View source for Alan Kay Talk at 40th Anniversary of Dynabook (2008)

{{#evt:
service=youtubeIA
|id=tQg4LquY0uU
|alignment=left
|autoresize=true
}}
<subtitle id="0:0:8">good</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:0:11"> evening everyone welcome</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:0:14"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:0:17"> so</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:0:20"> glad to have you with us tonight what a big crowd this</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:0:23"> is fantastic I don't often do</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:0:26">this by the way I'm John Haller the CEO of the Computer History Museum for</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:0:29">of you I haven't met and I don't often do this but</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:0:32"> I really have to give a giant thanks to</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:0:35"> our staff to get ready for tonight</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:0:38"> because it just so happens that the victory</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:0:41"> party for the Silicon Valley branch of the Barack</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:0:44"> Obama for president campaign</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:0:47"> decided to rent the Computer History Museum</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:0:50"> for its victory party last night and so we had we</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:0:53"> had 2,000 people partying</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:0:56"> until 1:30 or 2 o'clock in the morning and</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:0:59"> as many of you were I'm sure and so</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:1:2"> I just have to say that they did a wonderful job getting</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:1:5">everything ready for tonight and I just have to really salute them</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:1:14">so there's hardly anything better than a</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:1:17">reunion and tonight really has the feel of a reunion and</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:1:20"> so for all of you who are being reunited around the 40th anniversary of</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:1:23"> the Dynabook let me just say welcome it adds great</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:1:26"> energy to the museum and we're really happy to</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:1:29">you here you know I've discovered in the short time</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:1:32"> that I've been here that people get emotional when they come to the museum and</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:1:35"> they do it for various reasons some people get</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:1:38"> emotional when they see a trs-80 or some people get</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:1:41"> emotional when they see the Utah teapot and</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:1:44">admit when I first came to the museum I got emotional about</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:1:47"> something too and I was very surprised about it it wasn't an object</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:1:50"> it was a text panel and</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:1:53"> I read something on a text panel that I had</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:1:56">been quoting for many many years and there</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:1:59"> it was attributed right there on this</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:2:2"> panel and it said the best way to influence the</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:2:5"> future is to invent it and</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:2:8"> it was Alan Kay of course who said</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:2:11"> that so when I saw that I thought now that is</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:2:14">really fantastic and I got a little emotional about it and</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:2:17"> the reason obviously that is so</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:2:20">reason we're all here tonight is that the Dynabook embodies</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:2:23"> the very best of that kind of thinking because it</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:2:26"> was people coming together imagining</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:2:29">and better future and then inventing that future through</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:2:32"> a computer that has changed the world and</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:2:35"> the people who are here tonight did that and</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:2:38"> it's exactly the kind of story that the museum</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:2:41"> enjoys telling and I heard something a</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:2:44">minutes ago in the cocktail party that really hit hit</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:2:47">because one of our trustees had Feigenbaum</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:2:50"> was relating a conversation he'd had with someone about why</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:2:53"> he likes the museum and he said I like it because it's</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:2:56"> as interested in collecting people as it is in boxes</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:2:59"> so Alan and Chuck Thacker</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:3:2"> two people we've collected over the years because</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:3:5"> they are both fellows here at the museum and we're</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:3:8">to have them with us here tonight and I want to say pay a special</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:3:11"> tribute to them as fellows because fellows are</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:3:14">important when they come back and it's always great to have fellows in the</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:3:17">museum now there are other ways of influencing the</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:3:20">by inventing things and of course</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:3:23"> that is certainly true of One Laptop Per child</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:3:26"> and dr. Mary Lou Jepsen who is also with</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:3:29"> us tonight o LPC has generously underwritten</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:3:32"> tonight's program and I want to take a moment to pay</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:3:35"> tribute to OLPC n to dr. Jepsen because there</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:3:38"> is a very strong genetic link between the</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:3:41"> original vision of the Dynabook and the vision that</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:3:44"> OLPC has for well really for</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:3:47"> the world both share a vision of how computers</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:3:50"> can be used to help children learn both are</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:3:53"> dedicated to instilling in children a passion</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:3:56">exploring the world and sharing their discoveries with each</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:3:59"> other and although we gather tonight to</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:4:2"> to reunite and celebrate 40 years of the Dynabook</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:4:5"> that idea is as fresh today as</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:4:8"> the dream of OLPC is to bring education</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:4:11"> and computing to all the world's children it's</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:4:14"> a big idea big ideas or the hallmark of the computing</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:4:17"> industry and of pioneers like Alan</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:4:20"> Kay and Chuck Thacker in particular so I want to say thank you</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:4:23"> to OLPC for helping this night be possible and for</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:4:26">all you're doing to bring access to children</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:4:29"> in the 21st century</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:4:35">and now</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:4:38"> it's my pleasure to introduce our moderator for tonight</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:4:41"> Steve Hamm of Business Week Steve is a senior writer</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:4:44">for the magazine I think he has the best beat in the world</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:4:47"> because he covers innovation globalization</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:4:50"> and leadership that's about as big as it gets he writes a</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:4:53"> wonderful blog on Business Week com if you haven't</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:4:56"> seen it you should and if you were here early perhaps</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:4:59">lucky enough to get a signed copy of the book that</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:5:2"> he has just written called the race for perfect</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:5:5"> inside the quest to design the ultimate</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:5:8"> portable computer I'll bet you can guess what</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:5:11">he ultimate portable computer was and he's here to moderate the</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:5:14"> event tonight so please join me in welcoming Steve</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:5:29">one thing that occurs</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:5:32"> to me is that just based on the</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:5:35"> past half hour of my life here in the museum</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:5:38"> there are probably more people in the</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:5:41"> audience who know more about portable computing</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:5:44">in the two years that I spent researching it</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:5:47"> so I think there just said this is like a wealth of</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:5:50"> knowledge and experience here and it's</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:5:53"> really very impressive to see all the people who've turned out</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:5:56"> to celebrate this anniversary</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:5:59"> in the past few days</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:6:2"> something remarkable happened in it wasn't</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:6:5"> it wasn't politics</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:6:8"> and it was it went almost totally unnoticed</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:6:11"> but in the computer world it was something that was kind</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:6:14"> of a silent shift what</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:6:17"> happened was in the third quarter of this year the</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:6:20">number of portable portable computers sold</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:6:23"> overtook the number of desktop</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:6:26"> computers sold there's something that's been</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:6:29"> anticipated for a long time as so there's no big surprise but</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:6:32"> it is a remarkable moment and of course</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:6:35"> at the time that that that happens just</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:6:38"> as quickly as that happens</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:6:41"> there's another shift that's happening this that's you know even</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:6:44"> even Wilder which is the shift to handheld</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:6:47"> devices and then the fact that those numbers those number</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:6:50">the hundreds of millions but in the billions and these</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:6:53"> days those are computers too so it's</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:6:56"> kind of on this anniversary it's</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:6:59"> great to notice that and it's great to have these</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:7:2"> panelists here two of whom are</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:7:5"> some of the great pioneers of computing</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:7:8"> not just portable computing but computing itself personal computing</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:7:11"> and another who who has already made</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:7:14"> a great name for herself for Mary Lou but I think</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:7:17"> represents in many ways the potential of the future</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:7:20">portable computing and personal computing</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:7:23"> this is</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:7:26"> what I found as I started working on my</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:7:29">this been a 40-year quest its</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:7:32"> people are possessed with this with</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:7:35"> these ideas with with these goals of making better</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:7:38"> and better more personal computers and</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:7:41"> the portable computer of course is the most personal</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:7:44"> it's with you well it could be with you</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:7:47"> all the time now that would iPhone other things like that but it could</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:7:50"> be with you wherever you go and it</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:7:53"> can be a true companion so</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:7:56"> these are the the empowering computers</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:7:59"> now when we were talking we</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:8:2"> were setting up this event doing our plans and we've</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:8:5"> quipping on the phone about about things Chuck</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:8:8"> Thacker said that the Dynabook</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:8:11"> is the most influential machine had never built</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:8:14"> so I think right</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:8:17"> so in fact Allen</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:8:20"> in the past year had been trying to build</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:8:23">prototype he's been working on it I think it's well along the way and I think I'll tell</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:8:26"> you more about it when he speaks but this</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:8:29"> the Dynabook has been</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:8:32">something a something of a talisman there's something about icon</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:8:35"> for decades and it's</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:8:38"> it's something that inventors and</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:8:41"> engineers and designers have have looked</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:8:44"> at and said well you know this is kind of an ideal</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:8:47"> we can aim for and they've</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:8:50"> worked individually and in groups</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:8:53"> many of them anonymously they're</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:8:56">you know they're there there are certain lots of famous names</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:8:59"> that we know but there are people you know I just met</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:9:2"> a few minutes ago the</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:9:5"> guy who is the principal designer of the note-taker</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:9:8"> who we the first portable computer and at</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:9:11"> Xerox PARC had never met him before and</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:9:14">he gave me his car keys now always a wedding photographer so</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:9:17"> he's graduated to career</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:9:20"> but but just great to meet him a</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:9:23">wonderful guy so so</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:9:26"> we've gone from those early days</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:9:29"> as early the early concepts the</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:9:32"> early personal computers at Parc and then did the commercial</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:9:35"> computers you know from the locker bowls the laptops</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:9:38"> the handhelds and now did</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:9:41"> the smartphones we've seen this incredible evolution</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:9:44"> you like to call it a revolution but 40 years seems</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:9:47"> more revolutionary than revolutionary but they've been</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:9:50"> certainly these great leaps ahead during the time and</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:9:53"> where we are now you can it's just amazing to think back how far</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:9:56"> we've come and the</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:9:59"> quest is of course very far from over</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:10:2"> there just so many things that you can imagine that can be done with with</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:10:5"> portable computers in the future so I'm</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:10:8">going to move right along and introduce Alan</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:10:11"> very well-known guy but just a just</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:10:14"> a few high points but here's a guy who you</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:10:17"> know grew up in various places in</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:10:20">the East it's but his team years in New York City I</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:10:23"> think some formative times in the Queensboro</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:10:26"> Public Library he told me where did the</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:10:29"> tremendous amount of reading and Truman you know one of</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:10:32">important things happened to him and his was</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:10:35"> he did a lot of educating himself and books</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:10:38"> were a big part of that and you</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:10:41"> know you can see how the Dynabook vision the vision of of</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:10:44"> a computer book that the</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:10:47"> children could use to amplify to give</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:10:50"> themselves to empower themselves to</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:10:53"> to to strengthen</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:10:56"> their ability to learn and ultimately</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:10:59"> to assert themselves in the world you can see how</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:11:2">that vision came it's not just metaphor it's</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:11:5"> more than that you know he</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:11:8"> got his start</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:11:11"> in in portable computing when he was at</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:11:14"> Utah University of Utah</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:11:17"> studying computer science worked on an</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:11:20"> early personal computer called the Flex machine</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:11:23"> was inspired to to</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:11:26"> think about portable computers</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:11:29"> when he went to Lexington mass</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:11:32"> and visited some computers in</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:11:35"> the classroom projects run by Seymour Papert of MIT</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:11:38"> and on the on</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:11:41">the flight home from from seeing that demonstration we</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:11:44"> got this idea of a personal computer of</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:11:47">computers of empowering device for children so</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:11:50"> that's where it all started and then you can see</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:11:53"> how that is woven through his career at</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:11:56"> Xerox PARC later Atari</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:11:59"> Apple Disney 8</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:12:2"> HP and now as a</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:12:5"> professor as an independent researcher</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:12:8"> you know still working on computer</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:12:11">programming that educational programming and</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:12:14"> while he was a you know a pioneer he's</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:12:17"> still at it hasn't stopped and</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:12:20">sign of slowing down so</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:12:23"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:12:26"> one of the things that I when I last</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:12:29"> when I interviewed Alan for my book</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:12:32">said at the end of the little bit long interview I said so</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:12:35"> are you pleased with the progress you've seen</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:12:38"> in in 40 years and he said as</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:12:41"> a utopian you know you're pleased to see</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:12:44"> some progress along a path but also</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:12:47"> as a utopian you're never satisfied so</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:12:50"> I think that that is the way that you</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:12:53"> know you want to approach life never satisfied always looking</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:12:56">the next thing that you can do at this great</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:13:5">I do</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:13:11">so I I've given a million talks</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:13:14"> about the</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:13:17"> Dynabook and children's</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:13:20"> education and</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:13:23"> ideas about changing the future by the way the</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:13:26"> quote is actually the best way to predict the future is to invent</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:13:29"> it and I think</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:13:32"> the fact that it was misquoted in</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:13:35"> the history museum as an important thing</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:13:38"> to notice about history</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:13:47">many of us were asked to write histories</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:13:50">of various kinds by various organizations like</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:13:53"> the ACM over the years I think we all</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:13:56"> found that even trying</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:13:59"> to tell the truth it doesn't come out right because</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:14:2"> there are too many actual factors</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:14:5"> and reality is messy and</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:14:8">the tendency is to try and turn it into a story and</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:14:11"> the other thing is that I</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:14:14"> think many of us have been at</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:14:17"> least as influenced by things that we hated</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:14:20"> in our field as those that we've</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:14:23"> loved and you</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:14:26"> can you can in a history you can reference something</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:14:29"> that you love in a sentence and a</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:14:32"> footnote but if you hate something people</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:14:35"> expect you to justify that hate</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:14:38"> and all of a sudden you've run out of</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:14:41"> pages for what you started doing the thing</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:14:44"> so so I think it's very very difficult</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:14:47"> to actually explain</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:14:50"> what happened in any reasonable</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:14:53"> way but those of us who</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:14:56"> are privileged to be the right age with</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:14:59"> the right funders to a</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:15:2"> person when asked about this</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:15:5"> what actually happened we've</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:15:8"> all said that the context was</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:15:11"> what made us better</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:15:14"> than we were we weren't any smarter</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:15:17"> than anybody today but</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:15:20"> we got a lot more done because</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:15:23"> we were just bricks like any other bricks but</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:15:26"> we just happened to be in the era where the arch was functioning</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:15:29"> and in other areas the bricks</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:15:32"> could not do more than make simple piles but</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:15:35"> there was an organizing principle in that community</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:15:38"> and some of the people who set up</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:15:41">actually understood what those organizing principles</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:15:44">was great about it wasn't completely accidental</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:15:47"> so I thought to set</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:15:50"> the stage here I would just show</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:15:53"> you a few things that I noticed around</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:15:56"> that time that were part of the context</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:15:59"> leading up to this idea and</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:16:2"> my title for this is it's the 40th</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:16:5"> anniversary of the Dynabook idea so</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:16:8"> the idea is actually I think</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:16:11"> still a good idea because it wasn't with</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:16:14"> particular reference to any kind of hardware</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:16:17"> or software is basically a kind of a service idea and we'll see</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:16:20"> what that that was and it's in a second</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:16:23"> so I can tell</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:16:26"> by the amount of reflection from</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:16:29"> the audience from either people with white hair or</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:16:32"> no hair</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:16:35"> that there</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:16:38">are a lot of people who know what the 50s were like</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:16:41"> by actually being there and</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:16:44"> not even</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:16:47"> tossed in the shape of things to come up</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:16:50"> there because even though the movie was made</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:16:53"> in the late 30s you could actually watch it on television</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:16:56"> in the 50s and it featured flat</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:16:59"> screen displays and one of the things</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:17:2"> that was in the air in science fiction salon before the</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:17:5"> 50s but especially in the 50s</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:17:8"> was that there were going to be flat-screen televisions</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:17:11"> a whole host of other things</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:17:14"> that were going to be part of what modern life was</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:17:17"> about it was just part of the context</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:17:20"> and then we had this great enemy</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:17:23"> who was a bit more like us than anybody in</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:17:26"> America wanted to admit namely</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:17:29"> the Russians they liked gadgets too</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:17:32"> and so this</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:17:35"> set up this pretty good</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:17:38"> for most of the time rivalry which</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:17:41">only way that funders can really respond to anything</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:17:44"> and</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:17:47"> so a lot of really interesting things</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:17:50"> started happening in the 50s and especially around MIT</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:17:53"> so a whirlwind which I think</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:17:56"> there's a piece of whirlwind in this museum was</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:17:59"> arguably of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:18:2"> many early computers it was one of the most influential</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:18:5"> of all times in so many ways including</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:18:8"> its architecture it was rather like</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:18:11"> a mini computer although it was large and</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:18:14"> it had some of the earliest</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:18:17"> display as you can see in</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:18:20"> the original Earl the that circular tube</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:18:23">that got made into the sage console of which there's at</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:18:26"> least one downstairs and the</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:18:29"> light gun for pointing at things on</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:18:32"> the display and as the processor</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:18:35">cycle through the display list the light gun would see</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:18:38"> a flash of light and they could correlate it through what piece</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:18:41"> of graphics was being drawn back then and</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:18:44"> through a little more machinery figure</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:18:47">out what what you're actually pointing at so all of this</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:18:50"> was part of this huge</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:18:53"> complex that was called sage and</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:18:56"> if you've ever seen a sage computer I never</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:18:59"> saw the original q7</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:19:2"> I've seen pictures of it but</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:19:5"> I thought the cue thirty-two and it was enormous because</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:19:8"> it wasn't just one computer the</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:19:11"> sage computers were actually in pairs both</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:19:14"> computing the same thing and when I first</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:19:17"> was taken to see the queue 32 I thought it</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:19:20">was small because it looked like a pdp-10 machine</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:19:23"> room and then I was informed that this was just the console</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:19:26">and</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:19:29"> man could they build computers</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:19:32">then when they were really hard to build it actually</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:19:35"> took days for the Q 32 to crash</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:19:38"> because</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:19:41"> it was set up to detect</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:19:44"> errors and it</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:19:47"> had subroutines that emulated every</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:19:50"> instruction out of whatever instructions were left</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:19:53"> so it had this enormous thing so it's constantly</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:19:56"> figuring out what instructions were actually working</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:19:59"> on the thing and then patching those in so</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:20:2"> it took a long time to go down</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:20:5"> so people who saw this and it</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:20:8"> wasn't me I wasn't I was in high school when this was going on</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:20:11"> but this made a big impression on</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:20:14"> a lot of people and</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:20:17"> while this gigantism was going on</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:20:20"> people I carry</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:20:23"> Husky U is one of the earliest computer pioneers</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:20:26"> beloved of many of us one</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:20:29"> of the nicest guys ever in computing as</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:20:32"> early as 1955 he</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:20:35"> had done the g15 and actually with</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:20:38"> my mentor later on in graduate school dave evans</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:20:41"> appendix and so this is the other impulse</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:20:44"> the impulse to have a machine</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:20:47">that you could just sit at for hours and make</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:20:50"> things make things happen so this impulse towards</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:20:53"> what we call personal computers goes way back</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:20:56"> and then</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:20:59"> we're gonna celebrate something in</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:21:2"> 2008 it's got to be John</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:21:5"> so this really pisses me off</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:21:8"> that it's great they were celebrating</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:21:11">I'm the most trivial thing we're celebrating is this</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:21:14"> in a couple of weeks we're going to celebrate the</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:21:17">anniversary of the mother of all demos that Engelbart did</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:21:20"> up in San Francisco and that was something worth while celebrating</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:21:23"> that was a hell of a show but 50</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:21:26"> years ago and on either side</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:21:29"> of it McCarthy kind of thought his way out of</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:21:32"> pretty much every assumption</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:21:35">anybody had ever made about computing up to that point</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:21:38"> and it's just shocking</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:21:41"> when you actually</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:21:44"> look into all the stuff that John did more deeply</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:21:47"> and so</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:21:50"> he looked at sage and also saw that oh</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:21:53">the future of computing has got to be interactive</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:21:56">he realized</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:21:59"> instantly in a way that</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:22:2"> hardly anybody has been able to realize since then</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:22:5"> that we couldn't deal</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:22:8"> with computer in computer terms so</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:22:11"> right at the very dawn of this he said we have to have something like</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:22:14"> he calls an advice taker we</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:22:17"> have to be able to deal with computers in terms of our own common sense and</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:22:20"> so he thought of it as an artificially</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:22:23"> intelligent entity and we'll</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:22:26"> see later there's another way of thinking about dealing with computers</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:22:29"> in terms of common sense and then he</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:22:32"> just sat down and invented the best single programming</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:22:35"> language ever invented Lisp just</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:22:41">I think</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:22:44"> it worries me about this is that Lisp is now 50</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:22:47"> and</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:22:50"> pound-for-pound it's</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:22:53"> still truly impressive compared to almost anything</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:22:56"> most programmers are programming in because they just</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:22:59"> don't get it and then John</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:23:2"> did something even better which he wanted to show that</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:23:5">wonderful new symbol manipulation language</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:23:8"> was actually a Turing machine and</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:23:11"> not just in a trivial way but an ax turning</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:23:14"> machine that could realize itself in one shot and that's</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:23:17"> what is in the air which I've always called Maxwell</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:23:20"> equations of computing and the</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:23:23"> philosophical leap there for people who</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:23:26">troubles to go through it is enormous because it gave</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:23:29">about programming and programming languages</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:23:32"> and making programming language that had never been around</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:23:35"> before etc etc so this is one</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:23:38"> of the great years of all time in our in</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:23:41"> our field and</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:23:44"> introduced the the sixties in many</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:23:47"> ways was the decade of Marshall McLuhan he'd</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:23:50"> written one great book just on one side of</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:23:53"> 1960 and understanding media was on the other side</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:23:56"> and was loaded</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:23:59"> with many kinds of insights and</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:24:2"> McLuhan had this had</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:24:5"> this notion that our biggest problem is</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:24:8"> we are always thinking in terms of</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:24:11"> what we know and therefore we're</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:24:14"> completely locked in we're</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:24:17"> basically not thinking at all so his idea was</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:24:20"> if you're going to try and communicate with something in some way</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:24:23">some idea in some language that people know you</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:24:26"> have to do it in a way that wakes them up so use something like Zen koans</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:24:29"> but he called them pros so</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:24:32"> this is one of them and</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:24:35"> here's another nice image</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:24:38"> steering only by looking</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:24:41"> and most</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:24:44">can only see the present through the past that's because</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:24:47"> we only use what we know to think about things</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:24:50"> but artists can see</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:24:53"> a little of the present as it is as a construction rather</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:24:56"> than reality and once you can see something</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:24:59">as a construction you can see other constructions so artists</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:25:2"> can see a little of the future and</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:25:5"> his nobody could understand what this meant</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:25:8">medium is the message and so he wrote a book</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:25:11"> called the medium as the massage</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:25:14"> and that</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:25:17"> came home to more people</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:25:20"> because what he meant is when you're dealing with any</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:25:23"> embodiment of any idea in any kind of system</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:25:26"> it's what you have to become to</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:25:29"> deal with that system that actually counts the</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:25:32"> actual things are talked about in this system</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:25:35"> are interesting but secondary but you</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:25:38"> have to become a different kind of person in order to be a reader you have to become a</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:25:41"> different kind of person in order to do science and</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:25:44"> you have to become a different kind of person in order to watch</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:25:47"> television for 24 hours a day</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:25:50"> all of those things to him we're much</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:25:53"> more important than the attempts to put content on</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:25:56"> these media and another nice line</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:25:59"> we shape our tools and then they turn around and reshape us and</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:26:2"> Thoreau anticipated</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:26:5"> this by saying we become the tools of our tools</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:26:8"> children are the messages</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:26:11"> we send to the future and children</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:26:14"> are actually the future we send to the future so</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:26:17"> this</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:26:20"> started some</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:26:23">interesting thoughts from people who are actually looking at computers</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:26:26"> is more than arithmetic engined pdp-1</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:26:29"> appeared first in 1960</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:26:32"> prototype is at BBN n its</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:26:35"> immediate forbearer was a machine</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:26:38"> called the tx2 which was on the TX 0 which is a</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:26:41"> version a kind of a version of whirlwind</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:26:44"> and highly</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:26:47"> influential on a number of people especially this man</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:26:50"> known as wick because</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:26:53"> he was a psychologist who hung a rat hung</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:26:56"> around BBN he was consulting there and he got fascinated and</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:26:59"> because he was not a computer person or a technical</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:27:2"> person he knew other things</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:27:5"> like he understood symbiosis</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:27:8"> and he realized right away that the</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:27:11"> computer was more than a tool because of its</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:27:14">active nature it could act more like a like a</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:27:17"> helpful Cynthia and</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:27:20">interesting thing that pretty much only biologists know you</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:27:23"> may know we have a hundred trillion cells in</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:27:26"> our body which is kind of a lot of cells</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:27:29"> but you may not know that</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:27:32"> forty percent of those cells forty trillion of</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:27:35"> your hundred trillion cells are bacteria</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:27:38"> think about that for just a second</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:27:41"> it</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:27:44"> turns out half of the 60 trillion that are left are red</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:27:47"> blood cells and they only lived</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:27:50"> for about a hundred days in your body</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:27:53"> so just percolate on that for</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:27:56"> a second and so liq</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:27:59"> also had a beautiful personality people</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:28:2"> like this man and</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:28:5"> because of that and these</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:28:8"> ideas that he started having in</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:28:11"> a couple of years when the space program</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:28:14"> has moved from DoD to NASA there was money left</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:28:17"> over and according</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:28:20"> to the stories there was literally one</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:28:23"> of these meetings in the cosmos Club</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:28:26"> in Washington probably with cigars and</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:28:29"> certainly no women around the</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:28:32"> agenda the old boys club and they</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:28:35">table and somebody said well hey let's give this money to lick</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:28:38"> and that thus was born</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:28:41"> ARPA i pto the information processing techniques office</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:28:44"> and because of this man the</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:28:47"> world is completely different today because</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:28:50"> he was wise and we can talk about these</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:28:53"> in the panel if people are interested many</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:28:56"> people here knew him personally and</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:28:59"> will never forget him</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:29:2">also</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:29:5"> in the early 60s the johniac</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:29:8">downstairs one</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:29:11"> of the worst computers to program ever invented if</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:29:14"> you ever looked at the order code on it</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:29:17"> very old and slow they</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:29:20"> were going to get rid of it at Rand and cliff</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:29:23"> Shaw of Newell Simon and Shaw he was also a</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:29:26"> programmer and just a pretty nifty character</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:29:29"> spoke about two words a year</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:29:32"> he got them to give</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:29:35">throwing this machine away he said give it to me and let me</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:29:38"> do something with it and so he did the first great end user</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:29:41"> system and you can sum up what</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:29:44"> Joss was like in this quote of says</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:29:47"> the acceptance of an interactive computing system</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:29:50"> depends on the little things the hundreds and hundreds of little things in</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:29:53"> he's one of the few people in our history who</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:29:56"> ever taken the pains to do every single one of those hundreds</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:29:59"> of things so anybody who ever used Joss back</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:30:2"> then Joss couldn't do a lot but</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:30:5"> what it did it did it perfectly and in such</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:30:8"> a way it made you feel good to be a human being and be privileged</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:30:11"> to actually use a computer</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:30:14"> then on the other end we</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:30:17"> have this crazy genius Bob</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:30:20"> Barton who</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:30:23"> said why are people programming a machine</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:30:26"> code they need to program and</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:30:29"> higher-level languages and the answer was well that they</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:30:32">through slowly in Bart and said well let's make a machine to</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:30:35"> run them fast so the B 5000</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:30:38"> was the first really serious attempt</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:30:41"> to make a higher-level architecture and</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:30:44"> almost every idea in it is a classic</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:30:47"> idea and these ideas</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:30:50">been used over and over again and reinvented over and over again</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:30:53">unfortunately mostly in software today because it's</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:30:56"> very hard to buy any piece of silicon that has</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:30:59"> an architecture anywhere near as interesting as the</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:31:2"> B 5,000 was</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:31:5"> the third machine I learned 1962</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:31:8"> another</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:31:11"> landmark and I can't</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:31:14"> resist just showing a little bit</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:31:17"> of sketchpad cuz I've been doing it for as long as I've</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:31:20"> been able to show movies</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:31:23"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:31:26"> lovely thing about this was there was no actual display</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:31:29"> on the TX - Ivan actually programmed it</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:31:32"> using the multiple program counter feature that</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:31:35"> it had so the basic idea just sketched</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:31:38"> something and then he indicated at the sides there</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:31:41">want them all to be mutually perpendicular and you just saw sketchpad</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:31:44"> solve that problem and now</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:31:47"> he's going to show that it can find</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:31:50"> other solutions of course it could have constrained to the ratios</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:31:53"> of size also but</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:31:56"> here the constraints always wind up with a symmetrical</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:31:59"> rivet</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:32:2"> and wants one that looks more like a real rivet</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:32:5"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:32:8"> and</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:32:11"> of course one rivet is not</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:32:14"> that interesting so what</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:32:17"> you want to be able to do is make zillions of these and</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:32:20"> so this system not only did</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:32:23"> real time problem solving of constraints</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:32:26"> and gave you</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:32:29"> the first real working graphics system but it also</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:32:32"> had this thing that people have called object-oriented</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:32:35"> programming so there's one rivet</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:32:38"> that he's going to stick</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:32:41"> into that flange there</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:32:44"> and then he's going</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:32:47"> to show that he can make a few more rivets</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:32:50"> and each of these rivets is</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:32:59">and then he realized whoops</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:33:2"> I got that still got those crossbars I should make those invisible</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:33:5"> so now he's making them invisible on the</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:33:8"> master which we would call a class today and but</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:33:11"> lo and behold the instances feel that</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:33:14"> so here in one year and a PhD thesis you have kind</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:33:17">what I would call the romance of interactive computing</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:33:20"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:33:23"> so</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:33:26"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:33:29"> here's my vote for the first wheel personal computer</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:33:32"> there's one downstairs Wes</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:33:35">hell of a guy I</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:33:38"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:33:41"> love when</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:33:44"> the ACM asked him to write a paper about</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:33:47"> for the history of workstations</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:33:50"> conference he was so modest his</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:33:53"> title was the link was early and small</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:33:56"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:33:59"> the</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:34:2"> other thing that was great about this machine was it was</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:34:5"> a study in parsimony and</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:34:8"> that it got a hell of a lot of function</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:34:11"> out of almost nothing and was</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:34:14"> set up actually as a kit that all the first links were</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:34:17">by the people who are going to use them they had a kind</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:34:20"> of a summer camp they came to Lincoln labs</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:34:23"> and they were made really for biomedical</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:34:26"> experimentation and so the people would come and they actually</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:34:29"> built their own link and the everybody learned how to take</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:34:32"> care of it and took it back to their labs and</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:34:35"> many many links were made in the 60s</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:34:38"> so pw1</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:34:41"> phase two if we go up to 1962</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:34:44"> Steve Russell he</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:34:47"> was I think here tonight I know that he's here</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:34:50"> at this but he was down there</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:34:53"> he is my hero</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:35:2">nly</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:35:5"> 30 percent for space war by putting it up here because this</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:35:8"> is a very significant thing to happen because it got people</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:35:11"> thinking and it was a spreadable thing</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:35:14"> in the way that sketchpad wasn't thinking 7 70</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:35:17"> % Steve is my hero because here's</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:35:20"> the guy that made the first list work and</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:35:23"> going from McCarthy's way of thinking</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:35:26"> about it to something would actually run</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:35:29"> requires a very special kind of person as</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:35:32"> special as John McCarthy but of a different kind so</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:35:35"> Steve is one of that kind and</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:35:38"> a little bit later is</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:35:41"> another one of these special</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:35:44"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:35:47"> there's gonna be a huge celebration</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:35:50"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:35:53"> demo</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:35:56"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:35:59"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:36:2"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:36:5"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:36:8"> I'd like to see one</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:36:11"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:36:14"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:36:17"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:36:20"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:36:23"> I say now computer</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:36:26">switching that will bring in a camera picture</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:36:29"> from the camera mounted on his console such as the</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:36:32"> camera mounted on - I built that's</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:36:35"> great now we're connected audio you can see</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:36:38"> my work you can point at it and I can see your face we could talk</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:36:41"> so bill was about billa's down</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:36:44"> in Menlo Park and the demo was up in in San</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:36:47"> Francisco and I always ask computer</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:36:50"> people today how did they get sub-second response and</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:36:53"> all of this stuff on a computer whose total</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:36:56"> memory was the size of that picture</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:36:59">it's</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:37:2"> 192k picture and that's how much memory the</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:37:5"> STS 940 had</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:37:8"> it was a time-sharing machine it was a half MIT</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:37:11"> 24 bits and I've</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:37:14"> only gotten gotten to correct the answer from one person over</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:37:17">the years who was a sophomore at UCLA and</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:37:20"> the answer was they goddamn wanted to get sub-second response</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:37:23"> anytime</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:37:26">want to get sub-second response you can get sub-second response and</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:37:29"> the reason we don't have it today is because most</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:37:32"> people who are making the systems don't</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:37:35">want it badly enough and most people who using the systems don't</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:37:38"> realize that would help them</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:37:41"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:37:44"> that's why it's this old stuff is really fun because</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:37:47"> the people who who did this</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:37:50"> stuff were just completely nutty as fruitcakes</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:37:53"> in exactly the right way</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:37:56"> you know who</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:38:2">another wonderful system so</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:38:5"> the mouse was invented in 1964 but most people don't realize</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:38:8"> the tablet the RAM tablet was also</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:38:11"> then</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:38:14"> move the connector out of the way so that we may draw a box in</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:38:17"> its place</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:38:20"> the</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:38:23"> printing in the box is being used as commentary only</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:38:26"> in this case oh if we</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:38:29"> could only do with that well today isn't</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:38:32"> it interesting so one of the simple things they did was just buffered</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:38:35"> the recognition so you could write as</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:38:38"> fast as you could write didn't make</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:38:41"> you wait until it there was just almost</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:38:44"> perfect user interface</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:38:47"> and unlike the ankle Barb's which</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:38:50"> had the feeling of a really beautiful tool</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:38:53"> you have much more of a feeling</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:38:56"> of being in a warm embrace with grail because</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:38:59"> you're interacting with it tactically</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:39:2"> in a way that you couldn't do</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:39:5"> with a mouse so this is a very influential</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:39:8"> system going on and</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:39:11"> pdp-1 again it's kind of an epicenter for a</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:39:14"> lot of things around 1964</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:39:17"> Peter Deutsch who is maybe</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:39:20"> 16 at the time did an interactive</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:39:23"> list on the PDP one that</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:39:26">had a number of wonderful points too it's a beautiful</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:39:29"> machine code program but</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:39:32"> he also realized that if you had a powerful</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:39:35"> language like Lisp you don't need no operating system</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:39:38"> that as</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:39:41"> Dan Ingalls has pointed</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:39:44"> out an operating system is just all that stuff that got left out</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:39:47"> of the programming language you'd rather use</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:39:50"> and you sort</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:39:53">confirming that if you start with the operating system so</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:39:56">starting with the programming language and just keep it</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:39:59"> alive during the whole life of the of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:40:2"> system and also</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:40:5"> in that time there are just lots and</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:40:8"> lots of things that I would</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:40:11">computers but there were certainly single user computers</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:40:14"> they lack the service idea</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:40:17"> of a personal computer but the</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:40:20"> 16:20 of course is the early 60s control de Deus</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:40:23"> 160 a I wrote some programs for that I</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:40:26"> learned much more than I ever wanted to</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:40:29"> know about how the 1130 worked when I was doing</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:40:32"> my thesis project so</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:40:35"> this idea of the utility of single user</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:40:38"> computing was around and</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:40:41"> 65 is</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:40:44"> when Gordon Moore wrote his day donation article the</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:40:47"> original prediction was this green guy right here</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:40:50"> which is a factor of two</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:40:53"> doubling and then later</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:40:56"> at God have banded to a factor of two doubling every 18 months</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:40:59"> here every year every</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:41:2"> 18 months and so the reality for processors</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:41:5"> was kind of on the doubling</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:41:8"> every 24 months and</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:41:11"> memories dynamic</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:41:14"> RAM memories are kind of in between those</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:41:17"> curves and the prediction went out to just 1995</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:41:20"> so if you're willing to</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:41:23"> believe this and a lot of people didn't believe</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:41:26">think it was relevant because his predictions were actually</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:41:29"> for MOS process it was</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:41:32"> really slow most people who are using</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:41:35"> lower</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:41:38"> scale integrated circuits we're using bipolar because they were fast</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:41:41"> bipolar we had a lot of layers and was difficult to predict</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:41:44"> mos was simple it was slow but</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:41:47"> it also was essentially pumping capacitors</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:41:50">electrons and so it was easy to calculate how</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:41:53"> fast things would run if you could make them smaller</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:41:56"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:41:59"> university of utah started thinking</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:42:2"> yes this is</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:42:5">thing that Dave this I would say was the perfect way</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:42:8"> of characterizing the whole Arco community</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:42:11"> ittsan Carl Hewitt down there nodding</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:42:14"> basically nobody cared how</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:42:17"> crazy anybody was as long as they could sing</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:42:20"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:42:23"> 1966 I saw this article in</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:42:26"> the ACM about</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:42:29"> Simula and had a stroke of</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:42:32"> little flash of lightning because it was</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:42:35">programming language that was kind of like sketchpad</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:42:38"> and it reminded me a</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:42:41"> little bit of biology and I'll take that story</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:42:44"> up in a little bit so</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:42:47"> in 1967 there are rumors of a 512</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:42:50"> bit wrong from national</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:42:53"> semiconductor it's hard to explain to</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:42:56"> anybody who was young today how exciting</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:43:2">but I</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:43:8">because it was really</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:43:11"> I mean we went the Apollo guidance</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:43:14"> system was a core rope computer</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:43:17"> magnetic cores that actually</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:43:20">had wires strung through them and it looked like a basketball-sized</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:43:23"> of mess and that</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:43:26"> was basically to hold</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:43:29"> the controls for the instruction</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:43:32"> sequences so the idea of a 512 bit</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:43:35"> wrong that you could just use for storing</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:43:38"> various kind of controlling information was very exciting</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:43:41"> and this guy ed Cheadle wanted to do a little</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:43:44"> machine as he called it and so the two</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:43:47"> of us started started working on it and this</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:43:50"> is its self-portrait on its own display</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:43:53"> but what it actually looked like was this as a hewlett packard</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:43:56"> display on top of in 1130</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:43:59"> with a whole bunch of the hardware and software that we had done</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:44:2"> so that was very instructive</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:44:5"> and right around that time</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:44:8"> Butler Lampson was in full</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:44:11"> flight doing amazing things</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:44:14"> and it's hard to believe that in</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:44:17"> 1965 or 66 about the Lampson there's</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:44:20"> only 23 years old because he from</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:44:23"> my way of looking at Butler</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:44:26"> he was always a senior guy and</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:44:29"> a couple of years</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:44:32"> later a guy</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:44:35"> whose hair is now whiter than this Chuck</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:44:38"> Thacker joined this project</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:44:41"> and as he said he never looked back</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:44:44"> so this is a very serious attempt</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:44:47"> to provide a service as</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:44:50"> a time sharing system but it was attempt to actually provide</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:44:53"> real services to real users real early</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:44:56"> and Minsky</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:44:59"> huge influence back</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:45:2"> then and for me because like Minsky was</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:45:5"> loved Papp Ritz work</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:45:8"> and talk about Pafford all the time and it was through Minsky</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:45:11"> that I decided to go visit tapper</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:45:14"> then look lighter and now Bob Taylor</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:45:17"> as he looked back then Bob</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:45:20"> was the third of the funders at ARPA wrote</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:45:23"> this highly influential paper thinking</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:45:26"> about what the computer is not as a computer but as</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:45:29"> a medium and that fit</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:45:32"> in very well with the way Marshall</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:45:35"> McLuhan thought of media and</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:45:38"> the way I was starting to think about media and</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:45:41"> liq did</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:45:44"> not want this network that he wanted to have worldwide</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:45:47"> be small so he always</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:45:50"> call it the intergalactic Network back</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:45:53"> then because he realized that you know</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:45:56"> engineers are human and</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:45:59"> so if they're given a</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:46:2"> task of a certain size they will try and meet that task</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:46:5"> so he wanted to give them a task that</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:46:8"> was too large for them to me in</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:46:11"> the hopes that the result might actually scale</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:46:14"> and so as always</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:46:17">talked about in these terms and liquid had this wonderful</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:46:20">a psychologist he knew he was not qualified</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:46:23"> to pass judgment on goals</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:46:26">even make up goals so he didn't make up goals he just made up visions</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:46:29"> and he trusted the technical people</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:46:32">something about that visions and oh if the funders were just like that</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:46:35"> today because aslak</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:46:38"> said you can't have a decent idea inside</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:46:41"> the beltway in Washington DC so</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:46:44"> what</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:46:47"> you need to do is to find people outside the</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:46:50"> Beltway to do things so</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:46:53"> this way of thinking about things I've</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:46:56"> been painting a picture gradually here of what</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:46:59"> I think of as one of the dominant ways that</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:47:2">ARPA community thought about things is that they gradually started</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:47:5"> thinking about things in terms of no centers</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:47:8"> so in order to scale the networks</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:47:11">were interested in couldn't have a center and</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:47:14"> the programming languages that</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:47:17"> sketchpad didn't have a center and</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:47:20">the object stuff that I was thinking about didn't have a center and</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:47:23">object stuff that Carl Hewitt sorry think about I didn't have a center all</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:47:26"> of these things were like these</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:47:29"> networks of things and like biological</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:47:32"> cells no Center so we lose</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:47:35"> many many cells each</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:47:38"> year and we lose every atom in our body every</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:47:41"> 7 years gets replaced even the ones in our bones</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:47:44"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:47:47"> Barry Wesler is here and</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:47:50"> Barry</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:47:53"> was working in the ARPA eye PTO office</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:47:56"> at that time as Taylor's</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:47:59"> deputy and he</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:48:2"> was also very interested in the ARPANET and making it happen it</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:48:5"> hadn't happened yet in 68 and Barry</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:48:8">the youngest guy there and there was an idea that the</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:48:11"> people who actually did the work namely the graduate students</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:48:14">our pair should actually have a conference of their</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:48:17"> own it shouldn't just be the the contractors and the first</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:48:20"> one was held at the University of Illinois in the</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:48:23"> summer of 1968 and</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:48:26">whole bunch of interesting people showed up there</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:48:29"> but we had a tour of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:48:32">University of Illinois who saw that thing remember Barry so</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:48:35"> this is Don bit sirs first working</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:48:38"> plasma panel display for the Plato terminal</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:48:41"> and suddenly something that</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:48:44"> was 50 science fiction was but yet only</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:48:47"> an inch square was actually working and could</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:48:50"> display the University</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:48:53"> of Illinois on it so it</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:48:56">was going to happen we started talking about gee</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:48:59"> maybe a little desktop computer like the Flex machine could go on</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:49:2"> the back of one of these lasting displays someday</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:49:5"> so here's the</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:49:8"> the slide that involves me my</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:49:11"> background was in bio math I did</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:49:14"> a lot of theater and music and</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:49:17"> basically I got</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:49:20">reacting to things so I saw a sketchpad and Simula</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:49:23"> and because of the bio and the</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:49:26"> math I thought objects</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:49:29"> and I saw Engelbart and the</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:49:32"> Grail system and</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:49:35"> that</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:49:38">came up with this thing that didn't have a mouse but a tablet</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:49:41"> on it that was kind of a desktop</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:49:44"> personal computer that had cheadle and I did</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:49:47"> and then right</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:49:50"> about 40 years ago today maybe</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:49:53"> 40 years ago last week I went to</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:49:56"> visit Seymour papper because I'd</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:49:59"> started visiting people who</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:50:2"> could be users</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:50:5"> of a desktop computer so I was interested in</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:50:8">working with people who are not professional</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:50:11"> computer users and Seymour was working the children</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:50:14"> and I saw the following</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:50:17"> interesting thing that</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:50:20"> Seymour is a mathematician and</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:50:23"> he had studied with Piaget he</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:50:26"> should be here tonight I think many of you know the</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:50:29"> tragic story that a couple of years</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:50:32"> ago Seymour was in Hanoi and got run over by a motorcycle</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:50:35"> had to have part of his brain</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:50:38"> removed to save his life but he's not recovered</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:50:41"> from that so this is the this</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:50:44"> the evening that is really dedicated to this man</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:50:47"> who has meant so much to us in every phase</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:50:50"> of our of our lives</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:50:53"> and our ideas in</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:50:56"> both the professional and educational levels</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:50:59"> and Seymour was just</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:51:2"> a complete genius at coming up with insights</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:51:5"> and one of</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:51:8"> the ideas he got was children are</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:51:11"> egocentric but in</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:51:14"> a charming way they do everything relative</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:51:17">to them so if they were a coordinate system there would be an</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:51:20"> inertial coordinate system and an</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:51:23"> inertial coordinate system is the differential</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:51:26"> geometry of Gauss and</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:51:29"> if you keep track of this in the right way you actually</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:51:32"> get the differential geometry of vectors</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:51:35"> and in fact a child is one</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:51:38"> of those vectors and so is a turtle and</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:51:41"> he thought boy this is</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:51:44"> so close to the way children already think I wonder what they</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:51:47"> would do if we put some formalism on it and allowed them</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:51:50"> to treat it as mathematics and so</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:51:53"> you get a little kid and say can</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:51:56"> you draw a circle with your body and the little kid would go like this</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:51:59"> and you'd say to the little kid what</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:52:2"> are you doing and the kid would say well I'm going a little</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:52:5"> and turning a little over and over and going</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:52:8"> a little and logo is forward and turning a</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:52:11"> LITTLEST turn and over and over is repeat</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:52:14"> in so if you just tell the</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:52:17"> turtle to do that by</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:52:20"> golly you get a circle and since those numbers</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:52:23">whatever numbers you throw in there you're going to get circles of</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:52:26"> different kinds and all of a sudden you've</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:52:29">differential equation here that is infinitely</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:52:32"> simpler than trying to do differential equations</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:52:35"> of geometry and analytic geometry and a little sudden you've</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:52:38"> got something that children can so this completely blew my mind</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:52:41"> this is the turning point on this</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:52:44"> idea because once you've</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:52:47"> got something it is incredibly powerful that a child can learn</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:52:50"> you've no longer got an</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:52:53">you actually have something like the printing press that's</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:52:56"> one of the great 500-year inventions</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:52:59"> in human history because if children can</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:53:2"> learn these powerful ideas then you actually have a chance</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:53:5">of having them not just increment on what's already known they</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:53:8"> will actually help over several</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:53:11"> generations and bend something new and so so</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:53:14"> that combined with just seeing</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:53:17"> the splat panel display and all</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:53:20"> these wise words and the clue ins in my mind on the</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:53:23"> plane ride back to Utah from that</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:53:26"> meeting with Seymour I drew this little cartoon</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:53:29"> with kids out in the grass because if</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:53:32">make a personal computer for kids don't put it on a desk</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:53:35"> that isn't them and so</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:53:38"> it immediately took the fun</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:53:41"> idea of making a flat screen computer and made it paramount</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:53:44"> that if you're actually going to do something serious</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:53:47"> here with regard to children you had to make</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:53:50"> a computer that was in every way made for</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:53:53"> a child to take</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:53:56"> with them to do with them just as they would take a book away from</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:53:59"> adults to learn by themselves and</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:54:2"> because our Poe was</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:54:5"> thinking about packet radio not just doing</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:54:8"> a packet network back then I thought okay well</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:54:11"> absolutely it's gonna have Wireless and</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:54:14"> it'll have a stylus and it</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:54:17"> will have a touchscreen and it has to have a</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:54:20">keyboard because the one thing we learned from Grail is either if</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:54:23"> you have perfect character recognition it's still not fast</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:54:26"> enough for doing bulk typing and so</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:54:29"> all of those things coalesced in</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:54:32">if</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:54:35"> somebody helped me had</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:54:38"> this where I could find it so</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:54:41"> I after I got back to Utah I</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:54:44"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:54:47"> found a cardboard box and</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:54:50"> started making a model of this thing that I'd</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:54:53"> drawn and the original version of this for quite</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:54:56"> a few years did not have this cover his cover was put</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:54:59"> on at Xerox it was not called the Dynabook until</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:55:2"> Xerox but</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:55:5"> basically the ideas that had to have a removable memory</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:55:8"> which I would have killed for one megabyte of</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:55:11"> removable file storage back then</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:55:14"> has a stylist</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:55:17"> many interesting</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:55:20"> problems on it and probably the most interesting thing we</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:55:23"> did is you could load it up with lead shotgun pellets</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:55:26"> make it heavier and heavier</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:55:29"> and heavier we could even make it as heavy as some of</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:55:32"> the portable computers today</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:55:35"> but</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:55:38"> back then because we weren't interested</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:55:41"> in coping we're interested in actually what is a max</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:55:44"> weight and the definition of</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:55:47"> portability I came up with was well you're always</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:55:50"> carrying something else too so something</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:55:53"> that's portable if you can carry it and something else</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:55:56"> at the same time and so</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:55:59"> if you combine a thing full of lead pellets</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:56:2"> with other things you quickly realize that two pounds is if</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:56:5"> there's two pounds of 1968</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:56:8"> and it's two pounds in 2000 a</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:56:11"> period</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:56:14"> but of course as a service</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:56:17"> idea you don't have to do it like this</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:56:20"> so Ivan at that very</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:56:23">time was working on the head-mounted display just moved from Harvard</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:56:26"> to Utah and we thought that</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:56:29"> actually a head mounted display with liquid crystal</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:56:32"> would beat a large panel because of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:56:35"> contamination problems that you</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:56:38">their area dependent on large panels Thomas nobody</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:56:41"> was cared about these the Japanese cared</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:56:44"> a lot about making flat screen televisions so they put</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:56:47">enormous amount of effort into getting yield out of those</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:56:50"> larger displays in a saner world</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:56:53"> the head-mounted glasses would have come the</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:56:56"> Negro pot II had this idea that basically</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:56:59"> the whole world is going to be networked up and</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:57:2"> so all you need is a thing on your wrist that identifies</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:57:5"> you to the room that you walk into and knows where you're</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:57:8"> pointing and they actually did a pretty scarily neat version</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:57:11"> of that in the 70s later</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:57:14"> those ideas got attributed</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:57:17"> to somebody else and given a different name but there's actually</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:57:20"> originally negroponte zayed in</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:57:23">the seventies and again if you think of this as a service idea</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:57:26"> right away what you're interested in asking</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:57:29"> is what what are the actual services</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:57:32"> so then we're almost</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:57:35"> to the end of this little context here</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:57:38"> les Ernest is in the crowd where</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:57:41"> are you les yay my favorite</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:57:44"> guy</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:57:47"> besides being</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:57:50">nice guy he was willing to put up with me for a year at</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:57:53"> Stanford when I was supposed to be working on</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:57:56"> the hand/eye project</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:57:59"> there but actually spent a lot of time thinking</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:58:2"> about what it would mean to do the end user experiments</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:58:5"> because the problem is it's not the technology</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:58:8"> stupid basically that if you're gonna do</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:58:11"> one of these things you have to have some understanding of the end-users</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:58:14"> and so what I really wanted was some</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:58:17"> portable little computers like</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:58:20"> this or maybe like this was the kind of a thing</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:58:23"> I sketched out at Xerox PARC and</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:58:26"> in between Xerox PARC happened and when</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:58:29">I asked tailor what I should do he just said follow your instincts</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:58:32"> and I never asked him another question</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:58:35"> again and we just started working on it and</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:58:38"> here's the thing in a nutshell and</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:58:41"> we can talk later about why there isn't a Dynabook</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:58:44"> today if you want but basically it came down</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:58:47"> to four things that besides</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:58:50"> all the media stuff that were obvious and simple</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:58:53"> to do in emulating regular books and doing</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:58:56"> television and animation and all that stuff there</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:58:59"> are four four things we have to learn about</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:59:2"> what powerful ideas were and how</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:59:5"> they could be learned we're interested</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:59:8"> in whether computers could aid as Patrick</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:59:11"> had</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:59:14"> shown us we</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:59:17"> needed to understand how</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:59:20"> this could work with human mentors teachers and parents and</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:59:23"> I was most interested in</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:59:26"> whether you could make computer mentors to</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:59:29"> do this because my confidence</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:59:32"> in adults was very low back then</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:59:35"> and it still is basically</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:59:38"> the biggest bottleneck in all forms of education</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:59:41"> today and especially all forms of educational reform</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:59:44"> are the adults that are in the system</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:59:47"> and many in the third</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:59:50"> world it's the lack of adults</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:59:53"> but in our world is almost the lack</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:59:56"> of adults almost no elementary school teachers understand</subtitle>
<subtitle id="0:59:59"> anything about math and science and so in</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:0:2"> a way things might even be better if they weren't there</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:0:5"> because the children would not be getting</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:0:8"> misinformation about it so these</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:0:11"> were the four parts and the idea that whatever</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:0:14"> it is it's like reading and writing so it has to succeed for</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:0:17"> over 90% of the children not for the 10% who</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:0:20"> are set up by nature to be good at it and</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:0:23"> of course the problem with technologists doing is we were all set up by</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:0:26"> nature to be in that 10% that were good at all of</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:0:29"> us learn to program in a week I'll bet you anything</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:0:32"> it's not that hard if you</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:0:35"> almost know what it is and if you don't almost</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:0:38"> know what it is it could be really daunting for people</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:0:41"> and this is why computer people generally design</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:0:44"> terrible computer interfaces because they</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:0:47"> are so they're not only willing to</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:0:50"> cope with something bad they're pleased to</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:0:53"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:0:56"> because it's a little challenge for</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:0:59"> them</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:1:2"> okay so at Xerox</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:1:8">we had this HP 35 calculator</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:1:11"> which I only had for two weeks because it was</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:1:14">tolen cost a lot</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:1:17"> of money and after</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:1:20"> crying about it for a day I was happy because I realized</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:1:23"> this is the first time I've ever seen a computer that</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:1:26"> somebody could actually steal</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:1:29"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:1:32"> and</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:1:35"> so Butler</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:1:38"> instigated and Bill English and others</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:1:41"> instigated a thing called the old character</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:1:44"> generator that</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:1:47"> to try and understand what it would be like to make</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:1:50"> readable things on a computer display and by</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:1:53">character generator we actually made a bitmap</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:1:56"> memory that</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:1:59"> allowed painting and other kinds of animations and</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:2:2">be done and so this was kind of the first bitmap</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:2:5"> memory and what it looked like and</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:2:8"> so one of the things that happened in 1972</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:2:11"> is a lot of things that were</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:2:14"> being thought about got simulated using</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:2:17"> very expensive equipment like this old character generator data</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:2:20"> general Nova computers and so forth so</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:2:23"> a lot was known about what animation</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:2:26"> was going to be like and what music was going</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:2:29"> to be like and and so forth</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:2:32"> and now we're just about to the end of the story here</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:2:35"> because we're starting to take</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:2:38">that was an idea and is still an idea and</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:2:41"> in a way ideas on account</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:2:44"> for a little in computing because you</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:2:47"> kind of have to implement the stuff this is</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:2:50">part of the story that really makes me plush up my throat</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:2:53"> because every time you implement something you five</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:2:56"> years go away and you</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:2:59"> do learn something so but</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:3:2"> the important part here is that the</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:3:5"> kind of the super basketball team the</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:3:8">super sports team that's a real Research Center has people of every different</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:3:11"> kind of temperament and when</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:3:14"> they can work together you get this enormous synergy</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:3:17"> of talents and we have a</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:3:20"> couple here tonight that chuck was</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:3:23"> kind of the master hardware</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:3:26"> architect at Parc made</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:3:29"> these ideas and ideas of his ideas</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:3:32"> of Butler's real in such</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:3:35"> a way that we could actually try things out and Dan</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:3:38"> made a lot of these software ideas real</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:3:41">in such a way that we could actually try things out and under understand</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:3:44"> them and so I'll end this</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:3:47"> little context by</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:3:50"> just pointing out that whenever</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:3:53"> we honor somebody in our community the</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:3:56">community we're actually honoring</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:3:59"> every single one of us because none</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:4:2"> of those ideas would have happened without this</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:4:5"> incredible intellectual environment</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:4:8"> and practical</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:4:11"> environment to have ideas and to</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:4:14"> bring them to life thank you very much</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:4:29">thanks very much Ellen</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:4:32"> and that 15 minutes did stretch beyond here</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:4:41">yeah yeah I was warned about this</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:4:44"> effect you warned me about it so</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:4:47"> just very quickly some quick introductions if that</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:4:50"> Chuck Thacker why don't you just</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:4:59">Chuck you</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:5:2"> saw Chuck in the and the slide show in his earlier days but</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:5:5"> he hasn't aged that much</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:5:8"> Chuck a close</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:5:11"> colleague of Alan's at Xerox</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:5:14"> PARC of the project leader of the alto</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:5:17"> computer the first personal computer</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:5:20"> co-inventor</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:5:23"> of Ethernet and it just it just it just</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:5:26">contributor</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:5:29"> to the laser printer laser</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:5:32">later worked at digital's Research Center</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:5:35"> and now works for</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:5:38"> Microsoft Research where he helped himself as</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:5:41"> a Cambridge lab he's now back in Pell in</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:5:44">Mountain View effect just across the street here and</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:5:47"> he was the hardware designer of</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:5:50"> Microsoft's tablet PC</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:5:53"> which was the realization of all those years of</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:5:56"> dreaming of pen computing and finally</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:5:59">getting one that got in the market and actually sold</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:6:2"> well and proved that that idea was</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:6:5"> more than just a concept it was actually something could be achieved and you</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:6:8"> know when I asked Alan would</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:6:11"> look back on the 40 years and we've gone</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:6:14"> with this the decision of Dynabook what's the computer</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:6:17"> that's closest to your vision didn't hesitate for a second he</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:6:20"> said the exo computer from the one left her child</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:6:23"> organization and Mary Lou was</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:6:26">who designed that computers who looks great the cheese on stage</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:6:29"> here now she's a scientist an entrepreneur</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:6:32"> and inventor she's concentrated on advanced</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:6:35"> display technologies but her interests</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:6:38"> and skills go way beyond that</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:6:41"> zone for work with the OLPC co-founder</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:6:44">of the One Laptop Per child project along with with</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:6:47"> Nicholas Negroponte and the really</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:6:50"> there are lots of remarkable things about that machine but</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:6:53">I'll call out is the fact that they needed to have</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:6:56"> a machine that was very versatile very flexible</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:6:59"> could be and could be used in all sorts of situations lighting</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:7:2"> situations including outdoors and</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:7:5"> she achieved that with a display on the on the</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:7:8"> EXO computer so we're gonna have to</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:7:11">little discussion here I'm gonna ask some questions hopefully</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:7:14"> they'll be kind of like a conversation but on</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:7:17"> your seats there are some cards we'll</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:7:20">time at the end for some questions from the audience and so</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:7:23"> please pass them up to the people who</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:7:26"> collect them and we'll get some of those answers as well so</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:7:29"> very good</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:7:32"> all right Chuck</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:7:35"> that's your chance you know one</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:7:38"> of one of the great things I thought about the the contextual</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:7:41"> setting that how long did</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:7:44"> was it just showed all those threads that</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:7:47"> that kind of came together over those couple</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:7:50"> of decades that the that</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:7:53"> fed into his ideas invited a lot of people ideas</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:7:56">and there was this incredible fertile ground and</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:7:59"> I think you know a lot of people know that it was a Xerox PARC in</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:8:2">the 60s it's so much of this came together we</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:8:5"> came from you know concepts</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:8:8">into some technologies that were really truly personal</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:8:11"> yeah seventy-five years yeah</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:8:14"> so</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:8:17"> anyway so what</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:8:20"> was it about that time and that place that</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:8:23"> made that possible well I think it was a it was</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:8:26">combination of things number one there was the</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:8:29"> arbor community and our community I</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:8:32"> mean you can't quite understand how how it was</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:8:35"> in those days because it was actually possible</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:8:38">ssentially everybody in the field because</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:8:41"> it wasn't all that big and ARPA</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:8:44"> had had</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:8:47"> generated a style of doing research</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:8:50"> that was</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:8:53"> really quite effective and when</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:8:56"> Park was founded</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:8:59"> they were fortunate us to bring in Bob Taylor to</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:9:2"> run the computer science lab and he</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:9:5"> knew everybody so he could pick</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:9:8"> who he wanted and he did pick</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:9:11"> a lot of us so it's a pity that he isn't here</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:9:14"> tonight but he he's insist on staying upon</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:9:17"> his skill in Woodside but</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:9:20"> I think that yeah</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:9:23"> it was a it was a pretty collegial enterprise</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:9:26"> yeah there's almost kind</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:9:29"> of a middle ground between an</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:9:32"> academic kind of research and product developers</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:9:35"> well no we were much much more like academics than</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:9:38"> like product developers we really did not think</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:9:41"> of these things as products</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:9:44"> what we were doing was essentially the way I characterize</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:9:47"> it we were spending a lot of money to simulate the future</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:9:50"> and that's not the way you build a product right</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:9:53"> now</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:9:56"> you're at the opposite end of the spectrum we're</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:9:59"> taking these decades of technology</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:10:2"> and advancement all the tremendous work done by</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:10:5"> the Japanese on displays and trying to take</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:10:8"> that some of these machines we were looking before downstairs</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:10:11"> there was the note taker the side next to it</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:10:14">cost fifty thousand dollars to make this this one device</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:10:17"> and I think Doug said that it really wasn't quite</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:10:20"> that much but it still a tremendous amount a</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:10:23">expensive computer very expensive portable computer the</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:10:26"> first one and you've made one that where</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:10:29"> the material cost I think is $180 so</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:10:32"> if you and and</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:10:35"> but in a very collaborative kind</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:10:38">environment so if you would just talk about how you</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:10:41"> could have you guys worked kind</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:10:44"> of the other end of that almost like an open source</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:10:47"> project hardware and software right mostly</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:10:50"> some things are closed but well Allen came</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:10:53"> and he sort of said you know here's</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:10:56"> here's how it's got to work you know</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:10:59"> how do you make a hundred</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:11:2"> dollar laptop well if you look at the cost of the screen it's more</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:11:5"> than a hundred dollars and so you can start</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:11:8"> there and some Nicholas had started with a kind</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:11:11"> of a science project projector and I looked</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:11:14"> at that and I thought we got a ship the</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:11:17"> kids are still kids were there it's about sin</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:11:20"> so that really bounded the project and so we</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:11:23"> just were able to bring in all sorts of people from all</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:11:26"> you know this was the chance we had</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:11:29"> a chance to everybody</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:11:32">came to the project had a chance to use their skills</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:11:35"> in a way not just to make another product but</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:11:38"> this product if we could pull it off could change the</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:11:41"> world and so you think you work hard on any</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:11:44">product that you make but this product you don't stay</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:11:46"> up just one night two nights three nights you know just</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:11:49"> don't sleep for two years and I think that was the</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:11:52"> the effort of a large number of</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:11:56"> extraordinary individuals that that came</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:11:58"> together to make it happen a lot of lots of different</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:12:1"> ideas yeah but but a focus when we got to</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:12:4"> ship this it's got actually work no no</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:12:7">yeah and I knew well you you</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:12:10"> clearly had a goal in terms of that kind of a hardware</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:12:13">spec kind of goal and price kind of goal but</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:12:16"> the but the but the main thing that was driving you was this desire</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:12:19"> to make an affordable and flexible computer</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:12:22"> for children I have a dramatic impact on that</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:12:25"> certainly that was what was been driving</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:12:28"> Alan all these years how did that</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:12:31"> kind of inform your engineering and</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:12:34"> design decisions well</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:12:37"> you know a lot</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:12:40"> of people thought it was impossible but if you looked</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:12:43"> at the cost of you know super low cost CPUs they</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:12:46"> were available a lot of people</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:12:49"> came to the project AMD came to the project and and</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:12:52"> really put forward a</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:12:55"> lot of companies put forward extraordinary price points</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:12:58"> and if you looked at you</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:13:1"> know the cost of Wi-Fi and come-come way down stuck</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:13:4"> with a screen problem of that being a hundred bucks so</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:13:7"> we had I designed a new screen in convince</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:13:10"> manufacturers to</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:13:13"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:13:16"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:13:19"> but really the way we did it</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:13:22"> was to not start with the engineering to</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:13:25"> really just think about it a long time</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:13:28"> a lot of thought a lot of going out talking to</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:13:31"> the countries convincing them that</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:13:34"> that they they believed us that we could</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:13:37">low-cost laptop and they said wow if he can do that why</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:13:40"> don't you come and talk to the press I'll buy two million</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:13:43"> of them and the president Lula da Silva did that first in</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:13:46"> Brazil and we went actually back to the</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:13:49"> US after that and got</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:13:52"> calls from every other head of state in Latin America saying you</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:13:55"> know we were thinking you know when a</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:13:58"> lot of it was sort of getting</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:14:1"> the groundswell in the the</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:14:4"> different heads of state throughout the world</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:14:7"> to say they would buy these laptops if they existed where</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:14:10"> when the manufacturers heard that they could fill</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:14:13"> their factories with this kind of volume they</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:14:16"> were interested and so we thought we'd</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:14:19"> pick a country in Latin America a country in Africa a</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:14:22">Middle East a country in Southeast Asia and so forth</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:14:25"> but when we took Brazil on as</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:14:28"> our country in Latin America</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:14:31">every other head of state in Latin America called us</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:14:34"> and said how can Brazil possibly represent us</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:14:37"> they</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:14:40"> don't even speak Spanish</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:14:43"> that's a good point</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:14:46"> okay</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:14:49"> that's right they do rot in and so</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:14:52"> that just shut I think almost after the UN summit</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:14:55"> on the digital divide where Kofi Annan unveiled</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:14:58"> our functional tethered prototype</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:15:1"> Allen was there and convinced</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:15:4"> us to actually have a motherboard underneath the table</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:15:7"> I think every head of state except for Miramar</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:15:10"> North Korea and Belgium had essentially</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:15:13"> signed on to the project that was enough to</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:15:16"> convince the manufacturers to work with us so they</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:15:19"> so the the XO was the closest thing to your</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:15:22"> vision of the Dynabook but the</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:15:25"> data book is the you know the the computer</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:15:28">built the idea that was never built so why was</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:15:31"> it never built in spite of all these people</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:15:34"> really trying very hard to make</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:15:37"> it happen well I think</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:15:40"> you know in spite of the fact that I</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:15:43"> have a cardboard model and</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:15:46"> drew pictures of it as</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:15:49"> I said to me it was a service idea</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:15:52"> and the four</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:15:55"> things that I put up in one of those</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:15:58"> slides near the end so we have to learn what</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:16:1"> our powerful ideas are and how to learn them how computers</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:16:4"> could help learn them what kind</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:16:7"> of mentoring can be done by humans and</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:16:10">to do my computer</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:16:13"> those are the four things and</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:16:16"> just working on the first two</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:16:19"> with our 90%</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:16:22"> success threshold for children led</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:16:25"> to 25 years of</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:16:28"> failure because we</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:16:31"> were paying for this research ourself</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:16:34">nobody would actually fund the children's</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:16:37"> research because we did these long projects</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:16:40"> and we</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:16:43"> didn't believe in most forms of the testing that are reported</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:16:46"> in educational literature and stuff so we wanted</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:16:49"> to actually convince ourselves that children were</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:16:52"> getting fluent and that 90% of them were getting fluid</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:16:55"> so by those criteria it was just one failure</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:16:58"> after another and but</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:17:1">basically after each one of these which would last</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:17:4"> five to ten years depending on the</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:17:7"> effort we've learned something and about 10</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:17:10"> years ago one of the systems that we did</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:17:13"> started touching many more</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:17:16"> children with adult health in</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:17:19"> a much stronger way and so</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:17:22"> I think it's safe to say after 40 years the first</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:17:25"> two ideas</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:17:28"> and a little bit about what kind of human mentoring</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:17:31"> you need have been solved of the three things</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:17:34"> but boy when Nicholas started</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:17:37"> up the OLPC project my heart sunk</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:17:40">even</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:17:43"> as I supported it because</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:17:46"> mentoring if it's tough</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:17:49"> to get good human mentors in the United States it is really</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:17:52"> tough out in the third world and so</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:17:55"> for instance there doesn't exist today</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:17:58"> even the simplest</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:18:1"> program like</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:18:4">interface that's in common use today can even find</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:18:7"> out what its user is and what its user</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:18:10"> knows and what it can do or just the simplest things</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:18:13"> it can't find out what level of reading the</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:18:16"> user do and help them do the next level of reading</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:18:19"> so if you think about the the</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:18:22">common sense version of we did of McCarthy's idea</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:18:25"> of what you needed for a common sense was the</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:18:28"> common sense of using the world so we</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:18:31"> made a relatively we made a world populated</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:18:34"> with objects that reacted to what humans did</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:18:37"> but they didn't interact very strongly whereas</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:18:40"> that isn't enough pure discovery</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:18:43">learning took us a hundred thousand years to get to</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:18:46"> science and so you actually need</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:18:49"> learning that is actually facilitated</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:18:52"> and if you can't make a</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:18:55"> thousand good teachers in a year to save</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:18:58">yourself you have to have a user interface that can do that</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:19:1"> to me that is and actually Danny Barbaro is</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:19:4"> here somewhere Danny was</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:19:7"> at parking known Danny for a thousand</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:19:10"> years and you guys were supposed</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:19:13"> to be doing this Danny what what happened</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:19:16"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:19:19"> yeah</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:19:22"> you can't don't evolve it</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:19:25"> invent it no but so the</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:19:28"> this this dream of having a user</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:19:31"> interface that could facilitate is</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:19:34"> as old as artificial intelligence that's</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:19:37"> why I brought it up it is artificial</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:19:40"> but you know you could say robot</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:19:43"> yeah but what I'm saying is is that the</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:19:46"> to me that was the thing we</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:19:49"> would have worked on it if we'd had even one good idea but</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:19:52"> I've never had a good AI idea in my entire career</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:19:55"> and so it's a different temperament</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:19:58"> a different kind of person and my thought was eventually</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:20:1"> they'll catch up at the past and we'll</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:20:4"> be able to actually make up for no teachers and</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:20:7">make up for bad teachers at least we'll probably never do as</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:20:10"> well as a good teacher but we should</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:20:13"> be able to do something and so when the OLPC project</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:20:16"> started thinking oh my god we</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:20:19"> are lacking the one piece of the technology</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:20:22"> like if we could just ship that</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:20:25">with a simple program that would teach the children to learn how</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:20:28"> to in their native language that would be the killer</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:20:31"> app on that machine and wouldn't have to worry about anything</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:20:34"> else for a number of years but that</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:20:37"> technology doesn't really exist yes</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:20:40"> I know everybody has it's like</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:20:43"> it's like in the old days the</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:20:46"> rule was everybody can make a one-inch</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:20:49"> square flat panel display and nobody can make a 5 inch</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:20:52"> square one still</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:20:55"> be so I'm just saying that it's it's</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:20:58"> that gap I believe that has to be bridged in</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:21:1"> order to fulfill the educational goals that the Dynabook has if</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:21:4"> you have to have some way of getting around the adults in</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:21:7"> the system that make educational reform difficult</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:21:10">hat's</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:21:13"> happening I mean here's the here's the day that prude</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:21:16">didn't believe that the kids could learn how to use the laptops</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:21:19"> themselves they did a couple pilots and Peru</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:21:22">measured themselves on a World Economic Forum study</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:21:25"> of primary school education throughout the world</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:21:28"> 142 countries participated in a study Peru</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:21:31"> came 140 second dead</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:21:34"> last but they said well you know at least we have a baseline</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:21:40">there are more than 200 countries in</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:21:43">world and so you know we're not that bad so they got</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:21:46"> the laptops they're in primary</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:21:49"> school education 15 1 5</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:21:52">of the children could pass reading comprehension tests</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:21:55"> at grade level and in the schools we</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:21:58"> put the OLPC xo1 to zero</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:22:1"> percent of the children could pass reading comprehension</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:22:4"> tests at grade level and they have</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:22:7"> they have scores three two one or zero this</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:22:10"> three is passing to is almost passing one</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:22:13"> and zero are self explanatory we</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:22:16"> went into schools where zero percent of the children</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:22:19"> could pass at grade three and they were all zeros</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:22:22"> or ones six months with the laptops</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:22:25"> 30 percent of the children got</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:22:28"> grade passed at the reading comprehension at</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:22:31"> grade level of at three forty percent</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:22:34"> of the got scores of two and the</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:22:37"> rest were heroes one that was incredible and</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:22:40">that wasn't perfect they could learn how to read and</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:22:43"> it was a testing data we</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:22:46"> didn't actually expect this as a result</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:22:49">in fact we were sort of saying all while testing teaches the</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:22:52"> test let's not do that but that was enough to convince Peru</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:22:55"> to buy four hundred thousand laptops and really deploy</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:22:58"> them across the country so it's working</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:23:1"> somehow we don't understand how but</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:23:4">you know when Nicolas started this project I said to</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:23:7"> him if nothing else it's likely</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:23:10"> to make this a topic of conversation</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:23:13"> now to actually bring the idea of a children's computer</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:23:16">topic and if you can get a bunch of other companies trying</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:23:19"> to compete with you in doing it that</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:23:22"> will be a wonderful result of</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:23:25"> the oil PC because that kind</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:23:28"> of competition is very</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:23:31"> often healthy for the genre and</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:23:34"> I think there are at least seven</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:23:37"> vendors now they're making machines</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:23:40"> that they claim or aimed at children one way or</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:23:43"> another and are less expensive and</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:23:46"> the stuff that powers education</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:23:49"> is the software that can ride on these machines</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:23:52"> and so just like laptops became a category after</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:23:55"> awhile I think more and more people are</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:23:58"> thinking about this who maybe not have</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:24:1">children's best interests in mind but just think of it as another marketing</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:24:4"> area that draw it can drive some good things</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:24:7"> and so I believe this whole thing</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:24:10"> is a step forward and</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:24:13"> I still think there's a ways to go before</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:24:16"> the thing I haven't done is escalated</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:24:19"> the goals of the Dynabook from</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:24:22"> back then because the of course</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:24:25"> the the goodness of displays and</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:24:28"> the size of the memory and the speed of the processors is far far</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:24:31"> far beyond anything I postulated</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:24:34"> back then but doesn't actually matter to</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:24:37">that makes some of these goals a little easier but</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:24:40"> the problem is these goals are actually things</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:24:43"> require invention and so they're only facilitated</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:24:46"> by technology not they're not brought</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:24:49"> forth by it automatically you</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:24:52"> you know Xerox PARC days</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:24:55"> through most of your career very</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:24:58"> you know you're an academic type researcher</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:25:1"> yet it was you and other</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:25:4"> people bert healy by feeling</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:25:7"> and I think also Lampson at</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:25:10"> Microsoft Research a little bit he who made</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:25:13"> who made the tablet happen and you know this is an incredible thing you know early</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:25:16"> 90s John doar or some of these others</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:25:19"> who kind of whipped this excitement up around that the pen</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:25:22"> computing also Apple I'm involved in it</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:25:25"> really collapsed at</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:25:28"> that time because partly because handwriting</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:25:31">just wasn't good enough but you guys came back</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:25:34"> a decade later and made</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:25:37"> it happen so so what's the thing that what</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:25:40">was different about a decade later that that could wasn't</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:25:43"> just the technology resembled it's Moore's</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:25:46"> law and that's all it all that it is and that in</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:25:49"> 1999 it was possible to build</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:25:52"> a processor that dissipated less than five watts</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:25:55"> it was not the geode that's in the oil</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:25:58"> PC it was a transmitter processor and</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:26:1"> with that and a modest modest</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:26:4"> sized battery you could get you know essentially all day all</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:26:7"> day life and we actually showed this machine</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:26:10"> to Alan I took it down to Glendale when</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:26:13"> we got the first prototype and I had</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:26:16"> loaded squeak which was the system alan alluded to upon</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:26:19"> it and Dan Ingalls grabbed it out of my hand</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:26:22">started running a benchmark and he said this is a fast computer</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:26:25"> and I said yeah that's a pretty fast computer</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:26:28"> that prototype is nicer than any</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:26:31"> of this commercial versions</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:26:34"> and</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:26:37"> yes handwriting recognition is</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:26:40"> bad but you can do exactly the trick that that Alan alluded</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:26:43">to in the talk you don't do the recognition initially</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:26:46"> you do it in a background thread and and you fire</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:26:49"> off strokes as you get them and it all works just</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:26:52"> fine I have built that system unfortunately you</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:26:55"> can't quite get it on on</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:26:58"> the current tablet PCs but I think</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:27:1"> we're getting there and there are some fine</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:27:4"> new pieces of silicon out there in the world</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:27:7"> ideas are so easy because</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:27:10"> they have no mass and they're not affected by gravity</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:27:13"> right exactly</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:27:16">we</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:27:19"> have several questions here talked</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:27:22">about here question was what hardware limitations</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:27:25"> still remains whether</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:27:28"> the battery life that would you most like to see overcome</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:27:31"> well the the problem that</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:27:34"> I see in these devices for children is</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:27:37">that you would that you would really think of very much</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:27:40"> its ruggedness and I guarantee</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:27:43"> you that if you drop one of these things</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:27:46"> it will break</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:27:49"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:27:52"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:27:55"> well I actually know a</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:27:58"> small company in in Palo Alto that</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:28:1"> I like I got to design a thing that was we've</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:28:4"> actually looked at this idea too about how to build low-cost</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:28:7"> computers for children and and yes</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:28:10"> we came up with a number 185 dollars to</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:28:13"> but</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:28:16"> the I was very worried about the ruggedness</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:28:19"> of the liquid crystal displays now you could make them out of plastic</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:28:22"> but that's you know that's a tough thing to do right</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:28:25"> now manufacturers much rather make</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:28:28">of glass and the problem is when they make it they build</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:28:31"> incredible stresses into it and so if you drop</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:28:34"> it and it means a little bit then you got a stress</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:28:37">crack propagating right through the cover plate and I've</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:28:40"> I've broken laptops displays and</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:28:43"> probably many of you have too and we could not</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:28:46"> tolerate that in a machine that's going to be used by children because</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:28:49"> children use their their</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:28:52"> school objects for many different purposes including</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:28:55"> as weapons fact</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:28:58"> one of the things we did it at Utah with</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:29:1"> the cardboard because when I was a kid we used to</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:29:4"> hit waiting for the school bus we used to hit baseballs with our</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:29:7"> schoolbooks yep exactly so 700</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:29:10"> G's we tested the exo</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:29:13"> for that and five foot shocks</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:29:16"> well I I was</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:29:19"> interested in this question and</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:29:22"> so I went and I Ivan I'm not</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:29:25"> a mechanical engineer so I I went and hired one and</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:29:28"> they built one for me that</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:29:31"> was they used</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:29:34"> some secret sauce but they called me up a couple of days later</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:29:37"> and they said Chuck were not going</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:29:40"> to be able to get the drop tests finished</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:29:43">time we said and I said what's the matter and he said well</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:29:46"> the idea here was this machine unlike the XO has</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:29:49"> a case that is an integral shock</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:29:52"> control thing the case is actually made out of an elastomer</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:29:55"> and the</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:29:58"> display is supported in such a way that it can't bend</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:30:1"> or without adding hundreds of G's</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:30:4">and</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:30:7"> they said well the problem is every time we drop it from a</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:30:10"> nut from an altitude of a foot higher we have to</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:30:13">take it all apart because it gotta live it up and we got to look at the display</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:30:16">carefully magnifiers to see if it's broken and</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:30:19"> he said and we're up to ten feet and we're out of a light out</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:30:22"> of ladders so if you need</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:30:25"> a highly ruggedized laptop I know someone</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:30:28"> who knows how to make it my</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:30:31"> research the first think pad was</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:30:34"> actually a tablet and it was made for</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:30:37"> with the idea of field service you know</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:30:40"> technicians and things like this and also insurance</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:30:43"> adjusters oh yeah when we got into the</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:30:46">tablet business we knew immediately that we were going to</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:30:49"> get 200,000 units a year and that was quite</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:30:52"> predictable because all the previous tablets</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:30:55">had the resistive digitizers would go over to a more standard</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:30:58"> thing and they all have this Atlantic</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:31:1"> thought that they so they I think it was nation</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:31:4">something the adjustments would take you things on the field and</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:31:7"> the first thing they would do when they wanted</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:31:10">of kneel down and write something as they would put they</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:31:13"> would actually put the computer down and kneel on it</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:31:16"> so</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:31:19">they busted a bunch of screens that way you</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:31:22"> know I wanted to ask me you know you're you're doing a lot of work with</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:31:25">is place now that's really I understand the focus</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:31:28"> of pixel Qi so what's your</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:31:31"> vision of what you've wait where you can take the the work you</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:31:34">with the XO and One Laptop show what were you taking</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:31:37"> that now it goes back to</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:31:40">the question that was just asked neglecting power consumption</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:31:43"> that is the thing that we care about is battery life and</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:31:46"> it feeds into everything</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:31:49"> it feeds into robustness it feeds into use K feeds</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:31:52"> into the fan noise everything and so in the</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:31:55"> limit I just</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:31:58"> think why is there a motherboard why is there a CPU</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:32:1"> why isn't the laptop just a screen with it with some kind</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:32:4">wireless and cloud computing so physically all the circuitry</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:32:7"> is in the screen your time or in the</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:32:10"> so what what</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:32:13"> we're focused on is really</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:32:16"> trying the screen is by far</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:32:19"> the most expensive part of a portable</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:32:22"> and the most power hungry and the second most</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:32:25"> expensive part of a portable is the battery</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:32:28"> and so if you want to</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:32:31"> to work better portables I think</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:32:34"> somebody's got</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:32:37">and I think most</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:32:40"> people when they're designing hardware don't even consider</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:32:43"> this screen really part of the hardware</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:32:46"> anymore so anyway I know a lot about screens</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:32:49"> and I've convinced the LCD manufacturers</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:32:52"> to work with me we're working with about 30% of the worldwide</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:32:55"> LCD capacity sort of saying you know it's</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:32:58"> kind of like CMOS TFT</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:33:1"> LCD if you want there's all these sort of visions</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:33:4"> of the future and display as well and</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:33:7"> very few of them get into mass production</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:33:10"> when they even starts a sample</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:33:13"> that the patents have expired and I think it's</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:33:16"> like 20-30 years ago face it CMOS one forget</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:33:19"> the silicon and Sapphire gallium arsenide very good for</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:33:22"> niche stuff but if you want to</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:33:25"> make stuff that actually ships you</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:33:28"> know there are six masks on top of an amorphous</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:33:31">is amorphous silicon you can make things so we're</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:33:34"> focused on that making sunlight-readable splays displays</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:33:37"> from reading things like that but</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:33:40"> the XO is the first part of that it's</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:33:43"> the only sunlight readable screen in a laptop right</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:33:46"> now it's also a 1 watt laptop the</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:33:49"> laptop battery lasts for 20 hours and</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:33:52"> we made it for yeah poor kids</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:33:55"> in the developing world but you guys can all buy</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:33:58"> one starting November 17th and they give one get one program</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:34:1"> sorry I had to plug it but um</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:34:4"> you know you can get one too if</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:34:7"> you if you buy two you have to give one to a kid in a</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:34:10"> refugee camp but you can get one it's left</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:34:13">discussion</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:34:16"> is the</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:34:19"> computer as a as a empowering device for children</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:34:22"> we don't have too many children in the audience today</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:34:25"> but there must be but there must have been</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:34:28"> at least one because this one</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:34:31">says though you may not have noticed there is representation</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:34:34"> from the younger generation in the audience where</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:34:37"> oh you left okay</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:34:40"> all right so they went to bed so here's the question having</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:34:43"> seen the whole spectrum of computing so far what is your</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:34:46"> message to the younger generation</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:34:49"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:34:52"> learn everything you can</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:34:55"> forget it and just smell the perfume</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:35:4">that you have</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:35:7"> to learn everything you can but</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:35:10"> you can't take it first order seriously</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:35:13"> in order to think you</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:35:16">has it has to be there where you can draw on it rather than it running</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:35:19"> you around I think that the secret</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:35:22"> of getting educated is</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:35:25"> being able to use the knowledge rather than</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:35:28"> having the knowledge use you that's that's the</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:35:31">and one of the biggest problems with a lot</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:35:34"> of the youngsters doing computing today it's they turned</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:35:37"> it into more like a pop culture where</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:35:40"> and I've said to them on many occasions</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:35:43"> is you could very well be smarter than the smartest person</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:35:46"> back in the 60s and the 70s but you're not smarter</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:35:49"> than a hundred of them and the 16 the 7</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:35:52"> is very interesting because that was where aggregates</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:35:55"> of very smart people in 20s 30s</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:35:58"> and a hundreds did things</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:36:1"> that no single smart person could</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:36:4">o and they did things of a different kind than most</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:36:7"> of the stuff that's being done in computing today which</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:36:10"> i think is hugely incremental and</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:36:13"> there are some even some good reasons for the incremental</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:36:16"> ISM but a lot of the incrementalism is just</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:36:19"> because people are more interested in novelty</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:36:22">actually in getting above</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:36:25"> some important threshold and the way to get beyond</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:36:28"> novelty like Cicero said</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:36:31"> the person who knows only his own generation remains</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:36:34"> forever a child so</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:36:37"> the way to get out out of that and I I would</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:36:40"> say one of the things that was interesting about that time Chuck</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:36:43"> can comment but cool thing was you couldn't get an</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:36:46"> undergraduate degree in computing back then it was</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:36:49"> so good you had to learn</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:36:52"> something and</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:36:55"> so everybody in</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:36:58"> the ARPA community had gotten an undergraduate degree or master's</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:37:1"> degree or some of them even PhDs or or not</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:37:4"> but basically they had mastered something that was an</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:37:7"> existing discipline that was really hard where the thresholds</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:37:10"> were very strict and didn't matter where there was physics like with</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:37:13"> Butler electrical engineering or mathematics and</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:37:16"> everybody had a I think a really good</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:37:19"> detector for what was</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:37:22"> just playing what was just a or guitar in computing</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:37:31">uitar</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:37:34"> hero machines including in Microsoft Research</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:37:37"> I notice now yes yeah oh yeah this is one</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:37:40"> outside very close to your office could be alright</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:37:43">look like you were about to say something what's your message well</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:37:46"> young people I</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:37:49"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:37:52"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:37:55"> outside I'm not sure exactly I would give this man</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:37:58"> one of the things that I've that I'm very</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:38:1"> worried about is that there</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:38:4"> are a couple things that are happening in our society</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:38:7"> this is this is an interesting</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:38:10"> thing I've been trying to fact out my wife told me this that</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:38:13">had read somewhere that there was a study done of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:38:16"> vocabulary of graduates she fought from middle</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:38:19">but it might have been from grammar school in</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:38:22"> about 2008</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:38:25"> now and</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:38:28"> 20 years ago and the answer was</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:38:31"> that the vocabularies of kids have dropped</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:38:34"> substantially more</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:38:37"> so than then I think you could you</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:38:40"> could account</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:38:43"> for you know people just aren't getting are</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:38:46">you know we're not putting anything in the water but</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:38:49"> we also see you know there's a rise with things</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:38:52"> like attention deficit disorder and</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:38:55"> a lot of that I think comes from</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:38:58"> things like television</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:39:1"> we did a lot of study on</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:39:4"> how to help use computers to</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:39:7"> help kids learn how to read and we</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:39:10"> finally decided that the only thing that we</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:39:13"> could possibly do that might work and</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:39:16"> and this is in the u.s.</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:39:19"> now this is not in Peru where they maybe want</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:39:22">it's</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:39:25"> in the US where they would much rather watch television the</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:39:28"> only thing that we could possibly figure that would</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:39:31">rag the kid away from the television when their parents weren't</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:39:34"> there because that's the norm now</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:39:37"> and it wasn't 40 or 50 years ago is use</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:39:40"> videogames and so we tried to develop a</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:39:43"> system that combined both good pedagogy and</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:39:46"> an experience that the kid would actually enjoy we</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:39:49"> failed but when</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:39:52"> I told Alan that we were doing this kind of thing he said he</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:39:55">you're gonna try to teach kids to read and I said yeah and he said I'd</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:39:58"> never do that it's way too hard and he was right</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:40:1"> you know I one</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:40:4"> of the messages I would give to young people is</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:40:7"> on occasion and maybe frequently</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:40:10"> leave your computer behind and just go for a walk and</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:40:13"> and don't plug your iPhone in your ears either just</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:40:16"> like start to have some some sensory experiences</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:40:19"> with the world around you how</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:40:22"> many of you are without your iPod</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:40:25"> right now</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:40:28"> without</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:40:31"> and</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:40:34"> this is an audience filled of filled</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:40:37"> with the elderly and only I don't</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:40:40"> have them I don't have one like and to</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:40:43"> think you used to be one day</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:40:46"> I</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:40:49"> was only here for about one year 1968</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:40:52"> last word</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:40:55"> generation</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:40:58"> it reminds me of this is very short story but</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:41:1"> I was with Alan and Nicholas and in Tunisia northern</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:41:4"> Africa a couple years ago and after</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:41:7"> a grueling week we went to a Roman</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:41:10"> ruins and dukkha and Alan</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:41:13"> pointed to this rot in the road</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:41:16">that had been made by the carriage is being pulled over</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:41:19"> the road for centuries and said he'd</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:41:22"> buy lunch for anybody that could say</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:41:25"> what the rut in the road was and I</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:41:28"> was I'm tired I don't know it give up</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:41:31"> but what's the name of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:41:34"> rut in the Rhode Island the rut</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:41:37"> in the road which is actually not worn by chariots for centuries</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:41:40"> but was cut there for the chariots</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:41:43"> is curriculum</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:41:46"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:41:49"> that</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:41:52"> is where our modern and you can look at</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:41:55"> it as a bad thing and is a good thing you</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:41:58"> know basically it meant the way towards</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:42:1"> where you're trying to go the path that you take</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:42:4"> to get there that's what it was and it came from</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:42:7"> that rut in the road which by the way was</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:42:10"> interestingly reversed and became</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:42:13"> if you measure some of the ones that error then roman</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:42:16"> ruins you'll find the gauges of some of the railroads</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:42:19"> in Europe are exactly that with</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:42:22"></subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:42:25"> try</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:42:28"> to take that story I'm suggesting</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:42:34">just a few quick things to close up</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:42:37"> Ellen I got a text from Cicero</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:42:40"> he said you didn't quite have that quote right but</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:42:43"> we're going to have it checked and</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:42:46">in the interest of protecting the</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:42:49"> museum's reputation at the expense of my own let</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:42:52"> me just say I blew the quote it's right downstairs</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:42:55"> and I just want to</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:42:58"> Cicero quote I was trying to</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:43:1"> modernize it and remove gender from it</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:43:4"> okay</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:43:7"> only his own generation</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:43:10"> remains forever a child that's great</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:43:13"> that's fantastic let's</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:43:16"> let me just the Steve Allen had the very good suggestion</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:43:19"> that everybody who was involved with the Dynamo project at</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:43:22"> ARPA Park everybody who was involved in ARPA and</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:43:25"> Park in the audience okay please</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:43:28"> stand up so we can recognize you</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:43:31"> wonderful thank</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:43:46">second</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:43:49"> Steve's book is going to be on sale in the</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:43:52"> lobby at the front desk afterwards so please</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:43:55"> check that out I want to invite you on Thursday</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:43:58"> November 20th if you can make it to one of our lunch</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:44:1"> hail to the historian series Steve</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:44:4"> Blank talking about secrets of Silicon Valley so</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:44:7"> if you can make that we'd really love to have you and please join me in thanking</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:44:10"> everyone who is involved tonight Alan</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:44:13"> shock Mary Lewis Lee thank you very much</subtitle>
<subtitle id="1:44:19">ave a safe trip home everyone</subtitle>