to a machine design</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:17'>and what it looked like this this is one of the very first tabletop computers for</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:23'>very special tables this machine weighed about 200 kilograms and it had some so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:31'>many components in it that it had a fan that was likened to a 747 taking off but</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:39'>for special tables made out of steel this was a tabletop computer and the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:43'>problem with it was that it had really good function but it wasn't easy to use</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:49'>in fact we never even thought about the idea of computers being easy to use at</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:54'>least I never did until I built this machine this is what it looked like on its own display by the way so you can</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:59'>see what people were thinking about back in 1967 and 68</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:03'>well at very same year a couple of new</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:07'>systems also appeared that were very different one of them was done at RAND</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:12'>Corporation for people who were not computer scientists in fact they didn't</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:18'>even like to type they said we we hate typing we're used to putting our ideas</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:22'>on paper and moving them around and everything can't you do something about that that let the invention of the first</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:27'>really good high-resolution tablet and it looked like this first we erase a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:37'>flow arrow then move the connector out of the way so that we may draw a box in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:42'>its place so I drew a circle I mean a square it's all I wanted a rectangle of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:47'>made one now it's recognizing his handwriting is being used as commentary only in this case the box is slightly</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:54'>too large so we may change its size here's where modern-day window control</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:58'>came from then draw a flow from the connector to the box attach a decision</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:06'>element to the box and draw a flow from it to scan we then erased the floor</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:12'>arrows attached to the process post new area and move the box to a new position</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:22'>this allows us to draw a new box so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:28'>forth no menus no function keys every command given as an analogy to the thing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:34'>you actually wanted to appear there well I had a chance to use this in 1968 and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:38'>felt just like I was pushing my hands right through the glass of the display</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:42'>and touching the structures directly underneath felt completely different</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:46'>from angle Bart's system and I had to call it intimate I felt like I was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:52'>dealing directly with the information I was trying to work with there are less</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:56'>barriers there and the other thing that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:00'>happened that year was the first flat-screen display a little one-inch square piece of glass that could show a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:06'>few dots on it and that led to this image cardboard model I made in 1968</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:13'>which I called the Dynabook dynamic book so portable you can carry other things</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:18'>to something that you would always have</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:22'>with you connected into the world of information continuously using digital</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:27'>cellular and so forth a dream machine but of a very different type an intimate</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:32'>type and much of what has happened in the last 21 years has had to do with</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:37'>playing out these two ways of using the of using computers in the first way I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:43'>showed you we were using the mouse for pointing at things the machine was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:48'>showing us what it was doing and it was reacting to us was reacting to things</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:53'>that we did we had it we had to do things so we were watching it tools are</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:58'>something that you watch and manipulate the second case the system was watching</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:04'>us it was trying to see what we were trying to do as we were fumbling around</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:09'>trying to make drawings and then it would recognize those drawings as goals</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:13'>we were trying to achieve and achieve those goals for us so in the second case the system watched us and the difference</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:20'>between tools and agents is and tools we watch them and an agents they watch us</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:25'>they try and fit closer to us so what I'd like to do is to three ways in 1968</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:36'>existed for thinking about communication with computers and one of the ways of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:40'>characterizing it is just where is the computer that you use yesterday it was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:46'>in somebody else's computer room was like a railroad somebody else made the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:50'>schedules decided what you could do with it today that for most of us the computer is on our desk and tomorrow the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:57'>computer is going to be wherever we are in California we'll weave it into our t-shirts the computer of tomorrow won't</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:07'>have an on/off switch it'll be something really useful like a clock that we've</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:12'>never think of turning off because it even when we're not directly working</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:16'>with it is going to be working for us all the time because it can take on our goal structures another way of thinking</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:24'>about how we measure performance on computers on time sharing systems it was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:28'>how long does it take to get a response back from the main computer today on a desktop computer we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:34'>think of how many millions of instructions can it carry out for us and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:38'>tomorrow none of those things will be important the computer of 1995 will have</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:44'>25 to 50 times the computing power of the machines that we have today all</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:49'>we'll worry about tomorrow is through the global networks that are now being</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:54'>set up will we be able to access to find the information and tools that we need</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:00'>to advance our goals this change is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:04'>going to be as profound as the change from the mainframe to the desktop</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:08'>computer what kinds of data do we work with well just letters and numbers on</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:13'>the mainframe for the most part on a Macintosh its fonts and 2d graphics</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:18'>tomorrow it's going to be all media and we'll see an example of that from the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:22'>last speaker today field of interaction feels like editing on a 30 to 70 screen</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:29'>on a Macintosh it feels like layout because we're moving things around but</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:34'>tomorrow it's going to feel like orchestration or conducting because we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:38'>aren't going to be dealing with passive objects anymore but active ones active</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:42'>ones that are trying to find what it is that we want to do how do we issue</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:47'>commands on the institutional computer we had to remember and type and still do</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:51'>for people who buy them Macintosh at C in point it always shows us what it's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:56'>willing to do next but tomorrow we'll go</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:00'>from personal to intimate intimate communication is through gesture asking</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:05'>telling and so forth and a lot of what I want to say today has to do with that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:11'>transition now another idea is that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:15'>functionality which people think they're paying money for on computers is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:19'>actually not very worthwhile if I gave you a screwdriver like this you'd be</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:24'>very angry at me yeah this is the functional part of it functionality</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:28'>needs a user interface and the result is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:33'>a tool a tool is a function plus the user interface and if you don't have</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:38'>either one you don't have a tool now</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:42'>with agents we use the word functionality here's one</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:47'>that knows how to use a screwdriver in a drill and again we need a user interface</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:52'>language in context as the first three speakers have talked about quite a bit</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:56'>to have the idea of that the screw is a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:00'>good place to use the screwdriver and the result is an agent so functionality</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:06'>plus context and language gives us an agent so in both cases we have the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:11'>problem of how do we find a reasonable user interface now like the earlier</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:18'>speakers I believe that language</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:22'>basically has to do with trying to agree on some context that we both share so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:29'>here are two people each with a thought cloud they overlap on to be or not to be</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:34'>in the screwdriver but the one on the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:38'>left is a mathematician and a physicist and the one on the right is a musician</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:42'>and they have a would have a very hard time communicating because communication</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:47'>just as I'm trying to do with you today is not the result of just telling you in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:51'>English or any other language because language itself does not carry much</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:56'>meaning what language is is an extension of the gesture what I'm really trying to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:01'>do is to point to something in my thought cloud that I hope is in your</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:05'>thought clouds and if that is then we are communicating and of course the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:09'>difficulty was communicating with computers is they don't have much in their thought clouds now in there are</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:16'>two ways around that you know I'll show them to you in order to to work with</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:24'>this we have to have some sort of understanding of the human mind and the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:29'>problem is that nobody really understands how it works it's extremely</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:33'>difficult most of the common sense notions about how humans work like a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:37'>common sense notion for example is I am a single eye I'm a unity I am a unitary</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:44'>mentality just me there but in fact it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:49'>doesn't quite work that way consider this now take a look at this and please</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:56'>don't be shy tell me what you see is wrong with this picture who can see it mouth is upside</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:03'>down and what else anybody see it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:09'>the let's pretend we're in school so I'm</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:14'>going to tell you in English a fact about this and so description of ink in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:19'>English of this as we've taken a photograph of a young girl extracted her</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:24'>eyes and mouth turned them upside down put them back into the picture and then</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:28'>turned the entire picture upside down now you know everything about this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:33'>picture because I just told you so you shouldn't be at all surprised when I show you what it looks like right side</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:38'>up now I'm going to move this back</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:43'>because I've discovered nobody will listen to me when it's on the other way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:51'>these are the kinds of things that perceptual psychologists really love the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:58'>feminists don't sorry the I'll give you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:03'>equal time later [Applause]</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:11'>the the important idea here is I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:15'>presented the same information twice once through language went through your</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:22'>ears into a part of your brain that processes language and the thought about</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:26'>it said okay that's a fairly reasonable statement that he made it's like and the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:33'>other way when I showed it to you it went through the visual part of your</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:37'>nervous system and was processed in a completely different way produced a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:41'>startling reaction because if you see</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:45'>something like the face that I showed you your nervous system built in just as</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:51'>the first speaker is talking about this is a built-in reaction see something</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:56'>like this might mean you're going to die in the next ten seconds it works for</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:02'>most mammals so it's built in and so if</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:06'>you try this experiment on a dog I suggest you pick a small one now what</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:17'>does this mean what it means is that our mentalities</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:21'>are actually composed of separate</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:25'>modules the modules are often tied to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:29'>the senses but they can be tied to other things the modules came about four</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:34'>different evolutionary reasons they think about the world differently they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:39'>take in information differently and they occasionally oppose each other so I I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:43'>can't see out in the audience too well but could I see the hands of all the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:47'>tennis players that are here okay how</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:53'>many people learn to play a set of tennis with forehand backhand and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:57'>overhand serve in a week okay how many</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:03'>did it in a day how many did it in 20 minutes now why is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:11'>tennis hard or is it seems to be the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:16'>pros like us to pay them for many tennis lessons you can take the lights down now</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:21'>thanks in fact a challenge was issued a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:27'>few years ago to a fellow who wrote a book that says tennis is actually quite</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:32'>easy anybody can learn to play a decent game of tennis in a single afternoon if</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:36'>they don't try too hard now of course he was from California we don't try on</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:43'>anything and a newscaster got very upset</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:48'>at this and decided to try and expose him so he sent in a television team out</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:53'>to show the world that this was ridiculous and the television people</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:59'>rounded up 35 people who had never played tennis before they signed legal</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:03'>affidavits and they took them all out in the court found the worst one who is a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:09'>55 year old lady 40 pounds overweight 5 foot 2 in a muumuu</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:14'>and she had the muumuu because she had</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:18'>not even exercised for 20 years I did</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:22'>not even have sports clothes they had to buy her sneakers to get her out in the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:26'>court and then in front of the rest of the people and live television they said</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:31'>to this tennis teacher all right you have 20 minutes we can't</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:36'>give you a completely afternoon this is television after all you have 20 minutes</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:41'>to teach her how to play tennis on live television I want to show you what</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:46'>happened here and in the context of which we're talking about see if we can</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:51'>let's see if we can understand what's actually going on here so let's roll that next clip</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:57'>not with anyone you know I need someone I haven't done</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:04'>anything physical in like 20 years I could just picture myself as like just</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:10'>chasing balls all the time you know never hitting it just chasing it and I'd</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:14'>heard about the inner game but I really didn't think it would work with me as a matter of fact I had called yesterday to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:20'>cancel it because I thought it'd be hopeless but I was talked into kind I'm</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:27'>gonna have Tim hit some balls to me and as the ball flies through the air I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:32'>want you just to watch it the very instant the ball hits the court I want</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:38'>you to say bounce and the very instant the ball hits the racket I want you to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:43'>say hit to just be saying bounce hit all you need to do is watch the ball okay</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:49'>the key of all the exercises in the inner game is to focus their minds</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:55'>attention somewhere where it will not interfere with the body's ability to hit</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:01'>the ball automatically you stand here and Tim will throw you a couple and you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:05'>just continue doing the same thing I try to hit you not at first at first just</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:10'>say bounce when the ball bounces and hit when you would hit it but don't hit then</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:14'>after you feel like I didn't go ahead and hit it okay bounce yeah</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:21'>bounce it bow yeah okay when the players</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:31'>first learning the game of tennis and when he says bounce he's also out of the corner of his eye</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:37'>watching me hit the ball so even though he's not trying to see how I hit it the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:43'>image of me hitting it is going right into his memory you enjoying yourself</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:47'>yeah it's really fun you like that okay the cardinal principle in any book</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:53'>written on tennis about your tennis is to watch the ball no tennis player</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:58'>really sees the ball enough and the reason is they get bored so I tried to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:05'>give them something to see in the ball that's interesting so we watched the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:10'>trajectory of the ball the the gracefulness of the line made by the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:15'>balls that flies through the air I might start listening to the ball more listen to how it sounds in your racket</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:21'>here laughs yeah here down right what's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:28'>that sound like very dull it was like would that would sound people this man</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:35'>you know he'll hear the sound that you like pretty good just listen first</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:42'>okay now there's another side okay</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:54'>now feel where that racket is part of your arm is just feel it who tries too</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:01'>hard let it happen that's it she was comfortable night every time I did start</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:06'>to think things went wrong they just stopped thinking then the body</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:11'>seems to know what to do</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:15'>[Music] I'll tell you what my we're gonna do one</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:20'>other stroke now and this one's called the serve and the server is just like a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:26'>dance be just like a dance we'll come back here and I'll show you how to do a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:30'>dance call the syrup okay and I've done</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:36'>this dance a little bit so I'll just do it okay in fact you can start humming if</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:45'>you want the rhythm like this that's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:53'>[Music] allowed</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:57'>okay now anyway you do don't you stand</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:01'>there shut your eyes that's your eyes and imagine yourself</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:05'>doing that same dance might start</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:09'>humming a little bit as you're doing it yeah okay now what I want to do there's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:17'>no thinking just go do it quick just no thinking just go serve yeah sir don't</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:23'>worry about missing keep serving keeps don't think go doo-doo-doo quick that's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:27'>it down for it again don't worry about hearing it out loud</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:31'>let's hear it out loud there you go</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:36'>I get into home the rhythm of my serve</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:40'>so they're not thinking oh this is what are you doing with his elbow this is what are you doing his hands they're not</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:44'>trying to remember all that they start humming and they see themselves doing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:48'>very similar things muscular movements to what I did but they're not thinking</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:52'>about it so it just comes out naturally and fluidly that didn't take long</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:57'>that's called serving</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:01'>[Music] all right out</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:07'>[Music]</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:12'>Sam s it come down come down okay okay</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:24'>that's your first point in tennis scores 15-love okay I'm on no need for</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:36'>you to miss all of a sudden everything became effortless just I was just sort</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:41'>of like floating along you know and doing what came naturally with me now and I said I'm playing tennis yeah it's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:47'>really really beautiful I have a clear</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:51'>idea of what you want then let it happen don't try too hard I'm gonna try to make</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:58'>you miss Molly because it's going on too long so all just get a little bit harder</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:03'>you just keep watching the ball</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:12'>keep watching it die rootin for you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:18'>won't don't be distracted keep on that wall that's fine that's called tennis</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:27'>[Music]</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:36'>[Music]</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:41'>well that happened many years ago and it happened to be it was the key to the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:46'>work we've been doing at the Xerox Research Center on trying to develop a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:51'>new way for people to communicate with computers we why shouldn't learning a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:56'>computer be like that why shouldn't and what what did we learn from that well we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:02'>saw from the two faces that we have a visual mentality we have a symbolic</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:08'>mentality the processes language we saw here that we have a kinesthetic</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:12'>mentality when we appeal directly to these mentalities then we can get</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:17'>tremendous results and yet none of these mentalities covers the whole world one</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:21'>of the big problems in most human relations particularly in business is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:27'>people try and do everything with language language of the symbolic kind</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:32'>and yet there are other ways to solve problems come up with new ideas and so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:38'>forth so let me show you how we turned that into something that is very</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:43'>successful today let's show the next clip please</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:48'>that was about 1974 and here's the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:54'>forerunner of both the Macintosh and our</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:58'>workstations today a little bit bigger</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:04'>but very powerful about three times the power of a Macintosh or a 386 computer</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:11'>it's also playing the music and we did all this stuff by working with children</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:16'>because children force us to think of new ideas and the way we combine the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:20'>three mentalities this is a tool built by a child is to combine doing with</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:26'>images concretely to make symbols</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:39'>okay let's roll the next clip here's the result and this is a 22 month old young</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:53'>girl she's two months before her second birthday both of her parents own a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:05'>Macintosh their parents work at home and when I discovered she was interested in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:11'>computers I gave her an Apple to which she rejected she wanted a Mac just like</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:19'>her folks this little girl has never</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:23'>lived in a world not densely populated by computers like the Macintosh so she</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:27'>doesn't know the computers are difficult this is part of her environment and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:32'>because of the way it's set up it appeals directly to her innate ability</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:37'>to deal with her environment now even though we designed this stuff</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:44'>for a very young child I was amazed at</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:48'>how was youngest was about five here she is not yet to feeling very confidently</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:55'>with the situation's here but still it's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:59'>not too remarkable of course she can point at visible icons and make things</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:04'>happen what happened next though really amazed me she wants a fresh sheet of paper so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:09'>she goes up to the clothes box on the window saves her old drawing using the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:15'>pop-up and then using the pulldown gets herself a new sheet of paper and she's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:20'>off and running again now what does all</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:27'>this mean it doesn't mean that all of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:32'>the fundamental problems of communication have been solved in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:38'>something like the Macintosh but it shows what a fantastic advance can be</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:43'>made simply by going back to the human being as a creature who is much more</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:50'>complicated than we'd like to believe but which were starting to understand that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:55'>we are created with a kinesthetic way of knowing things a visual way of knowing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:00'>things a symbolic way of knowing things we can combine those together then we'll</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:06'>be able to work our way into the future</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:10'>no matter how scary it seems to be and as always when we're going and exploring</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:17'>into a place we haven't been before the best weapon we have to do it is the one</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:21'>between our ears providing it's loaded thank you very much</subtitle>
<subtitle id='2306'>[Applause] </subtitle>