View source for Alan Kay at Pacific Northwest Bell Technology Forum

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<subtitle id='00:00:00'> as I heard some of the talks this morning I sort of changed a little bit</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:04'>around what I was what I was going to say I decided that a good theme for this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:08'>talk would be from one clip that has had</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:14'>a lot to do with the designs I've done over the last 25 years</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:18'>McLuhan in the 60s said I don't know who discovered water but it wasn't a fish</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:25'>and we can even imagine the fish having philosophical discussions about their</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:31'>world without ever realizing that they're embedded in the context that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:35'>they can't see and I think a lot of what is going on both generally and within</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:42'>your companies can take some some</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:46'>inspiration from that there are secondary things that come out of that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:52'>one of my favorites fasces is the Olly</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:57'>I'm as smart as you are fallacy and that's off and most ways that's never</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:07'>the never the problem and it's I think it's as we talked about in the next few</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:13'>minutes that the NIH is not a good way of describing what the problem is I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:19'>think that is a factor and we see it but the biggest problem is I would call</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:25'>hyper rationalism in American business and in particularly in American technology we really think that we can</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:31'>sit down and rationally lay out problems</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:35'>and solve them by analysis favorite joke</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:41'>at Xerox PARC where I was for a decade in the 70s was when we called the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:47'>Mexican airlines joke and this joke a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:51'>friend of mine was had to go from Mexico</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:55'>City down to the Yucatan Peninsula got to the airport and saw the plane was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:59'>incredibly old dc-3 with paint peeling</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:03'>off and oil dripping out of the engines and with some trepidation he walked</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:08'>inside the plane looked in the cockpit and saw that half the instruments</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:12'>weren't even in the in the instrument panel like they're just wires hanging out and the ones that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:17'>were there twisted about at crazy angles he thought to himself oh no I'm gonna</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:21'>die on this trip but he had to go so he</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:25'>got on the plane and they had a scary takeoff and dodging mountains lumbering</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:29'>along down to the Yucatan Peninsula he decided he would poke his head back in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:33'>the cockpit and see how the pilot was doing so he stuck his head in there and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:37'>then noticed that on the instrument panel that every needle was pointing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:41'>straight up in other words this pilot</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:45'>had solved the user-interface problem that was the first one you ever want to solve and that is how can I tell when</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:50'>everything is all right</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:56'>so any instrument that hadn't didn't conformed to this had been simply ripped</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:00'>out the ones that had needles have been</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:07'>twisted around so that up meant okay now</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:14'>our society is incredibly interested in designing the perfect instrument to fit</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:20'>in the instrument panel we will tell you exactly how low your oil pressure is but</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:27'>in our design of the cockpit we will not give you any good way of knowing that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:32'>your oil pressure is low at all if you happen to look over there you will see</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:37'>that it is incredibly low but out of the entire field of view we won't provide</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:42'>any way to let you know that something is going on and that is the difference</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:46'>between our hyper-rational left-brain culture and a much less rational but</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:53'>much more field oriented visual culture such as we find in Latin America and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:59'>we've gotten to the point now where we have to consider much more than the sort</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:05'>of Calvinist traditions of our society to the next 20 years Whitehead</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:13'>philosopher Alfred North Whitehead pointed out that the great invention of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:18'>the 19th century was invention itself and he backed that up by showing that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:23'>the going to the British Patent Office and showing that the incredible rise in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:32'>the number of patent submissions factors</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:36'>of 10 many factors of 10 more in the 19th century than in the 18th century</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:40'>and what was even more important to whitehead were two other things one is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:45'>that the number of crackpot inventions that were under consideration for</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:50'>patents or had gotten them was enormous they might think well gee why would he</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:55'>care about that well that to him meant that almost everybody was inventing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:59'>didn't matter where they're a good inventor a bad inventor invention was something that you did in the 19th</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:03'>century know something you didn't do in the centuries before if you urge a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:07'>random the other thing was is that even though</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:11'>the number of crackpot inventions was enormous the number of good inventions</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:16'>was also much higher before in history</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:21'>happen was something very much like a something that I my analogy to that is I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:27'>had been interested in Renaissance painting for many years and looked</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:33'>forward to this my first trip to Italy which I took some 25 years ago or so and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:38'>of course I went immediately to Florence and I went immediately to the Uffizi</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:42'>gallery in Florence and I started going through the Uffizi gallery and I saw a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:47'>lot of things I was was I saw an</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:53'>incredible number of meat paintings came</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:57'>out of that tour with the realization and everybody physically have been the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:07'>part of what the Renaissance was about is all of a sudden they needed to had an</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:12'>enormous amount of wall space and a new</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:16'>wall space in it who could actually physically manipulate a brush had been</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:21'>taught the techniques of under painting and drape painting and all of those</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:25'>things and in fact the percentage of really great stuff in the Uffizi gallery</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:29'>was much more like we'd expect from looking at something today but not what</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:34'>we were led to believe from thinking reading about Renaissance art because they never show the media mediocre stuff</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:39'>in the books the only show of the great masters and you get very little sense of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:45'>what was actually going on back there well I think that we're in a very</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:49'>similar situation and I think that a lot</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:53'>of what programming today is is very similar to that I think that if you by</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:59'>and large look at programming as it has gone over the last 25 years you find</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:03'>something very much like the new fitzy gallery is that anybody who can type in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:07'>a key punch over the years has can't has</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:11'>and has learned how to program and has written programs what we have is this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:16'>enormous variety of ways of doing things some of them</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:20'>existing genre but some of them in just</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:24'>random ways or I'm as smart as you are ways they're not going to help and I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:28'>think that one way of looking at this is to go back to McLuhan statement and try</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:35'>and understand what it actually means what it means is that any rational plan</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:40'>that we make today is probably wrong</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:44'>because the history the 20th century I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:48'>told you about the 19th century out of 20th century McLuhan I think came up</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:52'>with a great sentence he said the 20th century is a century in which change</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:56'>changed so what our whole notion of what</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:01'>it actually means and what what that actually implies I think is critical in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:07'>doing software design basically I'll just make the blunt statement I don't believe that any software any</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:12'>architecture that responds to current</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:17'>day market needs is going to be a success I think it's going to be an unmitigated disaster because it is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:23'>actually tied to assumptions that we're making that says the future is going to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:27'>be like the past and that simply isn't true may have been true before all of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:32'>our schools in the United States are based on that idea it takes at least ten</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:37'>ideas ten years to cycle any idea through a teacher's college that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:43'>assumption is is that that I'd all the ideas that are worth while teaching kids</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:48'>are at least ten years old and nothing new has happened in the last ten years that's a fallacy so we're very much like</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:56'>a situation in the beginning of this entry when the motion picture camera was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:00'>invented this is another McLuhan observation and it took 25 years before</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:06'>DW Griffith figured out that you could move the camera</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:11'>as all the people who made movies back then we're stage directors that thought</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:15'>of the camera as being a person sitting in the audience in fact not a not just</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:20'>in the audience but in the Royal position in the audience which is what</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:24'>all scenery in the you know wonder how scenery is designed on stage it is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:28'>designed so that the King can have see everything in perfect perspective it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:33'>doesn't matter whether anybody else can or not so this idea of having the camera</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:39'>there and having people slavishly imitate stage practices is something</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:44'>that we do today so we're very much like people in the cathedral business during</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:51'>the Romanesque period who suddenly had come up with an idea gee you know wouldn't it be great if we let some</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:55'>light into these huge buildings what a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:59'>great idea and what we should what we need to do is figure out some way of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:03'>getting Windows without having the building fall down because the forint</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:07'>unfortunately the roof is held up by the walls if we Pierce the walls too much</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:12'>they can fall down to the wind can blow the thing over and what we're not doing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:16'>is saying our new vision of what change</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:20'>is absolutely requires a different way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:24'>of doing our structuring so for instance</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:28'>my big reaction this morning I'll tell you is when I heard people talking about new architectures and then using in the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:33'>same breath the word data it can't work</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:38'>it just simply can't work data is too fragile to be put on a network the kind</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:46'>of network that you're talking about so any kind of system that involves simply</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:52'>integration and adaptation that retains the old concepts of data and procedure</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:57'>without new ways of thinking about protection and new ways of thinking</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:01'>about what those modules are simply won't work it simply won't and so what</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:07'>what I heard this morning I'm going to sound the first order Theory's sounded</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:13'>great and I think it's something that the telephone industry should have done</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:17'>a long time ago because you had the leverage and the ability to do a long</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:21'>time ago but simply trying to say to integrate things through network and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:26'>retaining all of the old things that you're going to try and integrate is simply painting over rust that will</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:31'>eventually bring down the girders of the structure you're trying to build you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:36'>have to find a different way and what we're in the middle of one of these things that Coon and popper called</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:41'>paradigm shifts and so what's and I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:47'>think the other thing you can't say is coat the two words that are bad here</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:52'>once you say network is our data and code you have to go to something more</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:58'>like saying gee if we're really going to have the kind of transparent virtual</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:02'>system that we're talking about we have to have something that is much more like</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:06'>a biological system than the kinds of fragile systems that we can build out of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:10'>balsa wood if you look at biological systems they work because each little</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:16'>site module a tiniest module is its own miniature ocean every cell in our body</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:23'>and we have a trillion cells is a miniature ocean it maintains and it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:27'>spends 90% of all of its energy simply maintaining its internal ocean against</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:32'>all factors in the environment it only lets certain hormones in the cell what</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:39'>the cell is therefore like being a liver cell or a kidney cell or something like</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:43'>that is just the smallest part of what the cell actually does the big change here</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:49'>in thinking about this in software is we have thought in the past of having a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:53'>software module spend 90% of its code or</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:57'>maybe a hundred percent of its code executing the function for which it was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:01'>designed that's no longer be gonna be the case maybe 10% of the code is going</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:06'>to do the function 90% of the code that's in that module is going to be</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:10'>there to protect it from all the other modules and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:14'>and to be able to explain itself to you you're not going to find these modules</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:21'>through a dictionary the modules are going to find you because what you're</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:25'>going to do is say is you're going to say I need things that will do this if</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:31'>you think of what it means to to do information retrieval you can find things by key word retrieval you can</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:36'>find things by browsing but the easiest way of finding things is in a crowd here</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:42'>I could say something that uses no keyword that people are familiar with</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:47'>but if I gave a description and you understood the description then you could say I'm a match to that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:51'>description so these modules are going to respond to calls for help and just</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:57'>like antibodies they're gonna come B opponents of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:02'>things that you're putting together in other words these modules are going to act right part of what I want to talk</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:08'>today is is some of the implications of that and I think that NIH not invented</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:13'>here is not going to is gonna may be a problem for for modules but I think the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:20'>biggest problem is not with our code but with there is somebody else's ideas</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:27'>because our industry has been marked or my industry the computer science</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:32'>industry has been marked for the last 25 years by an enormous least stubborn</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:37'>process of people not being able to move on from ideas that were thought up in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:43'>the 50s basically we are still writing code the way that it was done in the 50s we've gotten rid of the key punch in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:48'>most places and still find them in a few other places but in fact the way we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:52'>think about algorithms the way we think about machines and so forth hasn't</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:56'>changed nothing so I'd make a blanket statement and say that good ideas won't</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:01'>cut it you can't get by on good ideas you have to have some great ideas and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:08'>the reason is is that a good idea like a rational plan may be obsolete by the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:13'>time you implement it remember it takes more to implement systems and so if you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:19'>only have a 3-year idea you have just killed yourself you have to have 15-year</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:24'>ideas and because you can't predict out to 15 years ahead you have to yeah that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:30'>can change it changed to model whatever</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:35'>15 years from now now we're systems had better not have</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:39'>anything to do with the current needs of your marketplace they better have</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:44'>something to do with the idea that you're going to have to build complex structures that work over networks and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:49'>you better not have one single line in any of your descriptions that has</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:53'>anything to say about what these things are going to how these things respond to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:59'>a particular market need today that's a way of polluting the whole design so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:04'>you're out after something more like biology you're saying I better not worry</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:09'>about the organization the organisms I'm going to do I need something like DNA I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:14'>want to be able to build several million species out of the same stuff and I want</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:20'>it I don't want to have to think ahead about what all of those species are going to be so I think the most</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:24'>important thing most important analogies in this process are coming up with the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:28'>notion of what DNA is in a notion of what embryology is those are the two</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:33'>most stable things in in the living</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:37'>living systems now her oddest Herodotus knew this he</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:44'>had this wonderful statement 2500 years ago that the only constant is change</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:48'>itself the Greeks understood a lot of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:52'>this because they their change their world was undergoing the same kind of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:57'>upheavals probably the most traumatic event that ever happened to the Greeks</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:03'>intellectually was the change from the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:08'>Pythagorean way of thinking to the thinking of Plato Plato and Aristotle it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:15'>wasn't all a good change for them but they were forced into it because the way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:21'>Pythagoras thought about things was that the world was completely rational and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:26'>could be rationalized you know we call</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:30'>in mathematics things that are fractions rational numbers and that's because</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:37'>rationalization means that you can measure them and you can form ratios of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:41'>them you can express things as ratios of other things and that was very important</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:45'>to the Greeks for the kinds of things that they did and Pythagoras found out two very horrible things about the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:51'>universe which even the state of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:55'>Tennessee has not owned up to yet</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:59'>one of the things he found out was that the certain triangles analyzed they just</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:08'>couldn't believe that because you can draw the damn diagonal but if you take a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:12'>triangle it has to a side length of one</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:16'>draw the diagonal then the diet length of the diagonal is a square root of two</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:20'>and it's very easy it was very easy for the Greeks to show that the square root</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:24'>of two is not a number that can be formed by any fraction there is no ratio</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:29'>that expresses that that was like finding a crack in the universe to the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:34'>Greeks and in fact they never there mathematics could not recover from that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:38'>they were not able to go beyond and deal with what that actually meant so was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:45'>their worldview being able to measure things and Pythagoras did it again with</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:51'>a more subtle thing which is the the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:55'>awful thing that if you if you hit play</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:59'>the note C and you take its its second</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:03'>harmonic which is a G make a note out of that and take its second harmonic which</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:07'>is a D and take its second harmonic which is an a you can go spinning your</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:12'>way through the harmonics of each of these notes as you go along getting all</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:16'>the notes that fill up our scale and what they found out in 500 BC is that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:22'>that circle does not come back on itself now how could God have done that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:30'>and today every musician that plays a piano is forced to play in notes that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:36'>are purposely off-key in order to have 12 notes in an octave game string</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:42'>players hate to play with piano players for that very reason because we are</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:46'>inescapably forced into playing off-key because God did not see fit to make this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:51'>the 12th fret of to something that was Co measurable so the universe is not set</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:57'>up the way we really would like it to be and every time we run into one of these</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:01'>things there is a shock and every coil</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:07'>now that brings me to thinking about how</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:11'>do we invent things we predict the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:15'>future I think there are three main methods of inventing things the first</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:20'>one is the brainstorming method that's where you get a bunch of people in the room and you you basically shove</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:24'>ingredients together Jam ingredients together and you try and give names to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:28'>the resulting messes some of the messes you can paint over and then go out and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:32'>sell that's how the boombox was invented you take every obnoxious thing in a 12</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:38'>year olds room watt it together and you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:43'>have something you can sell as a product and most businesses are much more</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:48'>rational in that they have a goal-oriented strategy which has said find a need and fill it that's what I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:53'>was hearing this morning there are needs and we're out trying to fill them that's what most people do that's what</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:57'>marketing people do when they try and predict things and the problem with that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:04'>is that has failed to predict or to deal with any of the great technological</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:09'>inventions of the 20th century so the great technological inventions of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:13'>20th century had nothing to do with either of these two processes so the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:18'>third way which I think is the powerful way is invent something that creates a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:24'>need only it can fill</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:30'>okay lots of famous examples of this I have I have a morgue file that's about a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:36'>foot thick I collected these because the companies hate to believe in these ideas</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:41'>because the the process of in that kind of invention is non rational but a good</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:47'>example is was folklore and written in a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:52'>book by a former Xerox executive by the name of John guess our who's with the company from almost the very beginning</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:57'>in his book was called my years with Xerox the billions nobody wanted the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:02'>central story is that after they had perfected the 914 copier which some of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:08'>you may remember the first plain paper copier in 1956 they took it to IBM</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:14'>because they didn't have enough money to build factories to make this thing so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:20'>they said to IBM here take this build factories go out and sell it we just</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:24'>want a small royalty we'd like to see this out in the world and IBM did what</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:29'>most companies do when they don't know what to do and that as they went out and hired a consulting firm now Mike Hammer</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:38'>has a wonderful definition of a consultant he says a consultant is a person who knows a hundred ways to make</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:42'>love but doesn't have a girlfriend</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:51'>like like insulting jokes there's another one is the difference between</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:55'>the consulting firm and a Boy Scout Troop is that the Boy Scout Troop has adult leadership anyway</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:07'>the consulting firm they hired was Arthur D little and Arthur T little spent 18 months coming back with a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:13'>report this that conclusively proving that there was no market for plain paper copying it was based on two major things</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:19'>they went out and there there was no market demand for it people didn't do</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:23'>much copying and it was more than ten</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:29'>times as expensive as Mamiya graphing both of those things they thought just</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:33'>how could it possibly work nixed at IBM came back and said no this enraged the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:38'>Haloid corporation people to such an extent that they went out and raised the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:43'>money for their first factory using their life insurance as security and that was about two hundred billion</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:49'>dollars ago that story and there are many of them the airlines after will I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:54'>mean the railroads after World War one conclusively proved that railroad</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:58'>transportation would always be cheaper than airline transportation you know</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:03'>what they were exactly right exactly right the problem was is that they are</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:08'>now almost non-existent they were so right they aren't around anymore</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:13'>now's the problem with being right because rightness as we'll see as I go</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:18'>go into the sort of the main body of this talk has nothing to do with the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:22'>perfection of your logic people were incredibly right when they're working on</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:26'>alchemy in the Middle Ages but they were in a context where they didn't realize</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:31'>that you had to put energy into any transaction with matter and so they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:36'>could not come out they were quite right and believing that you could transmute lead into gold you can absolutely do it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:41'>it's been done but you can't do it the way they were doing it because they were</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:45'>in a water that they couldn't see and the water that prevented them from</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:49'>seeing what the true pathways were so I believe that the you know the message of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:55'>this talk is that logic is a weak method and that humanity has made its way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:01'>from hundreds of thousands of years ago primarily by choosing powerful context</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:07'>in which to think we always think weekly we usually think logically even</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:14'>primitive people's think logically but their contexts are such that their</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:18'>results don't help them very much and so the big thing is not whether you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:23'>can substantiate something with the chain of logic but whether you've got a context that's going to work for you now</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:37'>another example of a great opportunity this is my vote for the first personal</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:42'>computer this slide was taken in 1962 so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:50'>this slide is 25 years old this is a machine built at Lincoln labs in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:54'>Laboratory of MIT and is built for</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:58'>biomedical technicians the had everything that we associate with</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:02'>personal computers today and for those of you who are familiar with Digital</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:07'>Equipment Corporation machines those things that look like deck tapes were</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:12'>actually originally invented for this machine and they held not files but the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:16'>pages of the virtual memory this first personal computer had so this is a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:21'>machine and about 2,000 of these were built in the 60s mostly used by</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:26'>biomedical technicians who couldn't afford programmers didn't want to wait for the mainframe and remarkably almost</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:32'>900 of these are still does the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:37'>longest-standing computer architecture the reason is it was designed for</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:41'>hooking up to things like nerve cells</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:45'>and nerve cells haven't sped up in the last 25 years this machine was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:52'>programmable by its and users the end users like the machine and they just saw</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:56'>no reason for throwing it away so there are quite a few of them still around and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:00'>praise them lots of places when I give talks I show this slide and people come</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:04'>up to me after and say yep I got one - really great now the lesson from this is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:10'>that Dec Digital Equipment Corporation also came out of Lincoln labs in the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:15'>early 60s that's where they came from when they saw this machine they said to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:19'>themselves oh boy what a great way of building a small mainframe computer but</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:26'>people aren't used to display so we'll take that off and make it an option and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:32'>people don't know what virtual memories are so we'll we'll take those pages off and I've got it we'll put files on those</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:38'>tapes and we'll call them Dec tapes so a deck was able to invent from saying this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:42'>machine in 1962 was the mini computer a great step backwards dec missed what</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:48'>what the actual future of this was but West Clark who invented this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:53'>machine saw it all he understood what</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:57'>what what it meant to have this and in fact part of the design in this machine</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:01'>was it was supposed to be low enough so you could see over it the idea of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:06'>computer is an intimidating box that loomed over you he purposely designed</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:10'>the case low like this so it would seem friendly also at Lincoln labs ivan</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:16'>sutherland invented the first interactive graphics system in 1962 and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:23'>a my my deal in showing these old old</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:28'>tapes is promised never to show you something that you can go out and buy so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:36'>i'm going to show you this graphics system from 1962 and see what you think</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:42'>about sketchpad</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:47'>it's done on a computer quite a bit larger than this room in fact the last</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:51'>computer in the US that had its own roof</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:01'>this is 1960 of 1962 this is the first movie the iben was the one who invented</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:07'>the rubber band technique so you have seen that before but now look he points</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:11'>at the edges here and says the sketchpad I want you to make those all mutually</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:16'>perpendicular sketchpad just figured out how to do that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:21'>get pads the first system to ever have a window so in this first graphic system</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:26'>he's drawing on a virtual sheet of paper 1/3 of a mile on a side again why is it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:33'>called sketch pad well you can just draw in and then give it a couple of rules and sketch pad figures out there the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:38'>rule was make it parallel and perpendicular here the rule is collinearity so the little dashes he's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:45'>laid down are being positioned exactly on the guidelines below so sketch pad is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:53'>not just the first interactive graphics program it is also the first non</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:57'>procedural programming system and its ability at problem-solving goes far</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:01'>beyond any schedule today can handle complex nonlinear problems to draw in a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:10'>in a bridge on it without it ever knowing about bridges it could automatically calculate the stresses and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:15'>strains you could draw an electric circuit and simply by giving the rules for omoi and what a battery was again</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:22'>here you see he wants to make a rivet he just catches in uses that as the Center</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:28'>for the arc and then to finalize the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:32'>drawing he again points at it again he's going to use this rule of making these</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:37'>guys mutually perpendicular that will drag the center guy which will drag the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:41'>top guy which will give you a perfect rivet he could have constrained those to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:47'>be the side lengths he could have constrained those to be dependent on</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:51'>something else</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:55'>so we have to wonder when we look at this thinking of what was in Ivan</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:00'>Sutherlands mind when he what he did this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:10'>and here's another idea which still according to one of the talks this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:15'>morning still hasn't made it in the door of this company here's an instance of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:22'>that rivet he was working on a master</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:26'>drawing and see each of the instances can be dynamically scale rotate</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:38'>it's gonna last well idea what this is this first system which it was discovered that the light pen was a very</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:42'>bad input device the book runs out of your hand in about 20 seconds in spite</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:48'>of that it's been the most reinvented bad piece of technology in the last 25</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:52'>years it's been reinvented about 90 times so here are other instances now</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:57'>you might wonder why is the display jumping around well he didn't really have been in the cute air defense</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:02'>computer I hear what he's doing is saying I don't like those cross pieces so he goes back to the master drawing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:07'>makes them transparent and lo and behold we see into felt that change dynamically</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:12'>let's get it also the first</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:16'>object-oriented software system 25 years ago it had dynamic inheritance and all</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:21'>the things that people are still wondering whether it's a good idea today</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:25'>and in fact it's one of the best ideas anybody ever thought up and it certainly</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:29'>is the best idea that most people have never adopt it is the way you build a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:38'>Gothic cathedral and here he's showing that anything that you make any</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:44'>conglomerate conglomerate that you may be a master</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:59'>well that was sketchpad I'd like to tell you where you can buy a system this good</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:04'>and once they asked Ivan Sutherland you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:08'>know 10 or 15 years ago I said Ivan how could you possibly have done the world's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:12'>first interactive graphic system the first non procedural programming system</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:17'>and the first object-oriented software system all in the same year he said well</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:21'>I didn't know it was hard and in fact</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:27'>one of the things that helped him out was that the display wasn't very good he</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:33'>said when he looked at the display he said boy this thing isn't it is not going to be as good good as paper what</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:37'>else can it do this is the big</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:41'>difference between Ivan and almost everybody else is that I even asked that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:45'>question before 25 years around DW Griffith and asked that question what</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:50'>can the cam what else can the camera do 25 years after movie started but Ivan</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:55'>asked this question right at the beginning and that is the major question</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:00'>you have to ask what else can it do whenever you're going into a paradigm change because if all you want to do is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:06'>your old stuff on it the architecture you're going to come up with it's not going to handle the stuff when you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:10'>finally figure out what else that can do you got to ask what else can the to the early on and get some sort of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:16'>philosophical way of thinking about it here's another wild man Douglas</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:21'>Engelbart in the mid-60s and Doug was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:29'>the guy who invented the mouse and the black-and-white display and was the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:33'>first person to implement hypertext hypertext is something where people are</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:37'>talking about today but in fact it was thought up in 1945 wonderful article in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:43'>Atlantic Monthly by President Roosevelt science advisor Vannevar Bush talked</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:48'>about a machine called the Memex which would be the size of a desk would</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:52'>have the optical storage of the contents of a small town library would have</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:57'>multiple screens pointing devices ways of laying your own information trails</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:02'>through it and he thought that would be possible over the next</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:06'>twenty-five years and a number of people read that in the 50s including Engelbart</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:11'>and decided to try an angle bar did</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:16'>something else sorry these slides are backwards my fault</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:20'>Engelbart did something else that was so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:24'>almost obscene he actually went into the offices and looked at how people did</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:28'>things in their offices he studied his users something that we don't do very</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:33'>much of today one of the things he discovered was that people wouldn't sit</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:37'>hunched over their desks like they've been taught through 16 years of school</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:43'>right because that's one of the major processes in American education is to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:47'>teach kids how to hunched over their desks and be quiet and he discovered</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:51'>that even after 16 years all right</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:56'>dad the people hadn't learned it very well instead they go scooting around in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:02'>their office they put their feet up in the desk they zoom their chair over to the blackboard and make marks on it so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:07'>Engelbart said well why the heck should we make people hunched over their desk to use their computer isn't it more</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:11'>important than that so one of his earliest systems had a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:16'>laughs board that hooked onto your chair so that whatever you were doing in your</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:20'>office you always had your computer navigation stuff with you as though it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:24'>were important and in fact so let's take</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:29'>a look at this is a demonstration of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:33'>angle bar system 20 years ago</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:43'>one of the reasons it's fun to show all this old stuff is that these guys in the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:47'>60s had incredibly pure vision [Music]</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:01'>[Music]</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:18'>[Music]</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:37'>[Music]</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:55'>I don't want his terminals right now so I have to ask for something to say about</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:31'>it so we put a marker tracking spot that he controls so he's sitting in the park</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:36'>looking at this text and he can point to it that we've carefully reserved for me</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:40'>the right to control an operator on this so my bug is not powerful in yours</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:46'>[Music]</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:56'>in case you having something happen</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:02'>collaboration here so we can go on into</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:06'>information retrieval flying in looking at the same display</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:12'>and that'd be very handy to work we could talk to each other point and maybe later I could hand you the chalk on the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:17'>stock for that saying here you control it and let's say this mode now and had</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:21'>another feature that hardware-wise is available for display we have I'd like</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:25'>to see you I'm working on it so before I can do that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:35'>I see it now computer do the automatic</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:42'>switching they bring in a camera yes</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:05'>this feeling was immensely intuitive beyond belief because he not only</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:11'>anticipated most of what we think of as the personal computer revolution today</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:15'>he went beyond it in that he realized that people are not natural born Hermits</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:20'>that we're at communications junkies and that whatever computing meant to oneself</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:26'>was something that was going to have to be shared intimately and so in their</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:31'>first design is another one of these things incremental development balderdash it's not the way the good</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:38'>stuff is done good stuff is done in huge cosmic romantic images and there's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:44'>nothing incremental about it at all Engelbart said oh yes of course I have</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:50'>to work well I should be able to point</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:54'>if they're going to talk points and move</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:59'>things around conference twenty five or</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:04'>six people in all different locations in the country each person's little cursor</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:09'>would have their initials on it so as they we're talking and moving around you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:13'>could say oh this is this person pointing over here and moving this stuff so they understood it as a communal</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:18'>blackboard a way of sharing a database intimately and of course you want to be</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:24'>able to see the person now I don't want to make you feel bad but angle Bart</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:30'>broke his heart in the early 70s going around to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:34'>telephone companies trying to get them to buy off on this vision couldn't see</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:40'>it at all but this is what you want isn't it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:44'>that's what you're talking about that because more than what you're talking</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:48'>about because it says yes you have to have face-to-face communication you have</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:53'>to have all of these just voice files it's being able to have essentially is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:12'>embittered now though lately people</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:18'>giving this talk recognition many people</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:24'>from the 60s who had the pure vision and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:39'>money together the hard thing about innovation is getting anybody to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:43'>recognize it when it's done because if</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:47'>it doesn't for rational scheme to even</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:51'>see</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:06'>personal computer I did it's brown 1968</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:11'>and they'd gotten a little smaller by then and this is a desktop special kinda</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:16'>like steel it's a weight about 175</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:22'>pounds it had to distinguish a character</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:27'>it first was it was an incredibly good coffee warmer now these little black</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:33'>packages that hold the silicon Macintosh or an IBM PC have about 40 or 50 of them</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:38'>that constitute the computer back then</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:42'>you could get maybe eight gates on a chip and so this machine had about 700</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:47'>of them crammed into this space and had a fan that was like in seven the other</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:56'>thing it was in Israel positively</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:01'>supposed to the people a little bit</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:09'>moist and fuzzy down inside very much</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:13'>the way people react to APL today and I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:19'>was disgusted I designed the programming language just one of the first</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:23'>object-oriented programming languages very powerful simulation graphics the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:31'>sorry to close out it had multiple</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:35'>windowing lots of different ideas but I finally realized that the big flaw in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:39'>the design was McLean's statement I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:43'>don't know who discovered water but it wasn't a fish I was a graduate student</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:47'>and the puberty right of being a graduate student is be able to learn a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:51'>stupid system that has 500 illogical commands in the show that you can do</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:56'>something with it every graduate student goes through that rite of passage and by</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:02'>the time you've gone through it you've become entirely incapable of designing a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:06'>decent user interface because you've</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:10'>adopted the idea that well what a user should do is simply remember everything</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:15'>that's efficient you can</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:19'>of control keys and double bucking control keys for every different command</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:23'>and that's all you actually need doesn't</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:27'>work and the revelation came to me at</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:32'>night when I first got its work with</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:36'>logo in bridge school in Lexington mass and it was a there's a revelation to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:43'>realize that something that had formerly been done in what we used to call the Glass House which is the air condition</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:50'>that you could actually extend a substantial part of what computing was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:55'>all the way down into the world of the child and that was when my head did a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:00'>huge I went of IBM used to think of IBM</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:07'>is railroad laying its own track</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:12'>deciding its own destinations making up the timetable if you wanted to go anywhere he had to go on IBM schedule do</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:19'>whenever you want it I thought of angle Bart stuff as being and I thought and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:32'>when I did this previous machine I thought very much of it as being a vehicle when I saw a pampered stuff I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:38'>thought oh no this stuff is not a vehicle it's much more important than that medium this is like paper and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:45'>pencil it's not something we would hold from children until they're age 18</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:49'>that's something we wanted children to start using from the day that they are born there's another system done around</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:00'>1968 by some people at RAND Corporation</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:05'>Rand had a bunch of economists that they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:12'>tried to build computing systems for the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:18'>Economist I said look we like everything that you're doing first but none of us</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:22'>can type can't you do some we're used to writing on notepads can't you do</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:26'>something about that so it's already in 1964 here's what they did</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:31'>it's called graphical input language</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:36'>this movie is from around 1968 flips</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:54'>the system and a new way of interacting</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:58'>with the computer there was much more natural much more like with people had already been used</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:03'>to doing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:10'>[Music]</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:15'>no keyboard at all slow arrow recognizes</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:24'>he wants a box and makes one now it's recognizing his handwriting the printing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:29'>in the box is being used as commentary only in this case the box is slightly</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:35'>too large a change in size</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:48'>[Music]</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:56'>[Music]</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:08'>[Music]</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:14'>[Music]</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:18'>I noticed that this is the end here he</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:25'>sees it he hesitates we can just then</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:30'>make the change without any command modes whatsoever this system changed my</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:54'>life when I saw that I felt I got a chance to use it for a half an hour</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:50:02'>sinking my fingers right through the glass of the display and touching the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:50:06'>structures underneath you notice that the system is analogic no menus you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:50:17'>never are looking away from where you're working and every command resembles the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:50:21'>thing that you wanted to do you want a box you draw a box want a character you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:50:25'>draw a character you want to get rid of something you scrub it out it resembles</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:50:29'>the thing that you're trying attention</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:50:34'>go away from where you're working credible system still one of the most</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:50:39'>intimate systems ever designed I used to show this movie to my group at Xerox</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:50:44'>PARC every three months so we wouldn't forget what we were trying to do this again was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:50:49'>done on a monster system the size of this room I should mention that both</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:50:53'>sketchpad and system were his room sized</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:00'>computers but in fact each of those computers was slightly less 512k Mac so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:09'>what we're seeing here is not we're seeing stuff done by single people these</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:17'>but what we're seeing stuff is stuff that could be implemented on the micro computers of today and simply hasn't</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:23'>been because the level of thinking about this stuff most people who implement on</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:27'>microcomputers have no sense of that this stuff was ever done maybe Newton</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:33'>said I was able to see as far as I could see because I stood on the shoulder of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:37'>giants it's because of this refrain I'm</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:51'>as smart as you are but a relevant</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:56'>important thing is we don't start from these ideas to go back and be smart as</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:52:03'>Ivan is and that's hard to do we need to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:52:08'>start from ask ourselves what what has</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:52:12'>changed in the last 20 years know the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:52:17'>1868 was a little one inch square flat</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:52:22'>screen display developed at the University of Illinois when we saw that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:52:26'>we realized that the destiny and we're able to calculate out when the destiny</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:52:30'>was going to happen Gordon more Intel for a 1965 that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:52:36'>predicted where silicon was going to go for the next 30 years he's only been off by about 4% over</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:52:43'>those 20 so anybody who wants to know what's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:52:47'>going to happen in the next thing you simply go to that 19 paper and read it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:52:52'>you will find out why do you have a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:52:58'>flying a plane designed by an engineer</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:03'>don't ever design in a fly by an artist</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:08'>the big difference between the two you may enjoy sitting in the ground but you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:18'>may have some worries about how it might actually get up again Gordon Moore Dec</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:24'>12 con was going to go by seeing this display we said okay sometime in the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:28'>1980s there are going to be millions of these what would it be like if everybody</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:36'>had one could anybody and the lights</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:40'>there's no hardly anybody could use these machines and so we said well the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:48'>real problem is and this thing as a medium pencil for even for things like</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:56'>portability means you can close to 0.5</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:00'>herniation per block is not portability</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:07'>anything that forces you to decide whether you should take it along is not</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:11'>portable we like the this metaphor when thinking</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:15'>about children we said what would it be like for than the one pencil and all the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:22'>children had the time share it what would it be like for the classroom in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:28'>the school where all the pencils were and the kids could only go there for two hours a week in fact thought so we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:38'>decided since we couldn't understand how to design for adults very well so what</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:42'>we would do is think about this lap</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:47'>Dynabook we called it in the context of children and say that anything that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:53'>calls itself a personal computer has to be accessible to children or the whole</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:58'>point is so this machine was built at Park in the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:05'>this is the 4 workstations first</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:09'>bitmapped about is actually is a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:13'>Macintosh money to create the 1980s 10</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:20'>years ahead of time we said this is what we want to do and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:24'>we eventually built 2,000 people all</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:34'>over Xerox have these the ethernet was invented the same year and so was the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:39'>page a second laser this was concept no</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:44'>are you at all evolutionary things almost never work</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:49'>out this is done okay this is what it's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:54'>going to be like in the 1980s let's build it now this is as small as we could build those in your lap that was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:00'>as small as we could build it but it had all of the functional care that's great</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:06'>had only bits because liquid crystal</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:11'>display of the 19 a nobody</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:17'>direct think so silly as to only because</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:26'>we're simulating a display of the future why people do it with honor off dots</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:30'>today I have no idea I think they're just slavish ly editor and the design</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:45'>here was saying we don't want to have to undergoing to do so the first thing we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:51'>wanted to get rid of is any responsibility for what's what the fonts</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:56'>are we didn't want to put the funds and wrong because the message of a bitmap is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:01'>you can have a kind of or any kind of display that you want let's make it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:05'>programmable the first font editor a page of text on that display we're</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:12'>working with the idea they said hey you know hey have our composition our first</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:19'>drafts of our time</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:24'>because it misses the point you know this looks too looks too set in stone to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:30'>chiseled and bronzed so one of the kids put in his own handwriting so I'd rather</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:38'>have my handwriting front first - fine</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:42'>now I don't mean it yet and of course</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:53'>you can not only do crisp computer graphics but you can also do sketching</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:57'>sketching is tremendously important because up till the bitmap display and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:58:02'>these techniques design on computer and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:58:06'>I daresay very few people design on your computers the reason is is that because</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:58:10'>of even when you have computer graphics it's usually too crisp and solidifies</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:58:15'>you into a point of view before you want it done by making messes and then trying</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:58:21'>to pull out order from the mess so we're</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:58:25'>very interested and then of course we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:58:32'>knew about windows but one of the things you can do with a bitmap display that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:58:36'>occurred to me in the shower one day was that you could act as though the windows</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:58:41'>were overlapping and that would be terrific magnify the effective area of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:58:47'>the screen and also give you something that was like the metaphor of dynamic</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:58:53'>paper on a desk so that idea was thought up in these stuff so this this slide is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:02'>twelve years old this is the kind of interface of people now Mac that's an</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:12'>apple that the letters IBM for</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:24'>now important thing to think about is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:28'>this is something I heard in the talk</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:32'>this morning that access isn't enough one of the 80% so it's going to be done</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:41'>is going to be end-user I think not just</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:46'>that end-users were going to make decisions but that end-users were going</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:50'>to the 80% of programming those being</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:54'>done I fact I think the figure two</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:58'>percent one hundred percent in a few years maybe two percent will be special</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:00:05'>authors but in fact the important thing about change is you can't anticipate and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:00:11'>therefore you build in rigid rules into your system it somehow has to be</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:00:15'>sculpted we designed language calls</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:00:21'>completely object-oriented and it has</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:00:26'>okay all that word visitor otta morning</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:00:34'>Jules it has inheritance it has share</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:00:38'>ability and in fact the early version simply with children could actually use</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:00:44'>it as an authoring language so not only were they accessing tools what their app</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:00:50'>to make things if you think about this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:00:55'>in relationship media we don't think</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:01:01'>people are literate if all they can do is read so that means all I can do is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:01:05'>consume material done by others we say people should be able to write at least</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:01:09'>a two page memo page essay is a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:01:16'>rhetorical tool you can change somebody's mind with it you can clarify</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:01:20'>something the equivalent of that is to ask what can you do in a couple of pages</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:01:24'>with your computer system</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:01:28'>here's answer to that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:01:45'>so here's a system that's quite</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:01:49'>recognizable to us today it's like Mac</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:01:55'>so it's an object-oriented graphics system it has a menu of commands down at</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:01:59'>the bottom back window in the middle here's the color palette off the screen</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:17'>this size move it the only thing interesting is it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:27'>this is not bought in the store this movie 1975 12 years old application the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:41'>application was designed and implemented</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:45'>by a twelve-year-old girl after just three months programming and small talk</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:51'>the size of the code to do the entire application was 50 lines this is a one</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:59'>pager</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:03'>these professors are horrified because they'd be signing this for their</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:10'>sophomores and juniors one of the things</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:21'>let's think about and one of the ways of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:27'>in your new architecture is not just whether you can integrate things and not</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:31'>just whether you can have modules but if you don't have a size reduction in the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:35'>size of your code of at least a factor of 10 and a reduction in the complexity</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:40'>of your code by a factor of a high your run run here's the system done by a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:47'>15 year old who was interested in ham radio feely sophisticated he has a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:56'>little pop-up menu he uses there for often you open and closed dot he has a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:02'>menu of components down there it's also</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:07'>done after about programming and small talk it's an 80 line piece of code about</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:12'>a page and re rotated my programs done</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:20'>because before at a PhD has been awarded</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:24'>and it's good so I figure we were making</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:29'>some progress</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:43'>final question we should ask is well how</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:48'>much of a medium is this it is really</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:53'>all of human existence so I got from the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:11'>woman who is my accountant</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:15'>about a year and a half ago this is her</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:24'>daughter 22 months old two months shy of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:28'>her second birthday she world without it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:36'>was not intosh 'as both of her parents</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:43'>work at home her parents when I found</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:47'>out the little girl was interested in computers like to which she rejected she</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:57'>wanted what her parents had because that was part of her environment and all I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:03'>don't believe in user surveys I did one</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:08'>with this young user and I discovered she vastly preferred PCs with installed</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:12'>hard disks</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:22'>treat it surprises can use the mouse</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:27'>without looking at it but in fact everybody can and I've never seen</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:33'>anybody this young do this but it didn't amaze me too much that she was able to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:37'>pick out visible macpaint here and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:42'>change parameters and so forth so I saw</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:46'>this I was intrigued but I wasn't overwhelmed until I saw what she to get</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:55'>a new sheet of hits to close a box in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:00'>the windows saves her all uses the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:05'>pulldown to get a new one and she's off and running again and we discovered that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:18'>after this we took many many hours of video tape of her using a variety of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:24'>applications and we discovered she was 70% literate in the Macintosh generic</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:30'>commands so she could even start up in an application like PageMaker</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:35'>good here make some marks print it save</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:41'>it get another one and so forth so she could handle she was basically 70%</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:45'>literate in what we call the Macintosh user interface language at age 22 months</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:50'>and in fact we discovered that the mouse which is the size of a brick for her</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:56'>Kazak to use at that age than a pencil</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:08:00'>she could do things with it she couldn't do because it was had enough mass to be</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:08:04'>stable for so there's one answer to the question the access so you get with a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:08:12'>well-designed user interface all the way down</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:08:18'>and that's incredibly important because it's only which is gonna take place we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:08:24'>learn things from birth remember technology all that stuff you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:08:30'>were born right we don't think of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:08:36'>watches as being technology some of us think of television like television but</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:08:43'>many of us in the room think of television as part of the environment and our reactions to it have to do with</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:08:48'>whether it's a round I burned it as a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:08:52'>child or whether it was something that was thrust upon us later on which</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:08:57'>technology opposes the technology so is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:07'>maybe just quick so I think I'm out of my time usually in this talk I go</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:14'>through what the the psychological reasons what we have goals that make</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:23'>user interface designs like this work the enough perhaps too much in the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:29'>beginning of the thing and so let me finish off with another user interface</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:33'>joke and this one is a Winston Churchill joke and like all Winston Churchill</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:37'>jokes it has to do he's at a party after a certain number of whiskey's and like I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:46'>should tell you to Churchill jokes because the both of them apply the first</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:51'>one is he's had many whiskey's it's a very late at night very early in the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:57'>morning and they he's sort of peering</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:01'>out Lee around the woman and the Duchess comes over to him and says mr. Churchill</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:05'>you are disgustingly drunk and he looks at her and says Anne you madam are</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:10'>incredibly ugly but in the morning I will be</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:14'>indisputably sober so this is one way of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:25'>one way of dealing with your evaluating your information systems and see what</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:29'>they look like in the morning the second Churchill joke is ready the hostess of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:38'>the party comes over to him and says mr. Churchill I'm so distraught I just saw</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:44'>over here steal one of my silver salt shakers what am I to do and Churchill</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:51'>thought for a minute and stuck his cigar in his mouth and went over to the earl and look on the way picked up another</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:56'>salt shaker and put it in his pocket when he got over to the Earl he took it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:00'>out and we've been noticed sweet back</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:07'>and the message is if you want more to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:15'>the message is if you want people to go</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:20'>along with you then you have to involve them in the same conspiracy and modern</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:27'>day computer design I submit is almost</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:32'>entirely what the users need to do and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:38'>who the users are it's a new conspiracy</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:43'>this that I'd like to see it first</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:48'>where has been last in any design process thank you very much</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:52'>[Applause]</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:12:04'>any questions that is a dream of Apple</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:12:28'>that we have and let me substantiate the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:12:34'>dream a little bit by pointing out that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:12:39'>these ideas that we thought up at Xerox PARC are now 15 years old and and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:12:46'>because iBM is now interested in them we know that they're obsolete it is that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:13:11'>pervasive networking which i think is really the major agenda that mean we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:13:20'>could say why isn't the telephone company been thinking about this much longer phrase which I saw in a slide</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:13:28'>this morning was thought up by John and written in paper 8 and the notion to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:13:38'>deal with an information utility was thought up a long time ago it was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:13:42'>realized that once you have pervasive networking the kind of user interface</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:13:49'>works with the children everything else doesn't work nearly as well anymore</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:13:53'>take a Macintosh style user interface</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:13:58'>hard disk work to it and the browsing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:14:02'>that helped you so much that we sell we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:14:06'>now have 8% of the business market about 90% of the machines we sell into</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:14:11'>the Fortune 1000 company we sell because they can pay for the machines out of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:14:15'>training costs that they save they save</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:14:19'>about two weeks of training for every Macintosh that they said that they buy</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:14:23'>and so all of those things that are on</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:14:27'>there in fact start breaking down a little bit when you have thousands of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:14:32'>things that can consider and remember when I was a child I was visiting</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:14:37'>somebody in Washington DC and I had a question I wanted to answer and I was in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:14:41'>library to that question I heard they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:14:47'>had a library see so I got my mother's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:14:53'>alright discovered that the card catalog of the Library of Congress was much</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:14:57'>larger than my hometown library</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:15:01'>discovery when I was there is that no person going into the Library of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:15:05'>Congress actually I'm still there the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:15:10'>people are people who are experts in the real strategies for using person I got</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:15:16'>one of those Peabody's like that people</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:15:21'>attached to me for the hour or so it took to my question long time because</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:15:32'>all the things we think of as being modern user interface techniques start</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:15:36'>falling down terribly because the user interface that we designed at park we're</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:15:41'>reactive not proactive to volume level</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:15:49'>of resources and need to learn new things and the imponderables to a or a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:15:57'>million different things then you need a proactive user interface that kind of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:16:04'>user interface was thought up actually again in the early 60s and given a name</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:16:08'>called agents an agent is a semi</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:16:13'>intelligent computer product take on so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:16:18'>structure you may work 95 and without</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:16:25'>you ever seeing it it's one of the death season let me show you this tape this is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:16:31'>why</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:16:42'>[Music]</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:17:09'>[Music]</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:17:28'>[Music]</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:17:43'>you need to take Kathy to the airport by 2:00</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:18:03'>[Music]</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:18:19'>[Music]</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:18:26'>[Music]</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:18:35'>[Music]</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:18:40'>[Music]</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:18:47'>research</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:19:06'>to recheck these figures of deforestation you predicted</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:19:12'>[Music] I have a simulation that shows the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:20:50'>spread of the Sahara</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:20:57'>[Music]</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:21:08'>[Music]</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:21:26'>[Music]</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:21:58'>[Music]</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:22:12'>[Music]</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:22:20'>[Music]</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:22:31'>would you leave a message this is your mother I know that you're</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:22:36'>there [Music]</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:22:47'>that's why we say the the IBM attempts</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:22:52'>to do user interface are sort of like putting béarnaise on a hot dog that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:22:56'>these ideas to do a user interface doesn't live here as it takes to refine</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:23:03'>it many of the people that have been working on this concept the agents for</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:23:09'>more than ten years now exist ten years</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:23:13'>ago people who have come to Apple in the number of years and by the time 1995</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:23:20'>rolls around there will be enough networking and so forth so that all of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:23:24'>the user interface techniques that we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:23:28'>now think are a vanguard commend me with something that is much</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:23:33'>more proactive more anthropomorphic and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:23:38'>probably squadrons of the agents rather than just a single one that's what we're</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:23:43'>working on very hard to do because the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:23:48'>again we're doing a project a very large your children again working with agents</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:23:54'>because the one of the hardest things about agents is that they have to be able to learn and there's nothing in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:23:58'>artificial intelligence right now to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:24:03'>bridging the gap systems and what even cats and dogs are able to do and so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:24:10'>we're doing what you might call basic research very basic research in trying</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:24:15'>to produce artificial mentalities that can actually be resourceful and learn</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:24:52'>for example US Apple may have some</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:24:58'>environments</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:25:12'>mm-hmm well they do want to talk to us now and what I'm saying is is that there</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:25:19'>there's a tension between Apple believes and Apple is not like Steve Jobs was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:25:25'>where the company just go it alone we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:25:29'>would do in IBM in five years and so forth on the other hand the prevailing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:25:34'>wisdom and even people on the Apple board six years ago really thought Apple</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:25:39'>should do a PC crumb that was but that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:25:44'>was the standard and if you want it well</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:25:49'>you have to work within the existing Santa you see the problem is is that there's a creative tension the standard</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:25:56'>rock you in to obsolete ideas</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:26:03'>domain that actually release you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:26:07'>difference between defining and data structure which is the the worst thing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:26:11'>you can ever do because then every</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:26:16'>procedure in the system thinks it knows something about how to use that data</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:26:20'>structure make any change you have to find all the things that have</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:26:24'>assumptions about it versus doing something in which the object is able to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:26:29'>protect itself and complain and even adapt so yes I agree I agree with some</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:26:33'>of those ideas but I also believe that the that in one sense given how by the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:26:41'>is all right I think we're at a place where companies can't afford not to be</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:26:47'>current with things that were done 15 years ago figures and so I think the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:27:01'>companies at least have to say what we're aware of this stuff basically</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:27:06'>should something like well the Objective C people say mumble mumble rejecters see</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:27:10'>people didn't invent programming</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:27:14'>and asking people who invented object-oriented programming what it is and what it might do so I think going</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:27:20'>through second secondary areas and hearsay and stuff doesn't help help very</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:27:26'>much either and the important thing to understand is that no user interface counts until</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:27:31'>you've tried it out for many many years</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:27:35'>variety of users I mean Scully had to say to the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:27:39'>educators at edge accom that please don't expect this by Christmas this is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:27:47'>not a product that Apple is doing it's it's a way of thing flaws in this we're</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:27:54'>gonna redo the movie because it was it was done rather hastily and the people</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:27:58'>who did the movie missed the important idea that the thing is portable and so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:28:04'>number one you've never print printing destroys almost everything that's interesting about information and number</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:28:10'>two he would have it with him so at the end of the movie instead of abandoning</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:28:14'>his mother he as his mother said I know you're there he would simply close the book</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:28:22'>so getting these visions set up is a very important thing getting them set up</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:28:26'>and so that they're at such a high level of aesthetic romanticism because the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:28:31'>romanticism is the thing that gets as you implement a set of design is that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:28:43'>after you've been implementing for five years is to have something of the original spark left in the final result</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:28:48'>this thing in Hollywood called war mode so about four to six pictures done in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:28:55'>war mode and that is when they get to the point where the deadlines are just so crushing they just stay up night and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:29:00'>day people write software this way the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:29:04'>problem with the war mode Zion is done during it and so you wind up with this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:29:09'>incredible pile of baling wire and stuff whose only structural integrity is the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:29:14'>structural integrity of the programming system that you're that you're working in and since they have almost none</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:29:19'>generally then you're indeed it's just</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:29:25'>that simple yeah I think talking but see the talking</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:29:29'>shouldn't mean the least common denominator it's what I hate about television television communicate</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:29:34'>communication on television means that we're not going to assume that anybody has really learned the English language</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:29:43'>human eggs and pratfalls it's not whit</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:29:48'>whit requires you to understand language and something that you can allude to and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:29:53'>I don't think that's good enough I think the a better way and that's I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:29:57'>have a huge objections to systems like UNIX whose notion of inner processor</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:30:02'>communication is let's send a string for one process to another how can UNIX be the great white hope</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:30:08'>when it wasn't actually a good design when it was done in 1971 and just</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:30:17'>because it is better than even worse designs you say I was saying at Xerox</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:30:24'>PARC that relative judgments have no place in art doesn't matter whether Bach</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:30:28'>was better than Beethoven it's not not an operable question the real question is what's the difference</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:30:32'>between great and not great UNIX is not great but doesn't matter how much better</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:30:37'>it is than anything poorer than it I think we have to go above and a my</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:30:41'>feeling about what protocols are about and what networks are about is that people are thinking very much along the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:30:47'>same kind of limited lines at Unix you don't want to send strings because</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:30:52'>strings have to be parsed at the other end there's no context that goes along with strings you want to send something</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:30:57'>like objects that means that the whole set well about what it means object</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:31:04'>3,000 miles and have it be viable and able to function able to explain itself</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:31:09'>able to integrate itself all of those things at the other end there's no way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:31:13'>that people are going to do I don't</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:31:18'>believe any configuration system is going to be able to do that and the reason I say that is that some some of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:31:23'>the best systems that were ever done we're done by the another group at Xerox PARC</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:31:27'>system called cedar that in fact had very similar architecture to the one</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:31:32'>that you're talking about here and it was it was better than anything that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:31:36'>gone before but the configurations manager was a nightmare to deal with</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:31:40'>because it was never quite sure when you hooked in the component whether you were</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:31:44'>hooking in something that was really going to do what you wanted it to do or whether you're simply hooking in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:31:48'>something in which the interfaces were compatible right one thing that have the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:31:52'>interfaces be compatible and another thing for understanding that the actual</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:31:57'>functions that's going to execute for you are what you want that is the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:32:01'>nightmare of doing components and inheritance any other questions yes</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:32:08'>the statements that power supplies for power source was the biggest impediment</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:32:13'>to something like the Dynamo getting that time frame the last six seven eight</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:32:18'>months shouldn't the variety of things</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:32:27'>the if you look at the laboratories of the Japanese companies then you will see</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:32:32'>the displays the first displays that are good enough to be on a Dynabook and so I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:32:37'>I say that those are here and the power consumption our nose is not so bad the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:32:43'>power consumption on the processor is powerful enough to do a lot of these</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:32:47'>things it's not so bad it's about a wad or so and the the thing that is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:32:53'>difficult it's at a rapid speed as</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:33:00'>possible to build a Dynabook this very instant if you had a system they switch</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:33:08'>in and out you know there because the system would have like ten or twenty</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:33:12'>megabytes of RAM some of the RAM would</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:33:16'>be used the way we use files today although there would be no files in it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:33:20'>but some of it would be stuff that you weren't currently working on and a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:33:24'>couple of megabytes would be stuff that you were currently working on and if the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:33:29'>system were able to idle the stuff that you weren't working on then the power consumption would be reason and the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:33:33'>power consumption that that we thought was a minimal is something like 10 to 15</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:33:37'>hours of being able to do anything that you want it and right around the corner</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:33:44'>but I think to me the dining book was never a piece of four it was a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:33:52'>head-mounted display with a thing you could slip in your pocket - to me the dining book was always a service concept</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:33:56'>and there I think you could say that simply translating the Macintosh unit</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:34:01'>user interface into a 2-pound system</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:34:05'>with twenty megabytes of RAM is not it Macintosh is is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:34:12'>is the first person criticized and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:34:17'>that's that is my opinion of it you know it is a Apple the heck of a risk to do</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:34:24'>it I'm glad they did but in fact no matter how you slice it the Macintosh is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:34:28'>an embodiment of things that we thought were important in the early 70s it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:34:32'>doesn't reflect things that have been discovered since then and the kinds of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:34:37'>integration it has although the best in the industry are not even close to what</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:34:41'>you really need just to give you an example the one of the big principles in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:34:47'>user interface design is what we called results mode interaction the idea is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:34:53'>there you should always be working in the context is going to be think about</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:34:59'>the Mac it does that a little bit spreadsheets and other kinds of things</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:35:03'>that run on it but in fact if you think about making up a document what do you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:35:07'>do you shouldn't get your and you go</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:35:11'>after this application maybe get your text and you go after this one you get your pictures you cut and paste them</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:35:16'>bringing them back in why not just work in the context of your document and you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:35:21'>have a super document in which the paragraphs are actually windows into</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:35:25'>your favorite top ten applications right that's better integration Macintosh</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:35:30'>doesn't have it nobody else does either and that's just because the Apple people</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:35:35'>decided to use the cut and paste metaphor that was one of the things we tried out at Parc a long time ago it's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:35:40'>not the best way to do it so I know the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:35:44'>thing to be a dining book for me I'd like to see it reflect what we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:35:48'>understand what we had Apple feel very</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:35:52'>critical about in our own user interface I think he could do it Dynabook without</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:35:57'>going into the agent idea I think sort</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:36:02'>of a Mac you know a Macintosh double star type user interface that was also</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:36:08'>programmable the other thing about the Mac user interface and other interfaces</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:36:12'>is that they're not programmable in any way and the major idea behind the whole</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:36:16'>thing was that you're supposed to be able to finish this delete three files by simply picking them up with your hand</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:36:22'>and dumping them in the trashcan but you shouldn't have to do for leaving fifty three files and then</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:36:29'>somehow we had solutions for this apart somehow the user interface would teach</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:36:33'>you what the symbolic equivalents were of your concrete action wanted it to do</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:36:37'>something more and powerful and you have</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:36:41'>a reason you shouldn't have to read an ms-dos X to delete three file but for</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:36:47'>reading fifty three files you shouldn't have to do it by hand and so the big the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:36:53'>big slogan that I made up for that interface is that doing with images make</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:36:57'>symbols and that the concrete actions of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:37:01'>your hands and your eyes should lead you to symbolic renderings of those things</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:37:05'>that are more powerful through abstraction that doesn't exist that will</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:37:10'>in the next few years and that will be a heck of a good user interface before we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:37:14'>start bringing the agents onto the world the agents are gonna take a long time to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:37:19'>do because the agents raise expectations that can't be fulfilled another way of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:37:25'>thinking of using interface is the most important thing you can ever do in a user interface is to subtly broadcast</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:37:31'>what it can't do the Mac works partly</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:37:35'>because almost every guest a user make is fulfilled people an enormous number</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:37:42'>of percentage of people never read any of the manuals on the Macintosh and I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:37:47'>pointed out to Apple that since that's true we should never put anything important in a manual so first as most</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:37:54'>Mac users don't know that you can extend a selection by the thing called</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:37:59'>shift-click of holding down the shift key and clicking that will extend an</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:38:03'>existing selection because there's nothing in the user interface that tells you you can do that it's in a manual and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:38:08'>if you haven't read the manual you never learn that and that is a very bad thing to do the agents are exactly the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:38:15'>opposite to use shouldn't that can't be</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:38:19'>fulfilled their answer for morphic so we immediately expect them to understand us</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:38:24'>like people we meet expect them to do things like people no way only we do</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:38:29'>this film we're going to redo it as we did it at Atari some years ago we did a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:38:33'>bunch of agents where we use cartoon characters</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:38:39'>you can also broadcast through there exactly they are now if we were to do an</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:38:47'>agent an agent today we want something like Porky Pig or Elmer Fudd where you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:38:52'>just have very low expectations the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:38:58'>agent ever brings anything back that's interesting to use they all boy that great there may be something like Pluto</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:39:05'>you know Pluto ever winds up with the bright news paper back you say oh good</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:39:09'>dog I'm not kidding because that's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:39:13'>that's one of the reasons why age agents have been thought about for a long time</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:39:17'>at the big TV stations that get you very</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:39:22'>very angry when they're not worked out and so a lot of the design is how do you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:39:27'>defuse user expectations but still make them want to use the agents for what</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:39:31'>they're good for I've been working on it I've been working for almost a decade</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:39:37'>yeah and it's a very interesting process of doing the design besides all the AI</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:39:44'>and other junk that goes on underneath</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:39:49'>yes there's this concept of agents that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:39:53'>you seem to be going towards is that in a really obviate point of trying to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:40:01'>design the intuition in the interface well I think because it appears that you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:40:07'>know it's icon or itself driven the user has to make a choice and it appears in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:40:12'>this example using agents he's just saying I have a request now you get it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:40:17'>for me well I think I think to the point I think they're there to I think a lot</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:40:22'>of retrieval I mean a good example where standard icon driven things break down</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:40:28'>is because this is an agent that we built at MIT a few years ago called News</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:40:32'>peak and what it is is an agent that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:40:36'>stays up all night logging into information sources like the New York</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:40:40'>Times and the Association or a newspaper</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:40:44'>a personal newspaper for you to read a breakfast okay so it goes into Nexus and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:40:50'>the stuff and reads the articles in the fine Rondon vo disk that has 45,000</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:40:57'>pictures of famous people Z for morgue</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:41:01'>Iran Paris Francis mentioned it finds a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:41:06'>map on a map disk uses an expert system to layout the thing what you get is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:41:11'>something that looks like your own personal version of USA Today right it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:41:16'>might say in Afghanistan or might just as easily say your 3 o'clock meeting was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:41:21'>canceled today because one of the new sources that goes to is your own electronic mail but you've gotten</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:41:26'>anything interested the night before and it tries to screen that and see whether</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:41:30'>it's important a sidebar might say your children slept well last night I think</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:41:35'>redefines news Telegraph move literary</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:41:40'>remember that the Federalist Papers which were the justifications for why</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:41:44'>the Constitution should be ratified were published in the New York newspapers</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:41:50'>nowadays we think of them as something being so literary that most children</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:41:54'>shouldn't even read them actually the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:41:58'>kind of thing of newspapers in the late 1700s the telegraph changed that by</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:42:03'>making currency more important than depth Terry look since 1840 there so and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:42:13'>now we're saying that what we're getting is something that's basically a slice of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:42:18'>interest ok so there's an example of an</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:42:24'>agent now think about the process for trying to get the agent to know what</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:42:29'>things that should go after think about trying to set up any kind of information</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:42:33'>system you've ever used trying to set that up forget it and the agent we did</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:42:39'>at MIT does three-quarters of its workplace watching how you read the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:42:44'>articles and tries to get some what it's trying to do is come up with a sort of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:42:49'>what you might call a meta collection of notions for describing the kinds of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:42:54'>things that you're interested in that have no particular keywords or any other standard information retrieval</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:43:00'>paraphernalia done over a period</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:43:04'>gradually learns and the agent visits the agent at MIT periodically comes and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:43:09'>asks you about sir you have to see just</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:43:17'>to check out and see whether you are so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:43:23'>I think that the having an obvious user</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:43:28'>interface that has some metaphors to the world of objects and so forth it's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:43:33'>always going to be there but I think there's going to be enormous amount of things in which the the kind of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:43:39'>information you want has no obvious keys into it and the agent is going to be</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:43:44'>gradually formulating over the life justice is going to be learning how to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:43:49'>understand you're speaking better and better one thing has been completely missed by people who do speak correct</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:43:53'>each recognition so almost everybody who's ever done it try to do this is the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:44:02'>old time-sharing way of doing it we have to have a facility on our central computer that can I understand multiple</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:44:06'>speakers and stuff like that in a Mac -</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:44:13'>that's your Mac - Mac - squeezed down to the thing that's in your pocket can be a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:44:18'>speech recognizer the recognizer that lives you with you for 40 or 50 years</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:44:22'>learning as it goes it doesn't have to understand anybody else's speech except</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:44:27'>yours and that it'll be easier video</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:44:31'>synthetic speech from a wide variety of sources the technology has almost been</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:44:36'>ignored in the last 10 or 15 I stated</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:44:40'>country in which changed changed</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:44:44'>and things that were inconceivable and they're still thought of inconceivable receivable</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:44:49'>we're often inconceivable twenty years ago because nothing was and nothing was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:44:53'>right for doing it and just as in sketchpad we have not done a sketchpad</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:45:00'>today because the all of the assumptions that said sketchpad was not a good idea to try and do in the 60s are no longer</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:45:06'>true but nobody remembers them so it's simply something that you know will be</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:45:12'>done graduates or even an undergraduate</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:45:16'>project and we'll have some more in the world these gaps are really just one my</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:45:25'>favorite saying of Marvin Minsky's they are I understand something unless you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:45:31'>understand it more than one way I think</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:45:35'>that's the best way no matter how much you think you understand it if you don't have two ways of understanding it or</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:45:40'>more than two ways of understanding you don't understand it you're trapped in the context thank you very much</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:45:46'>[Applause]</subtitle>
<subtitle id='6361'>[Music] </subtitle>