Viewpoints Intelligent Archive - User contributions [en]

Alan Kay at MIT Media Lab 5th Anniversary Event (1990)

2018-01-07T05:48:50Z

MrSteve: Fixed kids wording

{{#evt:
service=youtubeIA
|id=6Ysu1mDxxbc
|alignment=left
|autoresize=true
}}

<subtitle id='00:00:00'> never know what Nicholas was going to say actually the turned out that the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:08'>bearnaise on the hot dog didn't sell well if I remember we're no longer on</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:13'>that board anniversaries get people to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:22'>think of other anniversaries there lots</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:26'>of them happening this year one of them is the 50th anniversary of Fantasia and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:33'>Fantasia I think for many of us in this audience and at MIT and elsewhere was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:40'>something we grew up on as a kind of a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:44'>dream of bringing our ideas to life and a lot of us saw the computer is a way of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:50'>more quickly with more depth more</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:54'>dimension more meaning to be able to project ideas that we had within within</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:00'>ourselves into this magic new medium and have them come to life just as the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:07'>disney people did with great art but much more laboriously many years ago I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:12'>think a good way to start this this lecture is to think 40 years ago not 50</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:19'>the 40 years ago was the when two very</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:26'>diverse very at opposite poles machines</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:31'>were introduced to the to the world and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:35'>one of them of course was the UNIVAC one the first commercial digital computer</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:42'>thing that a digital computer its people's minds it had whirling tape</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:47'>drives the first whirling tape drives and it predicted an election not long</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:53'>after that on television and so it became in the public's mind what a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:59'>computer was all about now in the other</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:05'>machine that was at the farthest pole of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:09'>thinking from the univac one also came about 19</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:13'>50 and I actually spent quite a bit with some assistance this summer trying to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:18'>find some film footage of it because I was sure that some must exist and after</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:24'>much scurrying around in England then looking at old newsreels and so forth we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:29'>finally found what i think is the earliest footage of this machine which I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:33'>think symbolizes the transition from the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:38'>UNIVAC 1 to what's going to happen over the next 10 years and i think i need the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:42'>the slides off because i'm going to show some video thank you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:59'>in a simple Ville on the outskirts of Bristol lives Dr. Grey Walter a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:04'>neurologist who makes robots as a hobby they are small and he doesn't dress them</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:09'>up to look like men he calls them tortoises and so cunningly have their</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:13'>insides being designed that they respond to the stimuli of light and touch in a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:18'>completely lifelike manner</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:38'>this model is named Elsie and she sees out of a photoelectric cell which</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:43'>rotates above her body when light strikes the cell driving and steering</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:48'>mechanism sends her hurrying towards it if she brushes against any object in her</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:52'>path contacts are operated that turn the steering away and so automatically she</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:58'>takes avoiding action</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:34'>Mrs. Walters pet his Elma, Elsie's brother in the darker vest he works in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:39'>exactly the same way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:49'>Dr. Walter says that his electronic toys work exactly as though they have a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:53'>simple two cell nervous system and that with more cells they will be able to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:58'>do many more tricks already Elsie has one up on Elmer when her batteries begin to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:03'>fail she automatically runs home to her kennel but charging up and in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:07'>consequence can live a much gayer life</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:17'>so I officially present this footage to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:21'>Nicholas Seymour Papert and Marvin Minsky for it means something to each</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:27'>one of this this is the original tortoise that inspired the logo turtle</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:33'>and it also inspired a lot of early work</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:37'>in artificial intelligence and what's interesting about the way the last 40</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:41'>years have transpired is that digital computers have taken over but in fact</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:46'>where things are going now are much more towards the kinds of control systems</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:53'>kinds of what you might call wet mentalities that device like the great</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:00'>Walter turtle has well the biggest</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:04'>problem with with computers is that they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:09'>were larger than than human scale and the mechanisms we have in our mind for</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:14'>dealing with things are larger than human scale are those of religions so of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:18'>course we had a priesthood and special</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:22'>time special rituals all of that stuff and a lot of what has happened in the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:27'>last 40 years has been to try and find ways to bring the machine into human</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:32'>scale without losing any of its promise</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:36'>what I'd like to do is give you a couple</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:40'>of ways that I think about this stuff and one of them is thinking in general</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:46'>terms about the way humans have extended themselves over the last several hundred</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:52'>thousand years and of course the first one that we think of is that we extend</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:56'>ourselves through tools levers screwdrivers wheels and so forth less</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:03'>often we think of language and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:07'>mathematics as tools but they also are ways of creating objects for things that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:15'>we want to deal with and we manipulate them and all of these tools allow us to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:21'>extend various of our senses and for a long time we thought of the computer as</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:26'>a kind of a tool and one of the ways that we've grappled with it is to try and make it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:30'>act more like the kinds of tools that were used to now less often thought of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:35'>extension is one that was identified many years ago by mumford who said for</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:42'>most of the history of human beings most of the machines that we've built have</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:47'>had other humans as moving parts he called these mega machines and societies</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:52'>groups an organization like this the media lab all of these are a consequence</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:57'>of our ability to take on other people's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:02'>goals our interest in taking on people's goals and our interest in getting people</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:06'>to take on our goals of course agents</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:10'>can take on a goal and can manipulate tools to carry out our wishes while</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:14'>we're doing things but more importantly an agent can deal with other agents and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:20'>I think of the the M word here for</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:24'>agents as being management so to me a tool is something that we look at and we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:29'>manipulate and an agent is something that looks at us and we manage the agent</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:35'>and of course the mainframes were neither and so the struggle was started</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:41'>in the 1950s in 1962 try and find a way of bringing this into some sort of human</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:46'>scale now I like to show you a couple of early efforts</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:04'>here's a picture that could have been taken in somebody's office here at MIT</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:08'>but actually it was taken in 1965 this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:15'>is Douglas Engelbart sitting at his</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:20'>first version of a what you might call not a personal computer but personal</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:25'>computing he has a mouse he has a black on white 19 inch screen and here's the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:32'>kind of media that he dealt back sat</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:44'>exactly branch on me and let me look just that low and I see it oh I can say</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:51'>I'd like to see one line only I can see</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:55'>but there's another thing I can do theres a route I said i have here</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:04'>so here I'm it i'll need a different pictures of you so here's what i do with</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:09'>a picture drawing capability here so slight and lamp if i start from work and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:13'>here's the route i seem to have to go to pick up all the materials and that's my</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:17'>plan for getting home tonight but if I want to I can say the library what am I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:22'>supposed to pick up there I can just point to that you know oh I see overdue</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:27'>books and all while there was a statement there with that name go back what if I once my supposed to pick up</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:32'>the drugstore hmm I see you interesting all right market can do things if I want</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:40'>to just say I'd like to interchange projects and can materials bingo and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:46'>they're all numbered right if I care to look interchanging them very quickly</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:50'>cans are going to get interchange with products they do it and all gets me</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:56'>numbered so that's a very tool based way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:01'>of thinking about things you're indicating things on the screen moving</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:05'>them around Engelbart was one of the of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:09'>a number of people in the 50s and 60s that realize that although you could</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:13'>drop a computer and break it just like you can drop a book into a fire and burn</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:19'>it that the contents of the computer or</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:23'>of the book can be a story or a description of things that can't exist</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:28'>physically in the world you can have a story in a book about a place that has an inverse cube law doesn't seem to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:33'>exist in in this world the computer can</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:37'>add more dimensions than this world has to a way of looking at data and so that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:41'>if you have a 15 dimensional space of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:46'>interesting things the computer can give you 16 dimensions and bring all of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:50'>interesting points together at one one place and that led to a number of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:55'>different ways of thinking about the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:00'>computer Engelbart's metaphor was the computer as a vehicle he thought of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:06'>big mainframes as being like railroads that were owned by institutions and the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:11'>institutions decided when you could use them and decided what you could use them</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:15'>for and Engelbart wanted to be Henry Ford he</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:19'>wanted everybody to have their own vehicle used to say phrases like we need</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:24'>to deal with thought vectors and concept space I don't think he knew what that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:28'>meant we certainly didn't but it sounded</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:32'>great and it gave rise to this notion that in order to bring the computer down</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:38'>into our world we have to have some way of interacting with it in a closer</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:44'>fashion and so the the urge was to bring the computer cycles closer to the user</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:50'>and that's what gave rise to machines like this and this is one that I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:54'>designed it's a picture of it on its own display back in the late 60s and it even</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:03'>had a user interface on it although back</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:07'>then there's a wonderful phrase about user interface user interfaces was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:12'>called it's when the flesh hits the steel and that phrase is very much about</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:20'>because there's really no notion of there being an intermediary between you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:25'>and the hardness of the machine and this this machine have multiple windows and a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:31'>number of other ideas on it but it was a little bit like trying to make an apple</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:36'>pie from random ingredients found in the kitchen you don't have any apples so you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:41'>decide to use bananas you don't have any flour so you grind up Cheerios and so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:47'>forth I randomly substituting for all of the ingredients in a typical pie you can</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:51'>make something but in this case this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:55'>turned out to be a bit of a mess only</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:59'>graduate students liked it sort of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:03'>kiss of death for any computer system</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:09'>reason of course as graduate students are going through a rite of passage when they're trying to prove how smart they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:14'>are and how many amazing things that they can remember and so they turn out</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:18'>to be pretty much the world's worst user interface design right I was a graduate</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:22'>student when I designed this so I'm speaking with authority now right about</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:28'>the same time that this was going on there is a whole different way of looking at interaction and one of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:35'>ways that I used to illustrate that is some film footage taken at rand</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:40'>corporation on a system that they made</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:44'>for Rand economists and other non computer types The Economist's of course</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:51'>are that group of people that if you lay them end to end they still won't be able</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:55'>to reach a conclusion and the Economist</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:00'>didn't even like to type they like to write things on legal pads and they said</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:06'>the RAM people can't you do something about that so here's an example of something that was adapted from some</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:13'>early work here at MIT by Marvin Minsky and war entitlement to do a system that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:20'>would interpret gestures as expressed on</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:24'>a data tablet so here's what that looks like</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:38'>first we erase a flow arrow then move</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:42'>the connector out of the way so that we may draw a box in its place the printing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:51'>in the box is being new commentary only in this case the box is slightly too</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:57'>large so we may change its size where modern day window control came from</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:01'>literally then dry flow from the connector to the box attached a decision</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:08'>element to the box and dry flow from it to scan we then erased the flow arrows</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:15'>attached to the process post new area and move the box to a new position this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:25'>allows us to draw a new box well that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:34'>was a tremendous change in the way we felt about using computers I had a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:42'>chance to use that for half an hour in 1968 and felt like I was thinking my</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:46'>hands right through the glass of the display and touching the information</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:51'>structures directly inside unlike Engelbart's system which I had called a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:55'>personal computer this to me was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:59'>intimate this is an intimate way of interacting and so for me and for a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:05'>bunch of other people in the 60s 1968</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:09'>was my year for thinking about the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:14'>possibility of there being three major ways of interacting with a computer of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:21'>three paradigms three frameworks for thinking about interaction and the thing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:27'>that clinched it for me was seeing going</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:32'>out and visiting Seymour's one of Seymour's first installations in a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:38'>school watching them use the logo turtle</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:42'>the descendant of the great Walter turtle, cause Seymour had this terrific idea that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:47'>wouldn't it be great to let kids actually build the kinds of mechanisms</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:51'>that would animate a turtle around and they would learn a lot about their world and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:56'>a lot about thinking about the world from from doing that and I've never</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:00'>recovered from that because once I saw that to me the computer was no longer a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:05'>vehicle in the nation at risk report the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:11'>recommendation is that every child in the US should have one semester of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:16'>computers in their senior year of high school that's their strong</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:22'>recommendation about computers and that's driver's ed that is treating the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:28'>computer like a vehicle it's not the cars aren't important it's that they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:32'>aren't central the central things to us are the media the intermediaries with</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:38'>how we work with the world and if you can get rid of that slide that'd be</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:42'>great I think everybody has figured that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:48'>out by now thank you the that led to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:57'>thinking of a computer in a completely different way this is a cardboard model</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:01'>I made in 1968 just since become known</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:05'>as the dynabook and we actually loaded</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:10'>this cardboard model up with a variety of lead pellets to try and find out how</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:15'>heavy it could be before people would always take it with them not find an</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:20'>excuse to leave it behind and turns out</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:24'>that the weight that we determined has not yet been reached by any computer company so this machine is still a bit</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:31'>in the future but it expresses a different kind of relationship with the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:35'>machine and something that wants to start much earlier in the life of a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:41'>human being and so one of the ways of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:47'>thinking of it is if we compare these three</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:53'>ways of looking at it we can say well where is the computer in the past it was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:58'>in the glasshouse today in personal computing it's on our desk and in the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:04'>future it's going to be with us all the time in California will weave it into</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:09'>our t-shirts Nicholas said 10 years ago</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:15'>that will know in the future appears when our cufflinks committed communicate</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:21'>with our watched by means of satellite</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:26'>it's when such hyperbole is not outrageous that you know a paradigm</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:31'>shift has actually happened and as an interesting analogy here to the history</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:37'>of publishing in 1400 AD there are three</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:41'>hundred ninety two books in the Vatican Library one of the largest libraries in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:46'>Europe and in 1452 or thereabouts--</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:51'>Gutenberg printed his first Bible and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:55'>that Bible the 42 line Bible was as big as the hand-written manuscripts that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:02'>have been so laboriously copied by monks during the Middle Ages and the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:07'>reason it was that big is that that was what books were if you look at pictures</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:14'>woodcuts or you visit the modern</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:18'>recreation of what a library was like then they didn't shelve the books most</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:23'>libraries back then had so few books that each book had its own reading table</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:28'>and the books were chained to it you look at this table table book with</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:34'>chains the thing that comes to mind inescapably is a time-sharing bullpen</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:40'>because these are institutionally owned items and Gutenberg didn't know what</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:47'>else to do but to make them that size and much more interesting revolution</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:53'>happened a few years later when Aldus now has a company named after him Aldus</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:59'>Manutius who was a Venetian publisher did two remarkable things first he was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:05'>one of the major driving forces behind publishing things other than</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:09'>Bibles and he isn't he and his sons over the next century published 40,000</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:15'>different books most of them from gathering up Greek and Roman writings</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:21'>spreading them all over Europe he did one other thing that will forever endear</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:25'>himself to me he decided that book should be this big and he decided they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:31'>should be this big because that was the size that saddle bags were in Venice in the 1490s in other words Aldus realized</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:39'>something very important and that is the books could now be lost and because they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:46'>could now be lost they could now be taken with they now could go out and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:51'>become a mass medium now again we're in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:55'>this interesting stage because we're not in a place where r we're willing to have our computers be lost watches their $10</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:04'>swatch watches or something like that willing to have them be lost maybe a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:09'>pocket calculator it's not a tragedy if it gets lost paper and pencil it's not a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:13'>tragedy but still with our multi-thousand dollar computers sitting</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:19'>on our desks we're actually still in the Gutenberg era and the interesting thing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:24'>about history is that nothing that happened between Gutenberg and Aldus</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:28'>counted none of those behavior patterns</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:32'>had anything to do with what happened in the post Aldus area as we went into the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:36'>16th century so drawing curves as a way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:40'>of predicting the computer doesn't work very well when you're in these interesting transition periods well</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:45'>another way of looking at these three</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:50'>paradigms is to ask what kinds of information do we use letter and numbers</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:55'>with institutional computing fonts and graphics on modern personal computing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:01'>and as Nicholas likes the show with his imploding his teething rings for the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:07'>media lab as he likes to call them that it's going to be all media coming together because the computer is a meta</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:12'>media its content is all media all</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:16'>intermediaries that one is pretty much of a no-brainer but it's amazing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:20'>how long it has taken for that to even that simple idea to sink in how do we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:26'>print impact printing big laser printing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:30'>personal laser printers with personal computing and no printing as we move on</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:37'>into the next ten years because the information is going to be too</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:41'>interesting to destroy by printing it out right now is an index of how paltry</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:48'>our use of the computer is that we can actually print it out and feel good about it we actually haven't heard</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:54'>anything because our information for the most part is not in dimensionally</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:59'>intertwined it's not in the form of a dynamic simulation it's not any of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:04'>things that the computer is really about</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:08'>field of interaction feels like line editing on institutional computing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:15'>layout on computers like the Macintosh</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:19'>moving things around but in the new</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:28'>paradigm it's going to feel more like conducting because we're going to move from passive information to active</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:34'>information we're going to move from objects to agents and so it's going to be</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:38'>a little bit more like summoning forth lots of assistance at different times</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:43'>and checking out what their goals are and our they're checking out what our</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:48'>goals are and and so forth so each one of these is a completely different way of thinking about it and one of the ways</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:54'>of thinking about the differentiation between the institutional and the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:00'>personal here is that even when graphical interfaces were done in the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:04'>60s for the most part all interfaces were thought of their main task was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:09'>accessed to function so this notion that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:13'>inside the computer is sort of something like a big nuclear reactor or a power station there's all that function and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:19'>what we need to have is a way of getting to each of these pieces of function will</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:23'>map them into control keys and and double control meta y keys and that way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:29'>of thinking about things and the revolution that made the second</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:35'>paradigm the personal computer paradigm is going from that stance to realizing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:40'>that the main job of the user interface is to make the user aware of what the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:44'>possibilities are in other words the user interface now goes from being</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:49'>control of function to a learning environment and of course I should</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:56'>mention that the the main job of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:00'>intimate computer user interface is to do a lot of learning itself so we go</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:05'>from no learning or learning of the most back-breaking kind to making it easier</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:12'>for the user to learn and then finally we want the system to learn how do we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:17'>give commands we have to remember everything and type see and point where we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:23'>are now and in the future is going to be asked and gesture because the computer</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:28'>is going to be watching us not us just watching it what kind of languages do we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:33'>program it in weekly modular data</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:37'>structured procedures cobol one of the surest predictions that we can make</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:42'>about the future is that 10 years from now there will still be a lot of COBOL programmers this personal computing way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:54'>of doing things is pretty much object-oriented after right far fewer</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:59'>lines of code and there's a new kind of programming that people are starting to do called agent oriented programming and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:07'>one way of thinking about all of these paradigms is to compare them with</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:11'>architecture of taking a civilization like the Greeks whose main way of making</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:18'>big buildings was post and lintel pilot block box like that and you get</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:24'>buildings about this size and if you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:28'>want to make a building a lot bigger and let in more light this architecture doesn't work you have to change to a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:33'>different kind of architecture like the gothic arch and if you do that you can make</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:38'>buildings much larger with about the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:43'>same amount of material and when they say just about somebody he doesn't have</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:49'>enough bricks to make a wall that might not be a slam because you might have</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:57'>enough bricks to make an arch he's got enough bricks to make an arch she's a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:01'>lot better off than people who only have enough bricks to make walls and of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:06'>course the big change in the last several hundred years is going from structures that just push against each</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:11'>other to this notion of the higher</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:15'>strength of materials under tension if you get materials that you can tense as</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:20'>well as compressed you can make structures like geodesic domes that will</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:25'>fit over all of the cathedrals that have ever been made in the world and these are completely separate ways of thinking</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:31'>about things and one of the answers to the question that's the title of my</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:35'>lecture is what is the next computer</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:39'>revolution going to be like well it's going to be technologically it's going to be like what I just told you that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:44'>we're going to intimate machines they'll always be networked there will be</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:49'>information utilities the systems will</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:53'>learn and so forth now for many people this is big news but in fact if you go</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:58'>back in the history of computer science you find people like Marvin Minsky and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:03'>John McCarthy writing papers in the late 50s and early 60s about this this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:09'>happens to be not just the fifth anniversary of the media lab but it's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:14'>also the 20th anniversary of Nicholas's book called the architecture machine</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:18'>which is all about this third way of looking at things now for my standpoint</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:24'>since I am not particularly enamored of technology this is a very incomplete</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:30'>answer and I would like to try and go to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:34'>a different way of thinking about things that involves people much more strongly</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:40'>and to do that we have to have some sense</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:45'>of how people's minds work this is for</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:49'>many years and in engineering is where the rubber met the sky because engineers</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:56'>tend to like controllable elements and people aren't all that controllable and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:01'>as a behavioral mechanism we are exasperating and so there's been a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:07'>tendency of actually trying to get people to be more like machines rather</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:11'>than the other way around and give you an example of why this is difficult to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:16'>deal with take a look at one of my favorite pictures here and what you see</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:24'>here let's pretend we're in school because actually we are in school we're in a university let me give you an</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:30'>English sentence about this picture what we've done with this picture is to take</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:35'>a picture of a young girl extracted her eyes and mouth turn them upside down and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:41'>put them back into the picture and then turn the entire picture upside down that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:46'>sound reasonable to everybody okay so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:50'>having said that you should be completely prepared than for what it looks like right side up I'm going to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:58'>turn this back because I've discovered nobody will listen to me when it's on the other way so this is one of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:09'>flaws of trying to give lectures in English because a nation is actually not</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:16'>convertible except outside of the human</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:22'>domain within the human domain we actually have different parts of our</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:26'>brain that respond the things in different ways and this is one of the reasons why McDonald's doesn't run print</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:31'>ads saying if you eat a McDonald's hamburger you'll become a better looking</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:35'>person because in English it's absurd so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:39'>instead what they do is to run an ad showing pictures of really good-looking people eating McDonald's hamburgers and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:44'>a different part of your mind takes that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:48'>information and makes a different kind of inference the kind of inference that the ad people want you in fact we have a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:54'>part of our mind that thinks things are more true if they rhyme so if I were to say to you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:00'>a big mac and fries will slender your thighs sound more convincing the whole</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:10'>idea here is that as people started to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:15'>suspect about starting about a hundred years ago with Freud Piaget Brunner</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:21'>Minsky and Papert that what we don't have inside of our head is the oneness a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:29'>vast beautiful seamless fabric of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:33'>mentality but instead what we have is something much more like a patchwork quilt and in fact the patchwork quilt</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:38'>has little mechanisms that pop us from one part of the quilt to another</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:43'>whenever we get too close to one of the boundaries and it's you have to do things like this to show that there is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:48'>an actual patchwork quilt there so we have this idea of multiple mentalities</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:55'>and Piaget was one of the first to study</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:00'>the very different ways that children have of dealing with the world as they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:05'>move through stages of development early in a child's life an object is to grab</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:10'>it a hole is to dig it thinking is doing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:14'>in many ways later on the child is more</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:18'>visually centered child says there's more water in the tall glass when you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:23'>pour from the squat class the tall one because it looks that way and then</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:28'>finally it around 11 or 12 there's a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:32'>facts and logic stage where logical operations are carried out and the child</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:38'>can make deductions based on facts like there can't be more water because where</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:42'>would it go where would it come from so forth now of course at least this was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:48'>true in 11 and 12 year old Swiss French kids in America there's a lot of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:53'>evidence that American kids never get to this facts and logic stage</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:01'>now Brunner in the 50s and 60s redid</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:07'>some of Piaget's experiments but he added some twists so he took the water pouring</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:11'>experiment and after the kids said there's more water in the tall glass</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:16'>Brunner put a cardboard so the kid couldn't see the tall glass anymore and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:20'>the kid would change his mind back say oh there can't be more and then Brunner</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:24'>would take whip Brunner would take the cardboard away and the kid would say oh</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:29'>but look there's more water Brunner would put the cardboard back and the kid would</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:33'>change his mind again so if you have any six-year-olds you'd like to torment and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:40'>what Brunner was in his way was getting</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:45'>closer to this idea of multiple mentalities as well that it isn't just a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:53'>metamorphosis like a caterpillar into a butterfly which is pretty much the way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:57'>Piaget thought of it but actually different modules being able to deal</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:02'>with it within different ways and a change in dominance to express the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:06'>piaget expression now there are many things that you can do with this suppose</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:11'>you wanted to design a user interface for a computer that was like a tool and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:16'>we have to think about what each of these mentalities actually does so an</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:21'>example the body-centered one is the one that knows where we are in space we can</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:25'>close our eyes and touch our nose when in touch our hands behind our back if</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:30'>you blind us we can still orient ourselves but if we aren't as</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:34'>unfortunate enough to suffer a brain lesion that takes part of a limb out of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:39'>our body map then even though it's physically attached to us it's like</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:43'>somebody else's so this orienting</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:47'>centering groundedness is something that the body mentality brings to us the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:53'>visually sent mentality is wonderfully</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:58'>adept at dealing with various kinds of tricks for instance if we were to put a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:02'>hundred images of animals on a wall you'd be able to find the elephant</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:07'>almost four times as fast as you could the word elephant if the images were</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:12'>replaced words now let me try and experiment this I realize that this is a very academic</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:17'>body here but let me ask how many people</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:21'>here watch television be honest okay how</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:26'>many people flip channels all right how</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:32'>many people have ever flipped a channel randomly into a movie they haven't seen</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:37'>for 18 years how long did it take you to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:41'>recognize that you'd seen that movie before how long yeah somewhere between a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:48'>half a second and a couple of seconds think about what that meant 18 years ago</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:53'>you saw a movie you didn't know you're</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:57'>going to be tested on it you randomly</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:03'>without any preparation pop into the middle of it and all of a sudden in 30</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:10'>frames or so of seeing that movie you suddenly recognize what it is think of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:15'>what that means in the context of your entire life most people can remember</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:19'>what's going to happen next if you stop the movie after they've recognized that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:23'>they know what the next scene is going to be so that is a mentality that begged</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:29'>to be exploited and what it says is that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:33'>we should always be able to present about a hundred things in the visual</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:37'>field because the user can be aware of them subliminally and if we present them</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:42'>in recognizable scenes the user can store hundreds thousands millions of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:47'>different scenes and remember that they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:51'>were there before then finally the symbolically centered mentality is much</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:55'>more interested in changing things so if</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:59'>its biggest problem is finding the right context because it is not a context</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:04'>chooser so if your visual mentality work</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:08'>the way your symbolic one the first thing you opened your eyes and saw in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:12'>the morning would be what you'd be staring at several hours later that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:16'>doesn't work so well so we have a grounding mentality we have a flitting</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:21'>around mentality that's aware of lots of things and we have one</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:25'>likes to make chains and somehow we should be able to put all of those things together here's one of the ways</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:31'>whoops sorry can you turn that off please that's the end of the slides we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:40'>want to be able to put these things together and if we do we'll find</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:44'>ourselves fitting much more closely to the way human mentalities work</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:06'>so this is a 22 month old little girl and she has never lived in a world not</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:13'>densely populated by Macintoshes her</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:18'>mother is my accountant both her mother and father work at home each of them has</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:22'>a mac this is back five years ago in 1985 and when I found out the little</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:27'>girl was interested in computers I gave</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:31'>her an apple to which she rejected she</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:39'>wanted what her folks had now I have to warn you hear that not to be impressed</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:44'>because this is not her first time on the machine she's been using the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:49'>computer for about six months so she's actually a fairly experienced user and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:56'>long time ago we designed this user interface for children but never any of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:03'>this young so it's really interesting to see a child used the machine that was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:08'>actually designed for them and so here</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:12'>she's using the visible menus of mac paint and I saw it I thought all right</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:18'>this is impressed i've i've never seen a child this young is this machine before but ok I it should work but then what</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:25'>happened next really amazed me she wants a fresh sheet of paper so she goes to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:30'>the closed box on the window she saves her old drawing with a pop-up and she</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:37'>goes to the pulldown to get a new one</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:48'>well that was pretty and that was a home movie made by her father and we did</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:54'>about another 10 hours of testing this child on various Macintosh applications</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:00'>and we discovered it across applications she was about seventy percent literate</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:06'>that is she could take a really complicated application like aldus pagemaker a desktop publishing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:10'>application started up make marks and it print the marks out save the marks away</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:16'>get the marks back about seventy percent of the things that Macintosh users</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:21'>expect from application to application she in her horizon already by age 22</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:30'>months okay so that answers one question</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:35'>about this notion a computer illiteracy</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:39'>one when we're talking about situations</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:43'>like literacy and illiteracy they don't really obtain when the object in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:48'>question is a professional that we don't</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:52'>have a term called healtharcy and ill-healtharcy because medicine is a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:58'>profession there wasn't a term called literacy and illiteracy back in the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:02'>Middle Ages when writing was a profession as soon as you spread it out to the public you start getting</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:07'>interested in these notions of can people access things made for them by</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:11'>others that's like reading but what about the more important thing can</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:15'>people make things that are like the things that other people make so here's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:20'>an example of something that we did about 15 years ago</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:33'>and this is the logo turtle with a different architecture and it's a little</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:41'>application like Mac draw object oriented illustration system designed</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:47'>and built by 12 year old girl so this is an</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:51'>end-user program not a program that you'd buy in a store for ninety-nine</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:55'>dollars from egghead software has lots of features you can change size and move</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:00'>things around because of the change in architecture of going from normal data</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:08'>structure and procedure programming to object-oriented programming the amount</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:12'>of code she had the right to do this application was only about a page long so this is not a large program and one</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:18'>of the things that you have to do when you're working with any kind of novice user is make sure the programs they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:23'>write are not terribly long well so that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:27'>was an attempt to get kids and users to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:31'>be both able to access and able to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:36'>generate the same kinds of things that we're going to run on their paradigm of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:40'>computing but now we have a new paradigm of computing it's going to involve</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:44'>agents and artificial intelligence so a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:48'>few years ago I got interested in the idea of trying to set up a design a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:56'>system that would allow children to do artificial intelligence kind of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:00'>programming in other words they would be making things now much less like robots</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:05'>and much more like the gray Walter turtle things that mimic life in a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:12'>number of different ways I like to show you a bit of that project this project</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:16'>is done in a rather large scale we have an entire school it has now 375 children</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:22'>12 teachers and we've been working there for about five years and one of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:28'>things that we found is that technology is not something that you can put in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:33'>like raisins in a plum pudding there's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:37'>all this other stuff is the entire life of the child that you have to consider</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:41'>and the framework of the school we're lucky to find a terrific school</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:46'>to Los Angeles bussing school so it's a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:50'>public school and the children are all shapes sizes colors Creed's ethnic</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:56'>backgrounds bussed in most of them for more than an hour to get to the school</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:00'>those of demographers paradise and we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:04'>found it very interesting to introduce ideas into the school in a gradual</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:09'>fashion I'd like to show you some of those</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:39'>so that the kids are all kinds of kids</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:44'>and one of the things they've done here is to tear up part of their asphalt</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:50'>playground and build a garden this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:54'>garden was actually designed by the children you'll see a little bit you'll get an idea of how children could design</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:59'>something like this in in just a minute</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:05'>and because we're studying animals as</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:09'>well as plants they have a pond that has</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:13'>all kinds of life forms and the children actually built this garden themselves</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:21'>now I'm not going to explain to you what's going on here see if you can</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:26'>imagine what it is now I'll tell you in a bit what are they doing with these</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:31'>balloons well what they were doing is designing a city and one of the reasons</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:37'>we do some of the design work with balloons is because urban renewal is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:42'>really easy the idea of to know the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:50'>world one must construct it because is strongly tied into designing a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:56'>programming environment for children because what we wanted to do is not so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:01'>much experience things that other people have set up to be more like experiencing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:07'>a television program or maybe an interactive video disc we want them to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:12'>actually make the simulations themselves because it's in making the simulations</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:17'>that the active design is most powerful</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:22'>now next few minutes I'm going to show you three large-scale projects that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:29'>we've been doing at the school one of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:33'>the things we tried to do here was to both challenge the kids and to go much</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:39'>deeper than they ordinarily are asked to go by the state educational board this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:47'>first one is a year-long project in city building and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:52'>the kids that participate in it our third and fourth graders so there are</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:56'>seven and eight and nine years old in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:00'>this project starts in September and runs through the entire year and this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:04'>will give you an idea of it I think this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:11'>is all almost all no no mrs. hansal tool</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:15'>I know but they still are everything is part of anything</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:20'>I know but there already something we should make something out of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:26'>this is already something, this is already something, this is already something</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:31'>severything everything, this is only styrofoam everything is made out of something</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:35'>I know everything is made out of something</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:39'>from a balloon doesn't mean we don't have a design knowledge now to make</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:44'>buildings exactly like they would have to make it a hundred years we're making</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:48'>models ideas for what buildings could be</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:52'>like in a hundred years we don't have the materials we're going to happen 100 years I did red stripes right</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:50:37'>okay did you get that color name red red</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:03'>what do you belviq i'm doing a factory</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:35'>wait do it again and stay here and do</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:40'>the character park you'll be the building y'all be the building yes why</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:45'>on the prison and he's the building these the buildings okay welcome to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:59'>fantasy mall we have lots of stuff the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:52:20'>building collapsed he was trying to see the moon and there nothing collapsed my</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:52:27'>apartment building and on the top is a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:52:31'>swimming pool never got this is a cold day in rainier so you can have an indoor</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:52:36'>central and it's a hot you open it up and you can I here down here tomorrow</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:14'>he'll be our future city is opening as you can see i'll transfer k our monorail</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:20'>has just been strong</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:24'>and all the buildings are beginning to look like buildings all the buildings</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:30'>are being checked and painting now our</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:34'>he cannot pick up the site husband useful because of the monorail and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:39'>transportation we now have these things on our site everybody that wants bad air</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:47'>transportation land on your site must cabinet right Iggy foxes out</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:52'>Commissioner tova cats design this whole</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:57'>monorail see what household monorail and monorail station the Commissioner of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:03'>lands who doesn't exhaust you all for helping us with sidewalks these are my</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:09'>sidewalks my bold earthquake tested and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:17'>alarming teleporting man he puts ebook</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:22'>paper towel rolls on our site static patella to have it be a teleporting</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:27'>station their cities he's getting to look like a real City try getting to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:31'>look like Judy Landers on the monorail calvada getting to Los Angeles cuz of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:36'>the help crowd is starting today less</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:40'>crowded than it was when we were making our study models</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:46'>then at the end we are gonna all duck down and put at our eye level to see what a person one inch tall would </subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:58'>would look at the building.</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:10'>as Seymour I'm sure will echo when when you actually go into a school and start</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:15'>working with the kids the first reaction is one of shock because the enormity of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:23'>the experience the amount of energy the amount of body learning that the kids</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:28'>need to do completely dominates all the things that you wanted to do with</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:32'>computers and the first thing you realize when you actually go into school</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:36'>and do this stuff for real is that you better worry about curriculum far</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:42'>outside the media that you're going to use because there's so many different</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:47'>dimensions and this is a project in which most of the things that are</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:51'>available on computers now are of almost no use the kids do a little bit of work</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:56'>with Macintoshes in doing this but 99%</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:01'>of it is this huge experience with doing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:05'>things with their hands and their bodies and crawling over the thing and so forth</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:09'>so one of the objectives in this project</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:13'>was to develop I don't want to say the word peach but develop every child as a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:18'>designer and it takes about three years</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:22'>to get a curriculum like this self-sustaining so people who put try to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:27'>put curriculum in a school and measure it after the first year are making a big</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:31'>mistake takes about three years to get something like this going and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:35'>self-sustaining now another thing we started about four years ago was to develop every child in the school as a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:40'>musician you may see some commonality</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:45'>between those two ideas because music is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:49'>another one of these things that has lots of things interacting with itself</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:53'>part of it is in the interest and what each individual thing is doing and part</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:57'>of the interest is and how they interact we want the kids to be able to think about their world in those terms and so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:03'>we did each year we put on a musical</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:08'>this year it was pirates of penzance and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:13'>this was the best one that we've ever ever had i have a few excerpts of it to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:18'>give you an idea the the oldest child in this is 11 the youngest child in it is 6</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:23'>was completely voluntary the pool of children we had to work with for this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:27'>was about 150 children 120 of those 150</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:31'>possible volunteered and appeared in the show they insisted i'm doing the entire</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:37'>Pirates of Penzance line for line we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:41'>started off with one that was broken down they constantly wanted more we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:45'>wanted to go back they insisted in singing in four-part harmony where it was called for this is a perfect example</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:50'>of something that the kids worked like dogs for four months on and put on a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:56'>fantastic show one of the best theatrical presentations I've ever been to hear some of excerpts</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:08'>fishing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:30'>what I know what is it I met along and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:34'>revelry but I can talk site I'm now the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:38'>run home from a shadowy one such affairs are sorties and surprises I more wary ax</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:45'>and when it opens Leslie what is meant</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:49'>by common their progress has been made</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:54'>it modern gunnery on the object another</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:59'>in a nunnery in short one of smattering</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:00:04'>of elemental strategy</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:00:41'>hey</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:01:16'>Oh</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:01:28'>I'm telling a Terry story but it doesn't</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:00'>although our darker rear sometimes involves the crime of stealing squealing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:13'>although my stripe we're always sorry to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:18'>me</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:34'>haha</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:53'>you may go Liberty our pirate rules protecting and kind of remembers our van</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:59'>we do unless you are you x is as useful</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:07'>things to be an orphan boy</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:13'>oh happy days</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:18'>oh happy day</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:32'>oh happy</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:37'>me I you haha</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:42'>bball</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:50'>so Joe Johnson said about thinking on</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:54'>its hind legs well but one is amazed to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:58'>see it done at all and the trick in doing these kinds of things with kids is to get beyond that stage the only way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:03'>you can do it is by having something like music being a part of the child's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:08'>life all the way through their experience this is the first year in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:12'>which we all the children in it had been part of this enrichment now that's the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:18'>second way of dealing with complexity let me show you the third way and this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:22'>is because the computer some good and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:27'>here are we studying animals and we try and get the children to program not</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:32'>robots but things that are much more biologically acceptable</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:56'>now you might wonder where are the computers in this classroom well one of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:01'>the problems with these computers is that they're bulky so we took every</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:05'>horizontal surfaces in the entire school out and replace them with tables that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:09'>have Macintoshes under them so there are hundreds of Macintoshes in the school</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:14'>but they're all underneath the surfaces so the teachers don't want to move them</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:19'>out of the classroom the teachers don't want to shove them around to the side they're just part of the normal working</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:24'>environment of the school and they're on all the time no computer classrooms no</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:28'>shoved against the wall</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:53'>guys these are some animations we did a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:57'>few years ago and HyperCard just as an idea of what things might look like</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:01'>eventually there's no intelligence behind these models hey guys i am going</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:08'>for a swim in the scene</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:25'>hey</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:33'>if you're asking for every player has agent needs food and the whale come up</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:38'>the way I also have some Asian food all right let me tell you why because when</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:45'>the agent looks in his world what we're</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:49'>seeing here is a they have seminars where they talk over different problem</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:54'>solving strategies the teacher this particular teacher happens to like to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:58'>solve problems and she likes to discuss them with the kids then the kids have to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:03'>go off and figure it out for themselves it doesn't look at himself it looks at</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:07'>the world beyond him so that's why it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:11'>only looks at those players who have food but it doesn't count himself but if</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:18'>he asked for every player in the universe it would include himself and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:25'>this is kind of important for you to think about because when he when they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:30'>have to start giving birth to eat to themselves so they won't die off they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:36'>have to be able to count everything in the universe why Dean Cain</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:45'>50 count how many there are like if</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:49'>there was only one left in was himself competative journalist and then he left</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:53'>bar and then he got true protein what's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:58'>my friend it was a whale who lived to know Jay just off the Pacific coast it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:08:03'>is the time of year when the whales migrate down to Mexico to me and to give</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:08:08'>birth to their babies who were conceived the year before I do that you don't want</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:08:20'>emotion thank you okay go to the top</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:08:45'>works with those two on and I move away</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:08:58'>now here's a more complicated one these these models use the Minsky and Papert</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:02'>Society of mind architecture applied in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:07'>a language for children that was developed in part here at the Media Lab by Mike Travers one of the graduate</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:14'>students here's a more complicated one the clownfish in the lower left is just</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:19'>going about its business feeding one of the things that they do is to find a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:23'>favorite see an enemy and acclimate to it that's what it's doing now they spend</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:28'>a little more time in the monks to poison of the enemy and gradually get</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:33'>immune to it so that they can use it as a place to hide when some predator comes</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:40'>a lot the shark right now is quite a distance away and it doesn't notice the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:45'>clownfish and the clownfish doesn't notice it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:53'>here's some more acclamation closer into the tentacles this time</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:09'>now this lucky clownfish is been doing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:13'>it often enough so it is actually acclimated to the anenih me so when the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:19'>shark sees it and starts pursuing its</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:28'>able to run back to the enemy and the shark can only get so close to the enemy</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:32'>report backs off but of course it wants</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:37'>to come back again</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:46'>so computers are media to think with as</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:50'>Seymour said so eloquently a long time ago in Nicholas's book 20 years ago he</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:56'>said he dedicated it to the first machine who can appreciate the gesture</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:02'>and I think he meant not the gesture like this but the gesture of having a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:06'>book dedicated to it he also said in the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:11'>preface of it that it was all beginnings in no end well I think that's the perfect definition of a research lab a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:16'>my answer to the question of what is the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:21'>next computer revolution it's the one in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:25'>which happens in the context of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:29'>whole person and in the whole person's world that it's not just something that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:33'>we apply in isolation to solve small problems but it's one that like media</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:37'>surrounds us as we've tried to do with the children thank you very much and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:42'>happy 5th birthday ok</subtitle>
<subtitle id='4308'>you </subtitle>

Alan Kay at MIT Media Lab 5th Anniversary Event (1990)

2018-01-07T05:42:50Z

MrSteve: Kids wording corrections

{{#evt:
service=youtubeIA
|id=6Ysu1mDxxbc
|alignment=left
|autoresize=true
}}

<subtitle id='00:00:00'> never know what Nicholas was going to say actually the turned out that the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:08'>bearnaise on the hot dog didn't sell well if I remember we're no longer on</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:13'>that board anniversaries get people to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:22'>think of other anniversaries there lots</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:26'>of them happening this year one of them is the 50th anniversary of Fantasia and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:33'>Fantasia I think for many of us in this audience and at MIT and elsewhere was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:40'>something we grew up on as a kind of a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:44'>dream of bringing our ideas to life and a lot of us saw the computer is a way of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:50'>more quickly with more depth more</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:54'>dimension more meaning to be able to project ideas that we had within within</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:00'>ourselves into this magic new medium and have them come to life just as the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:07'>disney people did with great art but much more laboriously many years ago I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:12'>think a good way to start this this lecture is to think 40 years ago not 50</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:19'>the 40 years ago was the when two very</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:26'>diverse very at opposite poles machines</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:31'>were introduced to the to the world and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:35'>one of them of course was the UNIVAC one the first commercial digital computer</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:42'>thing that a digital computer its people's minds it had whirling tape</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:47'>drives the first whirling tape drives and it predicted an election not long</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:53'>after that on television and so it became in the public's mind what a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:59'>computer was all about now in the other</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:05'>machine that was at the farthest pole of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:09'>thinking from the univac one also came about 19</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:13'>50 and I actually spent quite a bit with some assistance this summer trying to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:18'>find some film footage of it because I was sure that some must exist and after</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:24'>much scurrying around in England then looking at old newsreels and so forth we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:29'>finally found what i think is the earliest footage of this machine which I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:33'>think symbolizes the transition from the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:38'>UNIVAC 1 to what's going to happen over the next 10 years and i think i need the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:42'>the slides off because i'm going to show some video thank you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:59'>in a simple Ville on the outskirts of Bristol lives Dr. Grey Walter a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:04'>neurologist who makes robots as a hobby they are small and he doesn't dress them</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:09'>up to look like men he calls them tortoises and so cunningly have their</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:13'>insides being designed that they respond to the stimuli of light and touch in a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:18'>completely lifelike manner</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:38'>this model is named Elsie and she sees out of a photoelectric cell which</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:43'>rotates above her body when light strikes the cell driving and steering</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:48'>mechanism sends her hurrying towards it if she brushes against any object in her</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:52'>path contacts are operated that turn the steering away and so automatically she</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:58'>takes avoiding action</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:34'>Mrs. Walters pet his Elma, Elsie's brother in the darker vest he works in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:39'>exactly the same way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:49'>Dr. Walter says that his electronic toys work exactly as though they have a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:53'>simple two cell nervous system and that with more cells they will be able to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:58'>do many more tricks already Elsie has one up on Elmer when her batteries begin to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:03'>fail she automatically runs home to her kennel but charging up and in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:07'>consequence can live a much gayer life</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:17'>so I officially present this footage to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:21'>Nicholas Seymour Papert and Marvin Minsky for it means something to each</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:27'>one of this this is the original tortoise that inspired the logo turtle</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:33'>and it also inspired a lot of early work</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:37'>in artificial intelligence and what's interesting about the way the last 40</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:41'>years have transpired is that digital computers have taken over but in fact</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:46'>where things are going now are much more towards the kinds of control systems</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:53'>kinds of what you might call wet mentalities that device like the great</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:00'>Walter turtle has well the biggest</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:04'>problem with with computers is that they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:09'>were larger than than human scale and the mechanisms we have in our mind for</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:14'>dealing with things are larger than human scale are those of religions so of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:18'>course we had a priesthood and special</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:22'>time special rituals all of that stuff and a lot of what has happened in the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:27'>last 40 years has been to try and find ways to bring the machine into human</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:32'>scale without losing any of its promise</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:36'>what I'd like to do is give you a couple</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:40'>of ways that I think about this stuff and one of them is thinking in general</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:46'>terms about the way humans have extended themselves over the last several hundred</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:52'>thousand years and of course the first one that we think of is that we extend</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:56'>ourselves through tools levers screwdrivers wheels and so forth less</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:03'>often we think of language and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:07'>mathematics as tools but they also are ways of creating objects for things that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:15'>we want to deal with and we manipulate them and all of these tools allow us to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:21'>extend various of our senses and for a long time we thought of the computer as</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:26'>a kind of a tool and one of the ways that we've grappled with it is to try and make it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:30'>act more like the kinds of tools that were used to now less often thought of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:35'>extension is one that was identified many years ago by mumford who said for</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:42'>most of the history of human beings most of the machines that we've built have</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:47'>had other humans as moving parts he called these mega machines and societies</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:52'>groups an organization like this the media lab all of these are a consequence</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:57'>of our ability to take on other people's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:02'>goals our interest in taking on people's goals and our interest in getting people</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:06'>to take on our goals of course agents</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:10'>can take on a goal and can manipulate tools to carry out our wishes while</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:14'>we're doing things but more importantly an agent can deal with other agents and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:20'>I think of the the M word here for</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:24'>agents as being management so to me a tool is something that we look at and we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:29'>manipulate and an agent is something that looks at us and we manage the agent</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:35'>and of course the mainframes were neither and so the struggle was started</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:41'>in the 1950s in 1962 try and find a way of bringing this into some sort of human</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:46'>scale now I like to show you a couple of early efforts</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:04'>here's a picture that could have been taken in somebody's office here at MIT</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:08'>but actually it was taken in 1965 this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:15'>is Douglas Engelbart sitting at his</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:20'>first version of a what you might call not a personal computer but personal</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:25'>computing he has a mouse he has a black on white 19 inch screen and here's the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:32'>kind of media that he dealt back sat</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:44'>exactly branch on me and let me look just that low and I see it oh I can say</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:51'>I'd like to see one line only I can see</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:55'>but there's another thing I can do theres a route I said i have here</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:04'>so here I'm it i'll need a different pictures of you so here's what i do with</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:09'>a picture drawing capability here so slight and lamp if i start from work and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:13'>here's the route i seem to have to go to pick up all the materials and that's my</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:17'>plan for getting home tonight but if I want to I can say the library what am I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:22'>supposed to pick up there I can just point to that you know oh I see overdue</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:27'>books and all while there was a statement there with that name go back what if I once my supposed to pick up</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:32'>the drugstore hmm I see you interesting all right market can do things if I want</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:40'>to just say I'd like to interchange projects and can materials bingo and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:46'>they're all numbered right if I care to look interchanging them very quickly</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:50'>cans are going to get interchange with products they do it and all gets me</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:56'>numbered so that's a very tool based way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:01'>of thinking about things you're indicating things on the screen moving</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:05'>them around Engelbart was one of the of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:09'>a number of people in the 50s and 60s that realize that although you could</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:13'>drop a computer and break it just like you can drop a book into a fire and burn</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:19'>it that the contents of the computer or</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:23'>of the book can be a story or a description of things that can't exist</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:28'>physically in the world you can have a story in a book about a place that has an inverse cube law doesn't seem to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:33'>exist in in this world the computer can</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:37'>add more dimensions than this world has to a way of looking at data and so that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:41'>if you have a 15 dimensional space of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:46'>interesting things the computer can give you 16 dimensions and bring all of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:50'>interesting points together at one one place and that led to a number of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:55'>different ways of thinking about the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:00'>computer Engelbart's metaphor was the computer as a vehicle he thought of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:06'>big mainframes as being like railroads that were owned by institutions and the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:11'>institutions decided when you could use them and decided what you could use them</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:15'>for and Engelbart wanted to be Henry Ford he</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:19'>wanted everybody to have their own vehicle used to say phrases like we need</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:24'>to deal with thought vectors and concept space I don't think he knew what that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:28'>meant we certainly didn't but it sounded</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:32'>great and it gave rise to this notion that in order to bring the computer down</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:38'>into our world we have to have some way of interacting with it in a closer</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:44'>fashion and so the the urge was to bring the computer cycles closer to the user</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:50'>and that's what gave rise to machines like this and this is one that I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:54'>designed it's a picture of it on its own display back in the late 60s and it even</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:03'>had a user interface on it although back</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:07'>then there's a wonderful phrase about user interface user interfaces was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:12'>called it's when the flesh hits the steel and that phrase is very much about</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:20'>because there's really no notion of there being an intermediary between you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:25'>and the hardness of the machine and this this machine have multiple windows and a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:31'>number of other ideas on it but it was a little bit like trying to make an apple</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:36'>pie from random ingredients found in the kitchen you don't have any apples so you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:41'>decide to use bananas you don't have any flour so you grind up Cheerios and so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:47'>forth I randomly substituting for all of the ingredients in a typical pie you can</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:51'>make something but in this case this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:55'>turned out to be a bit of a mess only</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:59'>graduate students liked it sort of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:03'>kiss of death for any computer system</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:09'>reason of course as graduate students are going through a rite of passage when they're trying to prove how smart they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:14'>are and how many amazing things that they can remember and so they turn out</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:18'>to be pretty much the world's worst user interface design right I was a graduate</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:22'>student when I designed this so I'm speaking with authority now right about</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:28'>the same time that this was going on there is a whole different way of looking at interaction and one of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:35'>ways that I used to illustrate that is some film footage taken at rand</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:40'>corporation on a system that they made</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:44'>for Rand economists and other non computer types The Economist's of course</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:51'>are that group of people that if you lay them end to end they still won't be able</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:55'>to reach a conclusion and the Economist</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:00'>didn't even like to type they like to write things on legal pads and they said</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:06'>the RAM people can't you do something about that so here's an example of something that was adapted from some</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:13'>early work here at MIT by Marvin Minsky and war entitlement to do a system that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:20'>would interpret gestures as expressed on</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:24'>a data tablet so here's what that looks like</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:38'>first we erase a flow arrow then move</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:42'>the connector out of the way so that we may draw a box in its place the printing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:51'>in the box is being new commentary only in this case the box is slightly too</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:57'>large so we may change its size where modern day window control came from</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:01'>literally then dry flow from the connector to the box attached a decision</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:08'>element to the box and dry flow from it to scan we then erased the flow arrows</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:15'>attached to the process post new area and move the box to a new position this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:25'>allows us to draw a new box well that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:34'>was a tremendous change in the way we felt about using computers I had a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:42'>chance to use that for half an hour in 1968 and felt like I was thinking my</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:46'>hands right through the glass of the display and touching the information</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:51'>structures directly inside unlike Engelbart's system which I had called a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:55'>personal computer this to me was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:59'>intimate this is an intimate way of interacting and so for me and for a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:05'>bunch of other people in the 60s 1968</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:09'>was my year for thinking about the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:14'>possibility of there being three major ways of interacting with a computer of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:21'>three paradigms three frameworks for thinking about interaction and the thing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:27'>that clinched it for me was seeing going</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:32'>out and visiting Seymour's one of Seymour's first installations in a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:38'>school watching them use the logo turtle</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:42'>the descendant of the great Walter turtle, cause Seymour had this terrific idea that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:47'>wouldn't it be great to let kids actually build the kinds of mechanisms</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:51'>that would animate a turtle around and they would learn a lot about their world and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:56'>a lot about thinking about the world from from doing that and I've never</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:00'>recovered from that because once I saw that to me the computer was no longer a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:05'>vehicle in the nation at risk report the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:11'>recommendation is that every child in the US should have one semester of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:16'>computers in their senior year of high school that's their strong</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:22'>recommendation about computers and that's driver's ed that is treating the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:28'>computer like a vehicle it's not the cars aren't important it's that they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:32'>aren't central the central things to us are the media the intermediaries with</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:38'>how we work with the world and if you can get rid of that slide that'd be</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:42'>great I think everybody has figured that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:48'>out by now thank you the that led to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:57'>thinking of a computer in a completely different way this is a cardboard model</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:01'>I made in 1968 just since become known</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:05'>as the dynabook and we actually loaded</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:10'>this cardboard model up with a variety of lead pellets to try and find out how</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:15'>heavy it could be before people would always take it with them not find an</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:20'>excuse to leave it behind and turns out</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:24'>that the weight that we determined has not yet been reached by any computer company so this machine is still a bit</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:31'>in the future but it expresses a different kind of relationship with the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:35'>machine and something that wants to start much earlier in the life of a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:41'>human being and so one of the ways of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:47'>thinking of it is if we compare these three</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:53'>ways of looking at it we can say well where is the computer in the past it was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:58'>in the glasshouse today in personal computing it's on our desk and in the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:04'>future it's going to be with us all the time in California will weave it into</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:09'>our t-shirts Nicholas said 10 years ago</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:15'>that will know in the future appears when our cufflinks committed communicate</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:21'>with our watched by means of satellite</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:26'>it's when such hyperbole is not outrageous that you know a paradigm</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:31'>shift has actually happened and as an interesting analogy here to the history</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:37'>of publishing in 1400 AD there are three</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:41'>hundred ninety two books in the Vatican Library one of the largest libraries in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:46'>Europe and in 1452 or thereabouts--</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:51'>Gutenberg printed his first Bible and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:55'>that Bible the 42 line Bible was as big as the hand-written manuscripts that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:02'>have been so laboriously copied by monks during the Middle Ages and the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:07'>reason it was that big is that that was what books were if you look at pictures</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:14'>woodcuts or you visit the modern</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:18'>recreation of what a library was like then they didn't shelve the books most</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:23'>libraries back then had so few books that each book had its own reading table</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:28'>and the books were chained to it you look at this table table book with</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:34'>chains the thing that comes to mind inescapably is a time-sharing bullpen</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:40'>because these are institutionally owned items and Gutenberg didn't know what</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:47'>else to do but to make them that size and much more interesting revolution</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:53'>happened a few years later when Aldus now has a company named after him Aldus</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:59'>Manutius who was a Venetian publisher did two remarkable things first he was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:05'>one of the major driving forces behind publishing things other than</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:09'>Bibles and he isn't he and his sons over the next century published 40,000</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:15'>different books most of them from gathering up Greek and Roman writings</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:21'>spreading them all over Europe he did one other thing that will forever endear</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:25'>himself to me he decided that book should be this big and he decided they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:31'>should be this big because that was the size that saddle bags were in Venice in the 1490s in other words Aldus realized</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:39'>something very important and that is the books could now be lost and because they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:46'>could now be lost they could now be taken with they now could go out and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:51'>become a mass medium now again we're in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:55'>this interesting stage because we're not in a place where r we're willing to have our computers be lost watches their $10</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:04'>swatch watches or something like that willing to have them be lost maybe a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:09'>pocket calculator it's not a tragedy if it gets lost paper and pencil it's not a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:13'>tragedy but still with our multi-thousand dollar computers sitting</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:19'>on our desks we're actually still in the Gutenberg era and the interesting thing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:24'>about history is that nothing that happened between Gutenberg and Aldus</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:28'>counted none of those behavior patterns</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:32'>had anything to do with what happened in the post Aldus area as we went into the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:36'>16th century so drawing curves as a way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:40'>of predicting the computer doesn't work very well when you're in these interesting transition periods well</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:45'>another way of looking at these three</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:50'>paradigms is to ask what kinds of information do we use letter and numbers</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:55'>with institutional computing fonts and graphics on modern personal computing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:01'>and as Nicholas likes the show with his imploding his teething rings for the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:07'>media lab as he likes to call them that it's going to be all media coming together because the computer is a meta</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:12'>media its content is all media all</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:16'>intermediaries that one is pretty much of a no-brainer but it's amazing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:20'>how long it has taken for that to even that simple idea to sink in how do we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:26'>print impact printing big laser printing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:30'>personal laser printers with personal computing and no printing as we move on</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:37'>into the next ten years because the information is going to be too</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:41'>interesting to destroy by printing it out right now is an index of how paltry</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:48'>our use of the computer is that we can actually print it out and feel good about it we actually haven't heard</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:54'>anything because our information for the most part is not in dimensionally</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:59'>intertwined it's not in the form of a dynamic simulation it's not any of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:04'>things that the computer is really about</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:08'>field of interaction feels like line editing on institutional computing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:15'>layout on computers like the Macintosh</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:19'>moving things around but in the new</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:28'>paradigm it's going to feel more like conducting because we're going to move from passive information to active</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:34'>information we're going to move from objects to agents and so it's going to be</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:38'>a little bit more like summoning forth lots of assistance at different times</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:43'>and checking out what their goals are and our they're checking out what our</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:48'>goals are and and so forth so each one of these is a completely different way of thinking about it and one of the ways</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:54'>of thinking about the differentiation between the institutional and the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:00'>personal here is that even when graphical interfaces were done in the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:04'>60s for the most part all interfaces were thought of their main task was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:09'>accessed to function so this notion that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:13'>inside the computer is sort of something like a big nuclear reactor or a power station there's all that function and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:19'>what we need to have is a way of getting to each of these pieces of function will</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:23'>map them into control keys and and double control meta y keys and that way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:29'>of thinking about things and the revolution that made the second</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:35'>paradigm the personal computer paradigm is going from that stance to realizing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:40'>that the main job of the user interface is to make the user aware of what the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:44'>possibilities are in other words the user interface now goes from being</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:49'>control of function to a learning environment and of course I should</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:56'>mention that the the main job of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:00'>intimate computer user interface is to do a lot of learning itself so we go</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:05'>from no learning or learning of the most back-breaking kind to making it easier</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:12'>for the user to learn and then finally we want the system to learn how do we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:17'>give commands we have to remember everything and type see and point where we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:23'>are now and in the future is going to be asked and gesture because the computer</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:28'>is going to be watching us not us just watching it what kind of languages do we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:33'>program it in weekly modular data</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:37'>structured procedures cobol one of the surest predictions that we can make</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:42'>about the future is that 10 years from now there will still be a lot of COBOL programmers this personal computing way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:54'>of doing things is pretty much object-oriented after right far fewer</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:59'>lines of code and there's a new kind of programming that people are starting to do called agent oriented programming and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:07'>one way of thinking about all of these paradigms is to compare them with</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:11'>architecture of taking a civilization like the Greeks whose main way of making</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:18'>big buildings was post and lintel pilot block box like that and you get</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:24'>buildings about this size and if you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:28'>want to make a building a lot bigger and let in more light this architecture doesn't work you have to change to a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:33'>different kind of architecture like the gothic arch and if you do that you can make</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:38'>buildings much larger with about the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:43'>same amount of material and when they say just about somebody he doesn't have</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:49'>enough bricks to make a wall that might not be a slam because you might have</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:57'>enough bricks to make an arch he's got enough bricks to make an arch she's a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:01'>lot better off than people who only have enough bricks to make walls and of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:06'>course the big change in the last several hundred years is going from structures that just push against each</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:11'>other to this notion of the higher</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:15'>strength of materials under tension if you get materials that you can tense as</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:20'>well as compressed you can make structures like geodesic domes that will</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:25'>fit over all of the cathedrals that have ever been made in the world and these are completely separate ways of thinking</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:31'>about things and one of the answers to the question that's the title of my</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:35'>lecture is what is the next computer</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:39'>revolution going to be like well it's going to be technologically it's going to be like what I just told you that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:44'>we're going to intimate machines they'll always be networked there will be</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:49'>information utilities the systems will</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:53'>learn and so forth now for many people this is big news but in fact if you go</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:58'>back in the history of computer science you find people like Marvin Minsky and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:03'>John McCarthy writing papers in the late 50s and early 60s about this this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:09'>happens to be not just the fifth anniversary of the media lab but it's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:14'>also the 20th anniversary of Nicholas's book called the architecture machine</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:18'>which is all about this third way of looking at things now for my standpoint</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:24'>since I am not particularly enamored of technology this is a very incomplete</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:30'>answer and I would like to try and go to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:34'>a different way of thinking about things that involves people much more strongly</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:40'>and to do that we have to have some sense</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:45'>of how people's minds work this is for</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:49'>many years and in engineering is where the rubber met the sky because engineers</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:56'>tend to like controllable elements and people aren't all that controllable and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:01'>as a behavioral mechanism we are exasperating and so there's been a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:07'>tendency of actually trying to get people to be more like machines rather</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:11'>than the other way around and give you an example of why this is difficult to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:16'>deal with take a look at one of my favorite pictures here and what you see</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:24'>here let's pretend we're in school because actually we are in school we're in a university let me give you an</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:30'>English sentence about this picture what we've done with this picture is to take</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:35'>a picture of a young girl extracted her eyes and mouth turn them upside down and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:41'>put them back into the picture and then turn the entire picture upside down that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:46'>sound reasonable to everybody okay so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:50'>having said that you should be completely prepared than for what it looks like right side up I'm going to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:58'>turn this back because I've discovered nobody will listen to me when it's on the other way so this is one of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:09'>flaws of trying to give lectures in English because a nation is actually not</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:16'>convertible except outside of the human</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:22'>domain within the human domain we actually have different parts of our</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:26'>brain that respond the things in different ways and this is one of the reasons why McDonald's doesn't run print</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:31'>ads saying if you eat a McDonald's hamburger you'll become a better looking</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:35'>person because in English it's absurd so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:39'>instead what they do is to run an ad showing pictures of really good-looking people eating McDonald's hamburgers and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:44'>a different part of your mind takes that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:48'>information and makes a different kind of inference the kind of inference that the ad people want you in fact we have a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:54'>part of our mind that thinks things are more true if they rhyme so if I were to say to you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:00'>a big mac and fries will slender your thighs sound more convincing the whole</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:10'>idea here is that as people started to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:15'>suspect about starting about a hundred years ago with Freud Piaget Brunner</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:21'>Minsky and Papert that what we don't have inside of our head is the oneness a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:29'>vast beautiful seamless fabric of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:33'>mentality but instead what we have is something much more like a patchwork quilt and in fact the patchwork quilt</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:38'>has little mechanisms that pop us from one part of the quilt to another</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:43'>whenever we get too close to one of the boundaries and it's you have to do things like this to show that there is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:48'>an actual patchwork quilt there so we have this idea of multiple mentalities</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:55'>and Piaget was one of the first to study</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:00'>the very different ways that children have of dealing with the world as they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:05'>move through stages of development early in a child's life an object is to grab</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:10'>it a hole is to dig it thinking is doing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:14'>in many ways later on the child is more</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:18'>visually centered child says there's more water in the tall glass when you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:23'>pour from the squat class the tall one because it looks that way and then</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:28'>finally it around 11 or 12 there's a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:32'>facts and logic stage where logical operations are carried out and the child</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:38'>can make deductions based on facts like there can't be more water because where</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:42'>would it go where would it come from so forth now of course at least this was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:48'>true in 11 and 12 year old Swiss French kids in America there's a lot of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:53'>evidence that American kids never get to this facts and logic stage</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:01'>now Brunner in the 50s and 60s redid</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:07'>some of Piaget's experiments but he added some twists so he took the water pouring</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:11'>experiment and after the kids said there's more water in the tall glass</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:16'>Brunner put a cardboard so the kid couldn't see the tall glass anymore and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:20'>the kid would change his mind back say oh there can't be more and then Brunner</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:24'>would take whip Brunner would take the cardboard away and the kid would say oh</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:29'>but look there's more water Brunner would put the cardboard back and the kid would</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:33'>change his mind again so if you have any six-year-olds you'd like to torment and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:40'>what Brunner was in his way was getting</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:45'>closer to this idea of multiple mentalities as well that it isn't just a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:53'>metamorphosis like a caterpillar into a butterfly which is pretty much the way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:57'>Piaget thought of it but actually different modules being able to deal</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:02'>with it within different ways and a change in dominance to express the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:06'>piaget expression now there are many things that you can do with this suppose</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:11'>you wanted to design a user interface for a computer that was like a tool and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:16'>we have to think about what each of these mentalities actually does so an</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:21'>example the body-centered one is the one that knows where we are in space we can</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:25'>close our eyes and touch our nose when in touch our hands behind our back if</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:30'>you blind us we can still orient ourselves but if we aren't as</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:34'>unfortunate enough to suffer a brain lesion that takes part of a limb out of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:39'>our body map then even though it's physically attached to us it's like</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:43'>somebody else's so this orienting</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:47'>centering groundedness is something that the body mentality brings to us the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:53'>visually sent mentality is wonderfully</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:58'>adept at dealing with various kinds of tricks for instance if we were to put a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:02'>hundred images of animals on a wall you'd be able to find the elephant</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:07'>almost four times as fast as you could the word elephant if the images were</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:12'>replaced words now let me try and experiment this I realize that this is a very academic</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:17'>body here but let me ask how many people</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:21'>here watch television be honest okay how</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:26'>many people flip channels all right how</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:32'>many people have ever flipped a channel randomly into a movie they haven't seen</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:37'>for 18 years how long did it take you to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:41'>recognize that you'd seen that movie before how long yeah somewhere between a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:48'>half a second and a couple of seconds think about what that meant 18 years ago</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:53'>you saw a movie you didn't know you're</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:57'>going to be tested on it you randomly</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:03'>without any preparation pop into the middle of it and all of a sudden in 30</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:10'>frames or so of seeing that movie you suddenly recognize what it is think of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:15'>what that means in the context of your entire life most people can remember</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:19'>what's going to happen next if you stop the movie after they've recognized that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:23'>they know what the next scene is going to be so that is a mentality that begged</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:29'>to be exploited and what it says is that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:33'>we should always be able to present about a hundred things in the visual</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:37'>field because the user can be aware of them subliminally and if we present them</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:42'>in recognizable scenes the user can store hundreds thousands millions of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:47'>different scenes and remember that they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:51'>were there before then finally the symbolically centered mentality is much</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:55'>more interested in changing things so if</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:59'>its biggest problem is finding the right context because it is not a context</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:04'>chooser so if your visual mentality work</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:08'>the way your symbolic one the first thing you opened your eyes and saw in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:12'>the morning would be what you'd be staring at several hours later that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:16'>doesn't work so well so we have a grounding mentality we have a flitting</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:21'>around mentality that's aware of lots of things and we have one</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:25'>likes to make chains and somehow we should be able to put all of those things together here's one of the ways</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:31'>whoops sorry can you turn that off please that's the end of the slides we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:40'>want to be able to put these things together and if we do we'll find</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:44'>ourselves fitting much more closely to the way human mentalities work</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:06'>so this is a 22 month old little girl and she has never lived in a world not</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:13'>densely populated by Macintoshes her</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:18'>mother is my accountant both her mother and father work at home each of them has</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:22'>a mac this is back five years ago in 1985 and when I found out the little</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:27'>girl was interested in computers I gave</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:31'>her an apple to which she rejected she</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:39'>wanted what her folks had now I have to warn you hear that not to be impressed</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:44'>because this is not her first time on the machine she's been using the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:49'>computer for about six months so she's actually a fairly experienced user and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:56'>long time ago we designed this user interface for children but never any of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:03'>this young so it's really interesting to see a child used the machine that was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:08'>actually designed for them and so here</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:12'>she's using the visible menus of mac paint and I saw it I thought all right</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:18'>this is impressed i've i've never seen a child this young is this machine before but ok I it should work but then what</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:25'>happened next really amazed me she wants a fresh sheet of paper so she goes to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:30'>the closed box on the window she saves her old drawing with a pop-up and she</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:37'>goes to the pulldown to get a new one</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:48'>well that was pretty and that was a home movie made by her father and we did</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:54'>about another 10 hours of testing this child on various Macintosh applications</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:00'>and we discovered it across applications she was about seventy percent literate</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:06'>that is she could take a really complicated application like aldus pagemaker a desktop publishing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:10'>application started up make marks and it print the marks out save the marks away</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:16'>get the marks back about seventy percent of the things that Macintosh users</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:21'>expect from application to application she in her horizon already by age 22</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:30'>months okay so that answers one question</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:35'>about this notion a computer illiteracy</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:39'>one when we're talking about situations</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:43'>like literacy and illiteracy they don't really obtain when the object in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:48'>question is a professional that we don't</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:52'>have a term called healtharcy and ill-healtharcy because medicine is a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:58'>profession there wasn't a term called literacy and illiteracy back in the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:02'>Middle Ages when writing was a profession as soon as you spread it out to the public you start getting</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:07'>interested in these notions of can people access things made for them by</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:11'>others that's like reading but what about the more important thing can</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:15'>people make things that are like the things that other people make so here's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:20'>an example of something that we did about 15 years ago</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:33'>and this is the logo turtle with a different architecture and it's a little</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:41'>application like Mac draw object oriented illustration system designed</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:47'>and built by 12 year old girl so this is an</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:51'>end-user program not a program that you'd buy in a store for ninety-nine</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:55'>dollars from egghead software has lots of features you can change size and move</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:00'>things around because of the change in architecture of going from normal data</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:08'>structure and procedure programming to object-oriented programming the amount</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:12'>of code she had the right to do this application was only about a page long so this is not a large program and one</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:18'>of the things that you have to do when you're working with any kind of novice user is make sure the programs they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:23'>write are not terribly long well so that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:27'>was an attempt to get kids and users to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:31'>be both able to access and able to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:36'>generate the same kinds of things that we're going to run on their paradigm of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:40'>computing but now we have a new paradigm of computing it's going to involve</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:44'>agents and artificial intelligence so a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:48'>few years ago I got interested in the idea of trying to set up a design a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:56'>system that would allow children to do artificial intelligence kind of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:00'>programming in other words they would be making things now much less like robots</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:05'>and much more like the gray Walter turtle things that mimic life in a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:12'>number of different ways I like to show you a bit of that project this project</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:16'>is done in a rather large scale we have an entire school it has now 375 children</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:22'>12 teachers and we've been working there for about five years and one of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:28'>things that we found is that technology is not something that you can put in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:33'>like raisins in a plum pudding there's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:37'>all this other stuff is the entire life of the child that you have to consider</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:41'>and the framework of the school we're lucky to find a terrific school</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:46'>to Los Angeles bussing school so it's a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:50'>public school and the children are all shapes sizes colors Creed's ethnic</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:56'>backgrounds bussed in most of them for more than an hour to get to the school</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:00'>those of demographers paradise and we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:04'>found it very interesting to introduce ideas into the school in a gradual</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:09'>fashion I'd like to show you some of those</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:39'>so that the kids are all kinds of kids</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:44'>and one of the things they've done here is to tear up part of their asphalt</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:50'>playground and build a garden this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:54'>garden was actually designed by the children you'll see a little bit you'll get an idea of how children could design</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:59'>something like this in in just a minute</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:05'>and because we're studying animals as</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:09'>well as plants they have a pond that has</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:13'>all kinds of life forms and the children actually built this garden themselves</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:21'>now I'm not going to explain to you what's going on here see if you can</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:26'>imagine what it is now I'll tell you in a bit what are they doing with these</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:31'>balloons well what they were doing is designing a city and one of the reasons</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:37'>we do some of the design work with balloons is because urban renewal is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:42'>really easy the idea of to know the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:50'>world one must construct it because is strongly tied into designing a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:56'>programming environment for children because what we wanted to do is not so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:01'>much experience things that other people have set up to be more like experiencing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:07'>a television program or maybe an interactive video disc we want them to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:12'>actually make the simulations themselves because it's in making the simulations</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:17'>that the active design is most powerful</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:22'>now next few minutes I'm going to show you three large-scale projects that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:29'>we've been doing at the school one of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:33'>the things we tried to do here was to both challenge the kids and to go much</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:39'>deeper than they ordinarily are asked to go by the state educational board this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:47'>first one is a year-long project in city building and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:52'>the kids that participate in it our third and fourth graders so there are</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:56'>seven and eight and nine years old in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:00'>this project starts in September and runs through the entire year and this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:04'>will give you an idea of it I think this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:11'>is all almost all no no mrs. hansal tool</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:15'>I know but they still are everything is part of anything</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:20'>I know but there already something we should make something out of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:26'>this is already something, this is already something, this is already something</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:31'>severything everything, this is only styrofoam everything is made out of something</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:35'>I know everything is made out of something</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:39'>from a balloon doesn't mean we don't have a design knowledge now to make</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:44'>buildings exactly like they would have to make it a hundred years we're making</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:48'>models ideas for what buildings could be</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:52'>like in a hundred years we don't have the materials we're going to happen 100 years I did red stripes right</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:50:37'>okay did you get that color name red red</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:03'>what do you belviq i'm doing a factory</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:35'>wait do it again and stay here and do</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:40'>the character park you'll be the building y'all be the building yes why</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:45'>on the prison and he's the building these the buildings okay welcome to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:59'>fantasy mall we have lots of stuff the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:52:20'>building collapsed he was trying to see the moon and there nothing collapsed my</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:52:27'>apartment building and on the top is a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:52:31'>swimming pool never got this is a cold day in rainier so you can have an indoor</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:52:36'>central and it's a hot you open it up and you can I here down here tomorrow</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:14'>he'll be our future city is opening as you can see i'll transfer k our monorail</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:20'>has just been strong</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:24'>and all the buildings are beginning to look like buildings all the buildings</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:30'>are being checked and painting now our</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:34'>he cannot pick up the site husband useful because of the monorail and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:39'>transportation we now have these things on our site everybody that wants bad air</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:47'>transportation land on your site must cabinet right Iggy foxes out</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:52'>Commissioner tova cats design this whole</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:57'>monorail see what household monorail and monorail station the Commissioner of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:03'>lands who doesn't exhaust you all for helping us with sidewalks these are my</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:09'>sidewalks my bold earthquake tested and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:17'>alarming teleporting man he puts ebook</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:22'>paper towel rolls on our site static patella to have it be a teleporting</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:27'>station their cities he's getting to look like a real City try getting to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:31'>look like Judy Landers on the monorail calvada getting to Los Angeles cuz of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:36'>the help crowd is starting today less</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:40'>crowded than it was when we were making our study models</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:46'>I level or I level 1 inch tall but will</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:58'>question building so that's a very okay</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:10'>as Seymour I'm sure will echo when when you actually go into a school and start</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:15'>working with the kids the first reaction is one of shock because the enormity of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:23'>the experience the amount of energy the amount of body learning that the kids</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:28'>need to do completely dominates all the things that you wanted to do with</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:32'>computers and the first thing you realize when you actually go into school</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:36'>and do this stuff for real is that you better worry about curriculum far</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:42'>outside the media that you're going to use because there's so many different</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:47'>dimensions and this is a project in which most of the things that are</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:51'>available on computers now are of almost no use the kids do a little bit of work</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:56'>with Macintoshes in doing this but 99%</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:01'>of it is this huge experience with doing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:05'>things with their hands and their bodies and crawling over the thing and so forth</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:09'>so one of the objectives in this project</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:13'>was to develop I don't want to say the word peach but develop every child as a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:18'>designer and it takes about three years</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:22'>to get a curriculum like this self-sustaining so people who put try to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:27'>put curriculum in a school and measure it after the first year are making a big</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:31'>mistake takes about three years to get something like this going and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:35'>self-sustaining now another thing we started about four years ago was to develop every child in the school as a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:40'>musician you may see some commonality</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:45'>between those two ideas because music is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:49'>another one of these things that has lots of things interacting with itself</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:53'>part of it is in the interest and what each individual thing is doing and part</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:57'>of the interest is and how they interact we want the kids to be able to think about their world in those terms and so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:03'>we did each year we put on a musical</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:08'>this year it was pirates of penzance and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:13'>this was the best one that we've ever ever had i have a few excerpts of it to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:18'>give you an idea the the oldest child in this is 11 the youngest child in it is 6</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:23'>was completely voluntary the pool of children we had to work with for this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:27'>was about 150 children 120 of those 150</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:31'>possible volunteered and appeared in the show they insisted i'm doing the entire</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:37'>Pirates of Penzance line for line we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:41'>started off with one that was broken down they constantly wanted more we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:45'>wanted to go back they insisted in singing in four-part harmony where it was called for this is a perfect example</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:50'>of something that the kids worked like dogs for four months on and put on a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:56'>fantastic show one of the best theatrical presentations I've ever been to hear some of excerpts</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:08'>fishing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:30'>what I know what is it I met along and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:34'>revelry but I can talk site I'm now the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:38'>run home from a shadowy one such affairs are sorties and surprises I more wary ax</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:45'>and when it opens Leslie what is meant</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:49'>by common their progress has been made</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:54'>it modern gunnery on the object another</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:59'>in a nunnery in short one of smattering</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:00:04'>of elemental strategy</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:00:41'>hey</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:01:16'>Oh</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:01:28'>I'm telling a Terry story but it doesn't</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:00'>although our darker rear sometimes involves the crime of stealing squealing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:13'>although my stripe we're always sorry to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:18'>me</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:34'>haha</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:53'>you may go Liberty our pirate rules protecting and kind of remembers our van</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:59'>we do unless you are you x is as useful</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:07'>things to be an orphan boy</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:13'>oh happy days</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:18'>oh happy day</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:32'>oh happy</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:37'>me I you haha</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:42'>bball</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:50'>so Joe Johnson said about thinking on</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:54'>its hind legs well but one is amazed to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:58'>see it done at all and the trick in doing these kinds of things with kids is to get beyond that stage the only way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:03'>you can do it is by having something like music being a part of the child's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:08'>life all the way through their experience this is the first year in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:12'>which we all the children in it had been part of this enrichment now that's the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:18'>second way of dealing with complexity let me show you the third way and this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:22'>is because the computer some good and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:27'>here are we studying animals and we try and get the children to program not</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:32'>robots but things that are much more biologically acceptable</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:56'>now you might wonder where are the computers in this classroom well one of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:01'>the problems with these computers is that they're bulky so we took every</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:05'>horizontal surfaces in the entire school out and replace them with tables that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:09'>have Macintoshes under them so there are hundreds of Macintoshes in the school</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:14'>but they're all underneath the surfaces so the teachers don't want to move them</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:19'>out of the classroom the teachers don't want to shove them around to the side they're just part of the normal working</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:24'>environment of the school and they're on all the time no computer classrooms no</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:28'>shoved against the wall</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:53'>guys these are some animations we did a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:57'>few years ago and HyperCard just as an idea of what things might look like</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:01'>eventually there's no intelligence behind these models hey guys i am going</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:08'>for a swim in the scene</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:25'>hey</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:33'>if you're asking for every player has agent needs food and the whale come up</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:38'>the way I also have some Asian food all right let me tell you why because when</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:45'>the agent looks in his world what we're</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:49'>seeing here is a they have seminars where they talk over different problem</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:54'>solving strategies the teacher this particular teacher happens to like to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:58'>solve problems and she likes to discuss them with the kids then the kids have to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:03'>go off and figure it out for themselves it doesn't look at himself it looks at</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:07'>the world beyond him so that's why it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:11'>only looks at those players who have food but it doesn't count himself but if</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:18'>he asked for every player in the universe it would include himself and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:25'>this is kind of important for you to think about because when he when they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:30'>have to start giving birth to eat to themselves so they won't die off they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:36'>have to be able to count everything in the universe why Dean Cain</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:45'>50 count how many there are like if</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:49'>there was only one left in was himself competative journalist and then he left</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:53'>bar and then he got true protein what's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:58'>my friend it was a whale who lived to know Jay just off the Pacific coast it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:08:03'>is the time of year when the whales migrate down to Mexico to me and to give</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:08:08'>birth to their babies who were conceived the year before I do that you don't want</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:08:20'>emotion thank you okay go to the top</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:08:45'>works with those two on and I move away</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:08:58'>now here's a more complicated one these these models use the Minsky and Papert</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:02'>Society of mind architecture applied in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:07'>a language for children that was developed in part here at the Media Lab by Mike Travers one of the graduate</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:14'>students here's a more complicated one the clownfish in the lower left is just</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:19'>going about its business feeding one of the things that they do is to find a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:23'>favorite see an enemy and acclimate to it that's what it's doing now they spend</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:28'>a little more time in the monks to poison of the enemy and gradually get</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:33'>immune to it so that they can use it as a place to hide when some predator comes</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:40'>a lot the shark right now is quite a distance away and it doesn't notice the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:45'>clownfish and the clownfish doesn't notice it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:53'>here's some more acclamation closer into the tentacles this time</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:09'>now this lucky clownfish is been doing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:13'>it often enough so it is actually acclimated to the anenih me so when the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:19'>shark sees it and starts pursuing its</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:28'>able to run back to the enemy and the shark can only get so close to the enemy</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:32'>report backs off but of course it wants</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:37'>to come back again</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:46'>so computers are media to think with as</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:50'>Seymour said so eloquently a long time ago in Nicholas's book 20 years ago he</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:56'>said he dedicated it to the first machine who can appreciate the gesture</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:02'>and I think he meant not the gesture like this but the gesture of having a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:06'>book dedicated to it he also said in the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:11'>preface of it that it was all beginnings in no end well I think that's the perfect definition of a research lab a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:16'>my answer to the question of what is the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:21'>next computer revolution it's the one in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:25'>which happens in the context of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:29'>whole person and in the whole person's world that it's not just something that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:33'>we apply in isolation to solve small problems but it's one that like media</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:37'>surrounds us as we've tried to do with the children thank you very much and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:42'>happy 5th birthday ok</subtitle>
<subtitle id='4308'>you </subtitle>

Alan Kay at MIT Media Lab 5th Anniversary Event (1990)

2018-01-07T05:32:50Z

MrSteve:

{{#evt:
service=youtubeIA
|id=6Ysu1mDxxbc
|alignment=left
|autoresize=true
}}

<subtitle id='00:00:00'> never know what Nicholas was going to say actually the turned out that the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:08'>bearnaise on the hot dog didn't sell well if I remember we're no longer on</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:13'>that board anniversaries get people to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:22'>think of other anniversaries there lots</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:26'>of them happening this year one of them is the 50th anniversary of Fantasia and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:33'>Fantasia I think for many of us in this audience and at MIT and elsewhere was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:40'>something we grew up on as a kind of a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:44'>dream of bringing our ideas to life and a lot of us saw the computer is a way of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:50'>more quickly with more depth more</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:54'>dimension more meaning to be able to project ideas that we had within within</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:00'>ourselves into this magic new medium and have them come to life just as the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:07'>disney people did with great art but much more laboriously many years ago I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:12'>think a good way to start this this lecture is to think 40 years ago not 50</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:19'>the 40 years ago was the when two very</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:26'>diverse very at opposite poles machines</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:31'>were introduced to the to the world and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:35'>one of them of course was the UNIVAC one the first commercial digital computer</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:42'>thing that a digital computer its people's minds it had whirling tape</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:47'>drives the first whirling tape drives and it predicted an election not long</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:53'>after that on television and so it became in the public's mind what a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:59'>computer was all about now in the other</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:05'>machine that was at the farthest pole of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:09'>thinking from the univac one also came about 19</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:13'>50 and I actually spent quite a bit with some assistance this summer trying to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:18'>find some film footage of it because I was sure that some must exist and after</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:24'>much scurrying around in England then looking at old newsreels and so forth we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:29'>finally found what i think is the earliest footage of this machine which I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:33'>think symbolizes the transition from the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:38'>UNIVAC 1 to what's going to happen over the next 10 years and i think i need the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:42'>the slides off because i'm going to show some video thank you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:59'>in a simple Ville on the outskirts of Bristol lives Dr. Grey Walter a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:04'>neurologist who makes robots as a hobby they are small and he doesn't dress them</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:09'>up to look like men he calls them tortoises and so cunningly have their</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:13'>insides being designed that they respond to the stimuli of light and touch in a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:18'>completely lifelike manner</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:38'>this model is named Elsie and she sees out of a photoelectric cell which</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:43'>rotates above her body when light strikes the cell driving and steering</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:48'>mechanism sends her hurrying towards it if she brushes against any object in her</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:52'>path contacts are operated that turn the steering away and so automatically she</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:58'>takes avoiding action</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:34'>Mrs. Walters pet his Elma, Elsie's brother in the darker vest he works in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:39'>exactly the same way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:49'>Dr. Walter says that his electronic toys work exactly as though they have a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:53'>simple two cell nervous system and that with more cells they will be able to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:58'>do many more tricks already Elsie has one up on Elmer when her batteries begin to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:03'>fail she automatically runs home to her kennel but charging up and in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:07'>consequence can live a much gayer life</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:17'>so I officially present this footage to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:21'>Nicholas Seymour Papert and Marvin Minsky for it means something to each</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:27'>one of this this is the original tortoise that inspired the logo turtle</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:33'>and it also inspired a lot of early work</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:37'>in artificial intelligence and what's interesting about the way the last 40</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:41'>years have transpired is that digital computers have taken over but in fact</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:46'>where things are going now are much more towards the kinds of control systems</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:53'>kinds of what you might call wet mentalities that device like the great</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:00'>Walter turtle has well the biggest</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:04'>problem with with computers is that they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:09'>were larger than than human scale and the mechanisms we have in our mind for</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:14'>dealing with things are larger than human scale are those of religions so of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:18'>course we had a priesthood and special</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:22'>time special rituals all of that stuff and a lot of what has happened in the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:27'>last 40 years has been to try and find ways to bring the machine into human</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:32'>scale without losing any of its promise</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:36'>what I'd like to do is give you a couple</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:40'>of ways that I think about this stuff and one of them is thinking in general</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:46'>terms about the way humans have extended themselves over the last several hundred</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:52'>thousand years and of course the first one that we think of is that we extend</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:56'>ourselves through tools levers screwdrivers wheels and so forth less</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:03'>often we think of language and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:07'>mathematics as tools but they also are ways of creating objects for things that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:15'>we want to deal with and we manipulate them and all of these tools allow us to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:21'>extend various of our senses and for a long time we thought of the computer as</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:26'>a kind of a tool and one of the ways that we've grappled with it is to try and make it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:30'>act more like the kinds of tools that were used to now less often thought of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:35'>extension is one that was identified many years ago by mumford who said for</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:42'>most of the history of human beings most of the machines that we've built have</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:47'>had other humans as moving parts he called these mega machines and societies</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:52'>groups an organization like this the media lab all of these are a consequence</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:57'>of our ability to take on other people's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:02'>goals our interest in taking on people's goals and our interest in getting people</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:06'>to take on our goals of course agents</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:10'>can take on a goal and can manipulate tools to carry out our wishes while</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:14'>we're doing things but more importantly an agent can deal with other agents and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:20'>I think of the the M word here for</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:24'>agents as being management so to me a tool is something that we look at and we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:29'>manipulate and an agent is something that looks at us and we manage the agent</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:35'>and of course the mainframes were neither and so the struggle was started</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:41'>in the 1950s in 1962 try and find a way of bringing this into some sort of human</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:46'>scale now I like to show you a couple of early efforts</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:04'>here's a picture that could have been taken in somebody's office here at MIT</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:08'>but actually it was taken in 1965 this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:15'>is Douglas Engelbart sitting at his</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:20'>first version of a what you might call not a personal computer but personal</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:25'>computing he has a mouse he has a black on white 19 inch screen and here's the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:32'>kind of media that he dealt back sat</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:44'>exactly branch on me and let me look just that low and I see it oh I can say</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:51'>I'd like to see one line only I can see</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:55'>but there's another thing I can do theres a route I said i have here</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:04'>so here I'm it i'll need a different pictures of you so here's what i do with</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:09'>a picture drawing capability here so slight and lamp if i start from work and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:13'>here's the route i seem to have to go to pick up all the materials and that's my</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:17'>plan for getting home tonight but if I want to I can say the library what am I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:22'>supposed to pick up there I can just point to that you know oh I see overdue</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:27'>books and all while there was a statement there with that name go back what if I once my supposed to pick up</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:32'>the drugstore hmm I see you interesting all right market can do things if I want</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:40'>to just say I'd like to interchange projects and can materials bingo and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:46'>they're all numbered right if I care to look interchanging them very quickly</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:50'>cans are going to get interchange with products they do it and all gets me</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:56'>numbered so that's a very tool based way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:01'>of thinking about things you're indicating things on the screen moving</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:05'>them around Engelbart was one of the of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:09'>a number of people in the 50s and 60s that realize that although you could</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:13'>drop a computer and break it just like you can drop a book into a fire and burn</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:19'>it that the contents of the computer or</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:23'>of the book can be a story or a description of things that can't exist</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:28'>physically in the world you can have a story in a book about a place that has an inverse cube law doesn't seem to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:33'>exist in in this world the computer can</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:37'>add more dimensions than this world has to a way of looking at data and so that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:41'>if you have a 15 dimensional space of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:46'>interesting things the computer can give you 16 dimensions and bring all of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:50'>interesting points together at one one place and that led to a number of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:55'>different ways of thinking about the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:00'>computer Engelbart's metaphor was the computer as a vehicle he thought of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:06'>big mainframes as being like railroads that were owned by institutions and the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:11'>institutions decided when you could use them and decided what you could use them</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:15'>for and Engelbart wanted to be Henry Ford he</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:19'>wanted everybody to have their own vehicle used to say phrases like we need</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:24'>to deal with thought vectors and concept space I don't think he knew what that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:28'>meant we certainly didn't but it sounded</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:32'>great and it gave rise to this notion that in order to bring the computer down</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:38'>into our world we have to have some way of interacting with it in a closer</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:44'>fashion and so the the urge was to bring the computer cycles closer to the user</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:50'>and that's what gave rise to machines like this and this is one that I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:54'>designed it's a picture of it on its own display back in the late 60s and it even</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:03'>had a user interface on it although back</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:07'>then there's a wonderful phrase about user interface user interfaces was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:12'>called it's when the flesh hits the steel and that phrase is very much about</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:20'>because there's really no notion of there being an intermediary between you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:25'>and the hardness of the machine and this this machine have multiple windows and a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:31'>number of other ideas on it but it was a little bit like trying to make an apple</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:36'>pie from random ingredients found in the kitchen you don't have any apples so you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:41'>decide to use bananas you don't have any flour so you grind up Cheerios and so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:47'>forth I randomly substituting for all of the ingredients in a typical pie you can</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:51'>make something but in this case this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:55'>turned out to be a bit of a mess only</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:59'>graduate students liked it sort of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:03'>kiss of death for any computer system</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:09'>reason of course as graduate students are going through a rite of passage when they're trying to prove how smart they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:14'>are and how many amazing things that they can remember and so they turn out</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:18'>to be pretty much the world's worst user interface design right I was a graduate</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:22'>student when I designed this so I'm speaking with authority now right about</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:28'>the same time that this was going on there is a whole different way of looking at interaction and one of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:35'>ways that I used to illustrate that is some film footage taken at rand</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:40'>corporation on a system that they made</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:44'>for Rand economists and other non computer types The Economist's of course</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:51'>are that group of people that if you lay them end to end they still won't be able</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:55'>to reach a conclusion and the Economist</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:00'>didn't even like to type they like to write things on legal pads and they said</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:06'>the RAM people can't you do something about that so here's an example of something that was adapted from some</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:13'>early work here at MIT by Marvin Minsky and war entitlement to do a system that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:20'>would interpret gestures as expressed on</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:24'>a data tablet so here's what that looks like</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:38'>first we erase a flow arrow then move</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:42'>the connector out of the way so that we may draw a box in its place the printing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:51'>in the box is being new commentary only in this case the box is slightly too</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:57'>large so we may change its size where modern day window control came from</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:01'>literally then dry flow from the connector to the box attached a decision</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:08'>element to the box and dry flow from it to scan we then erased the flow arrows</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:15'>attached to the process post new area and move the box to a new position this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:25'>allows us to draw a new box well that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:34'>was a tremendous change in the way we felt about using computers I had a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:42'>chance to use that for half an hour in 1968 and felt like I was thinking my</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:46'>hands right through the glass of the display and touching the information</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:51'>structures directly inside unlike Engelbart's system which I had called a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:55'>personal computer this to me was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:59'>intimate this is an intimate way of interacting and so for me and for a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:05'>bunch of other people in the 60s 1968</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:09'>was my year for thinking about the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:14'>possibility of there being three major ways of interacting with a computer of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:21'>three paradigms three frameworks for thinking about interaction and the thing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:27'>that clinched it for me was seeing going</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:32'>out and visiting Seymour's one of Seymour's first installations in a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:38'>school watching them use the logo turtle</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:42'>the descendant of the great Walter turtle, cause Seymour had this terrific idea that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:47'>wouldn't it be great to let kids actually build the kinds of mechanisms</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:51'>that would animate a turtle around and they would learn a lot about their world and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:56'>a lot about thinking about the world from from doing that and I've never</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:00'>recovered from that because once I saw that to me the computer was no longer a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:05'>vehicle in the nation at risk report the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:11'>recommendation is that every child in the US should have one semester of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:16'>computers in their senior year of high school that's their strong</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:22'>recommendation about computers and that's driver's ed that is treating the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:28'>computer like a vehicle it's not the cars aren't important it's that they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:32'>aren't central the central things to us are the media the intermediaries with</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:38'>how we work with the world and if you can get rid of that slide that'd be</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:42'>great I think everybody has figured that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:48'>out by now thank you the that led to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:57'>thinking of a computer in a completely different way this is a cardboard model</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:01'>I made in 1968 just since become known</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:05'>as the dynabook and we actually loaded</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:10'>this cardboard model up with a variety of lead pellets to try and find out how</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:15'>heavy it could be before people would always take it with them not find an</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:20'>excuse to leave it behind and turns out</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:24'>that the weight that we determined has not yet been reached by any computer company so this machine is still a bit</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:31'>in the future but it expresses a different kind of relationship with the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:35'>machine and something that wants to start much earlier in the life of a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:41'>human being and so one of the ways of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:47'>thinking of it is if we compare these three</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:53'>ways of looking at it we can say well where is the computer in the past it was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:58'>in the glasshouse today in personal computing it's on our desk and in the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:04'>future it's going to be with us all the time in California will weave it into</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:09'>our t-shirts Nicholas said 10 years ago</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:15'>that will know in the future appears when our cufflinks committed communicate</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:21'>with our watched by means of satellite</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:26'>it's when such hyperbole is not outrageous that you know a paradigm</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:31'>shift has actually happened and as an interesting analogy here to the history</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:37'>of publishing in 1400 AD there are three</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:41'>hundred ninety two books in the Vatican Library one of the largest libraries in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:46'>Europe and in 1452 or thereabouts--</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:51'>Gutenberg printed his first Bible and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:55'>that Bible the 42 line Bible was as big as the hand-written manuscripts that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:02'>have been so laboriously copied by monks during the Middle Ages and the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:07'>reason it was that big is that that was what books were if you look at pictures</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:14'>woodcuts or you visit the modern</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:18'>recreation of what a library was like then they didn't shelve the books most</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:23'>libraries back then had so few books that each book had its own reading table</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:28'>and the books were chained to it you look at this table table book with</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:34'>chains the thing that comes to mind inescapably is a time-sharing bullpen</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:40'>because these are institutionally owned items and Gutenberg didn't know what</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:47'>else to do but to make them that size and much more interesting revolution</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:53'>happened a few years later when Aldus now has a company named after him Aldus</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:59'>Manutius who was a Venetian publisher did two remarkable things first he was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:05'>one of the major driving forces behind publishing things other than</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:09'>Bibles and he isn't he and his sons over the next century published 40,000</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:15'>different books most of them from gathering up Greek and Roman writings</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:21'>spreading them all over Europe he did one other thing that will forever endear</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:25'>himself to me he decided that book should be this big and he decided they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:31'>should be this big because that was the size that saddle bags were in Venice in the 1490s in other words Aldus realized</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:39'>something very important and that is the books could now be lost and because they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:46'>could now be lost they could now be taken with they now could go out and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:51'>become a mass medium now again we're in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:55'>this interesting stage because we're not in a place where r we're willing to have our computers be lost watches their $10</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:04'>swatch watches or something like that willing to have them be lost maybe a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:09'>pocket calculator it's not a tragedy if it gets lost paper and pencil it's not a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:13'>tragedy but still with our multi-thousand dollar computers sitting</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:19'>on our desks we're actually still in the Gutenberg era and the interesting thing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:24'>about history is that nothing that happened between Gutenberg and Aldus</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:28'>counted none of those behavior patterns</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:32'>had anything to do with what happened in the post Aldus area as we went into the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:36'>16th century so drawing curves as a way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:40'>of predicting the computer doesn't work very well when you're in these interesting transition periods well</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:45'>another way of looking at these three</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:50'>paradigms is to ask what kinds of information do we use letter and numbers</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:55'>with institutional computing fonts and graphics on modern personal computing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:01'>and as Nicholas likes the show with his imploding his teething rings for the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:07'>media lab as he likes to call them that it's going to be all media coming together because the computer is a meta</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:12'>media its content is all media all</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:16'>intermediaries that one is pretty much of a no-brainer but it's amazing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:20'>how long it has taken for that to even that simple idea to sink in how do we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:26'>print impact printing big laser printing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:30'>personal laser printers with personal computing and no printing as we move on</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:37'>into the next ten years because the information is going to be too</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:41'>interesting to destroy by printing it out right now is an index of how paltry</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:48'>our use of the computer is that we can actually print it out and feel good about it we actually haven't heard</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:54'>anything because our information for the most part is not in dimensionally</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:59'>intertwined it's not in the form of a dynamic simulation it's not any of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:04'>things that the computer is really about</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:08'>field of interaction feels like line editing on institutional computing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:15'>layout on computers like the Macintosh</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:19'>moving things around but in the new</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:28'>paradigm it's going to feel more like conducting because we're going to move from passive information to active</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:34'>information we're going to move from objects to agents and so it's going to be</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:38'>a little bit more like summoning forth lots of assistance at different times</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:43'>and checking out what their goals are and our they're checking out what our</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:48'>goals are and and so forth so each one of these is a completely different way of thinking about it and one of the ways</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:54'>of thinking about the differentiation between the institutional and the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:00'>personal here is that even when graphical interfaces were done in the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:04'>60s for the most part all interfaces were thought of their main task was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:09'>accessed to function so this notion that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:13'>inside the computer is sort of something like a big nuclear reactor or a power station there's all that function and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:19'>what we need to have is a way of getting to each of these pieces of function will</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:23'>map them into control keys and and double control meta y keys and that way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:29'>of thinking about things and the revolution that made the second</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:35'>paradigm the personal computer paradigm is going from that stance to realizing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:40'>that the main job of the user interface is to make the user aware of what the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:44'>possibilities are in other words the user interface now goes from being</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:49'>control of function to a learning environment and of course I should</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:56'>mention that the the main job of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:00'>intimate computer user interface is to do a lot of learning itself so we go</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:05'>from no learning or learning of the most back-breaking kind to making it easier</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:12'>for the user to learn and then finally we want the system to learn how do we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:17'>give commands we have to remember everything and type see and point where we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:23'>are now and in the future is going to be asked and gesture because the computer</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:28'>is going to be watching us not us just watching it what kind of languages do we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:33'>program it in weekly modular data</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:37'>structured procedures cobol one of the surest predictions that we can make</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:42'>about the future is that 10 years from now there will still be a lot of COBOL programmers this personal computing way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:54'>of doing things is pretty much object-oriented after right far fewer</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:59'>lines of code and there's a new kind of programming that people are starting to do called agent oriented programming and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:07'>one way of thinking about all of these paradigms is to compare them with</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:11'>architecture of taking a civilization like the Greeks whose main way of making</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:18'>big buildings was post and lintel pilot block box like that and you get</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:24'>buildings about this size and if you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:28'>want to make a building a lot bigger and let in more light this architecture doesn't work you have to change to a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:33'>different kind of architecture like the gothic arch and if you do that you can make</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:38'>buildings much larger with about the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:43'>same amount of material and when they say just about somebody he doesn't have</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:49'>enough bricks to make a wall that might not be a slam because you might have</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:57'>enough bricks to make an arch he's got enough bricks to make an arch she's a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:01'>lot better off than people who only have enough bricks to make walls and of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:06'>course the big change in the last several hundred years is going from structures that just push against each</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:11'>other to this notion of the higher</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:15'>strength of materials under tension if you get materials that you can tense as</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:20'>well as compressed you can make structures like geodesic domes that will</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:25'>fit over all of the cathedrals that have ever been made in the world and these are completely separate ways of thinking</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:31'>about things and one of the answers to the question that's the title of my</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:35'>lecture is what is the next computer</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:39'>revolution going to be like well it's going to be technologically it's going to be like what I just told you that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:44'>we're going to intimate machines they'll always be networked there will be</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:49'>information utilities the systems will</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:53'>learn and so forth now for many people this is big news but in fact if you go</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:58'>back in the history of computer science you find people like Marvin Minsky and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:03'>John McCarthy writing papers in the late 50s and early 60s about this this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:09'>happens to be not just the fifth anniversary of the media lab but it's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:14'>also the 20th anniversary of Nicholas's book called the architecture machine</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:18'>which is all about this third way of looking at things now for my standpoint</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:24'>since I am not particularly enamored of technology this is a very incomplete</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:30'>answer and I would like to try and go to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:34'>a different way of thinking about things that involves people much more strongly</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:40'>and to do that we have to have some sense</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:45'>of how people's minds work this is for</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:49'>many years and in engineering is where the rubber met the sky because engineers</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:56'>tend to like controllable elements and people aren't all that controllable and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:01'>as a behavioral mechanism we are exasperating and so there's been a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:07'>tendency of actually trying to get people to be more like machines rather</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:11'>than the other way around and give you an example of why this is difficult to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:16'>deal with take a look at one of my favorite pictures here and what you see</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:24'>here let's pretend we're in school because actually we are in school we're in a university let me give you an</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:30'>English sentence about this picture what we've done with this picture is to take</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:35'>a picture of a young girl extracted her eyes and mouth turn them upside down and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:41'>put them back into the picture and then turn the entire picture upside down that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:46'>sound reasonable to everybody okay so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:50'>having said that you should be completely prepared than for what it looks like right side up I'm going to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:58'>turn this back because I've discovered nobody will listen to me when it's on the other way so this is one of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:09'>flaws of trying to give lectures in English because a nation is actually not</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:16'>convertible except outside of the human</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:22'>domain within the human domain we actually have different parts of our</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:26'>brain that respond the things in different ways and this is one of the reasons why McDonald's doesn't run print</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:31'>ads saying if you eat a McDonald's hamburger you'll become a better looking</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:35'>person because in English it's absurd so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:39'>instead what they do is to run an ad showing pictures of really good-looking people eating McDonald's hamburgers and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:44'>a different part of your mind takes that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:48'>information and makes a different kind of inference the kind of inference that the ad people want you in fact we have a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:54'>part of our mind that thinks things are more true if they rhyme so if I were to say to you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:00'>a big mac and fries will slender your thighs sound more convincing the whole</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:10'>idea here is that as people started to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:15'>suspect about starting about a hundred years ago with Freud Piaget Brunner</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:21'>Minsky and Papert that what we don't have inside of our head is the oneness a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:29'>vast beautiful seamless fabric of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:33'>mentality but instead what we have is something much more like a patchwork quilt and in fact the patchwork quilt</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:38'>has little mechanisms that pop us from one part of the quilt to another</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:43'>whenever we get too close to one of the boundaries and it's you have to do things like this to show that there is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:48'>an actual patchwork quilt there so we have this idea of multiple mentalities</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:55'>and Piaget was one of the first to study</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:00'>the very different ways that children have of dealing with the world as they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:05'>move through stages of development early in a child's life an object is to grab</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:10'>it a hole is to dig it thinking is doing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:14'>in many ways later on the child is more</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:18'>visually centered child says there's more water in the tall glass when you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:23'>pour from the squat class the tall one because it looks that way and then</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:28'>finally it around 11 or 12 there's a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:32'>facts and logic stage where logical operations are carried out and the child</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:38'>can make deductions based on facts like there can't be more water because where</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:42'>would it go where would it come from so forth now of course at least this was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:48'>true in 11 and 12 year old Swiss French kids in America there's a lot of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:53'>evidence that American kids never get to this facts and logic stage</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:01'>now Brunner in the 50s and 60s redid</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:07'>some of Piaget's experiments but he added some twists so he took the water pouring</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:11'>experiment and after the kids said there's more water in the tall glass</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:16'>Brunner put a cardboard so the kid couldn't see the tall glass anymore and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:20'>the kid would change his mind back say oh there can't be more and then Brunner</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:24'>would take whip Brunner would take the cardboard away and the kid would say oh</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:29'>but look there's more water Brunner would put the cardboard back and the kid would</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:33'>change his mind again so if you have any six-year-olds you'd like to torment and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:40'>what Brunner was in his way was getting</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:45'>closer to this idea of multiple mentalities as well that it isn't just a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:53'>metamorphosis like a caterpillar into a butterfly which is pretty much the way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:57'>Piaget thought of it but actually different modules being able to deal</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:02'>with it within different ways and a change in dominance to express the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:06'>piaget expression now there are many things that you can do with this suppose</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:11'>you wanted to design a user interface for a computer that was like a tool and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:16'>we have to think about what each of these mentalities actually does so an</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:21'>example the body-centered one is the one that knows where we are in space we can</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:25'>close our eyes and touch our nose when in touch our hands behind our back if</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:30'>you blind us we can still orient ourselves but if we aren't as</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:34'>unfortunate enough to suffer a brain lesion that takes part of a limb out of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:39'>our body map then even though it's physically attached to us it's like</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:43'>somebody else's so this orienting</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:47'>centering groundedness is something that the body mentality brings to us the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:53'>visually sent mentality is wonderfully</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:58'>adept at dealing with various kinds of tricks for instance if we were to put a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:02'>hundred images of animals on a wall you'd be able to find the elephant</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:07'>almost four times as fast as you could the word elephant if the images were</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:12'>replaced words now let me try and experiment this I realize that this is a very academic</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:17'>body here but let me ask how many people</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:21'>here watch television be honest okay how</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:26'>many people flip channels all right how</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:32'>many people have ever flipped a channel randomly into a movie they haven't seen</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:37'>for 18 years how long did it take you to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:41'>recognize that you'd seen that movie before how long yeah somewhere between a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:48'>half a second and a couple of seconds think about what that meant 18 years ago</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:53'>you saw a movie you didn't know you're</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:57'>going to be tested on it you randomly</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:03'>without any preparation pop into the middle of it and all of a sudden in 30</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:10'>frames or so of seeing that movie you suddenly recognize what it is think of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:15'>what that means in the context of your entire life most people can remember</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:19'>what's going to happen next if you stop the movie after they've recognized that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:23'>they know what the next scene is going to be so that is a mentality that begged</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:29'>to be exploited and what it says is that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:33'>we should always be able to present about a hundred things in the visual</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:37'>field because the user can be aware of them subliminally and if we present them</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:42'>in recognizable scenes the user can store hundreds thousands millions of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:47'>different scenes and remember that they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:51'>were there before then finally the symbolically centered mentality is much</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:55'>more interested in changing things so if</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:59'>its biggest problem is finding the right context because it is not a context</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:04'>chooser so if your visual mentality work</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:08'>the way your symbolic one the first thing you opened your eyes and saw in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:12'>the morning would be what you'd be staring at several hours later that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:16'>doesn't work so well so we have a grounding mentality we have a flitting</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:21'>around mentality that's aware of lots of things and we have one</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:25'>likes to make chains and somehow we should be able to put all of those things together here's one of the ways</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:31'>whoops sorry can you turn that off please that's the end of the slides we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:40'>want to be able to put these things together and if we do we'll find</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:44'>ourselves fitting much more closely to the way human mentalities work</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:06'>so this is a 22 month old little girl and she has never lived in a world not</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:13'>densely populated by Macintoshes her</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:18'>mother is my accountant both her mother and father work at home each of them has</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:22'>a mac this is back five years ago in 1985 and when I found out the little</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:27'>girl was interested in computers I gave</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:31'>her an apple to which she rejected she</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:39'>wanted what her folks had now I have to warn you hear that not to be impressed</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:44'>because this is not her first time on the machine she's been using the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:49'>computer for about six months so she's actually a fairly experienced user and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:56'>long time ago we designed this user interface for children but never any of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:03'>this young so it's really interesting to see a child used the machine that was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:08'>actually designed for them and so here</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:12'>she's using the visible menus of mac paint and I saw it I thought all right</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:18'>this is impressed i've i've never seen a child this young is this machine before but ok I it should work but then what</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:25'>happened next really amazed me she wants a fresh sheet of paper so she goes to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:30'>the closed box on the window she saves her old drawing with a pop-up and she</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:37'>goes to the pulldown to get a new one</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:48'>well that was pretty and that was a home movie made by her father and we did</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:54'>about another 10 hours of testing this child on various Macintosh applications</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:00'>and we discovered it across applications she was about seventy percent literate</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:06'>that is she could take a really complicated application like aldus pagemaker a desktop publishing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:10'>application started up make marks and it print the marks out save the marks away</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:16'>get the marks back about seventy percent of the things that Macintosh users</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:21'>expect from application to application she in her horizon already by age 22</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:30'>months okay so that answers one question</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:35'>about this notion a computer illiteracy</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:39'>one when we're talking about situations</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:43'>like literacy and illiteracy they don't really obtain when the object in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:48'>question is a professional that we don't</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:52'>have a term called healtharcy and ill-healtharcy because medicine is a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:58'>profession there wasn't a term called literacy and illiteracy back in the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:02'>Middle Ages when writing was a profession as soon as you spread it out to the public you start getting</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:07'>interested in these notions of can people access things made for them by</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:11'>others that's like reading but what about the more important thing can</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:15'>people make things that are like the things that other people make so here's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:20'>an example of something that we did about 15 years ago</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:33'>and this is the logo turtle with a different architecture and it's a little</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:41'>application like Mac draw object oriented illustration system designed</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:47'>and built by 12 year old girl so this is an</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:51'>end-user program not a program that you'd buy in a store for ninety-nine</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:55'>dollars from egghead software has lots of features you can change size and move</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:00'>things around because of the change in architecture of going from normal data</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:08'>structure and procedure programming to object-oriented programming the amount</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:12'>of code she had the right to do this application was only about a page long so this is not a large program and one</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:18'>of the things that you have to do when you're working with any kind of novice user is make sure the programs they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:23'>write are not terribly long well so that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:27'>was an attempt to get kids and users to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:31'>be both able to access and able to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:36'>generate the same kinds of things that we're going to run on their paradigm of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:40'>computing but now we have a new paradigm of computing it's going to involve</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:44'>agents and artificial intelligence so a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:48'>few years ago I got interested in the idea of trying to set up a design a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:56'>system that would allow children to do artificial intelligence kind of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:00'>programming in other words they would be making things now much less like robots</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:05'>and much more like the gray Walter turtle things that mimic life in a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:12'>number of different ways I like to show you a bit of that project this project</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:16'>is done in a rather large scale we have an entire school it has now 375 children</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:22'>12 teachers and we've been working there for about five years and one of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:28'>things that we found is that technology is not something that you can put in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:33'>like raisins in a plum pudding there's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:37'>all this other stuff is the entire life of the child that you have to consider</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:41'>and the framework of the school we're lucky to find a terrific school</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:46'>to Los Angeles bussing school so it's a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:50'>public school and the children are all shapes sizes colors Creed's ethnic</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:56'>backgrounds bussed in most of them for more than an hour to get to the school</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:00'>those of demographers paradise and we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:04'>found it very interesting to introduce ideas into the school in a gradual</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:09'>fashion I'd like to show you some of those</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:39'>so that the kids are all kinds of kids</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:44'>and one of the things they've done here is to tear up part of their asphalt</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:50'>playground and build a garden this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:54'>garden was actually designed by the children you'll see a little bit you'll get an idea of how children could design</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:59'>something like this in in just a minute</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:05'>and because we're studying animals as</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:09'>well as plants they have a pond that has</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:13'>all kinds of life forms and the children actually built this garden themselves</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:21'>now I'm not going to explain to you what's going on here see if you can</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:26'>imagine what it is now I'll tell you in a bit what are they doing with these</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:31'>balloons well what they were doing is designing a city and one of the reasons</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:37'>we do some of the design work with balloons is because urban renewal is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:42'>really easy the idea of to know the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:50'>world one must construct it because is strongly tied into designing a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:56'>programming environment for children because what we wanted to do is not so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:01'>much experience things that other people have set up to be more like experiencing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:07'>a television program or maybe an interactive video disc we want them to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:12'>actually make the simulations themselves because it's in making the simulations</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:17'>that the active design is most powerful</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:22'>now next few minutes I'm going to show you three large-scale projects that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:29'>we've been doing at the school one of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:33'>the things we tried to do here was to both challenge the kids and to go much</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:39'>deeper than they ordinarily are asked to go by the state educational board this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:47'>first one is a year-long project in city building and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:52'>the kids that participate in it our third and fourth graders so there are</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:56'>seven and eight and nine years old in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:00'>this project starts in September and runs through the entire year and this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:04'>will give you an idea of it I think this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:11'>is all almost all no no mrs. hansal tool</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:15'>I know but they still are everything is made out of everything I know but</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:20'>everything is made out of everything </subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:26'>is already something every single after everything this is only</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:31'>styrofoam nobody lady out of something I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:35'>know every as late as something accident</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:39'>from a balloon doesn't mean we don't have a design knowledge now to make</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:44'>buildings exactly like they would have to make it a hundred years we're making</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:48'>models ideas for what buildings could be</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:52'>like in a hundred years we don't have the materials we're going to happen 100 years I did red stripes right</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:50:37'>okay did you get that color name red red</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:03'>what do you belviq i'm doing a factory</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:35'>wait do it again and stay here and do</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:40'>the character park you'll be the building y'all be the building yes why</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:45'>on the prison and he's the building these the buildings okay welcome to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:59'>fantasy mall we have lots of stuff the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:52:20'>building collapsed he was trying to see the moon and there nothing collapsed my</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:52:27'>apartment building and on the top is a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:52:31'>swimming pool never got this is a cold day in rainier so you can have an indoor</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:52:36'>central and it's a hot you open it up and you can I here down here tomorrow</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:14'>he'll be our future city is opening as you can see i'll transfer k our monorail</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:20'>has just been strong</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:24'>and all the buildings are beginning to look like buildings all the buildings</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:30'>are being checked and painting now our</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:34'>he cannot pick up the site husband useful because of the monorail and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:39'>transportation we now have these things on our site everybody that wants bad air</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:47'>transportation land on your site must cabinet right Iggy foxes out</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:52'>Commissioner tova cats design this whole</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:57'>monorail see what household monorail and monorail station the Commissioner of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:03'>lands who doesn't exhaust you all for helping us with sidewalks these are my</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:09'>sidewalks my bold earthquake tested and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:17'>alarming teleporting man he puts ebook</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:22'>paper towel rolls on our site static patella to have it be a teleporting</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:27'>station their cities he's getting to look like a real City try getting to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:31'>look like Judy Landers on the monorail calvada getting to Los Angeles cuz of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:36'>the help crowd is starting today less</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:40'>crowded than it was when we were making our study models</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:46'>I level or I level 1 inch tall but will</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:58'>question building so that's a very okay</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:10'>as Seymour I'm sure will echo when when you actually go into a school and start</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:15'>working with the kids the first reaction is one of shock because the enormity of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:23'>the experience the amount of energy the amount of body learning that the kids</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:28'>need to do completely dominates all the things that you wanted to do with</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:32'>computers and the first thing you realize when you actually go into school</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:36'>and do this stuff for real is that you better worry about curriculum far</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:42'>outside the media that you're going to use because there's so many different</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:47'>dimensions and this is a project in which most of the things that are</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:51'>available on computers now are of almost no use the kids do a little bit of work</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:56'>with Macintoshes in doing this but 99%</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:01'>of it is this huge experience with doing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:05'>things with their hands and their bodies and crawling over the thing and so forth</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:09'>so one of the objectives in this project</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:13'>was to develop I don't want to say the word peach but develop every child as a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:18'>designer and it takes about three years</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:22'>to get a curriculum like this self-sustaining so people who put try to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:27'>put curriculum in a school and measure it after the first year are making a big</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:31'>mistake takes about three years to get something like this going and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:35'>self-sustaining now another thing we started about four years ago was to develop every child in the school as a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:40'>musician you may see some commonality</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:45'>between those two ideas because music is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:49'>another one of these things that has lots of things interacting with itself</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:53'>part of it is in the interest and what each individual thing is doing and part</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:57'>of the interest is and how they interact we want the kids to be able to think about their world in those terms and so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:03'>we did each year we put on a musical</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:08'>this year it was pirates of penzance and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:13'>this was the best one that we've ever ever had i have a few excerpts of it to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:18'>give you an idea the the oldest child in this is 11 the youngest child in it is 6</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:23'>was completely voluntary the pool of children we had to work with for this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:27'>was about 150 children 120 of those 150</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:31'>possible volunteered and appeared in the show they insisted i'm doing the entire</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:37'>Pirates of Penzance line for line we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:41'>started off with one that was broken down they constantly wanted more we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:45'>wanted to go back they insisted in singing in four-part harmony where it was called for this is a perfect example</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:50'>of something that the kids worked like dogs for four months on and put on a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:56'>fantastic show one of the best theatrical presentations I've ever been to hear some of excerpts</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:08'>fishing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:30'>what I know what is it I met along and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:34'>revelry but I can talk site I'm now the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:38'>run home from a shadowy one such affairs are sorties and surprises I more wary ax</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:45'>and when it opens Leslie what is meant</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:49'>by common their progress has been made</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:54'>it modern gunnery on the object another</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:59'>in a nunnery in short one of smattering</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:00:04'>of elemental strategy</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:00:41'>hey</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:01:16'>Oh</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:01:28'>I'm telling a Terry story but it doesn't</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:00'>although our darker rear sometimes involves the crime of stealing squealing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:13'>although my stripe we're always sorry to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:18'>me</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:34'>haha</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:53'>you may go Liberty our pirate rules protecting and kind of remembers our van</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:59'>we do unless you are you x is as useful</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:07'>things to be an orphan boy</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:13'>oh happy days</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:18'>oh happy day</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:32'>oh happy</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:37'>me I you haha</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:42'>bball</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:50'>so Joe Johnson said about thinking on</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:54'>its hind legs well but one is amazed to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:58'>see it done at all and the trick in doing these kinds of things with kids is to get beyond that stage the only way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:03'>you can do it is by having something like music being a part of the child's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:08'>life all the way through their experience this is the first year in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:12'>which we all the children in it had been part of this enrichment now that's the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:18'>second way of dealing with complexity let me show you the third way and this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:22'>is because the computer some good and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:27'>here are we studying animals and we try and get the children to program not</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:32'>robots but things that are much more biologically acceptable</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:56'>now you might wonder where are the computers in this classroom well one of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:01'>the problems with these computers is that they're bulky so we took every</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:05'>horizontal surfaces in the entire school out and replace them with tables that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:09'>have Macintoshes under them so there are hundreds of Macintoshes in the school</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:14'>but they're all underneath the surfaces so the teachers don't want to move them</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:19'>out of the classroom the teachers don't want to shove them around to the side they're just part of the normal working</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:24'>environment of the school and they're on all the time no computer classrooms no</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:28'>shoved against the wall</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:53'>guys these are some animations we did a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:57'>few years ago and HyperCard just as an idea of what things might look like</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:01'>eventually there's no intelligence behind these models hey guys i am going</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:08'>for a swim in the scene</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:25'>hey</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:33'>if you're asking for every player has agent needs food and the whale come up</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:38'>the way I also have some Asian food all right let me tell you why because when</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:45'>the agent looks in his world what we're</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:49'>seeing here is a they have seminars where they talk over different problem</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:54'>solving strategies the teacher this particular teacher happens to like to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:58'>solve problems and she likes to discuss them with the kids then the kids have to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:03'>go off and figure it out for themselves it doesn't look at himself it looks at</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:07'>the world beyond him so that's why it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:11'>only looks at those players who have food but it doesn't count himself but if</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:18'>he asked for every player in the universe it would include himself and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:25'>this is kind of important for you to think about because when he when they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:30'>have to start giving birth to eat to themselves so they won't die off they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:36'>have to be able to count everything in the universe why Dean Cain</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:45'>50 count how many there are like if</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:49'>there was only one left in was himself competative journalist and then he left</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:53'>bar and then he got true protein what's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:58'>my friend it was a whale who lived to know Jay just off the Pacific coast it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:08:03'>is the time of year when the whales migrate down to Mexico to me and to give</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:08:08'>birth to their babies who were conceived the year before I do that you don't want</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:08:20'>emotion thank you okay go to the top</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:08:45'>works with those two on and I move away</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:08:58'>now here's a more complicated one these these models use the Minsky and Papert</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:02'>Society of mind architecture applied in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:07'>a language for children that was developed in part here at the Media Lab by Mike Travers one of the graduate</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:14'>students here's a more complicated one the clownfish in the lower left is just</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:19'>going about its business feeding one of the things that they do is to find a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:23'>favorite see an enemy and acclimate to it that's what it's doing now they spend</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:28'>a little more time in the monks to poison of the enemy and gradually get</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:33'>immune to it so that they can use it as a place to hide when some predator comes</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:40'>a lot the shark right now is quite a distance away and it doesn't notice the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:45'>clownfish and the clownfish doesn't notice it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:53'>here's some more acclamation closer into the tentacles this time</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:09'>now this lucky clownfish is been doing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:13'>it often enough so it is actually acclimated to the anenih me so when the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:19'>shark sees it and starts pursuing its</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:28'>able to run back to the enemy and the shark can only get so close to the enemy</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:32'>report backs off but of course it wants</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:37'>to come back again</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:46'>so computers are media to think with as</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:50'>Seymour said so eloquently a long time ago in Nicholas's book 20 years ago he</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:56'>said he dedicated it to the first machine who can appreciate the gesture</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:02'>and I think he meant not the gesture like this but the gesture of having a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:06'>book dedicated to it he also said in the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:11'>preface of it that it was all beginnings in no end well I think that's the perfect definition of a research lab a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:16'>my answer to the question of what is the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:21'>next computer revolution it's the one in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:25'>which happens in the context of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:29'>whole person and in the whole person's world that it's not just something that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:33'>we apply in isolation to solve small problems but it's one that like media</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:37'>surrounds us as we've tried to do with the children thank you very much and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:42'>happy 5th birthday ok</subtitle>
<subtitle id='4308'>you </subtitle>

Alan Kay at MIT Media Lab 5th Anniversary Event (1990)

2017-12-31T06:09:41Z

MrSteve:

{{#evt:
service=youtubeIA
|id=6Ysu1mDxxbc
|alignment=left
|autoresize=true
}}

<subtitle id='00:00:00'> never know what Nicholas was going to say actually the turned out that the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:08'>bearnaise on the hot dog didn't sell well if I remember we're no longer on</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:13'>that board anniversaries get people to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:22'>think of other anniversaries there lots</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:26'>of them happening this year one of them is the 50th anniversary of Fantasia and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:33'>Fantasia I think for many of us in this audience and at MIT and elsewhere was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:40'>something we grew up on as a kind of a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:44'>dream of bringing our ideas to life and a lot of us saw the computer is a way of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:50'>more quickly with more depth more</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:54'>dimension more meaning to be able to project ideas that we had within within</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:00'>ourselves into this magic new medium and have them come to life just as the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:07'>disney people did with great art but much more laboriously many years ago I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:12'>think a good way to start this this lecture is to think 40 years ago not 50</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:19'>the 40 years ago was the when two very</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:26'>diverse very at opposite poles machines</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:31'>were introduced to the to the world and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:35'>one of them of course was the UNIVAC one the first commercial digital computer</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:42'>thing that a digital computer its people's minds it had whirling tape</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:47'>drives the first whirling tape drives and it predicted an election not long</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:53'>after that on television and so it became in the public's mind what a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:59'>computer was all about now in the other</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:05'>machine that was at the farthest pole of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:09'>thinking from the univac one also came about 19</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:13'>50 and I actually spent quite a bit with some assistance this summer trying to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:18'>find some film footage of it because I was sure that some must exist and after</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:24'>much scurrying around in England then looking at old newsreels and so forth we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:29'>finally found what i think is the earliest footage of this machine which I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:33'>think symbolizes the transition from the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:38'>UNIVAC 1 to what's going to happen over the next 10 years and i think i need the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:42'>the slides off because i'm going to show some video thank you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:59'>in a simple Ville on the outskirts of Bristol lives Dr. Grey Walter a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:04'>neurologist who makes robots as a hobby they are small and he doesn't dress them</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:09'>up to look like men he calls them tortoises and so cunningly have their</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:13'>insides being designed that they respond to the stimuli of light and touch in a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:18'>completely lifelike manner</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:38'>this model is named Elsie and she sees out of a photoelectric cell which</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:43'>rotates above her body when light strikes the cell driving and steering</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:48'>mechanism sends her hurrying towards it if she brushes against any object in her</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:52'>path contacts are operated that turn the steering away and so automatically she</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:58'>takes avoiding action</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:34'>Mrs. Walters pet his Elma, Elsie's brother in the darker vest he works in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:39'>exactly the same way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:49'>Dr. Walter says that his electronic toys work exactly as though they have a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:53'>simple two cell nervous system and that with more cells they will be able to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:58'>do many more tricks already Elsie has one up on Elmer when her batteries begin to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:03'>fail she automatically runs home to her kennel but charging up and in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:07'>consequence can live a much gayer life</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:17'>so I officially present this footage to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:21'>Nicholas Seymour Papert and Marvin Minsky for it means something to each</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:27'>one of this this is the original tortoise that inspired the logo turtle</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:33'>and it also inspired a lot of early work</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:37'>in artificial intelligence and what's interesting about the way the last 40</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:41'>years have transpired is that digital computers have taken over but in fact</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:46'>where things are going now are much more towards the kinds of control systems</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:53'>kinds of what you might call wet mentalities that device like the great</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:00'>Walter turtle has well the biggest</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:04'>problem with with computers is that they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:09'>were larger than than human scale and the mechanisms we have in our mind for</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:14'>dealing with things are larger than human scale are those of religions so of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:18'>course we had a priesthood and special</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:22'>time special rituals all of that stuff and a lot of what has happened in the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:27'>last 40 years has been to try and find ways to bring the machine into human</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:32'>scale without losing any of its promise</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:36'>what I'd like to do is give you a couple</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:40'>of ways that I think about this stuff and one of them is thinking in general</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:46'>terms about the way humans have extended themselves over the last several hundred</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:52'>thousand years and of course the first one that we think of is that we extend</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:56'>ourselves through tools levers screwdrivers wheels and so forth less</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:03'>often we think of language and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:07'>mathematics as tools but they also are ways of creating objects for things that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:15'>we want to deal with and we manipulate them and all of these tools allow us to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:21'>extend various of our senses and for a long time we thought of the computer as</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:26'>a kind of a tool and one of the ways that we've grappled with it is to try and make it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:30'>act more like the kinds of tools that were used to now less often thought of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:35'>extension is one that was identified many years ago by mumford who said for</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:42'>most of the history of human beings most of the machines that we've built have</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:47'>had other humans as moving parts he called these mega machines and societies</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:52'>groups an organization like this the media lab all of these are a consequence</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:57'>of our ability to take on other people's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:02'>goals our interest in taking on people's goals and our interest in getting people</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:06'>to take on our goals of course agents</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:10'>can take on a goal and can manipulate tools to carry out our wishes while</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:14'>we're doing things but more importantly an agent can deal with other agents and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:20'>I think of the the M word here for</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:24'>agents as being management so to me a tool is something that we look at and we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:29'>manipulate and an agent is something that looks at us and we manage the agent</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:35'>and of course the mainframes were neither and so the struggle was started</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:41'>in the 1950s in 1962 try and find a way of bringing this into some sort of human</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:46'>scale now I like to show you a couple of early efforts</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:04'>here's a picture that could have been taken in somebody's office here at MIT</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:08'>but actually it was taken in 1965 this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:15'>is Douglas Engelbart sitting at his</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:20'>first version of a what you might call not a personal computer but personal</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:25'>computing he has a mouse he has a black on white 19 inch screen and here's the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:32'>kind of media that he dealt back sat</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:44'>exactly branch on me and let me look just that low and I see it oh I can say</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:51'>I'd like to see one line only I can see</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:55'>but there's another thing I can do theres a route I said i have here</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:04'>so here I'm it i'll need a different pictures of you so here's what i do with</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:09'>a picture drawing capability here so slight and lamp if i start from work and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:13'>here's the route i seem to have to go to pick up all the materials and that's my</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:17'>plan for getting home tonight but if I want to I can say the library what am I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:22'>supposed to pick up there I can just point to that you know oh I see overdue</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:27'>books and all while there was a statement there with that name go back what if I once my supposed to pick up</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:32'>the drugstore hmm I see you interesting all right market can do things if I want</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:40'>to just say I'd like to interchange projects and can materials bingo and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:46'>they're all numbered right if I care to look interchanging them very quickly</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:50'>cans are going to get interchange with products they do it and all gets me</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:56'>numbered so that's a very tool based way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:01'>of thinking about things you're indicating things on the screen moving</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:05'>them around Engelbart was one of the of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:09'>a number of people in the 50s and 60s that realize that although you could</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:13'>drop a computer and break it just like you can drop a book into a fire and burn</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:19'>it that the contents of the computer or</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:23'>of the book can be a story or a description of things that can't exist</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:28'>physically in the world you can have a story in a book about a place that has an inverse cube law doesn't seem to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:33'>exist in in this world the computer can</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:37'>add more dimensions than this world has to a way of looking at data and so that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:41'>if you have a 15 dimensional space of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:46'>interesting things the computer can give you 16 dimensions and bring all of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:50'>interesting points together at one one place and that led to a number of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:55'>different ways of thinking about the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:00'>computer Engelbart's metaphor was the computer as a vehicle he thought of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:06'>big mainframes as being like railroads that were owned by institutions and the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:11'>institutions decided when you could use them and decided what you could use them</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:15'>for and Engelbart wanted to be Henry Ford he</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:19'>wanted everybody to have their own vehicle used to say phrases like we need</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:24'>to deal with thought vectors and concept space I don't think he knew what that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:28'>meant we certainly didn't but it sounded</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:32'>great and it gave rise to this notion that in order to bring the computer down</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:38'>into our world we have to have some way of interacting with it in a closer</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:44'>fashion and so the the urge was to bring the computer cycles closer to the user</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:50'>and that's what gave rise to machines like this and this is one that I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:54'>designed it's a picture of it on its own display back in the late 60s and it even</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:03'>had a user interface on it although back</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:07'>then there's a wonderful phrase about user interface user interfaces was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:12'>called it's when the flesh hits the steel and that phrase is very much about</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:20'>because there's really no notion of there being an intermediary between you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:25'>and the hardness of the machine and this this machine have multiple windows and a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:31'>number of other ideas on it but it was a little bit like trying to make an apple</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:36'>pie from random ingredients found in the kitchen you don't have any apples so you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:41'>decide to use bananas you don't have any flour so you grind up Cheerios and so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:47'>forth I randomly substituting for all of the ingredients in a typical pie you can</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:51'>make something but in this case this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:55'>turned out to be a bit of a mess only</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:59'>graduate students liked it sort of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:03'>kiss of death for any computer system</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:09'>reason of course as graduate students are going through a rite of passage when they're trying to prove how smart they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:14'>are and how many amazing things that they can remember and so they turn out</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:18'>to be pretty much the world's worst user interface design right I was a graduate</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:22'>student when I designed this so I'm speaking with authority now right about</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:28'>the same time that this was going on there is a whole different way of looking at interaction and one of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:35'>ways that I used to illustrate that is some film footage taken at rand</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:40'>corporation on a system that they made</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:44'>for Rand economists and other non computer types The Economist's of course</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:51'>are that group of people that if you lay them end to end they still won't be able</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:55'>to reach a conclusion and the Economist</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:00'>didn't even like to type they like to write things on legal pads and they said</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:06'>the RAM people can't you do something about that so here's an example of something that was adapted from some</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:13'>early work here at MIT by Marvin Minsky and war entitlement to do a system that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:20'>would interpret gestures as expressed on</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:24'>a data tablet so here's what that looks like</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:38'>first we erase a flow arrow then move</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:42'>the connector out of the way so that we may draw a box in its place the printing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:51'>in the box is being new commentary only in this case the box is slightly too</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:57'>large so we may change its size where modern day window control came from</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:01'>literally then dry flow from the connector to the box attached a decision</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:08'>element to the box and dry flow from it to scan we then erased the flow arrows</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:15'>attached to the process post new area and move the box to a new position this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:25'>allows us to draw a new box well that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:34'>was a tremendous change in the way we felt about using computers I had a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:42'>chance to use that for half an hour in 1968 and felt like I was thinking my</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:46'>hands right through the glass of the display and touching the information</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:51'>structures directly inside unlike Engelbart's system which I had called a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:55'>personal computer this to me was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:59'>intimate this is an intimate way of interacting and so for me and for a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:05'>bunch of other people in the 60s 1968</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:09'>was my year for thinking about the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:14'>possibility of there being three major ways of interacting with a computer of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:21'>three paradigms three frameworks for thinking about interaction and the thing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:27'>that clinched it for me was seeing going</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:32'>out and visiting Seymour's one of Seymour's first installations in a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:38'>school watching them use the logo turtle</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:42'>the descendant of the great Walter turtle, cause Seymour had this terrific idea that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:47'>wouldn't it be great to let kids actually build the kinds of mechanisms</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:51'>that would animate a turtle around and they would learn a lot about their world and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:56'>a lot about thinking about the world from from doing that and I've never</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:00'>recovered from that because once I saw that to me the computer was no longer a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:05'>vehicle in the nation at risk report the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:11'>recommendation is that every child in the US should have one semester of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:16'>computers in their senior year of high school that's their strong</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:22'>recommendation about computers and that's driver's ed that is treating the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:28'>computer like a vehicle it's not the cars aren't important it's that they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:32'>aren't central the central things to us are the media the intermediaries with</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:38'>how we work with the world and if you can get rid of that slide that'd be</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:42'>great I think everybody has figured that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:48'>out by now thank you the that led to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:57'>thinking of a computer in a completely different way this is a cardboard model</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:01'>I made in 1968 just since become known</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:05'>as the dynabook and we actually loaded</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:10'>this cardboard model up with a variety of lead pellets to try and find out how</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:15'>heavy it could be before people would always take it with them not find an</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:20'>excuse to leave it behind and turns out</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:24'>that the weight that we determined has not yet been reached by any computer company so this machine is still a bit</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:31'>in the future but it expresses a different kind of relationship with the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:35'>machine and something that wants to start much earlier in the life of a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:41'>human being and so one of the ways of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:47'>thinking of it is if we compare these three</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:53'>ways of looking at it we can say well where is the computer in the past it was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:58'>in the glasshouse today in personal computing it's on our desk and in the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:04'>future it's going to be with us all the time in California will weave it into</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:09'>our t-shirts Nicholas said 10 years ago</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:15'>that will know in the future appears when our cufflinks committed communicate</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:21'>with our watched by means of satellite</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:26'>it's when such hyperbole is not outrageous that you know a paradigm</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:31'>shift has actually happened and as an interesting analogy here to the history</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:37'>of publishing in 1400 AD there are three</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:41'>hundred ninety two books in the Vatican Library one of the largest libraries in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:46'>Europe and in 1452 or thereabouts--</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:51'>Gutenberg printed his first Bible and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:55'>that Bible the 42 line Bible was as big as the hand-written manuscripts that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:02'>have been so laboriously copied by monks during the Middle Ages and the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:07'>reason it was that big is that that was what books were if you look at pictures</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:14'>woodcuts or you visit the modern</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:18'>recreation of what a library was like then they didn't shelve the books most</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:23'>libraries back then had so few books that each book had its own reading table</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:28'>and the books were chained to it you look at this table table book with</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:34'>chains the thing that comes to mind inescapably is a time-sharing bullpen</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:40'>because these are institutionally owned items and Gutenberg didn't know what</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:47'>else to do but to make them that size and much more interesting revolution</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:53'>happened a few years later when Aldus now has a company named after him Aldus</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:59'>Manutius who was a Venetian publisher did two remarkable things first he was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:05'>one of the major driving forces behind publishing things other than</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:09'>Bibles and he isn't he and his sons over the next century published 40,000</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:15'>different books most of them from gathering up Greek and Roman writings</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:21'>spreading them all over Europe he did one other thing that will forever endear</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:25'>himself to me he decided that book should be this big and he decided they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:31'>should be this big because that was the size that saddle bags were in Venice in the 1490s in other words Aldus realized</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:39'>something very important and that is the books could now be lost and because they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:46'>could now be lost they could now be taken with they now could go out and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:51'>become a mass medium now again we're in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:55'>this interesting stage because we're not in a place where r we're willing to have our computers be lost watches their $10</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:04'>swatch watches or something like that willing to have them be lost maybe a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:09'>pocket calculator it's not a tragedy if it gets lost paper and pencil it's not a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:13'>tragedy but still with our multi-thousand dollar computers sitting</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:19'>on our desks we're actually still in the Gutenberg era and the interesting thing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:24'>about history is that nothing that happened between Gutenberg and Aldus</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:28'>counted none of those behavior patterns</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:32'>had anything to do with what happened in the post Aldus area as we went into the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:36'>16th century so drawing curves as a way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:40'>of predicting the computer doesn't work very well when you're in these interesting transition periods well</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:45'>another way of looking at these three</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:50'>paradigms is to ask what kinds of information do we use letter and numbers</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:55'>with institutional computing fonts and graphics on modern personal computing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:01'>and as Nicholas likes the show with his imploding his teething rings for the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:07'>media lab as he likes to call them that it's going to be all media coming together because the computer is a meta</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:12'>media its content is all media all</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:16'>intermediaries that one is pretty much of a no-brainer but it's amazing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:20'>how long it has taken for that to even that simple idea to sink in how do we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:26'>print impact printing big laser printing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:30'>personal laser printers with personal computing and no printing as we move on</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:37'>into the next ten years because the information is going to be too</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:41'>interesting to destroy by printing it out right now is an index of how paltry</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:48'>our use of the computer is that we can actually print it out and feel good about it we actually haven't heard</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:54'>anything because our information for the most part is not in dimensionally</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:59'>intertwined it's not in the form of a dynamic simulation it's not any of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:04'>things that the computer is really about</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:08'>field of interaction feels like line editing on institutional computing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:15'>layout on computers like the Macintosh</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:19'>moving things around but in the new</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:28'>paradigm it's going to feel more like conducting because we're going to move from passive information to active</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:34'>information we're going to move from objects to agents and so it's going to be</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:38'>a little bit more like summoning forth lots of assistance at different times</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:43'>and checking out what their goals are and our they're checking out what our</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:48'>goals are and and so forth so each one of these is a completely different way of thinking about it and one of the ways</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:54'>of thinking about the differentiation between the institutional and the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:00'>personal here is that even when graphical interfaces were done in the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:04'>60s for the most part all interfaces were thought of their main task was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:09'>accessed to function so this notion that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:13'>inside the computer is sort of something like a big nuclear reactor or a power station there's all that function and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:19'>what we need to have is a way of getting to each of these pieces of function will</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:23'>map them into control keys and and double control meta y keys and that way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:29'>of thinking about things and the revolution that made the second</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:35'>paradigm the personal computer paradigm is going from that stance to realizing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:40'>that the main job of the user interface is to make the user aware of what the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:44'>possibilities are in other words the user interface now goes from being</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:49'>control of function to a learning environment and of course I should</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:56'>mention that the the main job of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:00'>intimate computer user interface is to do a lot of learning itself so we go</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:05'>from no learning or learning of the most back-breaking kind to making it easier</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:12'>for the user to learn and then finally we want the system to learn how do we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:17'>give commands we have to remember everything and type see and point where we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:23'>are now and in the future is going to be asked and gesture because the computer</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:28'>is going to be watching us not us just watching it what kind of languages do we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:33'>program it in weekly modular data</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:37'>structured procedures cobol one of the surest predictions that we can make</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:42'>about the future is that 10 years from now there will still be a lot of COBOL programmers this personal computing way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:54'>of doing things is pretty much object-oriented after right far fewer</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:59'>lines of code and there's a new kind of programming that people are starting to do called agent oriented programming and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:07'>one way of thinking about all of these paradigms is to compare them with</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:11'>architecture of taking a civilization like the Greeks whose main way of making</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:18'>big buildings was post and lintel pilot block box like that and you get</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:24'>buildings about this size and if you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:28'>want to make a building a lot bigger and let in more light this architecture doesn't work you have to change to a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:33'>different kind of architecture like the gothic arch and if you do that you can make</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:38'>buildings much larger with about the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:43'>same amount of material and when they say just about somebody he doesn't have</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:49'>enough bricks to make a wall that might not be a slam because you might have</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:57'>enough bricks to make an arch he's got enough bricks to make an arch she's a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:01'>lot better off than people who only have enough bricks to make walls and of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:06'>course the big change in the last several hundred years is going from structures that just push against each</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:11'>other to this notion of the higher</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:15'>strength of materials under tension if you get materials that you can tense as</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:20'>well as compressed you can make structures like geodesic domes that will</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:25'>fit over all of the cathedrals that have ever been made in the world and these are completely separate ways of thinking</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:31'>about things and one of the answers to the question that's the title of my</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:35'>lecture is what is the next computer</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:39'>revolution going to be like well it's going to be technologically it's going to be like what I just told you that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:44'>we're going to intimate machines they'll always be networked there will be</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:49'>information utilities the systems will</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:53'>learn and so forth now for many people this is big news but in fact if you go</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:58'>back in the history of computer science you find people like Marvin Minsky and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:03'>John McCarthy writing papers in the late 50s and early 60s about this this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:09'>happens to be not just the fifth anniversary of the media lab but it's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:14'>also the 20th anniversary of Nicholas's book called the architecture machine</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:18'>which is all about this third way of looking at things now for my standpoint</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:24'>since I am not particularly enamored of technology this is a very incomplete</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:30'>answer and I would like to try and go to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:34'>a different way of thinking about things that involves people much more strongly</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:40'>and to do that we have to have some sense</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:45'>of how people's minds work this is for</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:49'>many years and in engineering is where the rubber met the sky because engineers</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:56'>tend to like controllable elements and people aren't all that controllable and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:01'>as a behavioral mechanism we are exasperating and so there's been a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:07'>tendency of actually trying to get people to be more like machines rather</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:11'>than the other way around and give you an example of why this is difficult to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:16'>deal with take a look at one of my favorite pictures here and what you see</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:24'>here let's pretend we're in school because actually we are in school we're in a university let me give you an</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:30'>English sentence about this picture what we've done with this picture is to take</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:35'>a picture of a young girl extracted her eyes and mouth turn them upside down and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:41'>put them back into the picture and then turn the entire picture upside down that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:46'>sound reasonable to everybody okay so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:50'>having said that you should be completely prepared than for what it looks like right side up I'm going to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:58'>turn this back because I've discovered nobody will listen to me when it's on the other way so this is one of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:09'>flaws of trying to give lectures in English because a nation is actually not</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:16'>convertible except outside of the human</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:22'>domain within the human domain we actually have different parts of our</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:26'>brain that respond the things in different ways and this is one of the reasons why McDonald's doesn't run print</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:31'>ads saying if you eat a McDonald's hamburger you'll become a better looking</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:35'>person because in English it's absurd so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:39'>instead what they do is to run an ad showing pictures of really good-looking people eating McDonald's hamburgers and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:44'>a different part of your mind takes that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:48'>information and makes a different kind of inference the kind of inference that the ad people want you in fact we have a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:54'>part of our mind that thinks things are more true if they rhyme so if I were to say to you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:00'>a big mac and fries will slender your thighs sound more convincing the whole</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:10'>idea here is that as people started to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:15'>suspect about starting about a hundred years ago with Freud Piaget Brunner</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:21'>Minsky and Papert that what we don't have inside of our head is the oneness a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:29'>vast beautiful seamless fabric of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:33'>mentality but instead what we have is something much more like a patchwork quilt and in fact the patchwork quilt</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:38'>has little mechanisms that pop us from one part of the quilt to another</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:43'>whenever we get too close to one of the boundaries and it's you have to do things like this to show that there is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:48'>an actual patchwork quilt there so we have this idea of multiple mentalities</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:55'>and Piaget was one of the first to study</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:00'>the very different ways that children have of dealing with the world as they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:05'>move through stages of development early in a child's life an object is to grab</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:10'>it a hole is to dig it thinking is doing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:14'>in many ways later on the child is more</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:18'>visually centered child says there's more water in the tall glass when you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:23'>pour from the squat class the tall one because it looks that way and then</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:28'>finally it around 11 or 12 there's a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:32'>facts and logic stage where logical operations are carried out and the child</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:38'>can make deductions based on facts like there can't be more water because where</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:42'>would it go where would it come from so forth now of course at least this was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:48'>true in 11 and 12 year old Swiss French kids in America there's a lot of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:53'>evidence that American kids never get to this facts and logic stage</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:01'>now Brunner in the 50s and 60s redid</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:07'>some of Piaget's experiments but he added some twists so he took the water pouring</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:11'>experiment and after the kids said there's more water in the tall glass</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:16'>Brunner put a cardboard so the kid couldn't see the tall glass anymore and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:20'>the kid would change his mind back say oh there can't be more and then Brunner</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:24'>would take whip Brunner would take the cardboard away and the kid would say oh</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:29'>but look there's more water Brunner would put the cardboard back and the kid would</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:33'>change his mind again so if you have any six-year-olds you'd like to torment and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:40'>what Brunner was in his way was getting</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:45'>closer to this idea of multiple mentalities as well that it isn't just a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:53'>metamorphosis like a caterpillar into a butterfly which is pretty much the way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:57'>Piaget thought of it but actually different modules being able to deal</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:02'>with it within different ways and a change in dominance to express the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:06'>piaget expression now there are many things that you can do with this suppose</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:11'>you wanted to design a user interface for a computer that was like a tool and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:16'>we have to think about what each of these mentalities actually does so an</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:21'>example the body-centered one is the one that knows where we are in space we can</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:25'>close our eyes and touch our nose when in touch our hands behind our back if</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:30'>you blind us we can still orient ourselves but if we aren't as</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:34'>unfortunate enough to suffer a brain lesion that takes part of a limb out of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:39'>our body map then even though it's physically attached to us it's like</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:43'>somebody else's so this orienting</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:47'>centering groundedness is something that the body mentality brings to us the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:53'>visually sent mentality is wonderfully</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:58'>adept at dealing with various kinds of tricks for instance if we were to put a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:02'>hundred images of animals on a wall you'd be able to find the elephant</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:07'>almost four times as fast as you could the word elephant if the images were</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:12'>replaced words now let me try and experiment this I realize that this is a very academic</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:17'>body here but let me ask how many people</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:21'>here watch television be honest okay how</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:26'>many people flip channels all right how</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:32'>many people have ever flipped a channel randomly into a movie they haven't seen</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:37'>for 18 years how long did it take you to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:41'>recognize that you'd seen that movie before how long yeah somewhere between a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:48'>half a second and a couple of seconds think about what that meant 18 years ago</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:53'>you saw a movie you didn't know you're</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:57'>going to be tested on it you randomly</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:03'>without any preparation pop into the middle of it and all of a sudden in 30</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:10'>frames or so of seeing that movie you suddenly recognize what it is think of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:15'>what that means in the context of your entire life most people can remember</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:19'>what's going to happen next if you stop the movie after they've recognized that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:23'>they know what the next scene is going to be so that is a mentality that begged</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:29'>to be exploited and what it says is that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:33'>we should always be able to present about a hundred things in the visual</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:37'>field because the user can be aware of them subliminally and if we present them</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:42'>in recognizable scenes the user can store hundreds thousands millions of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:47'>different scenes and remember that they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:51'>were there before then finally the symbolically centered mentality is much</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:55'>more interested in changing things so if</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:59'>its biggest problem is finding the right context because it is not a context</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:04'>chooser so if your visual mentality work</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:08'>the way your symbolic one the first thing you opened your eyes and saw in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:12'>the morning would be what you'd be staring at several hours later that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:16'>doesn't work so well so we have a grounding mentality we have a flitting</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:21'>around mentality that's aware of lots of things and we have one</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:25'>likes to make chains and somehow we should be able to put all of those things together here's one of the ways</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:31'>whoops sorry can you turn that off please that's the end of the slides we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:40'>want to be able to put these things together and if we do we'll find</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:44'>ourselves fitting much more closely to the way human mentalities work</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:06'>so this is a 22 month old little girl and she has never lived in a world not</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:13'>densely populated by Macintoshes her</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:18'>mother is my accountant both her mother and father work at home each of them has</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:22'>a mac this is back five years ago in 1985 and when I found out the little</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:27'>girl was interested in computers I gave</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:31'>her an apple to which she rejected she</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:39'>wanted what her folks had now I have to warn you hear that not to be impressed</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:44'>because this is not her first time on the machine she's been using the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:49'>computer for about six months so she's actually a fairly experienced user and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:56'>long time ago we designed this user interface for children but never any of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:03'>this young so it's really interesting to see a child used the machine that was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:08'>actually designed for them and so here</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:12'>she's using the visible menus of mac paint and I saw it I thought all right</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:18'>this is impressed i've i've never seen a child this young is this machine before but ok I it should work but then what</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:25'>happened next really amazed me she wants a fresh sheet of paper so she goes to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:30'>the closed box on the window she saves her old drawing with a pop-up and she</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:37'>goes to the pulldown to get a new one</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:48'>well that was pretty and that was a home movie made by her father and we did</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:54'>about another 10 hours of testing this child on various Macintosh applications</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:00'>and we discovered it across applications she was about seventy percent literate</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:06'>that is she could take a really complicated application like aldus pagemaker a desktop publishing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:10'>application started up make marks and it print the marks out save the marks away</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:16'>get the marks back about seventy percent of the things that Macintosh users</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:21'>expect from application to application she in her horizon already by age 22</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:30'>months okay so that answers one question</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:35'>about this notion a computer illiteracy</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:39'>one when we're talking about situations</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:43'>like literacy and illiteracy they don't really obtain when the object in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:48'>question is a professional that we don't</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:52'>have a term called healtharcy and ill-healtharcy because medicine is a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:58'>profession there wasn't a term called literacy and illiteracy back in the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:02'>Middle Ages when writing was a profession as soon as you spread it out to the public you start getting</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:07'>interested in these notions of can people access things made for them by</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:11'>others that's like reading but what about the more important thing can</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:15'>people make things that are like the things that other people make so here's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:20'>an example of something that we did about 15 years ago</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:33'>and this is the logo turtle with a different architecture and it's a little</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:41'>application like Mac draw object oriented illustration system designed</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:47'>and built by 12 year old girl so this is an</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:51'>end-user program not a program that you'd buy in a store for ninety-nine</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:55'>dollars from egghead software has lots of features you can change size and move</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:00'>things around because of the change in architecture of going from normal data</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:08'>structure and procedure programming to object-oriented programming the amount</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:12'>of code she had the right to do this application was only about a page long so this is not a large program and one</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:18'>of the things that you have to do when you're working with any kind of novice user is make sure the programs they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:23'>write are not terribly long well so that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:27'>was an attempt to get kids and users to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:31'>be both able to access and able to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:36'>generate the same kinds of things that we're going to run on their paradigm of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:40'>computing but now we have a new paradigm of computing it's going to involve</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:44'>agents and artificial intelligence so a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:48'>few years ago I got interested in the idea of trying to set up a design a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:56'>system that would allow children to do artificial intelligence kind of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:00'>programming in other words they would be making things now much less like robots</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:05'>and much more like the gray Walter turtle things that mimic life in a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:12'>number of different ways I like to show you a bit of that project this project</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:16'>is done in a rather large scale we have an entire school it has now 375 children</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:22'>12 teachers and we've been working there for about five years and one of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:28'>things that we found is that technology is not something that you can put in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:33'>like raisins in a plum pudding there's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:37'>all this other stuff is the entire life of the child that you have to consider</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:41'>and the framework of the school we're lucky to find a terrific school</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:46'>to Los Angeles bussing school so it's a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:50'>public school and the children are all shapes sizes colors Creed's ethnic</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:56'>backgrounds bussed in most of them for more than an hour to get to the school</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:00'>those of demographers paradise and we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:04'>found it very interesting to introduce ideas into the school in a gradual</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:09'>fashion I'd like to show you some of those</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:39'>so that the kids are all kinds of kids</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:44'>and one of the things they've done here is to tear up part of their asphalt</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:50'>playground and build a garden this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:54'>garden was actually designed by the children you'll see a little bit you'll get an idea of how children could design</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:59'>something like this in in just a minute</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:05'>and because we're studying animals as</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:09'>well as plants they have a pond that has</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:13'>all kinds of life forms and the children actually built this garden themselves</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:21'>now I'm not going to explain to you what's going on here see if you can</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:26'>imagine what it is now I'll tell you in a bit what are they doing with these</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:31'>balloons well what they were doing is designing a city and one of the reasons</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:37'>we do some of the design work with balloons is because urban renewal is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:42'>really easy the idea of to know the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:50'>world one must construct it because is strongly tied into designing a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:56'>programming environment for children because what we wanted to do is not so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:01'>much experience things that other people have set up to be more like experiencing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:07'>a television program or maybe an interactive video disc we want them to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:12'>actually make the simulations themselves because it's in making the simulations</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:17'>that the active design is most powerful</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:22'>now next few minutes I'm going to show you three large-scale projects that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:29'>we've been doing at the school one of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:33'>the things we tried to do here was to both challenge the kids and to go much</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:39'>deeper than they ordinarily are asked to go by the state educational board this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:47'>first one is a year-long project in city building and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:52'>the kids that participate in it our third and fourth graders so there are</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:56'>seven and eight and nine years old in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:00'>this project starts in September and runs through the entire year and this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:04'>will give you an idea of it I think this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:11'>is all almost all no no mrs. hansal tool</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:15'>I know but they still are everything explored of it everybody say I know but</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:20'>they're already something you should make something is already Salinas joris</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:26'>the penis is already something every single after everything this is only</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:31'>styrofoam nobody lady out of something I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:35'>know every as late as something accident</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:39'>from a balloon doesn't mean we don't have a design knowledge now to make</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:44'>buildings exactly like they would have to make it a hundred years we're making</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:48'>models ideas for what buildings could be</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:52'>like in a hundred years we don't have the materials we're going to happen 100 years I did red stripes right</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:50:37'>okay did you get that color name red red</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:03'>what do you belviq i'm doing a factory</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:35'>wait do it again and stay here and do</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:40'>the character park you'll be the building y'all be the building yes why</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:45'>on the prison and he's the building these the buildings okay welcome to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:59'>fantasy mall we have lots of stuff the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:52:20'>building collapsed he was trying to see the moon and there nothing collapsed my</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:52:27'>apartment building and on the top is a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:52:31'>swimming pool never got this is a cold day in rainier so you can have an indoor</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:52:36'>central and it's a hot you open it up and you can I here down here tomorrow</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:14'>he'll be our future city is opening as you can see i'll transfer k our monorail</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:20'>has just been strong</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:24'>and all the buildings are beginning to look like buildings all the buildings</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:30'>are being checked and painting now our</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:34'>he cannot pick up the site husband useful because of the monorail and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:39'>transportation we now have these things on our site everybody that wants bad air</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:47'>transportation land on your site must cabinet right Iggy foxes out</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:52'>Commissioner tova cats design this whole</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:57'>monorail see what household monorail and monorail station the Commissioner of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:03'>lands who doesn't exhaust you all for helping us with sidewalks these are my</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:09'>sidewalks my bold earthquake tested and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:17'>alarming teleporting man he puts ebook</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:22'>paper towel rolls on our site static patella to have it be a teleporting</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:27'>station their cities he's getting to look like a real City try getting to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:31'>look like Judy Landers on the monorail calvada getting to Los Angeles cuz of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:36'>the help crowd is starting today less</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:40'>crowded than it was when we were making our study models</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:46'>I level or I level 1 inch tall but will</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:58'>question building so that's a very okay</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:10'>as Seymour I'm sure will echo when when you actually go into a school and start</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:15'>working with the kids the first reaction is one of shock because the enormity of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:23'>the experience the amount of energy the amount of body learning that the kids</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:28'>need to do completely dominates all the things that you wanted to do with</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:32'>computers and the first thing you realize when you actually go into school</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:36'>and do this stuff for real is that you better worry about curriculum far</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:42'>outside the media that you're going to use because there's so many different</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:47'>dimensions and this is a project in which most of the things that are</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:51'>available on computers now are of almost no use the kids do a little bit of work</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:56'>with Macintoshes in doing this but 99%</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:01'>of it is this huge experience with doing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:05'>things with their hands and their bodies and crawling over the thing and so forth</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:09'>so one of the objectives in this project</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:13'>was to develop I don't want to say the word peach but develop every child as a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:18'>designer and it takes about three years</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:22'>to get a curriculum like this self-sustaining so people who put try to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:27'>put curriculum in a school and measure it after the first year are making a big</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:31'>mistake takes about three years to get something like this going and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:35'>self-sustaining now another thing we started about four years ago was to develop every child in the school as a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:40'>musician you may see some commonality</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:45'>between those two ideas because music is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:49'>another one of these things that has lots of things interacting with itself</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:53'>part of it is in the interest and what each individual thing is doing and part</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:57'>of the interest is and how they interact we want the kids to be able to think about their world in those terms and so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:03'>we did each year we put on a musical</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:08'>this year it was pirates of penzance and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:13'>this was the best one that we've ever ever had i have a few excerpts of it to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:18'>give you an idea the the oldest child in this is 11 the youngest child in it is 6</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:23'>was completely voluntary the pool of children we had to work with for this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:27'>was about 150 children 120 of those 150</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:31'>possible volunteered and appeared in the show they insisted i'm doing the entire</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:37'>Pirates of Penzance line for line we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:41'>started off with one that was broken down they constantly wanted more we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:45'>wanted to go back they insisted in singing in four-part harmony where it was called for this is a perfect example</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:50'>of something that the kids worked like dogs for four months on and put on a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:56'>fantastic show one of the best theatrical presentations I've ever been to hear some of excerpts</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:08'>fishing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:30'>what I know what is it I met along and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:34'>revelry but I can talk site I'm now the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:38'>run home from a shadowy one such affairs are sorties and surprises I more wary ax</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:45'>and when it opens Leslie what is meant</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:49'>by common their progress has been made</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:54'>it modern gunnery on the object another</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:59'>in a nunnery in short one of smattering</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:00:04'>of elemental strategy</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:00:41'>hey</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:01:16'>Oh</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:01:28'>I'm telling a Terry story but it doesn't</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:00'>although our darker rear sometimes involves the crime of stealing squealing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:13'>although my stripe we're always sorry to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:18'>me</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:34'>haha</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:53'>you may go Liberty our pirate rules protecting and kind of remembers our van</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:59'>we do unless you are you x is as useful</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:07'>things to be an orphan boy</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:13'>oh happy days</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:18'>oh happy day</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:32'>oh happy</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:37'>me I you haha</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:42'>bball</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:50'>so Joe Johnson said about thinking on</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:54'>its hind legs well but one is amazed to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:58'>see it done at all and the trick in doing these kinds of things with kids is to get beyond that stage the only way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:03'>you can do it is by having something like music being a part of the child's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:08'>life all the way through their experience this is the first year in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:12'>which we all the children in it had been part of this enrichment now that's the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:18'>second way of dealing with complexity let me show you the third way and this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:22'>is because the computer some good and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:27'>here are we studying animals and we try and get the children to program not</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:32'>robots but things that are much more biologically acceptable</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:56'>now you might wonder where are the computers in this classroom well one of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:01'>the problems with these computers is that they're bulky so we took every</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:05'>horizontal surfaces in the entire school out and replace them with tables that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:09'>have Macintoshes under them so there are hundreds of Macintoshes in the school</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:14'>but they're all underneath the surfaces so the teachers don't want to move them</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:19'>out of the classroom the teachers don't want to shove them around to the side they're just part of the normal working</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:24'>environment of the school and they're on all the time no computer classrooms no</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:28'>shoved against the wall</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:53'>guys these are some animations we did a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:57'>few years ago and HyperCard just as an idea of what things might look like</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:01'>eventually there's no intelligence behind these models hey guys i am going</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:08'>for a swim in the scene</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:25'>hey</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:33'>if you're asking for every player has agent needs food and the whale come up</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:38'>the way I also have some Asian food all right let me tell you why because when</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:45'>the agent looks in his world what we're</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:49'>seeing here is a they have seminars where they talk over different problem</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:54'>solving strategies the teacher this particular teacher happens to like to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:58'>solve problems and she likes to discuss them with the kids then the kids have to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:03'>go off and figure it out for themselves it doesn't look at himself it looks at</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:07'>the world beyond him so that's why it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:11'>only looks at those players who have food but it doesn't count himself but if</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:18'>he asked for every player in the universe it would include himself and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:25'>this is kind of important for you to think about because when he when they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:30'>have to start giving birth to eat to themselves so they won't die off they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:36'>have to be able to count everything in the universe why Dean Cain</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:45'>50 count how many there are like if</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:49'>there was only one left in was himself competative journalist and then he left</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:53'>bar and then he got true protein what's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:58'>my friend it was a whale who lived to know Jay just off the Pacific coast it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:08:03'>is the time of year when the whales migrate down to Mexico to me and to give</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:08:08'>birth to their babies who were conceived the year before I do that you don't want</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:08:20'>emotion thank you okay go to the top</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:08:45'>works with those two on and I move away</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:08:58'>now here's a more complicated one these these models use the Minsky and Papert</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:02'>Society of mind architecture applied in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:07'>a language for children that was developed in part here at the Media Lab by Mike Travers one of the graduate</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:14'>students here's a more complicated one the clownfish in the lower left is just</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:19'>going about its business feeding one of the things that they do is to find a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:23'>favorite see an enemy and acclimate to it that's what it's doing now they spend</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:28'>a little more time in the monks to poison of the enemy and gradually get</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:33'>immune to it so that they can use it as a place to hide when some predator comes</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:40'>a lot the shark right now is quite a distance away and it doesn't notice the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:45'>clownfish and the clownfish doesn't notice it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:53'>here's some more acclamation closer into the tentacles this time</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:09'>now this lucky clownfish is been doing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:13'>it often enough so it is actually acclimated to the anenih me so when the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:19'>shark sees it and starts pursuing its</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:28'>able to run back to the enemy and the shark can only get so close to the enemy</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:32'>report backs off but of course it wants</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:37'>to come back again</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:46'>so computers are media to think with as</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:50'>Seymour said so eloquently a long time ago in Nicholas's book 20 years ago he</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:56'>said he dedicated it to the first machine who can appreciate the gesture</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:02'>and I think he meant not the gesture like this but the gesture of having a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:06'>book dedicated to it he also said in the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:11'>preface of it that it was all beginnings in no end well I think that's the perfect definition of a research lab a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:16'>my answer to the question of what is the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:21'>next computer revolution it's the one in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:25'>which happens in the context of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:29'>whole person and in the whole person's world that it's not just something that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:33'>we apply in isolation to solve small problems but it's one that like media</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:37'>surrounds us as we've tried to do with the children thank you very much and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:42'>happy 5th birthday ok</subtitle>
<subtitle id='4308'>you </subtitle>

Alan Kay at MIT Media Lab 5th Anniversary Event (1990)

2017-12-31T06:02:48Z

MrSteve:

{{#evt:
service=youtubeIA
|id=6Ysu1mDxxbc
|alignment=left
|autoresize=true
}}

<subtitle id='00:00:00'> never know what Nicholas was going to say actually the turned out that the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:08'>bearnaise on the hot dog didn't sell well if I remember we're no longer on</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:13'>that board anniversaries get people to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:22'>think of other anniversaries there lots</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:26'>of them happening this year one of them is the 50th anniversary of Fantasia and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:33'>Fantasia I think for many of us in this audience and at MIT and elsewhere was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:40'>something we grew up on as a kind of a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:44'>dream of bringing our ideas to life and a lot of us saw the computer is a way of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:50'>more quickly with more depth more</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:54'>dimension more meaning to be able to project ideas that we had within within</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:00'>ourselves into this magic new medium and have them come to life just as the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:07'>disney people did with great art but much more laboriously many years ago I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:12'>think a good way to start this this lecture is to think 40 years ago not 50</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:19'>the 40 years ago was the when two very</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:26'>diverse very at opposite poles machines</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:31'>were introduced to the to the world and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:35'>one of them of course was the UNIVAC one the first commercial digital computer</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:42'>thing that a digital computer its people's minds it had whirling tape</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:47'>drives the first whirling tape drives and it predicted an election not long</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:53'>after that on television and so it became in the public's mind what a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:59'>computer was all about now in the other</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:05'>machine that was at the farthest pole of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:09'>thinking from the univac one also came about 19</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:13'>50 and I actually spent quite a bit with some assistance this summer trying to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:18'>find some film footage of it because I was sure that some must exist and after</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:24'>much scurrying around in England then looking at old newsreels and so forth we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:29'>finally found what i think is the earliest footage of this machine which I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:33'>think symbolizes the transition from the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:38'>UNIVAC 1 to what's going to happen over the next 10 years and i think i need the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:42'>the slides off because i'm going to show some video thank you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:59'>in a simple Ville on the outskirts of Bristol lives Dr. Grey Walter a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:04'>neurologist who makes robots as a hobby they are small and he doesn't dress them</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:09'>up to look like men he calls them tortoises and so cunningly have their</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:13'>insides being designed that they respond to the stimuli of light and touch in a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:18'>completely lifelike manner</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:38'>this model is named Elsie and she sees out of a photoelectric cell which</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:43'>rotates above her body when light strikes the cell driving and steering</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:48'>mechanism sends her hurrying towards it if she brushes against any object in her</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:52'>path contacts are operated that turn the steering away and so automatically she</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:58'>takes avoiding action</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:34'>Mrs. Walters pet his Elma, Elsie's brother in the darker vest he works in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:39'>exactly the same way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:49'>Dr. Walter says that his electronic toys work exactly as though they have a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:53'>simple two cell nervous system and that with more cells they will be able to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:58'>do many more tricks already Elsie has one up on Elmer when her batteries begin to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:03'>fail she automatically runs home to her kennel but charging up and in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:07'>consequence can live a much gayer life</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:17'>so I officially present this footage to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:21'>Nicholas Seymour Papert and Marvin Minsky for it means something to each</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:27'>one of this this is the original tortoise that inspired the logo turtle</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:33'>and it also inspired a lot of early work</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:37'>in artificial intelligence and what's interesting about the way the last 40</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:41'>years have transpired is that digital computers have taken over but in fact</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:46'>where things are going now are much more towards the kinds of control systems</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:53'>kinds of what you might call wet mentalities that device like the great</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:00'>Walter turtle has well the biggest</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:04'>problem with with computers is that they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:09'>were larger than than human scale and the mechanisms we have in our mind for</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:14'>dealing with things are larger than human scale are those of religions so of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:18'>course we had a priesthood and special</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:22'>time special rituals all of that stuff and a lot of what has happened in the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:27'>last 40 years has been to try and find ways to bring the machine into human</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:32'>scale without losing any of its promise</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:36'>what I'd like to do is give you a couple</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:40'>of ways that I think about this stuff and one of them is thinking in general</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:46'>terms about the way humans have extended themselves over the last several hundred</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:52'>thousand years and of course the first one that we think of is that we extend</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:56'>ourselves through tools levers screwdrivers wheels and so forth less</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:03'>often we think of language and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:07'>mathematics as tools but they also are ways of creating objects for things that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:15'>we want to deal with and we manipulate them and all of these tools allow us to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:21'>extend various of our senses and for a long time we thought of the computer as</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:26'>a kind of a tool and one of the ways that we've grappled with it is to try and make it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:30'>act more like the kinds of tools that were used to now less often thought of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:35'>extension is one that was identified many years ago by mumford who said for</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:42'>most of the history of human beings most of the machines that we've built have</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:47'>had other humans as moving parts he called these mega machines and societies</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:52'>groups an organization like this the media lab all of these are a consequence</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:57'>of our ability to take on other people's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:02'>goals our interest in taking on people's goals and our interest in getting people</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:06'>to take on our goals of course agents</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:10'>can take on a goal and can manipulate tools to carry out our wishes while</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:14'>we're doing things but more importantly an agent can deal with other agents and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:20'>I think of the the M word here for</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:24'>agents as being management so to me a tool is something that we look at and we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:29'>manipulate and an agent is something that looks at us and we manage the agent</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:35'>and of course the mainframes were neither and so the struggle was started</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:41'>in the 1950s in 1962 try and find a way of bringing this into some sort of human</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:46'>scale now I like to show you a couple of early efforts</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:04'>here's a picture that could have been taken in somebody's office here at MIT</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:08'>but actually it was taken in 1965 this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:15'>is Douglas Engelbart sitting at his</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:20'>first version of a what you might call not a personal computer but personal</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:25'>computing he has a mouse he has a black on white 19 inch screen and here's the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:32'>kind of media that he dealt back sat</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:44'>exactly branch on me and let me look just that low and I see it oh I can say</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:51'>I'd like to see one line only I can see</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:55'>but there's another thing I can do theres a route I said i have here</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:04'>so here I'm it i'll need a different pictures of you so here's what i do with</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:09'>a picture drawing capability here so slight and lamp if i start from work and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:13'>here's the route i seem to have to go to pick up all the materials and that's my</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:17'>plan for getting home tonight but if I want to I can say the library what am I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:22'>supposed to pick up there I can just point to that you know oh I see overdue</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:27'>books and all while there was a statement there with that name go back what if I once my supposed to pick up</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:32'>the drugstore hmm I see you interesting all right market can do things if I want</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:40'>to just say I'd like to interchange projects and can materials bingo and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:46'>they're all numbered right if I care to look interchanging them very quickly</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:50'>cans are going to get interchange with products they do it and all gets me</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:56'>numbered so that's a very tool based way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:01'>of thinking about things you're indicating things on the screen moving</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:05'>them around Engelbart was one of the of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:09'>a number of people in the 50s and 60s that realize that although you could</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:13'>drop a computer and break it just like you can drop a book into a fire and burn</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:19'>it that the contents of the computer or</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:23'>of the book can be a story or a description of things that can't exist</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:28'>physically in the world you can have a story in a book about a place that has an inverse cube law doesn't seem to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:33'>exist in in this world the computer can</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:37'>add more dimensions than this world has to a way of looking at data and so that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:41'>if you have a 15 dimensional space of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:46'>interesting things the computer can give you 16 dimensions and bring all of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:50'>interesting points together at one one place and that led to a number of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:55'>different ways of thinking about the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:00'>computer Engelbart's metaphor was the computer as a vehicle he thought of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:06'>big mainframes as being like railroads that were owned by institutions and the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:11'>institutions decided when you could use them and decided what you could use them</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:15'>for and Engelbart wanted to be Henry Ford he</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:19'>wanted everybody to have their own vehicle used to say phrases like we need</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:24'>to deal with thought vectors and concept space I don't think he knew what that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:28'>meant we certainly didn't but it sounded</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:32'>great and it gave rise to this notion that in order to bring the computer down</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:38'>into our world we have to have some way of interacting with it in a closer</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:44'>fashion and so the the urge was to bring the computer cycles closer to the user</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:50'>and that's what gave rise to machines like this and this is one that I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:54'>designed it's a picture of it on its own display back in the late 60s and it even</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:03'>had a user interface on it although back</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:07'>then there's a wonderful phrase about user interface user interfaces was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:12'>called it's when the flesh hits the steel and that phrase is very much about</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:20'>because there's really no notion of there being an intermediary between you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:25'>and the hardness of the machine and this this machine have multiple windows and a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:31'>number of other ideas on it but it was a little bit like trying to make an apple</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:36'>pie from random ingredients found in the kitchen you don't have any apples so you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:41'>decide to use bananas you don't have any flour so you grind up Cheerios and so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:47'>forth I randomly substituting for all of the ingredients in a typical pie you can</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:51'>make something but in this case this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:55'>turned out to be a bit of a mess only</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:59'>graduate students liked it sort of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:03'>kiss of death for any computer system</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:09'>reason of course as graduate students are going through a rite of passage when they're trying to prove how smart they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:14'>are and how many amazing things that they can remember and so they turn out</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:18'>to be pretty much the world's worst user interface design right I was a graduate</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:22'>student when I designed this so I'm speaking with authority now right about</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:28'>the same time that this was going on there is a whole different way of looking at interaction and one of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:35'>ways that I used to illustrate that is some film footage taken at rand</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:40'>corporation on a system that they made</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:44'>for Rand economists and other non computer types The Economist's of course</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:51'>are that group of people that if you lay them end to end they still won't be able</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:55'>to reach a conclusion and the Economist</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:00'>didn't even like to type they like to write things on legal pads and they said</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:06'>the RAM people can't you do something about that so here's an example of something that was adapted from some</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:13'>early work here at MIT by Marvin Minsky and war entitlement to do a system that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:20'>would interpret gestures as expressed on</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:24'>a data tablet so here's what that looks like</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:38'>first we erase a flow arrow then move</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:42'>the connector out of the way so that we may draw a box in its place the printing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:51'>in the box is being new commentary only in this case the box is slightly too</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:57'>large so we may change its size where modern day window control came from</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:01'>literally then dry flow from the connector to the box attached a decision</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:08'>element to the box and dry flow from it to scan we then erased the flow arrows</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:15'>attached to the process post new area and move the box to a new position this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:25'>allows us to draw a new box well that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:34'>was a tremendous change in the way we felt about using computers I had a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:42'>chance to use that for half an hour in 1968 and felt like I was thinking my</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:46'>hands right through the glass of the display and touching the information</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:51'>structures directly inside unlike Engelbart's system which I had called a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:55'>personal computer this to me was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:59'>intimate this is an intimate way of interacting and so for me and for a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:05'>bunch of other people in the 60s 1968</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:09'>was my year for thinking about the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:14'>possibility of there being three major ways of interacting with a computer of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:21'>three paradigms three frameworks for thinking about interaction and the thing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:27'>that clinched it for me was seeing going</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:32'>out and visiting Seymour's one of Seymour's first installations in a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:38'>school watching them use the logo turtle</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:42'>the descendant of the great Walter turtle, cause Seymour had this terrific idea that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:47'>wouldn't it be great to let kids actually build the kinds of mechanisms</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:51'>that would animate a turtle around and they would learn a lot about their world and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:56'>a lot about thinking about the world from from doing that and I've never</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:00'>recovered from that because once I saw that to me the computer was no longer a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:05'>vehicle in the nation at risk report the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:11'>recommendation is that every child in the US should have one semester of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:16'>computers in their senior year of high school that's their strong</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:22'>recommendation about computers and that's driver's ed that is treating the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:28'>computer like a vehicle it's not the cars aren't important it's that they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:32'>aren't central the central things to us are the media the intermediaries with</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:38'>how we work with the world and if you can get rid of that slide that'd be</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:42'>great I think everybody has figured that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:48'>out by now thank you the that led to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:57'>thinking of a computer in a completely different way this is a cardboard model</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:01'>I made in 1968 just since become known</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:05'>as the dynabook and we actually loaded</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:10'>this cardboard model up with a variety of lead pellets to try and find out how</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:15'>heavy it could be before people would always take it with them not find an</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:20'>excuse to leave it behind and turns out</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:24'>that the weight that we determined has not yet been reached by any computer company so this machine is still a bit</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:31'>in the future but it expresses a different kind of relationship with the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:35'>machine and something that wants to start much earlier in the life of a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:41'>human being and so one of the ways of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:47'>thinking of it is if we compare these three</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:53'>ways of looking at it we can say well where is the computer in the past it was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:58'>in the glasshouse today in personal computing it's on our desk and in the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:04'>future it's going to be with us all the time in California will weave it into</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:09'>our t-shirts Nicholas said 10 years ago</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:15'>that will know in the future appears when our cufflinks committed communicate</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:21'>with our watched by means of satellite</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:26'>it's when such hyperbole is not outrageous that you know a paradigm</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:31'>shift has actually happened and as an interesting analogy here to the history</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:37'>of publishing in 1400 AD there are three</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:41'>hundred ninety two books in the Vatican Library one of the largest libraries in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:46'>Europe and in 1452 or thereabouts--</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:51'>Gutenberg printed his first Bible and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:55'>that Bible the 42 line Bible was as big as the hand-written manuscripts that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:02'>have been so laboriously copied by monks during the Middle Ages and the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:07'>reason it was that big is that that was what books were if you look at pictures</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:14'>woodcuts or you visit the modern</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:18'>recreation of what a library was like then they didn't shelve the books most</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:23'>libraries back then had so few books that each book had its own reading table</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:28'>and the books were chained to it you look at this table table book with</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:34'>chains the thing that comes to mind inescapably is a time-sharing bullpen</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:40'>because these are institutionally owned items and Gutenberg didn't know what</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:47'>else to do but to make them that size and much more interesting revolution</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:53'>happened a few years later when Aldus now has a company named after him Aldus</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:59'>Manutius who was a Venetian publisher did two remarkable things first he was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:05'>one of the major driving forces behind publishing things other than</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:09'>Bibles and he isn't he and his sons over the next century published 40,000</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:15'>different books most of them from gathering up Greek and Roman writings</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:21'>spreading them all over Europe he did one other thing that will forever endear</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:25'>himself to me he decided that book should be this big and he decided they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:31'>should be this big because that was the size that saddle bags were in Venice in the 1490s in other words Aldus realized</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:39'>something very important and that is the books could now be lost and because they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:46'>could now be lost they could now be taken with they now could go out and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:51'>become a mass medium now again we're in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:55'>this interesting stage because we're not in a place where r we're willing to have our computers be lost watches their $10</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:04'>swatch watches or something like that willing to have them be lost maybe a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:09'>pocket calculator it's not a tragedy if it gets lost paper and pencil it's not a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:13'>tragedy but still with our multi-thousand dollar computers sitting</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:19'>on our desks we're actually still in the Gutenberg era and the interesting thing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:24'>about history is that nothing that happened between Gutenberg and Aldus</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:28'>counted none of those behavior patterns</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:32'>had anything to do with what happened in the post Aldus area as we went into the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:36'>16th century so drawing curves as a way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:40'>of predicting the computer doesn't work very well when you're in these interesting transition periods well</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:45'>another way of looking at these three</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:50'>paradigms is to ask what kinds of information do we use letter and numbers</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:55'>with institutional computing fonts and graphics on modern personal computing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:01'>and as Nicholas likes the show with his imploding his teething rings for the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:07'>media lab as he likes to call them that it's going to be all media coming together because the computer is a meta</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:12'>media its content is all media all</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:16'>intermediaries that one is pretty much of a no-brainer but it's amazing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:20'>how long it has taken for that to even that simple idea to sink in how do we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:26'>print impact printing big laser printing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:30'>personal laser printers with personal computing and no printing as we move on</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:37'>into the next ten years because the information is going to be too</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:41'>interesting to destroy by printing it out right now is an index of how paltry</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:48'>our use of the computer is that we can actually print it out and feel good about it we actually haven't heard</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:54'>anything because our information for the most part is not in dimensionally</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:59'>intertwined it's not in the form of a dynamic simulation it's not any of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:04'>things that the computer is really about</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:08'>field of interaction feels like line editing on institutional computing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:15'>layout on computers like the Macintosh</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:19'>moving things around but in the new</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:28'>paradigm it's going to feel more like conducting because we're going to move from passive information to active</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:34'>information we're going to move from objects to agents and so it's going to be</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:38'>a little bit more like summoning forth lots of assistance at different times</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:43'>and checking out what their goals are and our they're checking out what our</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:48'>goals are and and so forth so each one of these is a completely different way of thinking about it and one of the ways</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:54'>of thinking about the differentiation between the institutional and the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:00'>personal here is that even when graphical interfaces were done in the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:04'>60s for the most part all interfaces were thought of their main task was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:09'>accessed to function so this notion that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:13'>inside the computer is sort of something like a big nuclear reactor or a power station there's all that function and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:19'>what we need to have is a way of getting to each of these pieces of function will</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:23'>map them into control keys and and double control meta y keys and that way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:29'>of thinking about things and the revolution that made the second</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:35'>paradigm the personal computer paradigm is going from that stance to realizing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:40'>that the main job of the user interface is to make the user aware of what the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:44'>possibilities are in other words the user interface now goes from being</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:49'>control of function to a learning environment and of course I should</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:56'>mention that the the main job of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:00'>intimate computer user interface is to do a lot of learning itself so we go</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:05'>from no learning or learning of the most back-breaking kind to making it easier</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:12'>for the user to learn and then finally we want the system to learn how do we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:17'>give commands we have to remember everything and type see and point where we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:23'>are now and in the future is going to be asked and gesture because the computer</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:28'>is going to be watching us not us just watching it what kind of languages do we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:33'>program it in weekly modular data</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:37'>structured procedures cobol one of the surest predictions that we can make</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:42'>about the future is that 10 years from now there will still be a lot of COBOL programmers this personal computing way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:54'>of doing things is pretty much object-oriented after right far fewer</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:59'>lines of code and there's a new kind of programming that people are starting to do called agent oriented programming and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:07'>one way of thinking about all of these paradigms is to compare them with</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:11'>architecture of taking a civilization like the Greeks whose main way of making</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:18'>big buildings was post and lintel pilot block box like that and you get</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:24'>buildings about this size and if you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:28'>want to make a building a lot bigger and let in more light this architecture doesn't work you have to change to a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:33'>different kind of architecture like the gothic arch and if you do that you can make</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:38'>buildings much larger with about the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:43'>same amount of material and when they say just about somebody he doesn't have</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:49'>enough bricks to make a wall that might not be a slam because you might have</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:57'>enough bricks to make an arch he's got enough bricks to make an arch she's a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:01'>lot better off than people who only have enough bricks to make walls and of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:06'>course the big change in the last several hundred years is going from structures that just push against each</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:11'>other to this notion of the higher</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:15'>strength of materials under tension if you get materials that you can tense as</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:20'>well as compressed you can make structures like geodesic domes that will</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:25'>fit over all of the cathedrals that have ever been made in the world and these are completely separate ways of thinking</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:31'>about things and one of the answers to the question that's the title of my</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:35'>lecture is what is the next computer</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:39'>revolution going to be like well it's going to be technologically it's going to be like what I just told you that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:44'>we're going to intimate machines they'll always be networked there will be</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:49'>information utilities the systems will</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:53'>learn and so forth now for many people this is big news but in fact if you go</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:58'>back in the history of computer science you find people like Marvin Minsky and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:03'>John McCarthy writing papers in the late 50s and early 60s about this this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:09'>happens to be not just the fifth anniversary of the media lab but it's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:14'>also the 20th anniversary of Nicholas's book called the architecture machine</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:18'>which is all about this third way of looking at things now for my standpoint</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:24'>since I am not particularly enamored of technology this is a very incomplete</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:30'>answer and I would like to try and go to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:34'>a different way of thinking about things that involves people much more strongly</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:40'>and to do that we have to have some sense</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:45'>of how people's minds work this is for</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:49'>many years and in engineering is where the rubber met the sky because engineers</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:56'>tend to like controllable elements and people aren't all that controllable and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:01'>as a behavioral mechanism we are exasperating and so there's been a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:07'>tendency of actually trying to get people to be more like machines rather</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:11'>than the other way around and give you an example of why this is difficult to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:16'>deal with take a look at one of my favorite pictures here and what you see</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:24'>here let's pretend we're in school because actually we are in school we're in a university let me give you an</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:30'>English sentence about this picture what we've done with this picture is to take</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:35'>a picture of a young girl extracted her eyes and mouth turn them upside down and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:41'>put them back into the picture and then turn the entire picture upside down that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:46'>sound reasonable to everybody okay so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:50'>having said that you should be completely prepared than for what it looks like right side up I'm going to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:58'>turn this back because I've discovered nobody will listen to me when it's on the other way so this is one of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:09'>flaws of trying to give lectures in English because a nation is actually not</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:16'>convertible except outside of the human</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:22'>domain within the human domain we actually have different parts of our</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:26'>brain that respond the things in different ways and this is one of the reasons why McDonald's doesn't run print</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:31'>ads saying if you eat a McDonald's hamburger you'll become a better looking</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:35'>person because in English it's absurd so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:39'>instead what they do is to run an ad showing pictures of really good-looking people eating McDonald's hamburgers and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:44'>a different part of your mind takes that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:48'>information and makes a different kind of inference the kind of inference that the ad people want you in fact we have a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:54'>part of our mind that thinks things are more true if they rhyme so if I were to say to you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:00'>a big mac and fries will slender your thighs sound more convincing the whole</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:10'>idea here is that as people started to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:15'>suspect about starting about a hundred years ago with Freud Piaget Brunner</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:21'>Minsky and Papert that what we don't have inside of our head is the oneness a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:29'>vast beautiful seamless fabric of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:33'>mentality but instead what we have is something much more like a patchwork quilt and in fact the patchwork quilt</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:38'>has little mechanisms that pop us from one part of the quilt to another</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:43'>whenever we get too close to one of the boundaries and it's you have to do things like this to show that there is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:48'>an actual patchwork quilt there so we have this idea of multiple mentalities</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:55'>and Piaget was one of the first to study</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:00'>the very different ways that children have of dealing with the world as they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:05'>move through stages of development early in a child's life an object is to grab</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:10'>it a hole is to dig it thinking is doing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:14'>in many ways later on the child is more</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:18'>visually centered child says there's more water in the tall glass when you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:23'>pour from the squat class the tall one because it looks that way and then</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:28'>finally it around 11 or 12 there's a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:32'>facts and logic stage where logical operations are carried out and the child</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:38'>can make deductions based on facts like there can't be more water because where</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:42'>would it go where would it come from so forth now of course at least this was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:48'>true in 11 and 12 year old Swiss French kids in America there's a lot of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:53'>evidence that American kids never get to this facts and logic stage</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:01'>now Brunner in the 50s and 60s redid</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:07'>some of Piaget's experiments but he added some twists so he took the water pouring</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:11'>experiment and after the kids said there's more water in the tall glass</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:16'>Brunner put a cardboard so the kid couldn't see the tall glass anymore and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:20'>the kid would change his mind back say oh there can't be more and then Brunner</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:24'>would take whip Brunner would take the cardboard away and the kid would say oh</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:29'>but look there's more water Brunner would put the cardboard back and the kid would</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:33'>change his mind again so if you have any six-year-olds you'd like to torment and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:40'>what Brunner was in his way was getting</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:45'>closer to this idea of multiple mentalities as well that it isn't just a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:53'>metamorphosis like a caterpillar into a butterfly which is pretty much the way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:57'>Piaget thought of it but actually different modules being able to deal</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:02'>with it within different ways and a change in dominance to express the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:06'>piaget expression now there are many things that you can do with this suppose</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:11'>you wanted to design a user interface for a computer that was like a tool and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:16'>we have to think about what each of these mentalities actually does so an</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:21'>example the body-centered one is the one that knows where we are in space we can</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:25'>close our eyes and touch our nose when in touch our hands behind our back if</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:30'>you blind us we can still orient ourselves but if we aren't as</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:34'>unfortunate enough to suffer a brain lesion that takes part of a limb out of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:39'>our body map then even though it's physically attached to us it's like</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:43'>somebody else's so this orienting</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:47'>centering groundedness is something that the body mentality brings to us the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:53'>visually sent mentality is wonderfully</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:58'>adept at dealing with various kinds of tricks for instance if we were to put a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:02'>hundred images of animals on a wall you'd be able to find the elephant</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:07'>almost four times as fast as you could the word elephant if the images were</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:12'>replaced words now let me try and experiment this I realize that this is a very academic</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:17'>body here but let me ask how many people</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:21'>here watch television be honest okay how</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:26'>many people flip channels all right how</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:32'>many people have ever flipped a channel randomly into a movie they haven't seen</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:37'>for 18 years how long did it take you to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:41'>recognize that you'd seen that movie before how long yeah somewhere between a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:48'>half a second and a couple of seconds think about what that meant 18 years ago</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:53'>you saw a movie you didn't know you're</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:57'>going to be tested on it you randomly</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:03'>without any preparation pop into the middle of it and all of a sudden in 30</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:10'>frames or so of seeing that movie you suddenly recognize what it is think of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:15'>what that means in the context of your entire life most people can remember</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:19'>what's going to happen next if you stop the movie after they've recognized that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:23'>they know what the next scene is going to be so that is a mentality that begged</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:29'>to be exploited and what it says is that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:33'>we should always be able to present about a hundred things in the visual</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:37'>field because the user can be aware of them subliminally and if we present them</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:42'>in recognizable scenes the user can store hundreds thousands millions of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:47'>different scenes and remember that they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:51'>were there before then finally the symbolically centered mentality is much</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:55'>more interested in changing things so if</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:59'>its biggest problem is finding the right context because it is not a context</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:04'>chooser so if your visual mentality work</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:08'>the way your symbolic one the first thing you opened your eyes and saw in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:12'>the morning would be what you'd be staring at several hours later that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:16'>doesn't work so well so we have a grounding mentality we have a flitting</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:21'>around mentality that's aware of lots of things and we have one</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:25'>likes to make chains and somehow we should be able to put all of those things together here's one of the ways</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:31'>whoops sorry can you turn that off please that's the end of the slides we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:40'>want to be able to put these things together and if we do we'll find</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:44'>ourselves fitting much more closely to the way human mentalities work</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:06'>so this is a 22 month old little girl and she has never lived in a world not</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:13'>densely populated by Macintoshes her</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:18'>mother is my accountant both her mother and father work at home each of them has</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:22'>a mac this is back five years ago in 1985 and when I found out the little</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:27'>girl was interested in computers I gave</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:31'>her an apple to which she rejected she</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:39'>wanted what her folks had now I have to warn you hear that not to be impressed</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:44'>because this is not her first time on the machine she's been using the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:49'>computer for about six months so she's actually a fairly experienced user and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:56'>long time ago we designed this user interface for children but never any of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:03'>this young so it's really interesting to see a child used the machine that was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:08'>actually designed for them and so here</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:12'>she's using the visible menus of mac paint and I saw it I thought all right</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:18'>this is impressed i've i've never seen a child this young is this machine before but ok I it should work but then what</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:25'>happened next really amazed me she wants a fresh sheet of paper so she goes to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:30'>the closed box on the window she saves her old drawing with a pop-up and she</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:37'>goes to the pulldown to get a new one</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:48'>well that was pretty and that was a home movie made by her father and we did</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:54'>about another 10 hours of testing this child on various Macintosh applications</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:00'>and we discovered it across applications she was about seventy percent literate</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:06'>that is she could take a really complicated application like aldus pagemaker a desktop publishing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:10'>application started up make marks and it print the marks out save the marks away</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:16'>get the marks back about seventy percent of the things that Macintosh users</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:21'>expect from application to application she in her horizon already by age 22</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:30'>months okay so that answers one question</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:35'>about this notion a computer illiteracy</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:39'>one when we're talking about situations</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:43'>like literacy and illiteracy they don't really obtain when the object in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:48'>question is a professional that we don't</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:52'>have a term called healtharcy and ill-healtharcy because medicine is a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:58'>profession there wasn't a term called literacy and illiteracy back in the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:02'>Middle Ages when writing was a profession as soon as you spread it out to the public you start getting</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:07'>interested in these notions of can people access things made for them by</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:11'>others that's like reading but what about the more important thing can</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:15'>people make things that are like the things that other people make so here's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:20'>an example of something that we did about 15 years ago</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:33'>and this is the logo turtle with a different architecture and it's a little</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:41'>application like Mac draw object oriented illustration system designed</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:47'>and built by 12 year old girl so this is an</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:51'>end-user program not a program that you'd buy in a store for ninety-nine</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:55'>dollars from egghead software has lots of features you can change size and move</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:00'>things around because of the change in architecture of going from normal data</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:08'>structure and procedure programming to object-oriented programming the amount</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:12'>of code she had the right to do this application was only about a page long so this is not a large program and one</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:18'>of the things that you have to do when you're working with any kind of novice user is make sure the programs they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:23'>write are not terribly long well so that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:27'>was an attempt to get kids and users to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:31'>be both able to access and able to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:36'>generate the same kinds of things that we're going to run on their paradigm of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:40'>computing but now we have a new paradigm of computing it's going to involve</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:44'>agents and artificial intelligence so a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:48'>few years ago I got interested in the idea of trying to set up a design a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:56'>system that would allow children to do artificial intelligence kind of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:00'>programming in other words they would be making things now much less like robots</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:05'>and much more like the gray Walter turtle things that mimic life in a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:12'>number of different ways I like to show you a bit of that project this project</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:16'>is done in a rather large scale we have an entire school it has now 375 children</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:22'>12 teachers and we've been working there for about five years and one of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:28'>things that we found is that technology is not something that you can put in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:33'>like raisins in a plum pudding there's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:37'>all this other stuff is the entire life of the child that you have to consider</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:41'>and the framework of the school we're lucky to find a terrific school</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:46'>to Los Angeles bussing school so it's a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:50'>public school and the children are all shapes sizes colors Creed's ethnic</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:56'>backgrounds bussed in most of them for more than an hour to get to the school</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:00'>those of demographers paradise and we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:04'>found it very interesting to introduce ideas into the school in a gradual</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:09'>fashion I'd like to show you some of those</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:39'>so that the kids are all kinds of kids</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:44'>and one of the things they've done here is to tear up part of their asphalt</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:50'>playground and build a garden this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:54'>garden was actually designed by the children you'll see a little bit you'll get an idea of how children could design</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:59'>something like this in in just a minute</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:05'>and because we're studying animals as</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:09'>well as plants they have a pond that has</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:13'>all kinds of life forms and the children actually built this garden themselves</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:21'>now I'm not going to explain to you what's going on here see if you can</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:26'>imagine what it is now I'll tell you in a bit what are they doing with these</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:31'>balloons well what they were doing is designing a city and one of the reasons</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:37'>we do some of the design work with balloons is because urban renewal is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:42'>really easy the idea of to know the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:50'>world one must construct it because is strongly tied into designing a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:56'>programming environment for children because what we wanted to do is not so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:01'>much experience things that other people have set up to be more like experiencing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:07'>a television program or maybe an interactive video disc we want them to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:12'>actually make the simulations themselves because it's in making the simulations</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:17'>that the active design is most powerful</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:22'>now next few minutes I'm going to show you three large-scale projects that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:29'>we've been doing at the school one of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:33'>the things we tried to do here was to both challenge the kids and to go much</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:39'>deeper than they ordinarily are asked to go by the state educational board this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:47'>first one is a year-long project in city building and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:52'>the kids that participate in it our third and fourth graders so there are</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:56'>seven and eight and nine years old in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:00'>this project starts in September and runs through the entire year and this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:04'>will give you an idea of it I think this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:11'>is all almost all no no mrs. hansal tool</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:15'>I know but they still are everything explored of it everybody say I know but</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:20'>they're already something you should make something is already Salinas joris</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:26'>the penis is already something every single after everything this is only</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:31'>styrofoam nobody lady out of something I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:35'>know every as late as something accident</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:39'>from a balloon doesn't mean we don't have a design knowledge now to make</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:44'>buildings exactly like they would have to make it a hundred years we're making</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:48'>models ideas for what buildings could be</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:52'>like in a hundred years we don't have the materials we're going to happen 100 years I did red stripes right</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:50:37'>okay did you get that color name red red</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:03'>what do you belviq i'm doing a factory</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:35'>wait do it again and stay here and do</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:40'>the character park you'll be the building y'all be the building yes why</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:45'>on the prison and he's the building these the buildings okay welcome to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:59'>fantasy mall we have lots of stuff the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:52:20'>building collapsed he was trying to see the moon and there nothing collapsed my</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:52:27'>apartment building and on the top is a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:52:31'>swimming pool never got this is a cold day in rainier so you can have an indoor</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:52:36'>central and it's a hot you open it up and you can I here down here tomorrow</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:14'>he'll be our future city is opening as you can see i'll transfer k our monorail</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:20'>has just been strong</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:24'>and all the buildings are beginning to look like buildings all the buildings</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:30'>are being checked and painting now our</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:34'>he cannot pick up the site husband useful because of the monorail and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:39'>transportation we now have these things on our site everybody that wants bad air</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:47'>transportation land on your site must cabinet right Iggy foxes out</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:52'>Commissioner tova cats design this whole</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:57'>monorail see what household monorail and monorail station the Commissioner of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:03'>lands who doesn't exhaust you all for helping us with sidewalks these are my</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:09'>sidewalks my bold earthquake tested and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:17'>alarming teleporting man he puts ebook</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:22'>paper towel rolls on our site static patella to have it be a teleporting</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:27'>station their cities he's getting to look like a real City try getting to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:31'>look like Judy Landers on the monorail calvada getting to Los Angeles cuz of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:36'>the help crowd is starting today less</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:40'>crowded than it was when we were making our study models</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:46'>I level or I level 1 inch tall but will</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:58'>question building so that's a very okay</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:10'>as see more I'm sure will echo when when you actually go into a school and start</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:15'>working with the kids the first reaction is one of shock because the enormity of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:23'>the experience the amount of energy the amount of body learning that the kids</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:28'>need to do completely dominates all the things that you wanted to do with</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:32'>computers and the first thing you realize when you actually go into school</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:36'>and do this stuff for real is that you better worry about curriculum far</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:42'>outside the media that you're going to use because there's so many different</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:47'>dimensions and this is a project in which most of the things that are</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:51'>available on computers now are of almost no use the kids do a little bit of work</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:56'>with Macintoshes in doing this but 99%</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:01'>of it is this huge experience with doing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:05'>things with their hands and their bodies and crawling over the thing and so forth</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:09'>so one of the objectives in this project</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:13'>was to develop I don't want to say the word peach but develop every child as a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:18'>designer and it takes about three years</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:22'>to get a curriculum like this self-sustaining so people who put try to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:27'>put curriculum in a school and measure it after the first year are making a big</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:31'>mistake takes about three years to get something like this going and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:35'>self-sustaining now another thing we started about four years ago was to develop every child in the school as a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:40'>musician you may see some commonality</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:45'>between those two ideas because music is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:49'>another one of these things that has lots of things interacting with itself</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:53'>part of it is in the interest and what each individual thing is doing and part</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:57'>of the interest is and how they interact we want the kids to be able to think about their world in those terms and so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:03'>we did each year we put on a musical</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:08'>this year it was pirates of penzance and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:13'>this was the best one that we've ever ever had i have a few excerpts of it to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:18'>give you an idea the the oldest child in this is 11 the youngest child in it is 6</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:23'>was completely voluntary the pool of children we had to work with for this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:27'>was about 150 children 120 of those 150</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:31'>possible volunteered and appeared in the show they insisted i'm doing the entire</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:37'>Pirates of Penzance line for line we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:41'>started off with one that was broken down they constantly wanted more we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:45'>wanted to go back they insisted in singing in four-part harmony where it was called for this is a perfect example</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:50'>of something that the kids worked like dogs for four months on and put on a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:56'>fantastic show one of the best theatrical presentations I've ever been to hear some of excerpts</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:08'>fishing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:30'>what I know what is it I met along and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:34'>revelry but I can talk site I'm now the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:38'>run home from a shadowy one such affairs are sorties and surprises I more wary ax</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:45'>and when it opens Leslie what is meant</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:49'>by common their progress has been made</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:54'>it modern gunnery on the object another</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:59'>in a nunnery in short one of smattering</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:00:04'>of elemental strategy</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:00:41'>hey</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:01:16'>Oh</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:01:28'>I'm telling a Terry story but it doesn't</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:00'>although our darker rear sometimes involves the crime of stealing squealing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:13'>although my stripe we're always sorry to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:18'>me</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:34'>haha</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:53'>you may go Liberty our pirate rules protecting and kind of remembers our van</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:59'>we do unless you are you x is as useful</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:07'>things to be an orphan boy</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:13'>oh happy days</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:18'>oh happy day</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:32'>oh happy</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:37'>me I you haha</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:42'>bball</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:50'>so Joe Johnson said about thinking on</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:54'>its hind legs well but one is amazed to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:58'>see it done at all and the trick in doing these kinds of things with kids is to get beyond that stage the only way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:03'>you can do it is by having something like music being a part of the child's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:08'>life all the way through their experience this is the first year in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:12'>which we all the children in it had been part of this enrichment now that's the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:18'>second way of dealing with complexity let me show you the third way and this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:22'>is because the computer some good and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:27'>here are we studying animals and we try and get the children to program not</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:32'>robots but things that are much more biologically acceptable</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:56'>now you might wonder where are the computers in this classroom well one of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:01'>the problems with these computers is that they're bulky so we took every</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:05'>horizontal surfaces in the entire school out and replace them with tables that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:09'>have Macintoshes under them so there are hundreds of Macintoshes in the school</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:14'>but they're all underneath the surfaces so the teachers don't want to move them</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:19'>out of the classroom the teachers don't want to shove them around to the side they're just part of the normal working</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:24'>environment of the school and they're on all the time no computer classrooms no</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:28'>shoved against the wall</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:53'>guys these are some animations we did a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:57'>few years ago and HyperCard just as an idea of what things might look like</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:01'>eventually there's no intelligence behind these models hey guys i am going</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:08'>for a swim in the scene</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:25'>hey</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:33'>if you're asking for every player has agent needs food and the whale come up</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:38'>the way I also have some Asian food all right let me tell you why because when</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:45'>the agent looks in his world what we're</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:49'>seeing here is a they have seminars where they talk over different problem</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:54'>solving strategies the teacher this particular teacher happens to like to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:58'>solve problems and she likes to discuss them with the kids then the kids have to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:03'>go off and figure it out for themselves it doesn't look at himself it looks at</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:07'>the world beyond him so that's why it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:11'>only looks at those players who have food but it doesn't count himself but if</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:18'>he asked for every player in the universe it would include himself and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:25'>this is kind of important for you to think about because when he when they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:30'>have to start giving birth to eat to themselves so they won't die off they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:36'>have to be able to count everything in the universe why Dean Cain</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:45'>50 count how many there are like if</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:49'>there was only one left in was himself competative journalist and then he left</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:53'>bar and then he got true protein what's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:58'>my friend it was a whale who lived to know Jay just off the Pacific coast it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:08:03'>is the time of year when the whales migrate down to Mexico to me and to give</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:08:08'>birth to their babies who were conceived the year before I do that you don't want</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:08:20'>emotion thank you okay go to the top</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:08:45'>works with those two on and I move away</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:08:58'>now here's a more complicated one these these models use the Minsky and Papert</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:02'>Society of mind architecture applied in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:07'>a language for children that was developed in part here at the Media Lab by Mike Travers one of the graduate</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:14'>students here's a more complicated one the clownfish in the lower left is just</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:19'>going about its business feeding one of the things that they do is to find a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:23'>favorite see an enemy and acclimate to it that's what it's doing now they spend</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:28'>a little more time in the monks to poison of the enemy and gradually get</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:33'>immune to it so that they can use it as a place to hide when some predator comes</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:40'>a lot the shark right now is quite a distance away and it doesn't notice the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:45'>clownfish and the clownfish doesn't notice it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:53'>here's some more acclamation closer into the tentacles this time</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:09'>now this lucky clownfish is been doing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:13'>it often enough so it is actually acclimated to the anenih me so when the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:19'>shark sees it and starts pursuing its</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:28'>able to run back to the enemy and the shark can only get so close to the enemy</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:32'>report backs off but of course it wants</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:37'>to come back again</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:46'>so computers are media to think with as</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:50'>Seymour said so eloquently a long time ago in Nicholas's book 20 years ago he</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:56'>said he dedicated it to the first machine who can appreciate the gesture</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:02'>and I think he meant not the gesture like this but the gesture of having a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:06'>book dedicated to it he also said in the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:11'>preface of it that it was all beginnings in no end well I think that's the perfect definition of a research lab a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:16'>my answer to the question of what is the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:21'>next computer revolution it's the one in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:25'>which happens in the context of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:29'>whole person and in the whole person's world that it's not just something that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:33'>we apply in isolation to solve small problems but it's one that like media</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:37'>surrounds us as we've tried to do with the children thank you very much and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:42'>happy 5th birthday ok</subtitle>
<subtitle id='4308'>you </subtitle>

Alan Kay at MIT Media Lab 5th Anniversary Event (1990)

2017-12-31T06:00:01Z

MrSteve:

{{#evt:
service=youtubeIA
|id=6Ysu1mDxxbc
|alignment=left
|autoresize=true
}}

<subtitle id='00:00:00'> never know what Nicholas was going to say actually the turned out that the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:08'>bearnaise on the hot dog didn't sell well if I remember we're no longer on</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:13'>that board anniversaries get people to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:22'>think of other anniversaries there lots</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:26'>of them happening this year one of them is the 50th anniversary of Fantasia and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:33'>Fantasia I think for many of us in this audience and at MIT and elsewhere was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:40'>something we grew up on as a kind of a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:44'>dream of bringing our ideas to life and a lot of us saw the computer is a way of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:50'>more quickly with more depth more</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:54'>dimension more meaning to be able to project ideas that we had within within</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:00'>ourselves into this magic new medium and have them come to life just as the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:07'>disney people did with great art but much more laboriously many years ago I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:12'>think a good way to start this this lecture is to think 40 years ago not 50</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:19'>the 40 years ago was the when two very</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:26'>diverse very at opposite poles machines</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:31'>were introduced to the to the world and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:35'>one of them of course was the UNIVAC one the first commercial digital computer</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:42'>thing that a digital computer its people's minds it had whirling tape</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:47'>drives the first whirling tape drives and it predicted an election not long</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:53'>after that on television and so it became in the public's mind what a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:59'>computer was all about now in the other</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:05'>machine that was at the farthest pole of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:09'>thinking from the univac one also came about 19</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:13'>50 and I actually spent quite a bit with some assistance this summer trying to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:18'>find some film footage of it because I was sure that some must exist and after</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:24'>much scurrying around in England then looking at old newsreels and so forth we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:29'>finally found what i think is the earliest footage of this machine which I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:33'>think symbolizes the transition from the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:38'>UNIVAC 1 to what's going to happen over the next 10 years and i think i need the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:42'>the slides off because i'm going to show some video thank you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:59'>in a simple Ville on the outskirts of Bristol lives Dr. Grey Walter a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:04'>neurologist who makes robots as a hobby they are small and he doesn't dress them</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:09'>up to look like men he calls them tortoises and so cunningly have their</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:13'>insides being designed that they respond to the stimuli of light and touch in a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:18'>completely lifelike manner</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:38'>this model is named Elsie and she sees out of a photoelectric cell which</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:43'>rotates above her body when light strikes the cell driving and steering</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:48'>mechanism sends her hurrying towards it if she brushes against any object in her</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:52'>path contacts are operated that turn the steering away and so automatically she</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:58'>takes avoiding action</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:34'>Mrs. Walters pet his Elma, Elsie's brother in the darker vest he works in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:39'>exactly the same way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:49'>Dr. Walter says that his electronic toys work exactly as though they have a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:53'>simple two cell nervous system and that with more cells they will be able to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:58'>do many more tricks already Elsie has one up on Elmer when her batteries begin to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:03'>fail she automatically runs home to her kennel but charging up and in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:07'>consequence can live a much gayer life</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:17'>so I officially present this footage to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:21'>Nicholas Seymour Papert and Marvin Minsky for it means something to each</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:27'>one of this this is the original tortoise that inspired the logo turtle</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:33'>and it also inspired a lot of early work</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:37'>in artificial intelligence and what's interesting about the way the last 40</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:41'>years have transpired is that digital computers have taken over but in fact</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:46'>where things are going now are much more towards the kinds of control systems</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:53'>kinds of what you might call wet mentalities that device like the great</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:00'>Walter turtle has well the biggest</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:04'>problem with with computers is that they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:09'>were larger than than human scale and the mechanisms we have in our mind for</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:14'>dealing with things are larger than human scale are those of religions so of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:18'>course we had a priesthood and special</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:22'>time special rituals all of that stuff and a lot of what has happened in the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:27'>last 40 years has been to try and find ways to bring the machine into human</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:32'>scale without losing any of its promise</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:36'>what I'd like to do is give you a couple</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:40'>of ways that I think about this stuff and one of them is thinking in general</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:46'>terms about the way humans have extended themselves over the last several hundred</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:52'>thousand years and of course the first one that we think of is that we extend</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:56'>ourselves through tools levers screwdrivers wheels and so forth less</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:03'>often we think of language and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:07'>mathematics as tools but they also are ways of creating objects for things that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:15'>we want to deal with and we manipulate them and all of these tools allow us to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:21'>extend various of our senses and for a long time we thought of the computer as</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:26'>a kind of a tool and one of the ways that we've grappled with it is to try and make it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:30'>act more like the kinds of tools that were used to now less often thought of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:35'>extension is one that was identified many years ago by mumford who said for</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:42'>most of the history of human beings most of the machines that we've built have</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:47'>had other humans as moving parts he called these mega machines and societies</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:52'>groups an organization like this the media lab all of these are a consequence</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:57'>of our ability to take on other people's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:02'>goals our interest in taking on people's goals and our interest in getting people</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:06'>to take on our goals of course agents</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:10'>can take on a goal and can manipulate tools to carry out our wishes while</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:14'>we're doing things but more importantly an agent can deal with other agents and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:20'>I think of the the M word here for</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:24'>agents as being management so to me a tool is something that we look at and we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:29'>manipulate and an agent is something that looks at us and we manage the agent</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:35'>and of course the mainframes were neither and so the struggle was started</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:41'>in the 1950s in 1962 try and find a way of bringing this into some sort of human</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:46'>scale now I like to show you a couple of early efforts</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:04'>here's a picture that could have been taken in somebody's office here at MIT</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:08'>but actually it was taken in 1965 this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:15'>is Douglas Engelbart sitting at his</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:20'>first version of a what you might call not a personal computer but personal</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:25'>computing he has a mouse he has a black on white 19 inch screen and here's the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:32'>kind of media that he dealt back sat</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:44'>exactly branch on me and let me look just that low and I see it oh I can say</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:51'>I'd like to see one line only I can see</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:55'>but there's another thing I can do theres a route I said i have here</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:04'>so here I'm it i'll need a different pictures of you so here's what i do with</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:09'>a picture drawing capability here so slight and lamp if i start from work and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:13'>here's the route i seem to have to go to pick up all the materials and that's my</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:17'>plan for getting home tonight but if I want to I can say the library what am I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:22'>supposed to pick up there I can just point to that you know oh I see overdue</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:27'>books and all while there was a statement there with that name go back what if I once my supposed to pick up</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:32'>the drugstore hmm I see you interesting all right market can do things if I want</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:40'>to just say I'd like to interchange projects and can materials bingo and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:46'>they're all numbered right if I care to look interchanging them very quickly</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:50'>cans are going to get interchange with products they do it and all gets me</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:56'>numbered so that's a very tool based way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:01'>of thinking about things you're indicating things on the screen moving</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:05'>them around Engelbart was one of the of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:09'>a number of people in the 50s and 60s that realize that although you could</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:13'>drop a computer and break it just like you can drop a book into a fire and burn</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:19'>it that the contents of the computer or</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:23'>of the book can be a story or a description of things that can't exist</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:28'>physically in the world you can have a story in a book about a place that has an inverse cube law doesn't seem to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:33'>exist in in this world the computer can</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:37'>add more dimensions than this world has to a way of looking at data and so that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:41'>if you have a 15 dimensional space of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:46'>interesting things the computer can give you 16 dimensions and bring all of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:50'>interesting points together at one one place and that led to a number of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:55'>different ways of thinking about the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:00'>computer Engelbart's metaphor was the computer as a vehicle he thought of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:06'>big mainframes as being like railroads that were owned by institutions and the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:11'>institutions decided when you could use them and decided what you could use them</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:15'>for and Engelbart wanted to be Henry Ford he</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:19'>wanted everybody to have their own vehicle used to say phrases like we need</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:24'>to deal with thought vectors and concept space I don't think he knew what that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:28'>meant we certainly didn't but it sounded</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:32'>great and it gave rise to this notion that in order to bring the computer down</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:38'>into our world we have to have some way of interacting with it in a closer</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:44'>fashion and so the the urge was to bring the computer cycles closer to the user</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:50'>and that's what gave rise to machines like this and this is one that I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:54'>designed it's a picture of it on its own display back in the late 60s and it even</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:03'>had a user interface on it although back</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:07'>then there's a wonderful phrase about user interface user interfaces was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:12'>called it's when the flesh hits the steel and that phrase is very much about</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:20'>because there's really no notion of there being an intermediary between you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:25'>and the hardness of the machine and this this machine have multiple windows and a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:31'>number of other ideas on it but it was a little bit like trying to make an apple</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:36'>pie from random ingredients found in the kitchen you don't have any apples so you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:41'>decide to use bananas you don't have any flour so you grind up Cheerios and so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:47'>forth I randomly substituting for all of the ingredients in a typical pie you can</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:51'>make something but in this case this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:55'>turned out to be a bit of a mess only</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:59'>graduate students liked it sort of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:03'>kiss of death for any computer system</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:09'>reason of course as graduate students are going through a rite of passage when they're trying to prove how smart they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:14'>are and how many amazing things that they can remember and so they turn out</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:18'>to be pretty much the world's worst user interface design right I was a graduate</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:22'>student when I designed this so I'm speaking with authority now right about</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:28'>the same time that this was going on there is a whole different way of looking at interaction and one of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:35'>ways that I used to illustrate that is some film footage taken at rand</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:40'>corporation on a system that they made</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:44'>for Rand economists and other non computer types The Economist's of course</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:51'>are that group of people that if you lay them end to end they still won't be able</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:55'>to reach a conclusion and the Economist</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:00'>didn't even like to type they like to write things on legal pads and they said</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:06'>the RAM people can't you do something about that so here's an example of something that was adapted from some</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:13'>early work here at MIT by Marvin Minsky and war entitlement to do a system that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:20'>would interpret gestures as expressed on</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:24'>a data tablet so here's what that looks like</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:38'>first we erase a flow arrow then move</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:42'>the connector out of the way so that we may draw a box in its place the printing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:51'>in the box is being new commentary only in this case the box is slightly too</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:57'>large so we may change its size where modern day window control came from</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:01'>literally then dry flow from the connector to the box attached a decision</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:08'>element to the box and dry flow from it to scan we then erased the flow arrows</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:15'>attached to the process post new area and move the box to a new position this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:25'>allows us to draw a new box well that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:34'>was a tremendous change in the way we felt about using computers I had a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:42'>chance to use that for half an hour in 1968 and felt like I was thinking my</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:46'>hands right through the glass of the display and touching the information</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:51'>structures directly inside unlike Engelbart's system which I had called a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:55'>personal computer this to me was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:59'>intimate this is an intimate way of interacting and so for me and for a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:05'>bunch of other people in the 60s 1968</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:09'>was my year for thinking about the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:14'>possibility of there being three major ways of interacting with a computer of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:21'>three paradigms three frameworks for thinking about interaction and the thing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:27'>that clinched it for me was seeing going</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:32'>out and visiting Seymour's one of Seymour's first installations in a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:38'>school watching them use the logo turtle</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:42'>the descendant of the great Walter turtle, cause Seymour had this terrific idea that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:47'>wouldn't it be great to let kids actually build the kinds of mechanisms</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:51'>that would animate a turtle around and they would learn a lot about their world and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:56'>a lot about thinking about the world from from doing that and I've never</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:00'>recovered from that because once I saw that to me the computer was no longer a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:05'>vehicle in the nation at risk report the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:11'>recommendation is that every child in the US should have one semester of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:16'>computers in their senior year of high school that's their strong</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:22'>recommendation about computers and that's driver's ed that is treating the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:28'>computer like a vehicle it's not the cars aren't important it's that they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:32'>aren't central the central things to us are the media the intermediaries with</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:38'>how we work with the world and if you can get rid of that slide that'd be</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:42'>great I think everybody has figured that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:48'>out by now thank you the that led to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:57'>thinking of a computer in a completely different way this is a cardboard model</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:01'>I made in 1968 just since become known</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:05'>as the dynabook and we actually loaded</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:10'>this cardboard model up with a variety of lead pellets to try and find out how</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:15'>heavy it could be before people would always take it with them not find an</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:20'>excuse to leave it behind and turns out</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:24'>that the weight that we determined has not yet been reached by any computer company so this machine is still a bit</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:31'>in the future but it expresses a different kind of relationship with the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:35'>machine and something that wants to start much earlier in the life of a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:41'>human being and so one of the ways of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:47'>thinking of it is if we compare these three</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:53'>ways of looking at it we can say well where is the computer in the past it was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:58'>in the glasshouse today in personal computing it's on our desk and in the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:04'>future it's going to be with us all the time in California will weave it into</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:09'>our t-shirts Nicholas said 10 years ago</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:15'>that will know in the future appears when our cufflinks committed communicate</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:21'>with our watched by means of satellite</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:26'>it's when such hyperbole is not outrageous that you know a paradigm</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:31'>shift has actually happened and as an interesting analogy here to the history</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:37'>of publishing in 1400 AD there are three</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:41'>hundred ninety two books in the Vatican Library one of the largest libraries in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:46'>Europe and in 1452 or thereabouts--</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:51'>Gutenberg printed his first Bible and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:55'>that Bible the 42 line Bible was as big as the hand-written manuscripts that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:02'>have been so laboriously copied by monks during the Middle Ages and the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:07'>reason it was that big is that that was what books were if you look at pictures</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:14'>woodcuts or you visit the modern</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:18'>recreation of what a library was like then they didn't shelve the books most</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:23'>libraries back then had so few books that each book had its own reading table</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:28'>and the books were chained to it you look at this table table book with</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:34'>chains the thing that comes to mind inescapably is a time-sharing bullpen</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:40'>because these are institutionally owned items and Gutenberg didn't know what</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:47'>else to do but to make them that size and much more interesting revolution</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:53'>happened a few years later when Aldus now has a company named after him Aldus</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:59'>Manutius who was a Venetian publisher did two remarkable things first he was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:05'>one of the major driving forces behind publishing things other than</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:09'>Bibles and he isn't he and his sons over the next century published 40,000</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:15'>different books most of them from gathering up Greek and Roman writings</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:21'>spreading them all over Europe he did one other thing that will forever endear</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:25'>himself to me he decided that book should be this big and he decided they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:31'>should be this big because that was the size that saddle bags were in Venice in the 1490s in other words Aldus realized</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:39'>something very important and that is the books could now be lost and because they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:46'>could now be lost they could now be taken with they now could go out and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:51'>become a mass medium now again we're in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:55'>this interesting stage because we're not in a place where r we're willing to have our computers be lost watches their $10</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:04'>swatch watches or something like that willing to have them be lost maybe a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:09'>pocket calculator it's not a tragedy if it gets lost paper and pencil it's not a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:13'>tragedy but still with our multi-thousand dollar computers sitting</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:19'>on our desks we're actually still in the Gutenberg era and the interesting thing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:24'>about history is that nothing that happened between Gutenberg and Aldus</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:28'>counted none of those behavior patterns</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:32'>had anything to do with what happened in the post Aldus area as we went into the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:36'>16th century so drawing curves as a way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:40'>of predicting the computer doesn't work very well when you're in these interesting transition periods well</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:45'>another way of looking at these three</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:50'>paradigms is to ask what kinds of information do we use letter and numbers</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:55'>with institutional computing fonts and graphics on modern personal computing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:01'>and as Nicholas likes the show with his imploding his teething rings for the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:07'>media lab as he likes to call them that it's going to be all media coming together because the computer is a meta</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:12'>media its content is all media all</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:16'>intermediaries that one is pretty much of a no-brainer but it's amazing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:20'>how long it has taken for that to even that simple idea to sink in how do we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:26'>print impact printing big laser printing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:30'>personal laser printers with personal computing and no printing as we move on</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:37'>into the next ten years because the information is going to be too</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:41'>interesting to destroy by printing it out right now is an index of how paltry</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:48'>our use of the computer is that we can actually print it out and feel good about it we actually haven't heard</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:54'>anything because our information for the most part is not in dimensionally</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:59'>intertwined it's not in the form of a dynamic simulation it's not any of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:04'>things that the computer is really about</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:08'>field of interaction feels like line editing on institutional computing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:15'>layout on computers like the Macintosh</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:19'>moving things around but in the new</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:28'>paradigm it's going to feel more like conducting because we're going to move from passive information to active</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:34'>information we're going to move from objects to agents and so it's going to be</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:38'>a little bit more like summoning forth lots of assistance at different times</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:43'>and checking out what their goals are and our they're checking out what our</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:48'>goals are and and so forth so each one of these is a completely different way of thinking about it and one of the ways</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:54'>of thinking about the differentiation between the institutional and the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:00'>personal here is that even when graphical interfaces were done in the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:04'>60s for the most part all interfaces were thought of their main task was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:09'>accessed to function so this notion that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:13'>inside the computer is sort of something like a big nuclear reactor or a power station there's all that function and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:19'>what we need to have is a way of getting to each of these pieces of function will</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:23'>map them into control keys and and double control meta y keys and that way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:29'>of thinking about things and the revolution that made the second</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:35'>paradigm the personal computer paradigm is going from that stance to realizing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:40'>that the main job of the user interface is to make the user aware of what the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:44'>possibilities are in other words the user interface now goes from being</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:49'>control of function to a learning environment and of course I should</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:56'>mention that the the main job of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:00'>intimate computer user interface is to do a lot of learning itself so we go</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:05'>from no learning or learning of the most back-breaking kind to making it easier</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:12'>for the user to learn and then finally we want the system to learn how do we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:17'>give commands we have to remember everything and type see and point where we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:23'>are now and in the future is going to be asked and gesture because the computer</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:28'>is going to be watching us not us just watching it what kind of languages do we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:33'>program it in weekly modular data</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:37'>structured procedures cobol one of the surest predictions that we can make</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:42'>about the future is that 10 years from now there will still be a lot of COBOL programmers this personal computing way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:54'>of doing things is pretty much object-oriented after right far fewer</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:59'>lines of code and there's a new kind of programming that people are starting to do called agent oriented programming and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:07'>one way of thinking about all of these paradigms is to compare them with</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:11'>architecture of taking a civilization like the Greeks whose main way of making</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:18'>big buildings was post and lintel pilot block box like that and you get</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:24'>buildings about this size and if you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:28'>want to make a building a lot bigger and let in more light this architecture doesn't work you have to change to a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:33'>different kind of architecture like the gothic arch and if you do that you can make</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:38'>buildings much larger with about the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:43'>same amount of material and when they say just about somebody he doesn't have</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:49'>enough bricks to make a wall that might not be a slam because you might have</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:57'>enough bricks to make an arch he's got enough bricks to make an arch she's a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:01'>lot better off than people who only have enough bricks to make walls and of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:06'>course the big change in the last several hundred years is going from structures that just push against each</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:11'>other to this notion of the higher</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:15'>strength of materials under tension if you get materials that you can tense as</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:20'>well as compressed you can make structures like geodesic domes that will</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:25'>fit over all of the cathedrals that have ever been made in the world and these are completely separate ways of thinking</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:31'>about things and one of the answers to the question that's the title of my</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:35'>lecture is what is the next computer</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:39'>revolution going to be like well it's going to be technologically it's going to be like what I just told you that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:44'>we're going to intimate machines they'll always be networked there will be</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:49'>information utilities the systems will</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:53'>learn and so forth now for many people this is big news but in fact if you go</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:58'>back in the history of computer science you find people like Marvin Minsky and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:03'>John McCarthy writing papers in the late 50s and early 60s about this this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:09'>happens to be not just the fifth anniversary of the media lab but it's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:14'>also the 20th anniversary of Nicholas's book called the architecture machine</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:18'>which is all about this third way of looking at things now for my standpoint</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:24'>since I am not particularly enamored of technology this is a very incomplete</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:30'>answer and I would like to try and go to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:34'>a different way of thinking about things that involves people much more strongly</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:40'>and to do that we have to have some sense</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:45'>of how people's minds work this is for</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:49'>many years and in engineering is where the rubber met the sky because engineers</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:56'>tend to like controllable elements and people aren't all that controllable and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:01'>as a behavioral mechanism we are exasperating and so there's been a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:07'>tendency of actually trying to get people to be more like machines rather</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:11'>than the other way around and give you an example of why this is difficult to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:16'>deal with take a look at one of my favorite pictures here and what you see</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:24'>here let's pretend we're in school because actually we are in school we're in a university let me give you an</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:30'>English sentence about this picture what we've done with this picture is to take</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:35'>a picture of a young girl extracted her eyes and mouth turn them upside down and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:41'>put them back into the picture and then turn the entire picture upside down that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:46'>sound reasonable to everybody okay so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:50'>having said that you should be completely prepared than for what it looks like right side up I'm going to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:58'>turn this back because I've discovered nobody will listen to me when it's on the other way so this is one of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:09'>flaws of trying to give lectures in English because a nation is actually not</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:16'>convertible except outside of the human</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:22'>domain within the human domain we actually have different parts of our</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:26'>brain that respond the things in different ways and this is one of the reasons why McDonald's doesn't run print</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:31'>ads saying if you eat a McDonald's hamburger you'll become a better looking</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:35'>person because in English it's absurd so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:39'>instead what they do is to run an ad showing pictures of really good-looking people eating McDonald's hamburgers and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:44'>a different part of your mind takes that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:48'>information and makes a different kind of inference the kind of inference that the ad people want you in fact we have a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:54'>part of our mind that thinks things are more true if they rhyme so if I were to say to you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:00'>a big mac and fries will slender your thighs sound more convincing the whole</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:10'>idea here is that as people started to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:15'>suspect about starting about a hundred years ago with Freud Piaget Brunner</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:21'>Minsky and Papert that what we don't have inside of our head is the oneness a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:29'>vast beautiful seamless fabric of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:33'>mentality but instead what we have is something much more like a patchwork quilt and in fact the patchwork quilt</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:38'>has little mechanisms that pop us from one part of the quilt to another</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:43'>whenever we get too close to one of the boundaries and it's you have to do things like this to show that there is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:48'>an actual patchwork quilt there so we have this idea of multiple mentalities</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:55'>and Piaget was one of the first to study</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:00'>the very different ways that children have of dealing with the world as they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:05'>move through stages of development early in a child's life an object is to grab</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:10'>it a hole is to dig it thinking is doing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:14'>in many ways later on the child is more</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:18'>visually centered child says there's more water in the tall glass when you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:23'>pour from the squat class the tall one because it looks that way and then</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:28'>finally it around 11 or 12 there's a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:32'>facts and logic stage where logical operations are carried out and the child</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:38'>can make deductions based on facts like there can't be more water because where</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:42'>would it go where would it come from so forth now of course at least this was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:48'>true in 11 and 12 year old Swiss French kids in America there's a lot of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:53'>evidence that American kids never get to this facts and logic stage</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:01'>now Brunner in the 50s and 60s redid</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:07'>some of Piaget's experiments but he added some twists so he took the water pouring</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:11'>experiment and after the kids said there's more water in the tall glass</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:16'>Brunner put a cardboard so the kid couldn't see the tall glass anymore and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:20'>the kid would change his mind back say oh there can't be more and then Brunner</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:24'>would take whip Brunner would take the cardboard away and the kid would say oh</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:29'>but look there's more water Brunner would put the cardboard back and the kid would</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:33'>change his mind again so if you have any six-year-olds you'd like to torment and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:40'>what Brunner was in his way was getting</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:45'>closer to this idea of multiple mentalities as well that it isn't just a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:53'>metamorphosis like a caterpillar into a butterfly which is pretty much the way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:57'>Piaget thought of it but actually different modules being able to deal</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:02'>with it within different ways and a change in dominance to express the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:06'>piaget expression now there are many things that you can do with this suppose</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:11'>you wanted to design a user interface for a computer that was like a tool and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:16'>we have to think about what each of these mentalities actually does so an</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:21'>example the body-centered one is the one that knows where we are in space we can</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:25'>close our eyes and touch our nose when in touch our hands behind our back if</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:30'>you blind us we can still orient ourselves but if we aren't as</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:34'>unfortunate enough to suffer a brain lesion that takes part of a limb out of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:39'>our body map then even though it's physically attached to us it's like</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:43'>somebody else's so this orienting</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:47'>centering groundedness is something that the body mentality brings to us the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:53'>visually sent mentality is wonderfully</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:58'>adept at dealing with various kinds of tricks for instance if we were to put a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:02'>hundred images of animals on a wall you'd be able to find the elephant</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:07'>almost four times as fast as you could the word elephant if the images were</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:12'>replaced words now let me try and experiment this I realize that this is a very academic</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:17'>body here but let me ask how many people</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:21'>here watch television be honest okay how</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:26'>many people flip channels all right how</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:32'>many people have ever flipped a channel randomly into a movie they haven't seen</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:37'>for 18 years how long did it take you to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:41'>recognize that you'd seen that movie before how long yeah somewhere between a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:48'>half a second and a couple of seconds think about what that meant 18 years ago</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:53'>you saw a movie you didn't know you're</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:57'>going to be tested on it you randomly</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:03'>without any preparation pop into the middle of it and all of a sudden in 30</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:10'>frames or so of seeing that movie you suddenly recognize what it is think of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:15'>what that means in the context of your entire life most people can remember</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:19'>what's going to happen next if you stop the movie after they've recognized that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:23'>they know what the next scene is going to be so that is a mentality that begged</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:29'>to be exploited and what it says is that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:33'>we should always be able to present about a hundred things in the visual</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:37'>field because the user can be aware of them subliminally and if we present them</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:42'>in recognizable scenes the user can store hundreds thousands millions of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:47'>different scenes and remember that they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:51'>were there before then finally the symbolically centered mentality is much</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:55'>more interested in changing things so if</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:59'>its biggest problem is finding the right context because it is not a context</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:04'>chooser so if your visual mentality work</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:08'>the way your symbolic one the first thing you opened your eyes and saw in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:12'>the morning would be what you'd be staring at several hours later that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:16'>doesn't work so well so we have a grounding mentality we have a flitting</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:21'>around mentality that's aware of lots of things and we have one</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:25'>likes to make chains and somehow we should be able to put all of those things together here's one of the ways</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:31'>whoops sorry can you turn that off please that's the end of the slides we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:40'>want to be able to put these things together and if we do we'll find</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:44'>ourselves fitting much more closely to the way human mentalities work</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:06'>so this is a 22 month old little girl and she has never lived in a world not</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:13'>densely populated by Macintoshes her</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:18'>mother is my accountant both her mother and father work at home each of them has</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:22'>a mac this is back five years ago in 1985 and when I found out the little</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:27'>girl was interested in computers I gave</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:31'>her an apple to which she rejected she</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:39'>wanted what her folks had now I have to warn you hear that not to be impressed</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:44'>because this is not her first time on the machine she's been using the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:49'>computer for about six months so she's actually a fairly experienced user and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:56'>long time ago we designed this user interface for children but never any of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:03'>this young so it's really interesting to see a child used the machine that was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:08'>actually designed for them and so here</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:12'>she's using the visible menus of mac paint and I saw it I thought all right</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:18'>this is impressed i've i've never seen a child this young is this machine before but ok I it should work but then what</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:25'>happened next really amazed me she wants a fresh sheet of paper so she goes to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:30'>the closed box on the window she saves her old drawing with a pop-up and she</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:37'>goes to the pulldown to get a new one</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:48'>well that was pretty and that was a home movie made by her father and we did</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:54'>about another 10 hours of testing this child on various Macintosh applications</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:00'>and we discovered it across applications she was about seventy percent literate</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:06'>that is she could take a really complicated application like aldus pagemaker a desktop publishing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:10'>application started up make marks and it print the marks out save the marks away</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:16'>get the marks back about seventy percent of the things that Macintosh users</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:21'>expect from application to application she in her horizon already by age 22</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:30'>months okay so that answers one question</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:35'>about this notion a computer illiteracy</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:39'>one when we're talking about situations</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:43'>like literacy and illiteracy they don't really obtain when the object in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:48'>question is a professional that we don't</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:52'>have a term called healtharcy and ill-healtharcy because medicine is a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:58'>profession there wasn't a term called literacy and illiteracy back in the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:02'>Middle Ages when writing was a profession as soon as you spread it out to the public you start getting</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:07'>interested in these notions of can people access things made for them by</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:11'>others that's like reading but what about the more important thing can</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:15'>people make things that are like the things that other people make so here's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:20'>an example of something that we did about 15 years ago</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:33'>and this is the logo turtle with a different architecture and it's a little</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:41'>application like Mac draw object oriented illustration system designed</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:47'>and built by 12 year old girl so this is an</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:51'>end-user program not a program that you'd buy in a store for ninety-nine</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:55'>dollars from egghead software has lots of features you can change size and move</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:00'>things around because of the change in architecture of going from normal data</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:08'>structure and procedure programming to object-oriented programming the amount</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:12'>of code she had the right to do this application was only about a page long so this is not a large program and one</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:18'>of the things that you have to do when you're working with any kind of novice user is make sure the programs they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:23'>write are not terribly long well so that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:27'>was an attempt to get kids and users to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:31'>be both able to access and able to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:36'>generate the same kinds of things that we're going to run on their paradigm of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:40'>computing but now we have a new paradigm of computing it's going to involve</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:44'>agents and artificial intelligence so a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:48'>few years ago I got interested in the idea of trying to set up a design a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:56'>system that would allow children to do artificial intelligence kind of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:00'>programming in other words they would be making things now much less like robots</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:05'>and much more like the gray Walter turtle things that mimic life in a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:12'>number of different ways I like to show you a bit of that project this project</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:16'>is done in a rather large scale we have an entire school it has now 375 children</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:22'>12 teachers and we've been working there for about five years and one of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:28'>things that we found is that technology is not something that you can put in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:33'>like raisins in a plum pudding there's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:37'>all this other stuff is the entire life of the child that you have to consider</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:41'>and the framework of the school we're lucky to find a terrific school</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:46'>to Los Angeles bussing school so it's a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:50'>public school and the children are all shapes sizes colors Creed's ethnic</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:56'>backgrounds bussed in most of them for more than an hour to get to the school</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:00'>those of demographers paradise and we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:04'>found it very interesting to introduce ideas into the school in a gradual</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:09'>fashion I'd like to show you some of those</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:39'>so that the kids are all kinds of kids</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:44'>and one of the things they've done here is to tear up part of their asphalt</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:50'>playground and build a garden this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:54'>garden was actually designed by the children you'll see a little bit you'll get an idea of how children could design</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:59'>something like this in in just a minute</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:05'>and because we're studying animals as</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:09'>well as plants they have a pond that has</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:13'>all kinds of life forms and the children actually built this garden themselves</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:21'>now I'm not going to explain to you what's going on here see if you can</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:26'>imagine what it is now I'll tell you in a bit what are they doing with these</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:31'>balloons well what they were doing is designing a city and one of the reasons</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:37'>we do some of the design work with balloons is because urban renewal is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:42'>really easy the idea of to know the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:50'>world one was constructed because is strongly tied into designing a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:56'>programming environment for children because what we wanted to do is not so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:01'>much experience things that other people have set up to be more like experiencing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:07'>a television program or maybe an interactive video disc we want them to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:12'>actually make the simulations themselves because it's in making the simulations</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:17'>that the active design is most powerful</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:22'>now next few minutes I'm going to show you three large-scale projects that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:29'>we've been doing at the school one of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:33'>the things we tried to do here was to both challenge the kids and to go much</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:39'>deeper than they ordinarily are asked to go by the state educational board this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:47'>first one is a year-long project in city building and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:52'>the kids that participate in it our third and fourth graders so there are</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:56'>seven and eight and nine years old in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:00'>this project starts in September and runs through the entire year and this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:04'>will give you an idea of it I think this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:11'>is all almost all no no mrs. hansal tool</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:15'>I know but they still are everything explored of it everybody say I know but</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:20'>they're already something you should make something is already Salinas joris</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:26'>the penis is already something every single after everything this is only</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:31'>styrofoam nobody lady out of something I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:35'>know every as late as something accident</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:39'>from a balloon doesn't mean we don't have a design knowledge now to make</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:44'>buildings exactly like they would have to make it a hundred years we're making</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:48'>models ideas for what buildings could be</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:52'>like in a hundred years we don't have the materials we're going to happen 100 years I did red stripes right</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:50:37'>okay did you get that color name red red</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:03'>what do you belviq i'm doing a factory</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:35'>wait do it again and stay here and do</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:40'>the character park you'll be the building y'all be the building yes why</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:45'>on the prison and he's the building these the buildings okay welcome to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:59'>fantasy mall we have lots of stuff the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:52:20'>building collapsed he was trying to see the moon and there nothing collapsed my</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:52:27'>apartment building and on the top is a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:52:31'>swimming pool never got this is a cold day in rainier so you can have an indoor</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:52:36'>central and it's a hot you open it up and you can I here down here tomorrow</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:14'>he'll be our future city is opening as you can see i'll transfer k our monorail</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:20'>has just been strong</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:24'>and all the buildings are beginning to look like buildings all the buildings</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:30'>are being checked and painting now our</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:34'>he cannot pick up the site husband useful because of the monorail and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:39'>transportation we now have these things on our site everybody that wants bad air</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:47'>transportation land on your site must cabinet right Iggy foxes out</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:52'>Commissioner tova cats design this whole</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:57'>monorail see what household monorail and monorail station the Commissioner of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:03'>lands who doesn't exhaust you all for helping us with sidewalks these are my</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:09'>sidewalks my bold earthquake tested and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:17'>alarming teleporting man he puts ebook</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:22'>paper towel rolls on our site static patella to have it be a teleporting</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:27'>station their cities he's getting to look like a real City try getting to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:31'>look like Judy Landers on the monorail calvada getting to Los Angeles cuz of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:36'>the help crowd is starting today less</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:40'>crowded than it was when we were making our study models</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:46'>I level or I level 1 inch tall but will</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:58'>question building so that's a very okay</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:10'>as see more I'm sure will echo when when you actually go into a school and start</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:15'>working with the kids the first reaction is one of shock because the enormity of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:23'>the experience the amount of energy the amount of body learning that the kids</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:28'>need to do completely dominates all the things that you wanted to do with</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:32'>computers and the first thing you realize when you actually go into school</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:36'>and do this stuff for real is that you better worry about curriculum far</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:42'>outside the media that you're going to use because there's so many different</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:47'>dimensions and this is a project in which most of the things that are</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:51'>available on computers now are of almost no use the kids do a little bit of work</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:56'>with Macintoshes in doing this but 99%</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:01'>of it is this huge experience with doing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:05'>things with their hands and their bodies and crawling over the thing and so forth</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:09'>so one of the objectives in this project</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:13'>was to develop I don't want to say the word peach but develop every child as a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:18'>designer and it takes about three years</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:22'>to get a curriculum like this self-sustaining so people who put try to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:27'>put curriculum in a school and measure it after the first year are making a big</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:31'>mistake takes about three years to get something like this going and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:35'>self-sustaining now another thing we started about four years ago was to develop every child in the school as a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:40'>musician you may see some commonality</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:45'>between those two ideas because music is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:49'>another one of these things that has lots of things interacting with itself</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:53'>part of it is in the interest and what each individual thing is doing and part</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:57'>of the interest is and how they interact we want the kids to be able to think about their world in those terms and so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:03'>we did each year we put on a musical</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:08'>this year it was pirates of penzance and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:13'>this was the best one that we've ever ever had i have a few excerpts of it to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:18'>give you an idea the the oldest child in this is 11 the youngest child in it is 6</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:23'>was completely voluntary the pool of children we had to work with for this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:27'>was about 150 children 120 of those 150</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:31'>possible volunteered and appeared in the show they insisted i'm doing the entire</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:37'>Pirates of Penzance line for line we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:41'>started off with one that was broken down they constantly wanted more we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:45'>wanted to go back they insisted in singing in four-part harmony where it was called for this is a perfect example</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:50'>of something that the kids worked like dogs for four months on and put on a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:56'>fantastic show one of the best theatrical presentations I've ever been to hear some of excerpts</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:08'>fishing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:30'>what I know what is it I met along and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:34'>revelry but I can talk site I'm now the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:38'>run home from a shadowy one such affairs are sorties and surprises I more wary ax</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:45'>and when it opens Leslie what is meant</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:49'>by common their progress has been made</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:54'>it modern gunnery on the object another</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:59'>in a nunnery in short one of smattering</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:00:04'>of elemental strategy</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:00:41'>hey</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:01:16'>Oh</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:01:28'>I'm telling a Terry story but it doesn't</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:00'>although our darker rear sometimes involves the crime of stealing squealing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:13'>although my stripe we're always sorry to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:18'>me</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:34'>haha</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:53'>you may go Liberty our pirate rules protecting and kind of remembers our van</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:59'>we do unless you are you x is as useful</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:07'>things to be an orphan boy</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:13'>oh happy days</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:18'>oh happy day</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:32'>oh happy</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:37'>me I you haha</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:42'>bball</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:50'>so Joe Johnson said about thinking on</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:54'>its hind legs well but one is amazed to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:58'>see it done at all and the trick in doing these kinds of things with kids is to get beyond that stage the only way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:03'>you can do it is by having something like music being a part of the child's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:08'>life all the way through their experience this is the first year in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:12'>which we all the children in it had been part of this enrichment now that's the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:18'>second way of dealing with complexity let me show you the third way and this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:22'>is because the computer some good and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:27'>here are we studying animals and we try and get the children to program not</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:32'>robots but things that are much more biologically acceptable</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:56'>now you might wonder where are the computers in this classroom well one of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:01'>the problems with these computers is that they're bulky so we took every</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:05'>horizontal surfaces in the entire school out and replace them with tables that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:09'>have Macintoshes under them so there are hundreds of Macintoshes in the school</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:14'>but they're all underneath the surfaces so the teachers don't want to move them</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:19'>out of the classroom the teachers don't want to shove them around to the side they're just part of the normal working</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:24'>environment of the school and they're on all the time no computer classrooms no</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:28'>shoved against the wall</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:53'>guys these are some animations we did a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:57'>few years ago and HyperCard just as an idea of what things might look like</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:01'>eventually there's no intelligence behind these models hey guys i am going</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:08'>for a swim in the scene</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:25'>hey</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:33'>if you're asking for every player has agent needs food and the whale come up</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:38'>the way I also have some Asian food all right let me tell you why because when</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:45'>the agent looks in his world what we're</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:49'>seeing here is a they have seminars where they talk over different problem</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:54'>solving strategies the teacher this particular teacher happens to like to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:58'>solve problems and she likes to discuss them with the kids then the kids have to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:03'>go off and figure it out for themselves it doesn't look at himself it looks at</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:07'>the world beyond him so that's why it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:11'>only looks at those players who have food but it doesn't count himself but if</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:18'>he asked for every player in the universe it would include himself and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:25'>this is kind of important for you to think about because when he when they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:30'>have to start giving birth to eat to themselves so they won't die off they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:36'>have to be able to count everything in the universe why Dean Cain</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:45'>50 count how many there are like if</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:49'>there was only one left in was himself competative journalist and then he left</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:53'>bar and then he got true protein what's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:58'>my friend it was a whale who lived to know Jay just off the Pacific coast it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:08:03'>is the time of year when the whales migrate down to Mexico to me and to give</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:08:08'>birth to their babies who were conceived the year before I do that you don't want</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:08:20'>emotion thank you okay go to the top</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:08:45'>works with those two on and I move away</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:08:58'>now here's a more complicated one these these models use the Minsky and Papert</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:02'>Society of mind architecture applied in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:07'>a language for children that was developed in part here at the Media Lab by Mike Travers one of the graduate</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:14'>students here's a more complicated one the clownfish in the lower left is just</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:19'>going about its business feeding one of the things that they do is to find a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:23'>favorite see an enemy and acclimate to it that's what it's doing now they spend</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:28'>a little more time in the monks to poison of the enemy and gradually get</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:33'>immune to it so that they can use it as a place to hide when some predator comes</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:40'>a lot the shark right now is quite a distance away and it doesn't notice the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:45'>clownfish and the clownfish doesn't notice it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:53'>here's some more acclamation closer into the tentacles this time</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:09'>now this lucky clownfish is been doing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:13'>it often enough so it is actually acclimated to the anenih me so when the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:19'>shark sees it and starts pursuing its</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:28'>able to run back to the enemy and the shark can only get so close to the enemy</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:32'>report backs off but of course it wants</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:37'>to come back again</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:46'>so computers are media to think with as</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:50'>Seymour said so eloquently a long time ago in Nicholas's book 20 years ago he</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:56'>said he dedicated it to the first machine who can appreciate the gesture</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:02'>and I think he meant not the gesture like this but the gesture of having a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:06'>book dedicated to it he also said in the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:11'>preface of it that it was all beginnings in no end well I think that's the perfect definition of a research lab a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:16'>my answer to the question of what is the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:21'>next computer revolution it's the one in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:25'>which happens in the context of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:29'>whole person and in the whole person's world that it's not just something that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:33'>we apply in isolation to solve small problems but it's one that like media</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:37'>surrounds us as we've tried to do with the children thank you very much and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:42'>happy 5th birthday ok</subtitle>
<subtitle id='4308'>you </subtitle>

Alan Kay at MIT Media Lab 5th Anniversary Event (1990)

2017-12-31T05:59:08Z

MrSteve:

{{#evt:
service=youtubeIA
|id=6Ysu1mDxxbc
|alignment=left
|autoresize=true
}}

<subtitle id='00:00:00'> never know what Nicholas was going to say actually the turned out that the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:08'>bearnaise on the hot dog didn't sell well if I remember we're no longer on</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:13'>that board anniversaries get people to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:22'>think of other anniversaries there lots</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:26'>of them happening this year one of them is the 50th anniversary of Fantasia and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:33'>Fantasia I think for many of us in this audience and at MIT and elsewhere was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:40'>something we grew up on as a kind of a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:44'>dream of bringing our ideas to life and a lot of us saw the computer is a way of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:50'>more quickly with more depth more</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:54'>dimension more meaning to be able to project ideas that we had within within</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:00'>ourselves into this magic new medium and have them come to life just as the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:07'>disney people did with great art but much more laboriously many years ago I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:12'>think a good way to start this this lecture is to think 40 years ago not 50</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:19'>the 40 years ago was the when two very</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:26'>diverse very at opposite poles machines</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:31'>were introduced to the to the world and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:35'>one of them of course was the UNIVAC one the first commercial digital computer</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:42'>thing that a digital computer its people's minds it had whirling tape</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:47'>drives the first whirling tape drives and it predicted an election not long</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:53'>after that on television and so it became in the public's mind what a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:59'>computer was all about now in the other</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:05'>machine that was at the farthest pole of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:09'>thinking from the univac one also came about 19</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:13'>50 and I actually spent quite a bit with some assistance this summer trying to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:18'>find some film footage of it because I was sure that some must exist and after</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:24'>much scurrying around in England then looking at old newsreels and so forth we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:29'>finally found what i think is the earliest footage of this machine which I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:33'>think symbolizes the transition from the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:38'>UNIVAC 1 to what's going to happen over the next 10 years and i think i need the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:42'>the slides off because i'm going to show some video thank you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:59'>in a simple Ville on the outskirts of Bristol lives Dr. Grey Walter a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:04'>neurologist who makes robots as a hobby they are small and he doesn't dress them</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:09'>up to look like men he calls them tortoises and so cunningly have their</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:13'>insides being designed that they respond to the stimuli of light and touch in a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:18'>completely lifelike manner</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:38'>this model is named Elsie and she sees out of a photoelectric cell which</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:43'>rotates above her body when light strikes the cell driving and steering</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:48'>mechanism sends her hurrying towards it if she brushes against any object in her</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:52'>path contacts are operated that turn the steering away and so automatically she</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:58'>takes avoiding action</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:34'>Mrs. Walters pet his Elma, Elsie's brother in the darker vest he works in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:39'>exactly the same way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:49'>Dr. Walter says that his electronic toys work exactly as though they have a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:53'>simple two cell nervous system and that with more cells they will be able to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:58'>do many more tricks already Elsie has one up on Elmer when her batteries begin to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:03'>fail she automatically runs home to her kennel but charging up and in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:07'>consequence can live a much gayer life</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:17'>so I officially present this footage to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:21'>Nicholas Seymour Papert and Marvin Minsky for it means something to each</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:27'>one of this this is the original tortoise that inspired the logo turtle</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:33'>and it also inspired a lot of early work</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:37'>in artificial intelligence and what's interesting about the way the last 40</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:41'>years have transpired is that digital computers have taken over but in fact</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:46'>where things are going now are much more towards the kinds of control systems</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:53'>kinds of what you might call wet mentalities that device like the great</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:00'>Walter turtle has well the biggest</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:04'>problem with with computers is that they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:09'>were larger than than human scale and the mechanisms we have in our mind for</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:14'>dealing with things are larger than human scale are those of religions so of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:18'>course we had a priesthood and special</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:22'>time special rituals all of that stuff and a lot of what has happened in the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:27'>last 40 years has been to try and find ways to bring the machine into human</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:32'>scale without losing any of its promise</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:36'>what I'd like to do is give you a couple</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:40'>of ways that I think about this stuff and one of them is thinking in general</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:46'>terms about the way humans have extended themselves over the last several hundred</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:52'>thousand years and of course the first one that we think of is that we extend</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:56'>ourselves through tools levers screwdrivers wheels and so forth less</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:03'>often we think of language and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:07'>mathematics as tools but they also are ways of creating objects for things that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:15'>we want to deal with and we manipulate them and all of these tools allow us to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:21'>extend various of our senses and for a long time we thought of the computer as</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:26'>a kind of a tool and one of the ways that we've grappled with it is to try and make it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:30'>act more like the kinds of tools that were used to now less often thought of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:35'>extension is one that was identified many years ago by mumford who said for</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:42'>most of the history of human beings most of the machines that we've built have</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:47'>had other humans as moving parts he called these mega machines and societies</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:52'>groups an organization like this the media lab all of these are a consequence</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:57'>of our ability to take on other people's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:02'>goals our interest in taking on people's goals and our interest in getting people</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:06'>to take on our goals of course agents</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:10'>can take on a goal and can manipulate tools to carry out our wishes while</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:14'>we're doing things but more importantly an agent can deal with other agents and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:20'>I think of the the M word here for</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:24'>agents as being management so to me a tool is something that we look at and we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:29'>manipulate and an agent is something that looks at us and we manage the agent</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:35'>and of course the mainframes were neither and so the struggle was started</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:41'>in the 1950s in 1962 try and find a way of bringing this into some sort of human</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:46'>scale now I like to show you a couple of early efforts</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:04'>here's a picture that could have been taken in somebody's office here at MIT</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:08'>but actually it was taken in 1965 this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:15'>is Douglas Engelbart sitting at his</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:20'>first version of a what you might call not a personal computer but personal</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:25'>computing he has a mouse he has a black on white 19 inch screen and here's the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:32'>kind of media that he dealt back sat</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:44'>exactly branch on me and let me look just that low and I see it oh I can say</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:51'>I'd like to see one line only I can see</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:55'>but there's another thing I can do theres a route I said i have here</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:04'>so here I'm it i'll need a different pictures of you so here's what i do with</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:09'>a picture drawing capability here so slight and lamp if i start from work and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:13'>here's the route i seem to have to go to pick up all the materials and that's my</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:17'>plan for getting home tonight but if I want to I can say the library what am I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:22'>supposed to pick up there I can just point to that you know oh I see overdue</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:27'>books and all while there was a statement there with that name go back what if I once my supposed to pick up</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:32'>the drugstore hmm I see you interesting all right market can do things if I want</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:40'>to just say I'd like to interchange projects and can materials bingo and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:46'>they're all numbered right if I care to look interchanging them very quickly</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:50'>cans are going to get interchange with products they do it and all gets me</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:56'>numbered so that's a very tool based way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:01'>of thinking about things you're indicating things on the screen moving</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:05'>them around Engelbart was one of the of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:09'>a number of people in the 50s and 60s that realize that although you could</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:13'>drop a computer and break it just like you can drop a book into a fire and burn</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:19'>it that the contents of the computer or</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:23'>of the book can be a story or a description of things that can't exist</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:28'>physically in the world you can have a story in a book about a place that has an inverse cube law doesn't seem to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:33'>exist in in this world the computer can</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:37'>add more dimensions than this world has to a way of looking at data and so that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:41'>if you have a 15 dimensional space of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:46'>interesting things the computer can give you 16 dimensions and bring all of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:50'>interesting points together at one one place and that led to a number of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:55'>different ways of thinking about the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:00'>computer Engelbart's metaphor was the computer as a vehicle he thought of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:06'>big mainframes as being like railroads that were owned by institutions and the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:11'>institutions decided when you could use them and decided what you could use them</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:15'>for and Engelbart wanted to be Henry Ford he</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:19'>wanted everybody to have their own vehicle used to say phrases like we need</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:24'>to deal with thought vectors and concept space I don't think he knew what that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:28'>meant we certainly didn't but it sounded</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:32'>great and it gave rise to this notion that in order to bring the computer down</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:38'>into our world we have to have some way of interacting with it in a closer</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:44'>fashion and so the the urge was to bring the computer cycles closer to the user</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:50'>and that's what gave rise to machines like this and this is one that I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:54'>designed it's a picture of it on its own display back in the late 60s and it even</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:03'>had a user interface on it although back</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:07'>then there's a wonderful phrase about user interface user interfaces was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:12'>called it's when the flesh hits the steel and that phrase is very much about</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:20'>because there's really no notion of there being an intermediary between you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:25'>and the hardness of the machine and this this machine have multiple windows and a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:31'>number of other ideas on it but it was a little bit like trying to make an apple</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:36'>pie from random ingredients found in the kitchen you don't have any apples so you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:41'>decide to use bananas you don't have any flour so you grind up Cheerios and so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:47'>forth I randomly substituting for all of the ingredients in a typical pie you can</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:51'>make something but in this case this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:55'>turned out to be a bit of a mess only</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:59'>graduate students liked it sort of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:03'>kiss of death for any computer system</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:09'>reason of course as graduate students are going through a rite of passage when they're trying to prove how smart they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:14'>are and how many amazing things that they can remember and so they turn out</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:18'>to be pretty much the world's worst user interface design right I was a graduate</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:22'>student when I designed this so I'm speaking with authority now right about</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:28'>the same time that this was going on there is a whole different way of looking at interaction and one of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:35'>ways that I used to illustrate that is some film footage taken at rand</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:40'>corporation on a system that they made</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:44'>for Rand economists and other non computer types The Economist's of course</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:51'>are that group of people that if you lay them end to end they still won't be able</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:55'>to reach a conclusion and the Economist</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:00'>didn't even like to type they like to write things on legal pads and they said</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:06'>the RAM people can't you do something about that so here's an example of something that was adapted from some</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:13'>early work here at MIT by Marvin Minsky and war entitlement to do a system that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:20'>would interpret gestures as expressed on</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:24'>a data tablet so here's what that looks like</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:38'>first we erase a flow arrow then move</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:42'>the connector out of the way so that we may draw a box in its place the printing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:51'>in the box is being new commentary only in this case the box is slightly too</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:57'>large so we may change its size where modern day window control came from</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:01'>literally then dry flow from the connector to the box attached a decision</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:08'>element to the box and dry flow from it to scan we then erased the flow arrows</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:15'>attached to the process post new area and move the box to a new position this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:25'>allows us to draw a new box well that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:34'>was a tremendous change in the way we felt about using computers I had a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:42'>chance to use that for half an hour in 1968 and felt like I was thinking my</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:46'>hands right through the glass of the display and touching the information</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:51'>structures directly inside unlike Engelbart's system which I had called a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:55'>personal computer this to me was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:59'>intimate this is an intimate way of interacting and so for me and for a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:05'>bunch of other people in the 60s 1968</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:09'>was my year for thinking about the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:14'>possibility of there being three major ways of interacting with a computer of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:21'>three paradigms three frameworks for thinking about interaction and the thing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:27'>that clinched it for me was seeing going</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:32'>out and visiting Seymour's one of Seymour's first installations in a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:38'>school watching them use the logo turtle</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:42'>the descendant of the great Walter turtle, cause Seymour had this terrific idea that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:47'>wouldn't it be great to let kids actually build the kinds of mechanisms</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:51'>that would animate a turtle around and they would learn a lot about their world and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:56'>a lot about thinking about the world from from doing that and I've never</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:00'>recovered from that because once I saw that to me the computer was no longer a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:05'>vehicle in the nation at risk report the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:11'>recommendation is that every child in the US should have one semester of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:16'>computers in their senior year of high school that's their strong</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:22'>recommendation about computers and that's driver's ed that is treating the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:28'>computer like a vehicle it's not the cars aren't important it's that they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:32'>aren't central the central things to us are the media the intermediaries with</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:38'>how we work with the world and if you can get rid of that slide that'd be</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:42'>great I think everybody has figured that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:48'>out by now thank you the that led to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:57'>thinking of a computer in a completely different way this is a cardboard model</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:01'>I made in 1968 just since become known</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:05'>as the dynabook and we actually loaded</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:10'>this cardboard model up with a variety of lead pellets to try and find out how</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:15'>heavy it could be before people would always take it with them not find an</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:20'>excuse to leave it behind and turns out</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:24'>that the weight that we determined has not yet been reached by any computer company so this machine is still a bit</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:31'>in the future but it expresses a different kind of relationship with the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:35'>machine and something that wants to start much earlier in the life of a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:41'>human being and so one of the ways of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:47'>thinking of it is if we compare these three</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:53'>ways of looking at it we can say well where is the computer in the past it was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:58'>in the glasshouse today in personal computing it's on our desk and in the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:04'>future it's going to be with us all the time in California will weave it into</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:09'>our t-shirts Nicholas said 10 years ago</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:15'>that will know in the future appears when our cufflinks committed communicate</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:21'>with our watched by means of satellite</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:26'>it's when such hyperbole is not outrageous that you know a paradigm</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:31'>shift has actually happened and as an interesting analogy here to the history</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:37'>of publishing in 1400 AD there are three</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:41'>hundred ninety two books in the Vatican Library one of the largest libraries in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:46'>Europe and in 1452 or thereabouts--</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:51'>Gutenberg printed his first Bible and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:55'>that Bible the 42 line Bible was as big as the hand-written manuscripts that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:02'>have been so laboriously copied by monks during the Middle Ages and the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:07'>reason it was that big is that that was what books were if you look at pictures</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:14'>woodcuts or you visit the modern</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:18'>recreation of what a library was like then they didn't shelve the books most</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:23'>libraries back then had so few books that each book had its own reading table</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:28'>and the books were chained to it you look at this table table book with</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:34'>chains the thing that comes to mind inescapably is a time-sharing bullpen</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:40'>because these are institutionally owned items and Gutenberg didn't know what</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:47'>else to do but to make them that size and much more interesting revolution</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:53'>happened a few years later when Aldus now has a company named after him Aldus</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:59'>Manutius who was a Venetian publisher did two remarkable things first he was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:05'>one of the major driving forces behind publishing things other than</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:09'>Bibles and he isn't he and his sons over the next century published 40,000</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:15'>different books most of them from gathering up Greek and Roman writings</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:21'>spreading them all over Europe he did one other thing that will forever endear</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:25'>himself to me he decided that book should be this big and he decided they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:31'>should be this big because that was the size that saddle bags were in Venice in the 1490s in other words Aldus realized</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:39'>something very important and that is the books could now be lost and because they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:46'>could now be lost they could now be taken with they now could go out and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:51'>become a mass medium now again we're in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:55'>this interesting stage because we're not in a place where r we're willing to have our computers be lost watches their $10</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:04'>swatch watches or something like that willing to have them be lost maybe a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:09'>pocket calculator it's not a tragedy if it gets lost paper and pencil it's not a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:13'>tragedy but still with our multi-thousand dollar computers sitting</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:19'>on our desks we're actually still in the Gutenberg era and the interesting thing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:24'>about history is that nothing that happened between Gutenberg and Aldus</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:28'>counted none of those behavior patterns</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:32'>had anything to do with what happened in the post Aldus area as we went into the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:36'>16th century so drawing curves as a way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:40'>of predicting the computer doesn't work very well when you're in these interesting transition periods well</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:45'>another way of looking at these three</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:50'>paradigms is to ask what kinds of information do we use letter and numbers</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:55'>with institutional computing fonts and graphics on modern personal computing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:01'>and as Nicholas likes the show with his imploding his teething rings for the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:07'>media lab as he likes to call them that it's going to be all media coming together because the computer is a meta</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:12'>media its content is all media all</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:16'>intermediaries that one is pretty much of a no-brainer but it's amazing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:20'>how long it has taken for that to even that simple idea to sink in how do we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:26'>print impact printing big laser printing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:30'>personal laser printers with personal computing and no printing as we move on</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:37'>into the next ten years because the information is going to be too</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:41'>interesting to destroy by printing it out right now is an index of how paltry</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:48'>our use of the computer is that we can actually print it out and feel good about it we actually haven't heard</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:54'>anything because our information for the most part is not in dimensionally</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:59'>intertwined it's not in the form of a dynamic simulation it's not any of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:04'>things that the computer is really about</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:08'>field of interaction feels like line editing on institutional computing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:15'>layout on computers like the Macintosh</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:19'>moving things around but in the new</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:28'>paradigm it's going to feel more like conducting because we're going to move from passive information to active</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:34'>information we're going to move from objects to agents and so it's going to be</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:38'>a little bit more like summoning forth lots of assistance at different times</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:43'>and checking out what their goals are and our they're checking out what our</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:48'>goals are and and so forth so each one of these is a completely different way of thinking about it and one of the ways</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:54'>of thinking about the differentiation between the institutional and the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:00'>personal here is that even when graphical interfaces were done in the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:04'>60s for the most part all interfaces were thought of their main task was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:09'>accessed to function so this notion that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:13'>inside the computer is sort of something like a big nuclear reactor or a power station there's all that function and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:19'>what we need to have is a way of getting to each of these pieces of function will</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:23'>map them into control keys and and double control meta y keys and that way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:29'>of thinking about things and the revolution that made the second</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:35'>paradigm the personal computer paradigm is going from that stance to realizing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:40'>that the main job of the user interface is to make the user aware of what the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:44'>possibilities are in other words the user interface now goes from being</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:49'>control of function to a learning environment and of course I should</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:56'>mention that the the main job of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:00'>intimate computer user interface is to do a lot of learning itself so we go</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:05'>from no learning or learning of the most back-breaking kind to making it easier</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:12'>for the user to learn and then finally we want the system to learn how do we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:17'>give commands we have to remember everything and type see and point where we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:23'>are now and in the future is going to be asked and gesture because the computer</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:28'>is going to be watching us not us just watching it what kind of languages do we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:33'>program it in weekly modular data</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:37'>structured procedures cobol one of the surest predictions that we can make</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:42'>about the future is that 10 years from now there will still be a lot of COBOL programmers this personal computing way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:54'>of doing things is pretty much object-oriented after right far fewer</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:59'>lines of code and there's a new kind of programming that people are starting to do called agent oriented programming and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:07'>one way of thinking about all of these paradigms is to compare them with</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:11'>architecture of taking a civilization like the Greeks whose main way of making</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:18'>big buildings was post and lintel pilot block box like that and you get</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:24'>buildings about this size and if you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:28'>want to make a building a lot bigger and let in more light this architecture doesn't work you have to change to a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:33'>different kind of architecture like the gothic arch and if you do that you can make</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:38'>buildings much larger with about the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:43'>same amount of material and when they say just about somebody he doesn't have</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:49'>enough bricks to make a wall that might not be a slam because you might have</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:57'>enough bricks to make an arch he's got enough bricks to make an arch she's a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:01'>lot better off than people who only have enough bricks to make walls and of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:06'>course the big change in the last several hundred years is going from structures that just push against each</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:11'>other to this notion of the higher</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:15'>strength of materials under tension if you get materials that you can tense as</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:20'>well as compressed you can make structures like geodesic domes that will</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:25'>fit over all of the cathedrals that have ever been made in the world and these are completely separate ways of thinking</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:31'>about things and one of the answers to the question that's the title of my</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:35'>lecture is what is the next computer</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:39'>revolution going to be like well it's going to be technologically it's going to be like what I just told you that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:44'>we're going to intimate machines they'll always be networked there will be</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:49'>information utilities the systems will</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:53'>learn and so forth now for many people this is big news but in fact if you go</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:58'>back in the history of computer science you find people like Marvin Minsky and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:03'>John McCarthy writing papers in the late 50s and early 60s about this this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:09'>happens to be not just the fifth anniversary of the media lab but it's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:14'>also the 20th anniversary of Nicholas's book called the architecture machine</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:18'>which is all about this third way of looking at things now for my standpoint</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:24'>since I am not particularly enamored of technology this is a very incomplete</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:30'>answer and I would like to try and go to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:34'>a different way of thinking about things that involves people much more strongly</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:40'>and to do that we have to have some sense</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:45'>of how people's minds work this is for</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:49'>many years and in engineering is where the rubber met the sky because engineers</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:56'>tend to like controllable elements and people aren't all that controllable and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:01'>as a behavioral mechanism we are exasperating and so there's been a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:07'>tendency of actually trying to get people to be more like machines rather</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:11'>than the other way around and give you an example of why this is difficult to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:16'>deal with take a look at one of my favorite pictures here and what you see</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:24'>here let's pretend we're in school because actually we are in school we're in a university let me give you an</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:30'>English sentence about this picture what we've done with this picture is to take</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:35'>a picture of a young girl extracted her eyes and mouth turn them upside down and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:41'>put them back into the picture and then turn the entire picture upside down that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:46'>sound reasonable to everybody okay so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:50'>having said that you should be completely prepared than for what it looks like right side up I'm going to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:58'>turn this back because I've discovered nobody will listen to me when it's on the other way so this is one of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:09'>flaws of trying to give lectures in English because a nation is actually not</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:16'>convertible except outside of the human</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:22'>domain within the human domain we actually have different parts of our</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:26'>brain that respond the things in different ways and this is one of the reasons why McDonald's doesn't run print</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:31'>ads saying if you eat a McDonald's hamburger you'll become a better looking</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:35'>person because in English it's absurd so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:39'>instead what they do is to run an ad showing pictures of really good-looking people eating McDonald's hamburgers and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:44'>a different part of your mind takes that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:48'>information and makes a different kind of inference the kind of inference that the ad people want you in fact we have a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:54'>part of our mind that thinks things are more true if they rhyme so if I were to say to you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:00'>a big mac and fries will slender your thighs sound more convincing the whole</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:10'>idea here is that as people started to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:15'>suspect about starting about a hundred years ago with Freud Piaget Brunner</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:21'>Minsky and Papert that what we don't have inside of our head is the oneness a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:29'>vast beautiful seamless fabric of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:33'>mentality but instead what we have is something much more like a patchwork quilt and in fact the patchwork quilt</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:38'>has little mechanisms that pop us from one part of the quilt to another</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:43'>whenever we get too close to one of the boundaries and it's you have to do things like this to show that there is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:48'>an actual patchwork quilt there so we have this idea of multiple mentalities</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:55'>and Piaget was one of the first to study</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:00'>the very different ways that children have of dealing with the world as they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:05'>move through stages of development early in a child's life an object is to grab</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:10'>it a hole is to dig it thinking is doing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:14'>in many ways later on the child is more</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:18'>visually centered child says there's more water in the tall glass when you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:23'>pour from the squat class the tall one because it looks that way and then</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:28'>finally it around 11 or 12 there's a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:32'>facts and logic stage where logical operations are carried out and the child</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:38'>can make deductions based on facts like there can't be more water because where</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:42'>would it go where would it come from so forth now of course at least this was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:48'>true in 11 and 12 year old Swiss French kids in America there's a lot of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:53'>evidence that American kids never get to this facts and logic stage</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:01'>now Brunner in the 50s and 60s redid</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:07'>some of Piaget's experiments but he added some twists so he took the water pouring</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:11'>experiment and after the kids said there's more water in the tall glass</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:16'>Brunner put a cardboard so the kid couldn't see the tall glass anymore and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:20'>the kid would change his mind back say oh there can't be more and then Brunner</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:24'>would take whip Brunner would take the cardboard away and the kid would say oh</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:29'>but look there's more water Brunner would put the cardboard back and the kid would</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:33'>change his mind again so if you have any six-year-olds you'd like to torment and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:40'>what Brunner was in his way was getting</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:45'>closer to this idea of multiple mentalities as well that it isn't just a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:53'>metamorphosis like a caterpillar into a butterfly which is pretty much the way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:57'>Piaget thought of it but actually different modules being able to deal</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:02'>with it within different ways and a change in dominance to express the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:06'>piaget expression now there are many things that you can do with this suppose</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:11'>you wanted to design a user interface for a computer that was like a tool and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:16'>we have to think about what each of these mentalities actually does so an</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:21'>example the body-centered one is the one that knows where we are in space we can</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:25'>close our eyes and touch our nose when in touch our hands behind our back if</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:30'>you blind us we can still orient ourselves but if we aren't as</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:34'>unfortunate enough to suffer a brain lesion that takes part of a limb out of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:39'>our body map then even though it's physically attached to us it's like</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:43'>somebody else's so this orienting</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:47'>centering groundedness is something that the body mentality brings to us the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:53'>visually sent mentality is wonderfully</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:58'>adept at dealing with various kinds of tricks for instance if we were to put a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:02'>hundred images of animals on a wall you'd be able to find the elephant</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:07'>almost four times as fast as you could the word elephant if the images were</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:12'>replaced words now let me try and experiment this I realize that this is a very academic</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:17'>body here but let me ask how many people</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:21'>here watch television be honest okay how</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:26'>many people flip channels all right how</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:32'>many people have ever flipped a channel randomly into a movie they haven't seen</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:37'>for 18 years how long did it take you to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:41'>recognize that you'd seen that movie before how long yeah somewhere between a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:48'>half a second and a couple of seconds think about what that meant 18 years ago</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:53'>you saw a movie you didn't know you're</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:57'>going to be tested on it you randomly</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:03'>without any preparation pop into the middle of it and all of a sudden in 30</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:10'>frames or so of seeing that movie you suddenly recognize what it is think of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:15'>what that means in the context of your entire life most people can remember</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:19'>what's going to happen next if you stop the movie after they've recognized that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:23'>they know what the next scene is going to be so that is a mentality that begged</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:29'>to be exploited and what it says is that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:33'>we should always be able to present about a hundred things in the visual</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:37'>field because the user can be aware of them subliminally and if we present them</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:42'>in recognizable scenes the user can store hundreds thousands millions of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:47'>different scenes and remember that they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:51'>were there before then finally the symbolically centered mentality is much</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:55'>more interested in changing things so if</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:59'>its biggest problem is finding the right context because it is not a context</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:04'>chooser so if your visual mentality work</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:08'>the way your symbolic one the first thing you opened your eyes and saw in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:12'>the morning would be what you'd be staring at several hours later that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:16'>doesn't work so well so we have a grounding mentality we have a flitting</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:21'>around mentality that's aware of lots of things and we have one</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:25'>likes to make chains and somehow we should be able to put all of those things together here's one of the ways</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:31'>whoops sorry can you turn that off please that's the end of the slides we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:40'>want to be able to put these things together and if we do we'll find</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:44'>ourselves fitting much more closely to the way human mentalities work</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:06'>so this is a 22 month old little girl and she has never lived in a world not</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:13'>densely populated by Macintoshes her</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:18'>mother is my accountant both her mother and father work at home each of them has</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:22'>a mac this is back five years ago in 1985 and when I found out the little</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:27'>girl was interested in computers I gave</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:31'>her an apple to which she rejected she</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:39'>wanted what her folks had now I have to warn you hear that not to be impressed</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:44'>because this is not her first time on the machine she's been using the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:49'>computer for about six months so she's actually a fairly experienced user and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:56'>long time ago we designed this user interface for children but never any of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:03'>this young so it's really interesting to see a child used the machine that was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:08'>actually designed for them and so here</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:12'>she's using the visible menus of mac paint and I saw it I thought all right</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:18'>this is impressed i've i've never seen a child this young is this machine before but ok I it should work but then what</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:25'>happened next really amazed me she wants a fresh sheet of paper so she goes to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:30'>the closed box on the window she saves her old drawing with a pop-up and she</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:37'>goes to the pulldown to get a new one</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:48'>well that was pretty and that was a home movie made by her father and we did</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:54'>about another 10 hours of testing this child on various Macintosh applications</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:00'>and we discovered it across applications she was about seventy percent literate</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:06'>that is she could take a really complicated application like aldus pagemaker a desktop publishing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:10'>application started up make marks and it print the marks out save the marks away</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:16'>get the marks back about seventy percent of the things that Macintosh users</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:21'>expect from application to application she in her horizon already by age 22</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:30'>months okay so that answers one question</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:35'>about this notion a computer illiteracy</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:39'>one when we're talking about situations</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:43'>like literacy and illiteracy they don't really obtain when the object in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:48'>question is a professional that we don't</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:52'>have a term called healtharcy and ill-healtharcy because medicine is a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:58'>profession there wasn't a term called literacy and illiteracy back in the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:02'>Middle Ages when writing was a profession as soon as you spread it out to the public you start getting</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:07'>interested in these notions of can people access things made for them by</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:11'>others that's like reading but what about the more important thing can</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:15'>people make things that are like the things that other people make so here's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:20'>an example of something that we did about 15 years ago</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:33'>and this is the logo turtle with a different architecture and it's a little</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:41'>application like Mac draw object oriented illustration system designed</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:47'>and built by 12 year old girl so this is an</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:51'>end-user program not a program that you'd buy in a store for ninety-nine</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:55'>dollars from egghead software has lots of features you can change size and move</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:00'>things around because of the change in architecture of going from normal data</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:08'>structure and procedure programming to object-oriented programming the amount</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:12'>of code she had the right to do this application was only about a page long so this is not a large program and one</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:18'>of the things that you have to do when you're working with any kind of novice user is make sure the programs they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:23'>write are not terribly long well so that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:27'>was an attempt to get kids and users to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:31'>be both able to access and able to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:36'>generate the same kinds of things that we're going to run on their paradigm of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:40'>computing but now we have a new paradigm of computing it's going to involve</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:44'>agents and artificial intelligence so a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:48'>few years ago I got interested in the idea of trying to set up a design a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:56'>system that would allow children to do artificial intelligence kind of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:00'>programming in other words they would be making things now much less like robots</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:05'>and much more like the gray Walter turtle things that mimic life in a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:12'>number of different ways I like to show you a bit of that project this project</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:16'>is done in a rather large scale we have an entire school it has now 375 children</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:22'>12 teachers and we've been working there for about five years and one of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:28'>things that we found is that technology is not something that you can put in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:33'>like raisins in a plum pudding there's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:37'>all this other stuff is the entire life of the child that you have to consider</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:41'>and the framework of the school we're lucky to find a terrific school</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:46'>to Los Angeles bussing school so it's a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:50'>public school and the children are all shapes sizes colors Creed's ethnic</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:56'>backgrounds bust in most of them for more than an hour to get to the school</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:00'>those of demographers paradise and we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:04'>found it very interesting to introduce ideas into the school in a gradual</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:09'>fashion I'd like to show you some of those</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:39'>so that the kids are all kinds of kids</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:44'>and one of the things they've done here is to tear up part of their asphalt</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:50'>playground and build a garden this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:54'>garden was actually designed by the children you'll see a little bit you'll get an idea of how children could design</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:59'>something like this in in just a minute</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:05'>and because we're studying animals as</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:09'>well as plants they have a pond that has</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:13'>all kinds of life forms and the children actually built this garden themselves</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:21'>now I'm not going to explain to you what's going on here see if you can</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:26'>imagine what it is now I'll tell you in a bit what are they doing with these</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:31'>balloons well what they were doing is designing a city and one of the reasons</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:37'>we do some of the design work with balloons is because urban renewal is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:42'>really easy the idea of to know the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:50'>world one was constructed because is strongly tied into designing a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:56'>programming environment for children because what we wanted to do is not so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:01'>much experience things that other people have set up to be more like experiencing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:07'>a television program or maybe an interactive video disc we want them to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:12'>actually make the simulations themselves because it's in making the simulations</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:17'>that the active design is most powerful</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:22'>now next few minutes I'm going to show you three large-scale projects that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:29'>we've been doing at the school one of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:33'>the things we tried to do here was to both challenge the kids and to go much</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:39'>deeper than they ordinarily are asked to go by the state educational board this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:47'>first one is a year-long project in city building and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:52'>the kids that participate in it our third and fourth graders so there are</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:56'>seven and eight and nine years old in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:00'>this project starts in September and runs through the entire year and this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:04'>will give you an idea of it I think this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:11'>is all almost all no no mrs. hansal tool</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:15'>I know but they still are everything explored of it everybody say I know but</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:20'>they're already something you should make something is already Salinas joris</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:26'>the penis is already something every single after everything this is only</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:31'>styrofoam nobody lady out of something I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:35'>know every as late as something accident</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:39'>from a balloon doesn't mean we don't have a design knowledge now to make</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:44'>buildings exactly like they would have to make it a hundred years we're making</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:48'>models ideas for what buildings could be</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:52'>like in a hundred years we don't have the materials we're going to happen 100 years I did red stripes right</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:50:37'>okay did you get that color name red red</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:03'>what do you belviq i'm doing a factory</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:35'>wait do it again and stay here and do</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:40'>the character park you'll be the building y'all be the building yes why</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:45'>on the prison and he's the building these the buildings okay welcome to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:59'>fantasy mall we have lots of stuff the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:52:20'>building collapsed he was trying to see the moon and there nothing collapsed my</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:52:27'>apartment building and on the top is a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:52:31'>swimming pool never got this is a cold day in rainier so you can have an indoor</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:52:36'>central and it's a hot you open it up and you can I here down here tomorrow</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:14'>he'll be our future city is opening as you can see i'll transfer k our monorail</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:20'>has just been strong</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:24'>and all the buildings are beginning to look like buildings all the buildings</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:30'>are being checked and painting now our</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:34'>he cannot pick up the site husband useful because of the monorail and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:39'>transportation we now have these things on our site everybody that wants bad air</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:47'>transportation land on your site must cabinet right Iggy foxes out</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:52'>Commissioner tova cats design this whole</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:57'>monorail see what household monorail and monorail station the Commissioner of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:03'>lands who doesn't exhaust you all for helping us with sidewalks these are my</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:09'>sidewalks my bold earthquake tested and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:17'>alarming teleporting man he puts ebook</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:22'>paper towel rolls on our site static patella to have it be a teleporting</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:27'>station their cities he's getting to look like a real City try getting to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:31'>look like Judy Landers on the monorail calvada getting to Los Angeles cuz of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:36'>the help crowd is starting today less</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:40'>crowded than it was when we were making our study models</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:46'>I level or I level 1 inch tall but will</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:58'>question building so that's a very okay</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:10'>as see more I'm sure will echo when when you actually go into a school and start</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:15'>working with the kids the first reaction is one of shock because the enormity of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:23'>the experience the amount of energy the amount of body learning that the kids</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:28'>need to do completely dominates all the things that you wanted to do with</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:32'>computers and the first thing you realize when you actually go into school</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:36'>and do this stuff for real is that you better worry about curriculum far</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:42'>outside the media that you're going to use because there's so many different</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:47'>dimensions and this is a project in which most of the things that are</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:51'>available on computers now are of almost no use the kids do a little bit of work</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:56'>with Macintoshes in doing this but 99%</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:01'>of it is this huge experience with doing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:05'>things with their hands and their bodies and crawling over the thing and so forth</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:09'>so one of the objectives in this project</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:13'>was to develop I don't want to say the word peach but develop every child as a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:18'>designer and it takes about three years</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:22'>to get a curriculum like this self-sustaining so people who put try to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:27'>put curriculum in a school and measure it after the first year are making a big</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:31'>mistake takes about three years to get something like this going and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:35'>self-sustaining now another thing we started about four years ago was to develop every child in the school as a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:40'>musician you may see some commonality</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:45'>between those two ideas because music is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:49'>another one of these things that has lots of things interacting with itself</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:53'>part of it is in the interest and what each individual thing is doing and part</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:57'>of the interest is and how they interact we want the kids to be able to think about their world in those terms and so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:03'>we did each year we put on a musical</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:08'>this year it was pirates of penzance and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:13'>this was the best one that we've ever ever had i have a few excerpts of it to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:18'>give you an idea the the oldest child in this is 11 the youngest child in it is 6</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:23'>was completely voluntary the pool of children we had to work with for this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:27'>was about 150 children 120 of those 150</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:31'>possible volunteered and appeared in the show they insisted i'm doing the entire</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:37'>Pirates of Penzance line for line we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:41'>started off with one that was broken down they constantly wanted more we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:45'>wanted to go back they insisted in singing in four-part harmony where it was called for this is a perfect example</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:50'>of something that the kids worked like dogs for four months on and put on a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:56'>fantastic show one of the best theatrical presentations I've ever been to hear some of excerpts</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:08'>fishing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:30'>what I know what is it I met along and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:34'>revelry but I can talk site I'm now the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:38'>run home from a shadowy one such affairs are sorties and surprises I more wary ax</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:45'>and when it opens Leslie what is meant</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:49'>by common their progress has been made</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:54'>it modern gunnery on the object another</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:59'>in a nunnery in short one of smattering</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:00:04'>of elemental strategy</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:00:41'>hey</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:01:16'>Oh</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:01:28'>I'm telling a Terry story but it doesn't</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:00'>although our darker rear sometimes involves the crime of stealing squealing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:13'>although my stripe we're always sorry to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:18'>me</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:34'>haha</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:53'>you may go Liberty our pirate rules protecting and kind of remembers our van</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:59'>we do unless you are you x is as useful</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:07'>things to be an orphan boy</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:13'>oh happy days</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:18'>oh happy day</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:32'>oh happy</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:37'>me I you haha</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:42'>bball</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:50'>so Joe Johnson said about thinking on</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:54'>its hind legs well but one is amazed to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:58'>see it done at all and the trick in doing these kinds of things with kids is to get beyond that stage the only way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:03'>you can do it is by having something like music being a part of the child's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:08'>life all the way through their experience this is the first year in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:12'>which we all the children in it had been part of this enrichment now that's the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:18'>second way of dealing with complexity let me show you the third way and this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:22'>is because the computer some good and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:27'>here are we studying animals and we try and get the children to program not</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:32'>robots but things that are much more biologically acceptable</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:56'>now you might wonder where are the computers in this classroom well one of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:01'>the problems with these computers is that they're bulky so we took every</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:05'>horizontal surfaces in the entire school out and replace them with tables that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:09'>have Macintoshes under them so there are hundreds of Macintoshes in the school</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:14'>but they're all underneath the surfaces so the teachers don't want to move them</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:19'>out of the classroom the teachers don't want to shove them around to the side they're just part of the normal working</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:24'>environment of the school and they're on all the time no computer classrooms no</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:28'>shoved against the wall</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:53'>guys these are some animations we did a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:57'>few years ago and HyperCard just as an idea of what things might look like</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:01'>eventually there's no intelligence behind these models hey guys i am going</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:08'>for a swim in the scene</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:25'>hey</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:33'>if you're asking for every player has agent needs food and the whale come up</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:38'>the way I also have some Asian food all right let me tell you why because when</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:45'>the agent looks in his world what we're</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:49'>seeing here is a they have seminars where they talk over different problem</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:54'>solving strategies the teacher this particular teacher happens to like to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:58'>solve problems and she likes to discuss them with the kids then the kids have to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:03'>go off and figure it out for themselves it doesn't look at himself it looks at</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:07'>the world beyond him so that's why it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:11'>only looks at those players who have food but it doesn't count himself but if</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:18'>he asked for every player in the universe it would include himself and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:25'>this is kind of important for you to think about because when he when they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:30'>have to start giving birth to eat to themselves so they won't die off they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:36'>have to be able to count everything in the universe why Dean Cain</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:45'>50 count how many there are like if</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:49'>there was only one left in was himself competative journalist and then he left</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:53'>bar and then he got true protein what's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:58'>my friend it was a whale who lived to know Jay just off the Pacific coast it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:08:03'>is the time of year when the whales migrate down to Mexico to me and to give</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:08:08'>birth to their babies who were conceived the year before I do that you don't want</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:08:20'>emotion thank you okay go to the top</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:08:45'>works with those two on and I move away</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:08:58'>now here's a more complicated one these these models use the Minsky and Papert</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:02'>Society of mind architecture applied in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:07'>a language for children that was developed in part here at the Media Lab by Mike Travers one of the graduate</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:14'>students here's a more complicated one the clownfish in the lower left is just</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:19'>going about its business feeding one of the things that they do is to find a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:23'>favorite see an enemy and acclimate to it that's what it's doing now they spend</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:28'>a little more time in the monks to poison of the enemy and gradually get</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:33'>immune to it so that they can use it as a place to hide when some predator comes</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:40'>a lot the shark right now is quite a distance away and it doesn't notice the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:45'>clownfish and the clownfish doesn't notice it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:53'>here's some more acclamation closer into the tentacles this time</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:09'>now this lucky clownfish is been doing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:13'>it often enough so it is actually acclimated to the anenih me so when the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:19'>shark sees it and starts pursuing its</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:28'>able to run back to the enemy and the shark can only get so close to the enemy</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:32'>report backs off but of course it wants</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:37'>to come back again</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:46'>so computers are media to think with as</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:50'>Seymour said so eloquently a long time ago in Nicholas's book 20 years ago he</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:56'>said he dedicated it to the first machine who can appreciate the gesture</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:02'>and I think he meant not the gesture like this but the gesture of having a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:06'>book dedicated to it he also said in the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:11'>preface of it that it was all beginnings in no end well I think that's the perfect definition of a research lab a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:16'>my answer to the question of what is the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:21'>next computer revolution it's the one in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:25'>which happens in the context of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:29'>whole person and in the whole person's world that it's not just something that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:33'>we apply in isolation to solve small problems but it's one that like media</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:37'>surrounds us as we've tried to do with the children thank you very much and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:42'>happy 5th birthday ok</subtitle>
<subtitle id='4308'>you </subtitle>

Alan Kay at MIT Media Lab 5th Anniversary Event (1990)

2017-12-31T05:56:43Z

MrSteve:

{{#evt:
service=youtubeIA
|id=6Ysu1mDxxbc
|alignment=left
|autoresize=true
}}

<subtitle id='00:00:00'> never know what Nicholas was going to say actually the turned out that the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:08'>bearnaise on the hot dog didn't sell well if I remember we're no longer on</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:13'>that board anniversaries get people to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:22'>think of other anniversaries there lots</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:26'>of them happening this year one of them is the 50th anniversary of Fantasia and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:33'>Fantasia I think for many of us in this audience and at MIT and elsewhere was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:40'>something we grew up on as a kind of a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:44'>dream of bringing our ideas to life and a lot of us saw the computer is a way of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:50'>more quickly with more depth more</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:54'>dimension more meaning to be able to project ideas that we had within within</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:00'>ourselves into this magic new medium and have them come to life just as the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:07'>disney people did with great art but much more laboriously many years ago I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:12'>think a good way to start this this lecture is to think 40 years ago not 50</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:19'>the 40 years ago was the when two very</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:26'>diverse very at opposite poles machines</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:31'>were introduced to the to the world and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:35'>one of them of course was the UNIVAC one the first commercial digital computer</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:42'>thing that a digital computer its people's minds it had whirling tape</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:47'>drives the first whirling tape drives and it predicted an election not long</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:53'>after that on television and so it became in the public's mind what a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:59'>computer was all about now in the other</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:05'>machine that was at the farthest pole of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:09'>thinking from the univac one also came about 19</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:13'>50 and I actually spent quite a bit with some assistance this summer trying to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:18'>find some film footage of it because I was sure that some must exist and after</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:24'>much scurrying around in England then looking at old newsreels and so forth we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:29'>finally found what i think is the earliest footage of this machine which I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:33'>think symbolizes the transition from the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:38'>UNIVAC 1 to what's going to happen over the next 10 years and i think i need the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:42'>the slides off because i'm going to show some video thank you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:59'>in a simple Ville on the outskirts of Bristol lives Dr. Grey Walter a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:04'>neurologist who makes robots as a hobby they are small and he doesn't dress them</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:09'>up to look like men he calls them tortoises and so cunningly have their</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:13'>insides being designed that they respond to the stimuli of light and touch in a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:18'>completely lifelike manner</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:38'>this model is named Elsie and she sees out of a photoelectric cell which</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:43'>rotates above her body when light strikes the cell driving and steering</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:48'>mechanism sends her hurrying towards it if she brushes against any object in her</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:52'>path contacts are operated that turn the steering away and so automatically she</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:58'>takes avoiding action</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:34'>Mrs. Walters pet his Elma, Elsie's brother in the darker vest he works in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:39'>exactly the same way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:49'>Dr. Walter says that his electronic toys work exactly as though they have a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:53'>simple two cell nervous system and that with more cells they will be able to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:58'>do many more tricks already Elsie has one up on Elmer when her batteries begin to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:03'>fail she automatically runs home to her kennel but charging up and in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:07'>consequence can live a much gayer life</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:17'>so I officially present this footage to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:21'>Nicholas Seymour Papert and Marvin Minsky for it means something to each</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:27'>one of this this is the original tortoise that inspired the logo turtle</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:33'>and it also inspired a lot of early work</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:37'>in artificial intelligence and what's interesting about the way the last 40</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:41'>years have transpired is that digital computers have taken over but in fact</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:46'>where things are going now are much more towards the kinds of control systems</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:53'>kinds of what you might call wet mentalities that device like the great</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:00'>Walter turtle has well the biggest</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:04'>problem with with computers is that they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:09'>were larger than than human scale and the mechanisms we have in our mind for</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:14'>dealing with things are larger than human scale are those of religions so of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:18'>course we had a priesthood and special</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:22'>time special rituals all of that stuff and a lot of what has happened in the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:27'>last 40 years has been to try and find ways to bring the machine into human</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:32'>scale without losing any of its promise</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:36'>what I'd like to do is give you a couple</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:40'>of ways that I think about this stuff and one of them is thinking in general</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:46'>terms about the way humans have extended themselves over the last several hundred</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:52'>thousand years and of course the first one that we think of is that we extend</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:56'>ourselves through tools levers screwdrivers wheels and so forth less</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:03'>often we think of language and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:07'>mathematics as tools but they also are ways of creating objects for things that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:15'>we want to deal with and we manipulate them and all of these tools allow us to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:21'>extend various of our senses and for a long time we thought of the computer as</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:26'>a kind of a tool and one of the ways that we've grappled with it is to try and make it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:30'>act more like the kinds of tools that were used to now less often thought of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:35'>extension is one that was identified many years ago by mumford who said for</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:42'>most of the history of human beings most of the machines that we've built have</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:47'>had other humans as moving parts he called these mega machines and societies</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:52'>groups an organization like this the media lab all of these are a consequence</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:57'>of our ability to take on other people's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:02'>goals our interest in taking on people's goals and our interest in getting people</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:06'>to take on our goals of course agents</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:10'>can take on a goal and can manipulate tools to carry out our wishes while</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:14'>we're doing things but more importantly an agent can deal with other agents and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:20'>I think of the the M word here for</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:24'>agents as being management so to me a tool is something that we look at and we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:29'>manipulate and an agent is something that looks at us and we manage the agent</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:35'>and of course the mainframes were neither and so the struggle was started</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:41'>in the 1950s in 1962 try and find a way of bringing this into some sort of human</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:46'>scale now I like to show you a couple of early efforts</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:04'>here's a picture that could have been taken in somebody's office here at MIT</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:08'>but actually it was taken in 1965 this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:15'>is Douglas Engelbart sitting at his</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:20'>first version of a what you might call not a personal computer but personal</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:25'>computing he has a mouse he has a black on white 19 inch screen and here's the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:32'>kind of media that he dealt back sat</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:44'>exactly branch on me and let me look just that low and I see it oh I can say</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:51'>I'd like to see one line only I can see</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:55'>but there's another thing I can do theres a route I said i have here</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:04'>so here I'm it i'll need a different pictures of you so here's what i do with</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:09'>a picture drawing capability here so slight and lamp if i start from work and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:13'>here's the route i seem to have to go to pick up all the materials and that's my</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:17'>plan for getting home tonight but if I want to I can say the library what am I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:22'>supposed to pick up there I can just point to that you know oh I see overdue</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:27'>books and all while there was a statement there with that name go back what if I once my supposed to pick up</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:32'>the drugstore hmm I see you interesting all right market can do things if I want</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:40'>to just say I'd like to interchange projects and can materials bingo and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:46'>they're all numbered right if I care to look interchanging them very quickly</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:50'>cans are going to get interchange with products they do it and all gets me</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:56'>numbered so that's a very tool based way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:01'>of thinking about things you're indicating things on the screen moving</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:05'>them around Engelbart was one of the of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:09'>a number of people in the 50s and 60s that realize that although you could</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:13'>drop a computer and break it just like you can drop a book into a fire and burn</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:19'>it that the contents of the computer or</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:23'>of the book can be a story or a description of things that can't exist</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:28'>physically in the world you can have a story in a book about a place that has an inverse cube law doesn't seem to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:33'>exist in in this world the computer can</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:37'>add more dimensions than this world has to a way of looking at data and so that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:41'>if you have a 15 dimensional space of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:46'>interesting things the computer can give you 16 dimensions and bring all of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:50'>interesting points together at one one place and that led to a number of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:55'>different ways of thinking about the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:00'>computer Engelbart's metaphor was the computer as a vehicle he thought of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:06'>big mainframes as being like railroads that were owned by institutions and the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:11'>institutions decided when you could use them and decided what you could use them</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:15'>for and Engelbart wanted to be Henry Ford he</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:19'>wanted everybody to have their own vehicle used to say phrases like we need</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:24'>to deal with thought vectors and concept space I don't think he knew what that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:28'>meant we certainly didn't but it sounded</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:32'>great and it gave rise to this notion that in order to bring the computer down</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:38'>into our world we have to have some way of interacting with it in a closer</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:44'>fashion and so the the urge was to bring the computer cycles closer to the user</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:50'>and that's what gave rise to machines like this and this is one that I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:54'>designed it's a picture of it on its own display back in the late 60s and it even</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:03'>had a user interface on it although back</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:07'>then there's a wonderful phrase about user interface user interfaces was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:12'>called it's when the flesh hits the steel and that phrase is very much about</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:20'>because there's really no notion of there being an intermediary between you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:25'>and the hardness of the machine and this this machine have multiple windows and a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:31'>number of other ideas on it but it was a little bit like trying to make an apple</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:36'>pie from random ingredients found in the kitchen you don't have any apples so you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:41'>decide to use bananas you don't have any flour so you grind up Cheerios and so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:47'>forth I randomly substituting for all of the ingredients in a typical pie you can</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:51'>make something but in this case this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:55'>turned out to be a bit of a mess only</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:59'>graduate students liked it sort of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:03'>kiss of death for any computer system</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:09'>reason of course as graduate students are going through a rite of passage when they're trying to prove how smart they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:14'>are and how many amazing things that they can remember and so they turn out</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:18'>to be pretty much the world's worst user interface design right I was a graduate</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:22'>student when I designed this so I'm speaking with authority now right about</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:28'>the same time that this was going on there is a whole different way of looking at interaction and one of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:35'>ways that I used to illustrate that is some film footage taken at rand</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:40'>corporation on a system that they made</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:44'>for Rand economists and other non computer types The Economist's of course</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:51'>are that group of people that if you lay them end to end they still won't be able</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:55'>to reach a conclusion and the Economist</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:00'>didn't even like to type they like to write things on legal pads and they said</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:06'>the RAM people can't you do something about that so here's an example of something that was adapted from some</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:13'>early work here at MIT by Marvin Minsky and war entitlement to do a system that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:20'>would interpret gestures as expressed on</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:24'>a data tablet so here's what that looks like</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:38'>first we erase a flow arrow then move</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:42'>the connector out of the way so that we may draw a box in its place the printing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:51'>in the box is being new commentary only in this case the box is slightly too</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:57'>large so we may change its size where modern day window control came from</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:01'>literally then dry flow from the connector to the box attached a decision</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:08'>element to the box and dry flow from it to scan we then erased the flow arrows</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:15'>attached to the process post new area and move the box to a new position this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:25'>allows us to draw a new box well that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:34'>was a tremendous change in the way we felt about using computers I had a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:42'>chance to use that for half an hour in 1968 and felt like I was thinking my</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:46'>hands right through the glass of the display and touching the information</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:51'>structures directly inside unlike Engelbart's system which I had called a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:55'>personal computer this to me was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:59'>intimate this is an intimate way of interacting and so for me and for a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:05'>bunch of other people in the 60s 1968</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:09'>was my year for thinking about the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:14'>possibility of there being three major ways of interacting with a computer of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:21'>three paradigms three frameworks for thinking about interaction and the thing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:27'>that clinched it for me was seeing going</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:32'>out and visiting Seymour's one of Seymour's first installations in a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:38'>school watching them use the logo turtle</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:42'>the descendant of the great Walter turtle, cause Seymour had this terrific idea that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:47'>wouldn't it be great to let kids actually build the kinds of mechanisms</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:51'>that would animate a turtle around and they would learn a lot about their world and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:56'>a lot about thinking about the world from from doing that and I've never</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:00'>recovered from that because once I saw that to me the computer was no longer a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:05'>vehicle in the nation at risk report the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:11'>recommendation is that every child in the US should have one semester of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:16'>computers in their senior year of high school that's their strong</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:22'>recommendation about computers and that's driver's ed that is treating the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:28'>computer like a vehicle it's not the cars aren't important it's that they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:32'>aren't central the central things to us are the media the intermediaries with</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:38'>how we work with the world and if you can get rid of that slide that'd be</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:42'>great I think everybody has figured that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:48'>out by now thank you the that led to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:57'>thinking of a computer in a completely different way this is a cardboard model</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:01'>I made in 1968 just since become known</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:05'>as the dynabook and we actually loaded</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:10'>this cardboard model up with a variety of lead pellets to try and find out how</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:15'>heavy it could be before people would always take it with them not find an</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:20'>excuse to leave it behind and turns out</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:24'>that the weight that we determined has not yet been reached by any computer company so this machine is still a bit</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:31'>in the future but it expresses a different kind of relationship with the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:35'>machine and something that wants to start much earlier in the life of a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:41'>human being and so one of the ways of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:47'>thinking of it is if we compare these three</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:53'>ways of looking at it we can say well where is the computer in the past it was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:58'>in the glasshouse today in personal computing it's on our desk and in the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:04'>future it's going to be with us all the time in California will weave it into</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:09'>our t-shirts Nicholas said 10 years ago</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:15'>that will know in the future appears when our cufflinks committed communicate</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:21'>with our watched by means of satellite</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:26'>it's when such hyperbole is not outrageous that you know a paradigm</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:31'>shift has actually happened and as an interesting analogy here to the history</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:37'>of publishing in 1400 AD there are three</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:41'>hundred ninety two books in the Vatican Library one of the largest libraries in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:46'>Europe and in 1452 or thereabouts--</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:51'>Gutenberg printed his first Bible and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:55'>that Bible the 42 line Bible was as big as the hand-written manuscripts that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:02'>have been so laboriously copied by monks during the Middle Ages and the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:07'>reason it was that big is that that was what books were if you look at pictures</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:14'>woodcuts or you visit the modern</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:18'>recreation of what a library was like then they didn't shelve the books most</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:23'>libraries back then had so few books that each book had its own reading table</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:28'>and the books were chained to it you look at this table table book with</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:34'>chains the thing that comes to mind inescapably is a time-sharing bullpen</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:40'>because these are institutionally owned items and Gutenberg didn't know what</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:47'>else to do but to make them that size and much more interesting revolution</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:53'>happened a few years later when Aldus now has a company named after him Aldus</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:59'>Manutius who was a Venetian publisher did two remarkable things first he was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:05'>one of the major driving forces behind publishing things other than</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:09'>Bibles and he isn't he and his sons over the next century published 40,000</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:15'>different books most of them from gathering up Greek and Roman writings</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:21'>spreading them all over Europe he did one other thing that will forever endear</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:25'>himself to me he decided that book should be this big and he decided they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:31'>should be this big because that was the size that saddle bags were in Venice in the 1490s in other words Aldus realized</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:39'>something very important and that is the books could now be lost and because they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:46'>could now be lost they could now be taken with they now could go out and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:51'>become a mass medium now again we're in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:55'>this interesting stage because we're not in a place where r we're willing to have our computers be lost watches their $10</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:04'>swatch watches or something like that willing to have them be lost maybe a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:09'>pocket calculator it's not a tragedy if it gets lost paper and pencil it's not a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:13'>tragedy but still with our multi-thousand dollar computers sitting</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:19'>on our desks we're actually still in the Gutenberg era and the interesting thing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:24'>about history is that nothing that happened between Gutenberg and Aldus</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:28'>counted none of those behavior patterns</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:32'>had anything to do with what happened in the post Aldus area as we went into the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:36'>16th century so drawing curves as a way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:40'>of predicting the computer doesn't work very well when you're in these interesting transition periods well</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:45'>another way of looking at these three</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:50'>paradigms is to ask what kinds of information do we use letter and numbers</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:55'>with institutional computing fonts and graphics on modern personal computing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:01'>and as Nicholas likes the show with his imploding his teething rings for the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:07'>media lab as he likes to call them that it's going to be all media coming together because the computer is a meta</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:12'>media its content is all media all</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:16'>intermediaries that one is pretty much of a no-brainer but it's amazing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:20'>how long it has taken for that to even that simple idea to sink in how do we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:26'>print impact printing big laser printing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:30'>personal laser printers with personal computing and no printing as we move on</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:37'>into the next ten years because the information is going to be too</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:41'>interesting to destroy by printing it out right now is an index of how paltry</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:48'>our use of the computer is that we can actually print it out and feel good about it we actually haven't heard</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:54'>anything because our information for the most part is not in dimensionally</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:59'>intertwined it's not in the form of a dynamic simulation it's not any of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:04'>things that the computer is really about</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:08'>field of interaction feels like line editing on institutional computing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:15'>layout on computers like the Macintosh</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:19'>moving things around but in the new</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:28'>paradigm it's going to feel more like conducting because we're going to move from passive information to active</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:34'>information we're going to move from objects to agents and so it's going to be</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:38'>a little bit more like summoning forth lots of assistance at different times</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:43'>and checking out what their goals are and our they're checking out what our</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:48'>goals are and and so forth so each one of these is a completely different way of thinking about it and one of the ways</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:54'>of thinking about the differentiation between the institutional and the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:00'>personal here is that even when graphical interfaces were done in the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:04'>60s for the most part all interfaces were thought of their main task was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:09'>accessed to function so this notion that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:13'>inside the computer is sort of something like a big nuclear reactor or a power station there's all that function and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:19'>what we need to have is a way of getting to each of these pieces of function will</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:23'>map them into control keys and and double control meta y keys and that way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:29'>of thinking about things and the revolution that made the second</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:35'>paradigm the personal computer paradigm is going from that stance to realizing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:40'>that the main job of the user interface is to make the user aware of what the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:44'>possibilities are in other words the user interface now goes from being</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:49'>control of function to a learning environment and of course I should</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:56'>mention that the the main job of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:00'>intimate computer user interface is to do a lot of learning itself so we go</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:05'>from no learning or learning of the most back-breaking kind to making it easier</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:12'>for the user to learn and then finally we want the system to learn how do we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:17'>give commands we have to remember everything and type see and point where we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:23'>are now and in the future is going to be asked and gesture because the computer</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:28'>is going to be watching us not us just watching it what kind of languages do we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:33'>program it in weekly modular data</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:37'>structured procedures cobol one of the surest predictions that we can make</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:42'>about the future is that 10 years from now there will still be a lot of COBOL programmers this personal computing way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:54'>of doing things is pretty much object-oriented after right far fewer</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:59'>lines of code and there's a new kind of programming that people are starting to do called agent oriented programming and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:07'>one way of thinking about all of these paradigms is to compare them with</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:11'>architecture of taking a civilization like the Greeks whose main way of making</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:18'>big buildings was post and lintel pilot block box like that and you get</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:24'>buildings about this size and if you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:28'>want to make a building a lot bigger and let in more light this architecture doesn't work you have to change to a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:33'>different kind of architecture like the gothic arch and if you do that you can make</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:38'>buildings much larger with about the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:43'>same amount of material and when they say just about somebody he doesn't have</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:49'>enough bricks to make a wall that might not be a slam because you might have</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:57'>enough bricks to make an arch he's got enough bricks to make an arch she's a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:01'>lot better off than people who only have enough bricks to make walls and of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:06'>course the big change in the last several hundred years is going from structures that just push against each</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:11'>other to this notion of the higher</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:15'>strength of materials under tension if you get materials that you can tense as</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:20'>well as compressed you can make structures like geodesic domes that will</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:25'>fit over all of the cathedrals that have ever been made in the world and these are completely separate ways of thinking</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:31'>about things and one of the answers to the question that's the title of my</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:35'>lecture is what is the next computer</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:39'>revolution going to be like well it's going to be technologically it's going to be like what I just told you that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:44'>we're going to intimate machines they'll always be networked there will be</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:49'>information utilities the systems will</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:53'>learn and so forth now for many people this is big news but in fact if you go</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:58'>back in the history of computer science you find people like Marvin Minsky and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:03'>John McCarthy writing papers in the late 50s and early 60s about this this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:09'>happens to be not just the fifth anniversary of the media lab but it's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:14'>also the 20th anniversary of Nicholas's book called the architecture machine</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:18'>which is all about this third way of looking at things now for my standpoint</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:24'>since I am not particularly enamored of technology this is a very incomplete</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:30'>answer and I would like to try and go to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:34'>a different way of thinking about things that involves people much more strongly</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:40'>and to do that we have to have some sense</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:45'>of how people's minds work this is for</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:49'>many years and in engineering is where the rubber met the sky because engineers</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:56'>tend to like controllable elements and people aren't all that controllable and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:01'>as a behavioral mechanism we are exasperating and so there's been a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:07'>tendency of actually trying to get people to be more like machines rather</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:11'>than the other way around and give you an example of why this is difficult to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:16'>deal with take a look at one of my favorite pictures here and what you see</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:24'>here let's pretend we're in school because actually we are in school we're in a university let me give you an</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:30'>English sentence about this picture what we've done with this picture is to take</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:35'>a picture of a young girl extracted her eyes and mouth turn them upside down and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:41'>put them back into the picture and then turn the entire picture upside down that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:46'>sound reasonable to everybody okay so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:50'>having said that you should be completely prepared than for what it looks like right side up I'm going to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:58'>turn this back because I've discovered nobody will listen to me when it's on the other way so this is one of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:09'>flaws of trying to give lectures in English because a nation is actually not</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:16'>convertible except outside of the human</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:22'>domain within the human domain we actually have different parts of our</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:26'>brain that respond the things in different ways and this is one of the reasons why McDonald's doesn't run print</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:31'>ads saying if you eat a McDonald's hamburger you'll become a better looking</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:35'>person because in English it's absurd so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:39'>instead what they do is to run an ad showing pictures of really good-looking people eating McDonald's hamburgers and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:44'>a different part of your mind takes that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:48'>information and makes a different kind of inference the kind of inference that the ad people want you in fact we have a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:54'>part of our mind that thinks things are more true if they rhyme so if I were to say to you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:00'>a big mac and fries will slender your thighs sound more convincing the whole</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:10'>idea here is that as people started to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:15'>suspect about starting about a hundred years ago with Freud Piaget Brunner</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:21'>Minsky and Papert that what we don't have inside of our head is the oneness a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:29'>vast beautiful seamless fabric of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:33'>mentality but instead what we have is something much more like a patchwork quilt and in fact the patchwork quilt</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:38'>has little mechanisms that pop us from one part of the quilt to another</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:43'>whenever we get too close to one of the boundaries and it's you have to do things like this to show that there is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:48'>an actual patchwork quilt there so we have this idea of multiple mentalities</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:55'>and Piaget was one of the first to study</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:00'>the very different ways that children have of dealing with the world as they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:05'>move through stages of development early in a child's life an object is to grab</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:10'>it a hole is to dig it thinking is doing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:14'>in many ways later on the child is more</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:18'>visually centered child says there's more water in the tall glass when you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:23'>pour from the squat class the tall one because it looks that way and then</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:28'>finally it around 11 or 12 there's a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:32'>facts and logic stage where logical operations are carried out and the child</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:38'>can make deductions based on facts like there can't be more water because where</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:42'>would it go where would it come from so forth now of course at least this was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:48'>true in 11 and 12 year old Swiss French kids in America there's a lot of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:53'>evidence that American kids never get to this facts and logic stage</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:01'>now Brunner in the 50s and 60s redid</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:07'>some of Piaget's experiments but he added some twists so he took the water pouring</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:11'>experiment and after the kids said there's more water in the tall glass</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:16'>Brunner put a cardboard so the kid couldn't see the tall glass anymore and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:20'>the kid would change his mind back say oh there can't be more and then Brunner</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:24'>would take whip Brunner would take the cardboard away and the kid would say oh</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:29'>but look there's more water Brunner would put the cardboard back and the kid would</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:33'>change his mind again so if you have any six-year-olds you'd like to torment and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:40'>what Brunner was in his way was getting</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:45'>closer to this idea of multiple mentalities as well that it isn't just a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:53'>metamorphosis like a caterpillar into a butterfly which is pretty much the way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:57'>Piaget thought of it but actually different modules being able to deal</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:02'>with it within different ways and a change in dominance to express the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:06'>piaget expression now there are many things that you can do with this suppose</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:11'>you wanted to design a user interface for a computer that was like a tool and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:16'>we have to think about what each of these mentalities actually does so an</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:21'>example the body-centered one is the one that knows where we are in space we can</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:25'>close our eyes and touch our nose when in touch our hands behind our back if</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:30'>you blind us we can still orient ourselves but if we aren't as</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:34'>unfortunate enough to suffer a brain lesion that takes part of a limb out of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:39'>our body map then even though it's physically attached to us it's like</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:43'>somebody else's so this orienting</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:47'>centering groundedness is something that the body mentality brings to us the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:53'>visually sent mentality is wonderfully</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:58'>adept at dealing with various kinds of tricks for instance if we were to put a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:02'>hundred images of animals on a wall you'd be able to find the elephant</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:07'>almost four times as fast as you could the word elephant if the images were</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:12'>replaced words now let me try and experiment this I realize that this is a very academic</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:17'>body here but let me ask how many people</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:21'>here watch television be honest okay how</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:26'>many people flip channels all right how</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:32'>many people have ever flipped a channel randomly into a movie they haven't seen</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:37'>for 18 years how long did it take you to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:41'>recognize that you'd seen that movie before how long yeah somewhere between a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:48'>half a second and a couple of seconds think about what that meant 18 years ago</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:53'>you saw a movie you didn't know you're</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:57'>going to be tested on it you randomly</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:03'>without any preparation pop into the middle of it and all of a sudden in 30</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:10'>frames or so of seeing that movie you suddenly recognize what it is think of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:15'>what that means in the context of your entire life most people can remember</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:19'>what's going to happen next if you stop the movie after they've recognized that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:23'>they know what the next scene is going to be so that is a mentality that begged</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:29'>to be exploited and what it says is that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:33'>we should always be able to present about a hundred things in the visual</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:37'>field because the user can be aware of them subliminally and if we present them</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:42'>in recognizable scenes the user can store hundreds thousands millions of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:47'>different scenes and remember that they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:51'>were there before then finally the symbolically centered mentality is much</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:55'>more interested in changing things so if</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:59'>its biggest problem is finding the right context because it is not a context</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:04'>chooser so if your visual mentality work</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:08'>the way your symbolic one the first thing you opened your eyes and saw in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:12'>the morning would be what you'd be staring at several hours later that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:16'>doesn't work so well so we have a grounding mentality we have a flitting</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:21'>around mentality that's aware of lots of things and we have one</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:25'>likes to make chains and somehow we should be able to put all of those things together here's one of the ways</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:31'>whoops sorry can you turn that off please that's the end of the slides we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:40'>want to be able to put these things together and if we do we'll find</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:44'>ourselves fitting much more closely to the way human mentalities work</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:06'>so this is a 22 month old little girl and she has never lived in a world not</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:13'>densely populated by Macintoshes her</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:18'>mother is my accountant both her mother and father work at home each of them has</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:22'>a mac this is back five years ago in 1985 and when I found out the little</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:27'>girl was interested in computers I gave</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:31'>her an apple to which she rejected she</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:39'>wanted what her folks had now I have to warn you hear that not to be impressed</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:44'>because this is not her first time on the machine she's been using the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:49'>computer for about six months so she's actually a fairly experienced user and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:56'>long time ago we designed this user interface for children but never any of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:03'>this young so it's really interesting to see a child used the machine that was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:08'>actually designed for them and so here</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:12'>she's using the visible menus of mac paint and I saw it I thought all right</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:18'>this is impressed i've i've never seen a child this young is this machine before but ok I it should work but then what</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:25'>happened next really amazed me she wants a fresh sheet of paper so she goes to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:30'>the closed box on the window she saves her old drawing with a pop-up and she</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:37'>goes to the pulldown to get a new one</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:48'>well that was pretty and that was a home movie made by her father and we did</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:54'>about another 10 hours of testing this child on various Macintosh applications</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:00'>and we discovered it across applications she was about seventy percent literate</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:06'>that is she could take a really complicated application like aldus pagemaker a desktop publishing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:10'>application started up make marks and it print the marks out save the marks away</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:16'>get the marks back about seventy percent of the things that Macintosh users</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:21'>expect from application to application she in her horizon already by age 22</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:30'>months okay so that answers one question</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:35'>about this notion a computer illiteracy</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:39'>one when we're talking about situations</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:43'>like literacy and illiteracy they don't really obtain when the object in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:48'>question is a professional that we don't</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:52'>have a term called healtharcy and ill-healtharcy because medicine is a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:58'>profession there wasn't a term called literacy and illiteracy back in the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:02'>Middle Ages when writing was a profession as soon as you spread it out to the public you start getting</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:07'>interested in these notions of can people access things made for them by</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:11'>others that's like reading but what about the more important thing can</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:15'>people make things that are like the things that other people make so here's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:20'>an example of something that we did about 15 years ago</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:33'>and this is the logo turtle with a different architecture and it's a little</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:41'>application like Mac draw object oriented illustration system designed</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:47'>and built by 12 year old girl so this is an</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:51'>end-user program not a program that you'd buy in a store for ninety-nine</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:55'>dollars from egghead software has lots of features you can change size and move</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:00'>things around because of the change in architecture of going from normal data</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:08'>structure and procedure programming to object-oriented programming the amount</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:12'>of code she had the right to do this application was only about a page long so this is not a large program and one</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:18'>of the things that you have to do when you're working with any kind of novice user is make sure the programs they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:23'>write are not terribly long well so that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:27'>was an attempt to get kids and users to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:31'>be both able to access and able to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:36'>generate the same kinds of things that we're going to run on their paradigm of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:40'>computing but now we have a new paradigm of computing it's going to involve</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:44'>agents and artificial intelligence so a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:48'>few years ago I got interested in the idea of trying to set up a design a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:56'>system that would allow children to do artificial intelligence kind of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:00'>programming in other words they would be making things now much less like robots</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:05'>and much more like the gray Walter turtle things that mimic life in a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:12'>number of different ways I like to show you a bit of that project this project</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:16'>is done in a rather large scale we have an entire school it has now 375 children</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:22'>12 teachers and we've been working there for about five years and one of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:28'>things that we found is that technology is not something that you can put in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:33'>like raisins and upon pudding there's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:37'>all this other stuff is the entire life of the child that you have to consider</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:41'>and the framework of the school we're lucky to find a terrific school</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:46'>to Los Angeles bussing school so it's a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:50'>public school and the children are all shapes sizes colors Creed's ethnic</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:56'>backgrounds bust in most of them for more than an hour to get to the school</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:00'>those of demographers paradise and we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:04'>found it very interesting to introduce ideas into the school in a gradual</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:09'>fashion I'd like to show you some of those</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:39'>so that the kids are all kinds of kids</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:44'>and one of the things they've done here is to tear up part of their asphalt</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:50'>playground and build a garden this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:54'>garden was actually designed by the children you'll see a little bit you'll get an idea of how children could design</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:59'>something like this in in just a minute</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:05'>and because we're studying animals as</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:09'>well as plants they have a pond that has</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:13'>all kinds of life forms and the children actually built this garden themselves</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:21'>now I'm not going to explain to you what's going on here see if you can</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:26'>imagine what it is now I'll tell you in a bit what are they doing with these</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:31'>balloons well what they were doing is designing a city and one of the reasons</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:37'>we do some of the design work with balloons is because urban renewal is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:42'>really easy the idea of to know the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:50'>world one was constructed because is strongly tied into designing a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:56'>programming environment for children because what we wanted to do is not so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:01'>much experience things that other people have set up to be more like experiencing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:07'>a television program or maybe an interactive video disc we want them to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:12'>actually make the simulations themselves because it's in making the simulations</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:17'>that the active design is most powerful</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:22'>now next few minutes I'm going to show you three large-scale projects that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:29'>we've been doing at the school one of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:33'>the things we tried to do here was to both challenge the kids and to go much</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:39'>deeper than they ordinarily are asked to go by the state educational board this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:47'>first one is a year-long project in city building and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:52'>the kids that participate in it our third and fourth graders so there are</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:56'>seven and eight and nine years old in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:00'>this project starts in September and runs through the entire year and this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:04'>will give you an idea of it I think this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:11'>is all almost all no no mrs. hansal tool</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:15'>I know but they still are everything explored of it everybody say I know but</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:20'>they're already something you should make something is already Salinas joris</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:26'>the penis is already something every single after everything this is only</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:31'>styrofoam nobody lady out of something I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:35'>know every as late as something accident</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:39'>from a balloon doesn't mean we don't have a design knowledge now to make</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:44'>buildings exactly like they would have to make it a hundred years we're making</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:48'>models ideas for what buildings could be</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:52'>like in a hundred years we don't have the materials we're going to happen 100 years I did red stripes right</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:50:37'>okay did you get that color name red red</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:03'>what do you belviq i'm doing a factory</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:35'>wait do it again and stay here and do</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:40'>the character park you'll be the building y'all be the building yes why</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:45'>on the prison and he's the building these the buildings okay welcome to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:59'>fantasy mall we have lots of stuff the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:52:20'>building collapsed he was trying to see the moon and there nothing collapsed my</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:52:27'>apartment building and on the top is a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:52:31'>swimming pool never got this is a cold day in rainier so you can have an indoor</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:52:36'>central and it's a hot you open it up and you can I here down here tomorrow</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:14'>he'll be our future city is opening as you can see i'll transfer k our monorail</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:20'>has just been strong</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:24'>and all the buildings are beginning to look like buildings all the buildings</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:30'>are being checked and painting now our</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:34'>he cannot pick up the site husband useful because of the monorail and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:39'>transportation we now have these things on our site everybody that wants bad air</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:47'>transportation land on your site must cabinet right Iggy foxes out</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:52'>Commissioner tova cats design this whole</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:57'>monorail see what household monorail and monorail station the Commissioner of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:03'>lands who doesn't exhaust you all for helping us with sidewalks these are my</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:09'>sidewalks my bold earthquake tested and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:17'>alarming teleporting man he puts ebook</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:22'>paper towel rolls on our site static patella to have it be a teleporting</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:27'>station their cities he's getting to look like a real City try getting to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:31'>look like Judy Landers on the monorail calvada getting to Los Angeles cuz of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:36'>the help crowd is starting today less</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:40'>crowded than it was when we were making our study models</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:46'>I level or I level 1 inch tall but will</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:58'>question building so that's a very okay</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:10'>as see more I'm sure will echo when when you actually go into a school and start</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:15'>working with the kids the first reaction is one of shock because the enormity of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:23'>the experience the amount of energy the amount of body learning that the kids</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:28'>need to do completely dominates all the things that you wanted to do with</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:32'>computers and the first thing you realize when you actually go into school</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:36'>and do this stuff for real is that you better worry about curriculum far</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:42'>outside the media that you're going to use because there's so many different</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:47'>dimensions and this is a project in which most of the things that are</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:51'>available on computers now are of almost no use the kids do a little bit of work</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:56'>with Macintoshes in doing this but 99%</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:01'>of it is this huge experience with doing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:05'>things with their hands and their bodies and crawling over the thing and so forth</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:09'>so one of the objectives in this project</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:13'>was to develop I don't want to say the word peach but develop every child as a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:18'>designer and it takes about three years</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:22'>to get a curriculum like this self-sustaining so people who put try to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:27'>put curriculum in a school and measure it after the first year are making a big</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:31'>mistake takes about three years to get something like this going and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:35'>self-sustaining now another thing we started about four years ago was to develop every child in the school as a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:40'>musician you may see some commonality</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:45'>between those two ideas because music is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:49'>another one of these things that has lots of things interacting with itself</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:53'>part of it is in the interest and what each individual thing is doing and part</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:57'>of the interest is and how they interact we want the kids to be able to think about their world in those terms and so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:03'>we did each year we put on a musical</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:08'>this year it was pirates of penzance and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:13'>this was the best one that we've ever ever had i have a few excerpts of it to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:18'>give you an idea the the oldest child in this is 11 the youngest child in it is 6</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:23'>was completely voluntary the pool of children we had to work with for this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:27'>was about 150 children 120 of those 150</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:31'>possible volunteered and appeared in the show they insisted i'm doing the entire</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:37'>Pirates of Penzance line for line we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:41'>started off with one that was broken down they constantly wanted more we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:45'>wanted to go back they insisted in singing in four-part harmony where it was called for this is a perfect example</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:50'>of something that the kids worked like dogs for four months on and put on a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:56'>fantastic show one of the best theatrical presentations I've ever been to hear some of excerpts</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:08'>fishing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:30'>what I know what is it I met along and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:34'>revelry but I can talk site I'm now the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:38'>run home from a shadowy one such affairs are sorties and surprises I more wary ax</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:45'>and when it opens Leslie what is meant</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:49'>by common their progress has been made</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:54'>it modern gunnery on the object another</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:59'>in a nunnery in short one of smattering</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:00:04'>of elemental strategy</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:00:41'>hey</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:01:16'>Oh</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:01:28'>I'm telling a Terry story but it doesn't</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:00'>although our darker rear sometimes involves the crime of stealing squealing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:13'>although my stripe we're always sorry to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:18'>me</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:34'>haha</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:53'>you may go Liberty our pirate rules protecting and kind of remembers our van</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:59'>we do unless you are you x is as useful</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:07'>things to be an orphan boy</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:13'>oh happy days</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:18'>oh happy day</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:32'>oh happy</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:37'>me I you haha</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:42'>bball</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:50'>so Joe Johnson said about thinking on</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:54'>its hind legs well but one is amazed to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:58'>see it done at all and the trick in doing these kinds of things with kids is to get beyond that stage the only way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:03'>you can do it is by having something like music being a part of the child's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:08'>life all the way through their experience this is the first year in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:12'>which we all the children in it had been part of this enrichment now that's the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:18'>second way of dealing with complexity let me show you the third way and this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:22'>is because the computer some good and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:27'>here are we studying animals and we try and get the children to program not</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:32'>robots but things that are much more biologically acceptable</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:56'>now you might wonder where are the computers in this classroom well one of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:01'>the problems with these computers is that they're bulky so we took every</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:05'>horizontal surfaces in the entire school out and replace them with tables that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:09'>have Macintoshes under them so there are hundreds of Macintoshes in the school</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:14'>but they're all underneath the surfaces so the teachers don't want to move them</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:19'>out of the classroom the teachers don't want to shove them around to the side they're just part of the normal working</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:24'>environment of the school and they're on all the time no computer classrooms no</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:28'>shoved against the wall</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:53'>guys these are some animations we did a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:57'>few years ago and HyperCard just as an idea of what things might look like</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:01'>eventually there's no intelligence behind these models hey guys i am going</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:08'>for a swim in the scene</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:25'>hey</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:33'>if you're asking for every player has agent needs food and the whale come up</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:38'>the way I also have some Asian food all right let me tell you why because when</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:45'>the agent looks in his world what we're</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:49'>seeing here is a they have seminars where they talk over different problem</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:54'>solving strategies the teacher this particular teacher happens to like to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:58'>solve problems and she likes to discuss them with the kids then the kids have to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:03'>go off and figure it out for themselves it doesn't look at himself it looks at</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:07'>the world beyond him so that's why it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:11'>only looks at those players who have food but it doesn't count himself but if</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:18'>he asked for every player in the universe it would include himself and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:25'>this is kind of important for you to think about because when he when they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:30'>have to start giving birth to eat to themselves so they won't die off they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:36'>have to be able to count everything in the universe why Dean Cain</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:45'>50 count how many there are like if</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:49'>there was only one left in was himself competative journalist and then he left</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:53'>bar and then he got true protein what's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:58'>my friend it was a whale who lived to know Jay just off the Pacific coast it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:08:03'>is the time of year when the whales migrate down to Mexico to me and to give</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:08:08'>birth to their babies who were conceived the year before I do that you don't want</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:08:20'>emotion thank you okay go to the top</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:08:45'>works with those two on and I move away</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:08:58'>now here's a more complicated one these these models use the Minsky and Papert</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:02'>Society of mind architecture applied in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:07'>a language for children that was developed in part here at the Media Lab by Mike Travers one of the graduate</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:14'>students here's a more complicated one the clownfish in the lower left is just</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:19'>going about its business feeding one of the things that they do is to find a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:23'>favorite see an enemy and acclimate to it that's what it's doing now they spend</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:28'>a little more time in the monks to poison of the enemy and gradually get</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:33'>immune to it so that they can use it as a place to hide when some predator comes</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:40'>a lot the shark right now is quite a distance away and it doesn't notice the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:45'>clownfish and the clownfish doesn't notice it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:53'>here's some more acclamation closer into the tentacles this time</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:09'>now this lucky clownfish is been doing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:13'>it often enough so it is actually acclimated to the anenih me so when the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:19'>shark sees it and starts pursuing its</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:28'>able to run back to the enemy and the shark can only get so close to the enemy</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:32'>report backs off but of course it wants</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:37'>to come back again</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:46'>so computers are media to think with as</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:50'>Seymour said so eloquently a long time ago in Nicholas's book 20 years ago he</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:56'>said he dedicated it to the first machine who can appreciate the gesture</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:02'>and I think he meant not the gesture like this but the gesture of having a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:06'>book dedicated to it he also said in the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:11'>preface of it that it was all beginnings in no end well I think that's the perfect definition of a research lab a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:16'>my answer to the question of what is the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:21'>next computer revolution it's the one in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:25'>which happens in the context of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:29'>whole person and in the whole person's world that it's not just something that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:33'>we apply in isolation to solve small problems but it's one that like media</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:37'>surrounds us as we've tried to do with the children thank you very much and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:42'>happy 5th birthday ok</subtitle>
<subtitle id='4308'>you </subtitle>

Alan Kay at MIT Media Lab 5th Anniversary Event (1990)

2017-12-31T05:55:02Z

MrSteve:

{{#evt:
service=youtubeIA
|id=6Ysu1mDxxbc
|alignment=left
|autoresize=true
}}

<subtitle id='00:00:00'> never know what Nicholas was going to say actually the turned out that the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:08'>bearnaise on the hot dog didn't sell well if I remember we're no longer on</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:13'>that board anniversaries get people to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:22'>think of other anniversaries there lots</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:26'>of them happening this year one of them is the 50th anniversary of Fantasia and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:33'>Fantasia I think for many of us in this audience and at MIT and elsewhere was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:40'>something we grew up on as a kind of a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:44'>dream of bringing our ideas to life and a lot of us saw the computer is a way of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:50'>more quickly with more depth more</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:54'>dimension more meaning to be able to project ideas that we had within within</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:00'>ourselves into this magic new medium and have them come to life just as the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:07'>disney people did with great art but much more laboriously many years ago I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:12'>think a good way to start this this lecture is to think 40 years ago not 50</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:19'>the 40 years ago was the when two very</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:26'>diverse very at opposite poles machines</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:31'>were introduced to the to the world and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:35'>one of them of course was the UNIVAC one the first commercial digital computer</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:42'>thing that a digital computer its people's minds it had whirling tape</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:47'>drives the first whirling tape drives and it predicted an election not long</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:53'>after that on television and so it became in the public's mind what a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:59'>computer was all about now in the other</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:05'>machine that was at the farthest pole of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:09'>thinking from the univac one also came about 19</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:13'>50 and I actually spent quite a bit with some assistance this summer trying to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:18'>find some film footage of it because I was sure that some must exist and after</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:24'>much scurrying around in England then looking at old newsreels and so forth we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:29'>finally found what i think is the earliest footage of this machine which I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:33'>think symbolizes the transition from the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:38'>UNIVAC 1 to what's going to happen over the next 10 years and i think i need the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:42'>the slides off because i'm going to show some video thank you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:59'>in a simple Ville on the outskirts of Bristol lives Dr. Grey Walter a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:04'>neurologist who makes robots as a hobby they are small and he doesn't dress them</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:09'>up to look like men he calls them tortoises and so cunningly have their</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:13'>insides being designed that they respond to the stimuli of light and touch in a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:18'>completely lifelike manner</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:38'>this model is named Elsie and she sees out of a photoelectric cell which</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:43'>rotates above her body when light strikes the cell driving and steering</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:48'>mechanism sends her hurrying towards it if she brushes against any object in her</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:52'>path contacts are operated that turn the steering away and so automatically she</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:58'>takes avoiding action</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:34'>Mrs. Walters pet his Elma, Elsie's brother in the darker vest he works in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:39'>exactly the same way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:49'>Dr. Walter says that his electronic toys work exactly as though they have a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:53'>simple two cell nervous system and that with more cells they will be able to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:58'>do many more tricks already Elsie has one up on Elmer when her batteries begin to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:03'>fail she automatically runs home to her kennel but charging up and in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:07'>consequence can live a much gayer life</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:17'>so I officially present this footage to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:21'>Nicholas Seymour Papert and Marvin Minsky for it means something to each</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:27'>one of this this is the original tortoise that inspired the logo turtle</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:33'>and it also inspired a lot of early work</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:37'>in artificial intelligence and what's interesting about the way the last 40</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:41'>years have transpired is that digital computers have taken over but in fact</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:46'>where things are going now are much more towards the kinds of control systems</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:53'>kinds of what you might call wet mentalities that device like the great</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:00'>Walter turtle has well the biggest</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:04'>problem with with computers is that they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:09'>were larger than than human scale and the mechanisms we have in our mind for</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:14'>dealing with things are larger than human scale are those of religions so of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:18'>course we had a priesthood and special</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:22'>time special rituals all of that stuff and a lot of what has happened in the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:27'>last 40 years has been to try and find ways to bring the machine into human</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:32'>scale without losing any of its promise</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:36'>what I'd like to do is give you a couple</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:40'>of ways that I think about this stuff and one of them is thinking in general</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:46'>terms about the way humans have extended themselves over the last several hundred</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:52'>thousand years and of course the first one that we think of is that we extend</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:56'>ourselves through tools levers screwdrivers wheels and so forth less</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:03'>often we think of language and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:07'>mathematics as tools but they also are ways of creating objects for things that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:15'>we want to deal with and we manipulate them and all of these tools allow us to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:21'>extend various of our senses and for a long time we thought of the computer as</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:26'>a kind of a tool and one of the ways that we've grappled with it is to try and make it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:30'>act more like the kinds of tools that were used to now less often thought of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:35'>extension is one that was identified many years ago by mumford who said for</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:42'>most of the history of human beings most of the machines that we've built have</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:47'>had other humans as moving parts he called these mega machines and societies</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:52'>groups an organization like this the media lab all of these are a consequence</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:57'>of our ability to take on other people's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:02'>goals our interest in taking on people's goals and our interest in getting people</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:06'>to take on our goals of course agents</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:10'>can take on a goal and can manipulate tools to carry out our wishes while</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:14'>we're doing things but more importantly an agent can deal with other agents and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:20'>I think of the the M word here for</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:24'>agents as being management so to me a tool is something that we look at and we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:29'>manipulate and an agent is something that looks at us and we manage the agent</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:35'>and of course the mainframes were neither and so the struggle was started</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:41'>in the 1950s in 1962 try and find a way of bringing this into some sort of human</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:46'>scale now I like to show you a couple of early efforts</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:04'>here's a picture that could have been taken in somebody's office here at MIT</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:08'>but actually it was taken in 1965 this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:15'>is Douglas Engelbart sitting at his</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:20'>first version of a what you might call not a personal computer but personal</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:25'>computing he has a mouse he has a black on white 19 inch screen and here's the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:32'>kind of media that he dealt back sat</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:44'>exactly branch on me and let me look just that low and I see it oh I can say</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:51'>I'd like to see one line only I can see</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:55'>but there's another thing I can do theres a route I said i have here</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:04'>so here I'm it i'll need a different pictures of you so here's what i do with</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:09'>a picture drawing capability here so slight and lamp if i start from work and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:13'>here's the route i seem to have to go to pick up all the materials and that's my</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:17'>plan for getting home tonight but if I want to I can say the library what am I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:22'>supposed to pick up there I can just point to that you know oh I see overdue</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:27'>books and all while there was a statement there with that name go back what if I once my supposed to pick up</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:32'>the drugstore hmm I see you interesting all right market can do things if I want</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:40'>to just say I'd like to interchange projects and can materials bingo and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:46'>they're all numbered right if I care to look interchanging them very quickly</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:50'>cans are going to get interchange with products they do it and all gets me</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:56'>numbered so that's a very tool based way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:01'>of thinking about things you're indicating things on the screen moving</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:05'>them around Engelbart was one of the of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:09'>a number of people in the 50s and 60s that realize that although you could</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:13'>drop a computer and break it just like you can drop a book into a fire and burn</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:19'>it that the contents of the computer or</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:23'>of the book can be a story or a description of things that can't exist</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:28'>physically in the world you can have a story in a book about a place that has an inverse cube law doesn't seem to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:33'>exist in in this world the computer can</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:37'>add more dimensions than this world has to a way of looking at data and so that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:41'>if you have a 15 dimensional space of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:46'>interesting things the computer can give you 16 dimensions and bring all of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:50'>interesting points together at one one place and that led to a number of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:55'>different ways of thinking about the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:00'>computer Engelbart's metaphor was the computer as a vehicle he thought of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:06'>big mainframes as being like railroads that were owned by institutions and the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:11'>institutions decided when you could use them and decided what you could use them</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:15'>for and Engelbart wanted to be Henry Ford he</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:19'>wanted everybody to have their own vehicle used to say phrases like we need</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:24'>to deal with thought vectors and concept space I don't think he knew what that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:28'>meant we certainly didn't but it sounded</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:32'>great and it gave rise to this notion that in order to bring the computer down</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:38'>into our world we have to have some way of interacting with it in a closer</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:44'>fashion and so the the urge was to bring the computer cycles closer to the user</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:50'>and that's what gave rise to machines like this and this is one that I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:54'>designed it's a picture of it on its own display back in the late 60s and it even</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:03'>had a user interface on it although back</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:07'>then there's a wonderful phrase about user interface user interfaces was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:12'>called it's when the flesh hits the steel and that phrase is very much about</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:20'>because there's really no notion of there being an intermediary between you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:25'>and the hardness of the machine and this this machine have multiple windows and a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:31'>number of other ideas on it but it was a little bit like trying to make an apple</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:36'>pie from random ingredients found in the kitchen you don't have any apples so you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:41'>decide to use bananas you don't have any flour so you grind up Cheerios and so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:47'>forth I randomly substituting for all of the ingredients in a typical pie you can</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:51'>make something but in this case this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:55'>turned out to be a bit of a mess only</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:59'>graduate students liked it sort of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:03'>kiss of death for any computer system</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:09'>reason of course as graduate students are going through a rite of passage when they're trying to prove how smart they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:14'>are and how many amazing things that they can remember and so they turn out</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:18'>to be pretty much the world's worst user interface design right I was a graduate</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:22'>student when I designed this so I'm speaking with authority now right about</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:28'>the same time that this was going on there is a whole different way of looking at interaction and one of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:35'>ways that I used to illustrate that is some film footage taken at rand</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:40'>corporation on a system that they made</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:44'>for Rand economists and other non computer types The Economist's of course</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:51'>are that group of people that if you lay them end to end they still won't be able</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:55'>to reach a conclusion and the Economist</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:00'>didn't even like to type they like to write things on legal pads and they said</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:06'>the RAM people can't you do something about that so here's an example of something that was adapted from some</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:13'>early work here at MIT by Marvin Minsky and war entitlement to do a system that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:20'>would interpret gestures as expressed on</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:24'>a data tablet so here's what that looks like</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:38'>first we erase a flow arrow then move</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:42'>the connector out of the way so that we may draw a box in its place the printing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:51'>in the box is being new commentary only in this case the box is slightly too</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:57'>large so we may change its size where modern day window control came from</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:01'>literally then dry flow from the connector to the box attached a decision</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:08'>element to the box and dry flow from it to scan we then erased the flow arrows</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:15'>attached to the process post new area and move the box to a new position this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:25'>allows us to draw a new box well that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:34'>was a tremendous change in the way we felt about using computers I had a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:42'>chance to use that for half an hour in 1968 and felt like I was thinking my</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:46'>hands right through the glass of the display and touching the information</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:51'>structures directly inside unlike Engelbart's system which I had called a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:55'>personal computer this to me was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:59'>intimate this is an intimate way of interacting and so for me and for a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:05'>bunch of other people in the 60s 1968</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:09'>was my year for thinking about the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:14'>possibility of there being three major ways of interacting with a computer of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:21'>three paradigms three frameworks for thinking about interaction and the thing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:27'>that clinched it for me was seeing going</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:32'>out and visiting Seymour's one of Seymour's first installations in a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:38'>school watching them use the logo turtle</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:42'>the descendant of the great Walter turtle, cause Seymour had this terrific idea that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:47'>wouldn't it be great to let kids actually build the kinds of mechanisms</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:51'>that would animate a turtle around and they would learn a lot about their world and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:56'>a lot about thinking about the world from from doing that and I've never</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:00'>recovered from that because once I saw that to me the computer was no longer a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:05'>vehicle in the nation at risk report the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:11'>recommendation is that every child in the US should have one semester of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:16'>computers in their senior year of high school that's their strong</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:22'>recommendation about computers and that's driver's ed that is treating the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:28'>computer like a vehicle it's not the cars aren't important it's that they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:32'>aren't central the central things to us are the media the intermediaries with</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:38'>how we work with the world and if you can get rid of that slide that'd be</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:42'>great I think everybody has figured that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:48'>out by now thank you the that led to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:57'>thinking of a computer in a completely different way this is a cardboard model</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:01'>I made in 1968 just since become known</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:05'>as the dynabook and we actually loaded</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:10'>this cardboard model up with a variety of lead pellets to try and find out how</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:15'>heavy it could be before people would always take it with them not find an</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:20'>excuse to leave it behind and turns out</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:24'>that the weight that we determined has not yet been reached by any computer company so this machine is still a bit</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:31'>in the future but it expresses a different kind of relationship with the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:35'>machine and something that wants to start much earlier in the life of a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:41'>human being and so one of the ways of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:47'>thinking of it is if we compare these three</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:53'>ways of looking at it we can say well where is the computer in the past it was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:58'>in the glasshouse today in personal computing it's on our desk and in the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:04'>future it's going to be with us all the time in California will weave it into</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:09'>our t-shirts Nicholas said 10 years ago</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:15'>that will know in the future appears when our cufflinks committed communicate</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:21'>with our watched by means of satellite</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:26'>it's when such hyperbole is not outrageous that you know a paradigm</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:31'>shift has actually happened and as an interesting analogy here to the history</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:37'>of publishing in 1400 AD there are three</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:41'>hundred ninety two books in the Vatican Library one of the largest libraries in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:46'>Europe and in 1452 or thereabouts--</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:51'>Gutenberg printed his first Bible and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:55'>that Bible the 42 line Bible was as big as the hand-written manuscripts that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:02'>have been so laboriously copied by monks during the Middle Ages and the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:07'>reason it was that big is that that was what books were if you look at pictures</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:14'>woodcuts or you visit the modern</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:18'>recreation of what a library was like then they didn't shelve the books most</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:23'>libraries back then had so few books that each book had its own reading table</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:28'>and the books were chained to it you look at this table table book with</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:34'>chains the thing that comes to mind inescapably is a time-sharing bullpen</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:40'>because these are institutionally owned items and Gutenberg didn't know what</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:47'>else to do but to make them that size and much more interesting revolution</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:53'>happened a few years later when Aldus now has a company named after him Aldus</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:59'>Manutius who was a Venetian publisher did two remarkable things first he was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:05'>one of the major driving forces behind publishing things other than</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:09'>Bibles and he isn't he and his sons over the next century published 40,000</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:15'>different books most of them from gathering up Greek and Roman writings</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:21'>spreading them all over Europe he did one other thing that will forever endear</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:25'>himself to me he decided that book should be this big and he decided they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:31'>should be this big because that was the size that saddle bags were in Venice in the 1490s in other words Aldus realized</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:39'>something very important and that is the books could now be lost and because they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:46'>could now be lost they could now be taken with they now could go out and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:51'>become a mass medium now again we're in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:55'>this interesting stage because we're not in a place where r we're willing to have our computers be lost watches their $10</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:04'>swatch watches or something like that willing to have them be lost maybe a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:09'>pocket calculator it's not a tragedy if it gets lost paper and pencil it's not a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:13'>tragedy but still with our multi-thousand dollar computers sitting</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:19'>on our desks we're actually still in the Gutenberg era and the interesting thing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:24'>about history is that nothing that happened between Gutenberg and Aldus</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:28'>counted none of those behavior patterns</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:32'>had anything to do with what happened in the post Aldus area as we went into the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:36'>16th century so drawing curves as a way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:40'>of predicting the computer doesn't work very well when you're in these interesting transition periods well</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:45'>another way of looking at these three</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:50'>paradigms is to ask what kinds of information do we use letter and numbers</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:55'>with institutional computing fonts and graphics on modern personal computing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:01'>and as Nicholas likes the show with his imploding his teething rings for the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:07'>media lab as he likes to call them that it's going to be all media coming together because the computer is a meta</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:12'>media its content is all media all</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:16'>intermediaries that one is pretty much of a no-brainer but it's amazing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:20'>how long it has taken for that to even that simple idea to sink in how do we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:26'>print impact printing big laser printing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:30'>personal laser printers with personal computing and no printing as we move on</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:37'>into the next ten years because the information is going to be too</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:41'>interesting to destroy by printing it out right now is an index of how paltry</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:48'>our use of the computer is that we can actually print it out and feel good about it we actually haven't heard</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:54'>anything because our information for the most part is not in dimensionally</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:59'>intertwined it's not in the form of a dynamic simulation it's not any of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:04'>things that the computer is really about</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:08'>field of interaction feels like line editing on institutional computing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:15'>layout on computers like the Macintosh</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:19'>moving things around but in the new</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:28'>paradigm it's going to feel more like conducting because we're going to move from passive information to active</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:34'>information we're going to move from objects to agents and so it's going to be</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:38'>a little bit more like summoning forth lots of assistance at different times</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:43'>and checking out what their goals are and our they're checking out what our</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:48'>goals are and and so forth so each one of these is a completely different way of thinking about it and one of the ways</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:54'>of thinking about the differentiation between the institutional and the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:00'>personal here is that even when graphical interfaces were done in the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:04'>60s for the most part all interfaces were thought of their main task was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:09'>accessed to function so this notion that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:13'>inside the computer is sort of something like a big nuclear reactor or a power station there's all that function and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:19'>what we need to have is a way of getting to each of these pieces of function will</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:23'>map them into control keys and and double control meta y keys and that way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:29'>of thinking about things and the revolution that made the second</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:35'>paradigm the personal computer paradigm is going from that stance to realizing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:40'>that the main job of the user interface is to make the user aware of what the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:44'>possibilities are in other words the user interface now goes from being</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:49'>control of function to a learning environment and of course I should</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:56'>mention that the the main job of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:00'>intimate computer user interface is to do a lot of learning itself so we go</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:05'>from no learning or learning of the most back-breaking kind to making it easier</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:12'>for the user to learn and then finally we want the system to learn how do we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:17'>give commands we have to remember everything and type see and point where we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:23'>are now and in the future is going to be asked and gesture because the computer</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:28'>is going to be watching us not us just watching it what kind of languages do we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:33'>program it in weekly modular data</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:37'>structured procedures cobol one of the surest predictions that we can make</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:42'>about the future is that 10 years from now there will still be a lot of COBOL programmers this personal computing way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:54'>of doing things is pretty much object-oriented after right far fewer</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:59'>lines of code and there's a new kind of programming that people are starting to do called agent oriented programming and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:07'>one way of thinking about all of these paradigms is to compare them with</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:11'>architecture of taking a civilization like the Greeks whose main way of making</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:18'>big buildings was post and lintel pilot block box like that and you get</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:24'>buildings about this size and if you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:28'>want to make a building a lot bigger and let in more light this architecture doesn't work you have to change to a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:33'>different kind of architecture like the gothic arch and if you do that you can make</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:38'>buildings much larger with about the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:43'>same amount of material and when they say just about somebody he doesn't have</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:49'>enough bricks to make a wall that might not be a slam because you might have</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:57'>enough bricks to make an arch he's got enough bricks to make an arch she's a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:01'>lot better off than people who only have enough bricks to make walls and of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:06'>course the big change in the last several hundred years is going from structures that just push against each</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:11'>other to this notion of the higher</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:15'>strength of materials under tension if you get materials that you can tense as</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:20'>well as compressed you can make structures like geodesic domes that will</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:25'>fit over all of the cathedrals that have ever been made in the world and these are completely separate ways of thinking</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:31'>about things and one of the answers to the question that's the title of my</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:35'>lecture is what is the next computer</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:39'>revolution going to be like well it's going to be technologically it's going to be like what I just told you that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:44'>we're going to intimate machines they'll always be networked there will be</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:49'>information utilities the systems will</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:53'>learn and so forth now for many people this is big news but in fact if you go</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:58'>back in the history of computer science you find people like Marvin Minsky and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:03'>John McCarthy writing papers in the late 50s and early 60s about this this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:09'>happens to be not just the fifth anniversary of the media lab but it's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:14'>also the 20th anniversary of Nicholas's book called the architecture machine</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:18'>which is all about this third way of looking at things now for my standpoint</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:24'>since I am not particularly enamored of technology this is a very incomplete</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:30'>answer and I would like to try and go to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:34'>a different way of thinking about things that involves people much more strongly</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:40'>and to do that we have to have some sense</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:45'>of how people's minds work this is for</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:49'>many years and in engineering is where the rubber met the sky because engineers</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:56'>tend to like controllable elements and people aren't all that controllable and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:01'>as a behavioral mechanism we are exasperating and so there's been a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:07'>tendency of actually trying to get people to be more like machines rather</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:11'>than the other way around and give you an example of why this is difficult to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:16'>deal with take a look at one of my favorite pictures here and what you see</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:24'>here let's pretend we're in school because actually we are in school we're in a university let me give you an</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:30'>English sentence about this picture what we've done with this picture is to take</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:35'>a picture of a young girl extracted her eyes and mouth turn them upside down and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:41'>put them back into the picture and then turn the entire picture upside down that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:46'>sound reasonable to everybody okay so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:50'>having said that you should be completely prepared than for what it looks like right side up I'm going to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:58'>turn this back because I've discovered nobody will listen to me when it's on the other way so this is one of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:09'>flaws of trying to give lectures in English because a nation is actually not</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:16'>convertible except outside of the human</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:22'>domain within the human domain we actually have different parts of our</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:26'>brain that respond the things in different ways and this is one of the reasons why McDonald's doesn't run print</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:31'>ads saying if you eat a McDonald's hamburger you'll become a better looking</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:35'>person because in English it's absurd so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:39'>instead what they do is to run an ad showing pictures of really good-looking people eating McDonald's hamburgers and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:44'>a different part of your mind takes that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:48'>information and makes a different kind of inference the kind of inference that the ad people want you in fact we have a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:54'>part of our mind that thinks things are more true if they rhyme so if I were to say to you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:00'>a big mac and fries will slender your thighs sound more convincing the whole</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:10'>idea here is that as people started to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:15'>suspect about starting about a hundred years ago with Freud Piaget Brunner</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:21'>Minsky and Papert that what we don't have inside of our head is the oneness a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:29'>vast beautiful seamless fabric of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:33'>mentality but instead what we have is something much more like a patchwork quilt and in fact the patchwork quilt</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:38'>has little mechanisms that pop us from one part of the quilt to another</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:43'>whenever we get too close to one of the boundaries and it's you have to do things like this to show that there is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:48'>an actual patchwork quilt there so we have this idea of multiple mentalities</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:55'>and Piaget was one of the first to study</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:00'>the very different ways that children have of dealing with the world as they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:05'>move through stages of development early in a child's life an object is to grab</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:10'>it a hole is to dig it thinking is doing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:14'>in many ways later on the child is more</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:18'>visually centered child says there's more water in the tall glass when you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:23'>pour from the squat class the tall one because it looks that way and then</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:28'>finally it around 11 or 12 there's a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:32'>facts and logic stage where logical operations are carried out and the child</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:38'>can make deductions based on facts like there can't be more water because where</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:42'>would it go where would it come from so forth now of course at least this was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:48'>true in 11 and 12 year old Swiss French kids in America there's a lot of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:53'>evidence that American kids never get to this facts and logic stage</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:01'>now Brunner in the 50s and 60s redid</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:07'>some of Piaget's experiments but he added some twists so he took the water pouring</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:11'>experiment and after the kids said there's more water in the tall glass</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:16'>Brunner put a cardboard so the kid couldn't see the tall glass anymore and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:20'>the kid would change his mind back say oh there can't be more and then Brunner</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:24'>would take whip Brunner would take the cardboard away and the kid would say oh</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:29'>but look there's more water Brunner would put the cardboard back and the kid would</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:33'>change his mind again so if you have any six-year-olds you'd like to torment and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:40'>what Brunner was in his way was getting</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:45'>closer to this idea of multiple mentalities as well that it isn't just a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:53'>metamorphosis like a caterpillar into a butterfly which is pretty much the way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:57'>Piaget thought of it but actually different modules being able to deal</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:02'>with it within different ways and a change in dominance to express the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:06'>piaget expression now there are many things that you can do with this suppose</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:11'>you wanted to design a user interface for a computer that was like a tool and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:16'>we have to think about what each of these mentalities actually does so an</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:21'>example the body-centered one is the one that knows where we are in space we can</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:25'>close our eyes and touch our nose when in touch our hands behind our back if</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:30'>you blind us we can still orient ourselves but if we aren't as</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:34'>unfortunate enough to suffer a brain lesion that takes part of a limb out of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:39'>our body map then even though it's physically attached to us it's like</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:43'>somebody else's so this orienting</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:47'>centering groundedness is something that the body mentality brings to us the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:53'>visually sent mentality is wonderfully</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:58'>adept at dealing with various kinds of tricks for instance if we were to put a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:02'>hundred images of animals on a wall you'd be able to find the elephant</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:07'>almost four times as fast as you could the word elephant if the images were</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:12'>replaced words now let me try and experiment this I realize that this is a very academic</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:17'>body here but let me ask how many people</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:21'>here watch television be honest okay how</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:26'>many people flip channels all right how</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:32'>many people have ever flipped a channel randomly into a movie they haven't seen</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:37'>for 18 years how long did it take you to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:41'>recognize that you'd seen that movie before how long yeah somewhere between a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:48'>half a second and a couple of seconds think about what that meant 18 years ago</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:53'>you saw a movie you didn't know you're</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:57'>going to be tested on it you randomly</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:03'>without any preparation pop into the middle of it and all of a sudden in 30</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:10'>frames or so of seeing that movie you suddenly recognize what it is think of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:15'>what that means in the context of your entire life most people can remember</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:19'>what's going to happen next if you stop the movie after they've recognized that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:23'>they know what the next scene is going to be so that is a mentality that begged</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:29'>to be exploited and what it says is that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:33'>we should always be able to present about a hundred things in the visual</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:37'>field because the user can be aware of them subliminally and if we present them</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:42'>in recognizable scenes the user can store hundreds thousands millions of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:47'>different scenes and remember that they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:51'>were there before then finally the symbolically centered mentality is much</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:55'>more interested in changing things so if</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:59'>its biggest problem is finding the right context because it is not a context</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:04'>chooser so if your visual mentality work</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:08'>the way your symbolic one the first thing you opened your eyes and saw in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:12'>the morning would be what you'd be staring at several hours later that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:16'>doesn't work so well so we have a grounding mentality we have a flitting</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:21'>around mentality that's aware of lots of things and we have one</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:25'>likes to make chains and somehow we should be able to put all of those things together here's one of the ways</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:31'>whoops sorry can you turn that off please that's the end of the slides we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:40'>want to be able to put these things together and if we do we'll find</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:44'>ourselves fitting much more closely to the way human mentalities work</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:06'>so this is a 22 month old little girl and she has never lived in a world not</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:13'>densely populated by Macintoshes her</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:18'>mother is my accountant both her mother and father work at home each of them has</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:22'>a mac this is back five years ago in 1985 and when I found out the little</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:27'>girl was interested in computers I gave</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:31'>her an apple to which she rejected she</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:39'>wanted what her folks had now I have to warn you hear that not to be impressed</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:44'>because this is not her first time on the machine she's been using the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:49'>computer for about six months so she's actually a fairly experienced user and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:56'>long time ago we designed this user interface for children but never any of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:03'>this young so it's really interesting to see a child used the machine that was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:08'>actually designed for them and so here</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:12'>she's using the visible menus of mac paint and I saw it I thought all right</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:18'>this is impressed i've i've never seen a child this young is this machine before but ok I it should work but then what</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:25'>happened next really amazed me she wants a fresh sheet of paper so she goes to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:30'>the closed box on the window she saves her old drawing with a pop-up and she</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:37'>goes to the pulldown to get a new one</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:48'>well that was pretty and that was a home movie made by her father and we did</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:54'>about another 10 hours of testing this child on various Macintosh applications</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:00'>and we discovered it across applications she was about seventy percent literate</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:06'>that is she could take a really complicated application like aldus pagemaker a desktop publishing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:10'>application started up make marks and it print the marks out save the marks away</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:16'>get the marks back about seventy percent of the things that Macintosh users</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:21'>expect from application to application she in her horizon already by age 22</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:30'>months okay so that answers one question</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:35'>about this notion a computer illiteracy</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:39'>one when we're talking about situations</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:43'>like literacy and illiteracy they don't really obtain when the object in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:48'>question is a professional that we don't</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:52'>have a term called healtharcy and ill-healtharcy because medicine is a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:58'>profession there wasn't a term called literacy and illiteracy back in the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:02'>Middle Ages when writing was a profession as soon as you spread it out to the public you start getting</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:07'>interested in these notions of can people access things made for them by</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:11'>others that's like reading but what about the more important thing can</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:15'>people make things that are like the things that other people make so here's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:20'>an example of something that we did about 15 years ago</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:33'>and this is the logo turtle with a different architecture and it's a little</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:41'>application like Mac draw object oriented illustration system designed</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:47'>and built by 12 year old so this is an</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:51'>end-user program not a program that you'd buy in a store for ninety-nine</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:55'>dollars from egghead software has lots of features you can change size and move</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:00'>things around because of the change in architecture of going from normal data</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:08'>structure and procedure programming to object-oriented programming the amount</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:12'>of code she had the right to do this application was only about a page long so this is not a large program and one</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:18'>of the things that you have to do when you're working with any kind of novice user is make sure the programs they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:23'>write are not terribly long well so that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:27'>was an attempt to get kids and users to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:31'>be both able to access and able to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:36'>generate the same kinds of things that we're going to run on their paradigm of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:40'>computing but now we have a new paradigm of computing it's going to involve</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:44'>agents and artificial intelligence so a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:48'>few years ago I got interested in the idea of trying to set up a design a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:56'>system that would allow children to do artificial intelligence kind of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:00'>programming in other words they would be making things now much less like robots</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:05'>and much more like the gray Walter turtle things that mimic life in a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:12'>number of different ways I like to show you a bit of that project this project</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:16'>is done in a rather large scale we have an entire school it has now 375 children</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:22'>12 teachers and we've been working there for about five years and one of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:28'>things that we found is that technology is not something that you can put in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:33'>like raisins and upon pudding there's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:37'>all this other stuff is the entire life of the child that you have to consider</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:41'>and the framework of the school we're lucky to find a terrific school</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:46'>to Los Angeles bussing school so it's a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:50'>public school and the children are all shapes sizes colors Creed's ethnic</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:56'>backgrounds bust in most of them for more than an hour to get to the school</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:00'>those of demographers paradise and we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:04'>found it very interesting to introduce ideas into the school in a gradual</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:09'>fashion I'd like to show you some of those</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:39'>so that the kids are all kinds of kids</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:44'>and one of the things they've done here is to tear up part of their asphalt</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:50'>playground and build a garden this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:54'>garden was actually designed by the children you'll see a little bit you'll get an idea of how children could design</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:59'>something like this in in just a minute</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:05'>and because we're studying animals as</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:09'>well as plants they have a pond that has</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:13'>all kinds of life forms and the children actually built this garden themselves</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:21'>now I'm not going to explain to you what's going on here see if you can</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:26'>imagine what it is now I'll tell you in a bit what are they doing with these</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:31'>balloons well what they were doing is designing a city and one of the reasons</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:37'>we do some of the design work with balloons is because urban renewal is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:42'>really easy the idea of to know the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:50'>world one was constructed because is strongly tied into designing a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:56'>programming environment for children because what we wanted to do is not so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:01'>much experience things that other people have set up to be more like experiencing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:07'>a television program or maybe an interactive video disc we want them to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:12'>actually make the simulations themselves because it's in making the simulations</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:17'>that the active design is most powerful</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:22'>now next few minutes I'm going to show you three large-scale projects that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:29'>we've been doing at the school one of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:33'>the things we tried to do here was to both challenge the kids and to go much</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:39'>deeper than they ordinarily are asked to go by the state educational board this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:47'>first one is a year-long project in city building and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:52'>the kids that participate in it our third and fourth graders so there are</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:56'>seven and eight and nine years old in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:00'>this project starts in September and runs through the entire year and this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:04'>will give you an idea of it I think this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:11'>is all almost all no no mrs. hansal tool</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:15'>I know but they still are everything explored of it everybody say I know but</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:20'>they're already something you should make something is already Salinas joris</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:26'>the penis is already something every single after everything this is only</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:31'>styrofoam nobody lady out of something I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:35'>know every as late as something accident</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:39'>from a balloon doesn't mean we don't have a design knowledge now to make</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:44'>buildings exactly like they would have to make it a hundred years we're making</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:48'>models ideas for what buildings could be</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:52'>like in a hundred years we don't have the materials we're going to happen 100 years I did red stripes right</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:50:37'>okay did you get that color name red red</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:03'>what do you belviq i'm doing a factory</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:35'>wait do it again and stay here and do</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:40'>the character park you'll be the building y'all be the building yes why</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:45'>on the prison and he's the building these the buildings okay welcome to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:59'>fantasy mall we have lots of stuff the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:52:20'>building collapsed he was trying to see the moon and there nothing collapsed my</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:52:27'>apartment building and on the top is a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:52:31'>swimming pool never got this is a cold day in rainier so you can have an indoor</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:52:36'>central and it's a hot you open it up and you can I here down here tomorrow</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:14'>he'll be our future city is opening as you can see i'll transfer k our monorail</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:20'>has just been strong</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:24'>and all the buildings are beginning to look like buildings all the buildings</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:30'>are being checked and painting now our</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:34'>he cannot pick up the site husband useful because of the monorail and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:39'>transportation we now have these things on our site everybody that wants bad air</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:47'>transportation land on your site must cabinet right Iggy foxes out</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:52'>Commissioner tova cats design this whole</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:57'>monorail see what household monorail and monorail station the Commissioner of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:03'>lands who doesn't exhaust you all for helping us with sidewalks these are my</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:09'>sidewalks my bold earthquake tested and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:17'>alarming teleporting man he puts ebook</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:22'>paper towel rolls on our site static patella to have it be a teleporting</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:27'>station their cities he's getting to look like a real City try getting to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:31'>look like Judy Landers on the monorail calvada getting to Los Angeles cuz of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:36'>the help crowd is starting today less</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:40'>crowded than it was when we were making our study models</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:46'>I level or I level 1 inch tall but will</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:58'>question building so that's a very okay</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:10'>as see more I'm sure will echo when when you actually go into a school and start</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:15'>working with the kids the first reaction is one of shock because the enormity of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:23'>the experience the amount of energy the amount of body learning that the kids</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:28'>need to do completely dominates all the things that you wanted to do with</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:32'>computers and the first thing you realize when you actually go into school</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:36'>and do this stuff for real is that you better worry about curriculum far</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:42'>outside the media that you're going to use because there's so many different</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:47'>dimensions and this is a project in which most of the things that are</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:51'>available on computers now are of almost no use the kids do a little bit of work</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:56'>with Macintoshes in doing this but 99%</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:01'>of it is this huge experience with doing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:05'>things with their hands and their bodies and crawling over the thing and so forth</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:09'>so one of the objectives in this project</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:13'>was to develop I don't want to say the word peach but develop every child as a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:18'>designer and it takes about three years</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:22'>to get a curriculum like this self-sustaining so people who put try to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:27'>put curriculum in a school and measure it after the first year are making a big</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:31'>mistake takes about three years to get something like this going and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:35'>self-sustaining now another thing we started about four years ago was to develop every child in the school as a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:40'>musician you may see some commonality</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:45'>between those two ideas because music is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:49'>another one of these things that has lots of things interacting with itself</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:53'>part of it is in the interest and what each individual thing is doing and part</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:57'>of the interest is and how they interact we want the kids to be able to think about their world in those terms and so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:03'>we did each year we put on a musical</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:08'>this year it was pirates of penzance and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:13'>this was the best one that we've ever ever had i have a few excerpts of it to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:18'>give you an idea the the oldest child in this is 11 the youngest child in it is 6</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:23'>was completely voluntary the pool of children we had to work with for this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:27'>was about 150 children 120 of those 150</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:31'>possible volunteered and appeared in the show they insisted i'm doing the entire</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:37'>Pirates of Penzance line for line we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:41'>started off with one that was broken down they constantly wanted more we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:45'>wanted to go back they insisted in singing in four-part harmony where it was called for this is a perfect example</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:50'>of something that the kids worked like dogs for four months on and put on a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:56'>fantastic show one of the best theatrical presentations I've ever been to hear some of excerpts</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:08'>fishing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:30'>what I know what is it I met along and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:34'>revelry but I can talk site I'm now the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:38'>run home from a shadowy one such affairs are sorties and surprises I more wary ax</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:45'>and when it opens Leslie what is meant</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:49'>by common their progress has been made</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:54'>it modern gunnery on the object another</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:59'>in a nunnery in short one of smattering</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:00:04'>of elemental strategy</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:00:41'>hey</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:01:16'>Oh</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:01:28'>I'm telling a Terry story but it doesn't</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:00'>although our darker rear sometimes involves the crime of stealing squealing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:13'>although my stripe we're always sorry to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:18'>me</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:34'>haha</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:53'>you may go Liberty our pirate rules protecting and kind of remembers our van</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:59'>we do unless you are you x is as useful</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:07'>things to be an orphan boy</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:13'>oh happy days</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:18'>oh happy day</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:32'>oh happy</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:37'>me I you haha</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:42'>bball</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:50'>so Joe Johnson said about thinking on</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:54'>its hind legs well but one is amazed to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:58'>see it done at all and the trick in doing these kinds of things with kids is to get beyond that stage the only way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:03'>you can do it is by having something like music being a part of the child's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:08'>life all the way through their experience this is the first year in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:12'>which we all the children in it had been part of this enrichment now that's the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:18'>second way of dealing with complexity let me show you the third way and this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:22'>is because the computer some good and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:27'>here are we studying animals and we try and get the children to program not</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:32'>robots but things that are much more biologically acceptable</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:56'>now you might wonder where are the computers in this classroom well one of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:01'>the problems with these computers is that they're bulky so we took every</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:05'>horizontal surfaces in the entire school out and replace them with tables that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:09'>have Macintoshes under them so there are hundreds of Macintoshes in the school</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:14'>but they're all underneath the surfaces so the teachers don't want to move them</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:19'>out of the classroom the teachers don't want to shove them around to the side they're just part of the normal working</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:24'>environment of the school and they're on all the time no computer classrooms no</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:28'>shoved against the wall</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:53'>guys these are some animations we did a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:57'>few years ago and HyperCard just as an idea of what things might look like</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:01'>eventually there's no intelligence behind these models hey guys i am going</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:08'>for a swim in the scene</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:25'>hey</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:33'>if you're asking for every player has agent needs food and the whale come up</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:38'>the way I also have some Asian food all right let me tell you why because when</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:45'>the agent looks in his world what we're</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:49'>seeing here is a they have seminars where they talk over different problem</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:54'>solving strategies the teacher this particular teacher happens to like to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:58'>solve problems and she likes to discuss them with the kids then the kids have to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:03'>go off and figure it out for themselves it doesn't look at himself it looks at</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:07'>the world beyond him so that's why it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:11'>only looks at those players who have food but it doesn't count himself but if</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:18'>he asked for every player in the universe it would include himself and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:25'>this is kind of important for you to think about because when he when they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:30'>have to start giving birth to eat to themselves so they won't die off they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:36'>have to be able to count everything in the universe why Dean Cain</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:45'>50 count how many there are like if</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:49'>there was only one left in was himself competative journalist and then he left</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:53'>bar and then he got true protein what's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:58'>my friend it was a whale who lived to know Jay just off the Pacific coast it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:08:03'>is the time of year when the whales migrate down to Mexico to me and to give</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:08:08'>birth to their babies who were conceived the year before I do that you don't want</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:08:20'>emotion thank you okay go to the top</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:08:45'>works with those two on and I move away</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:08:58'>now here's a more complicated one these these models use the Minsky and Papert</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:02'>Society of mind architecture applied in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:07'>a language for children that was developed in part here at the Media Lab by Mike Travers one of the graduate</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:14'>students here's a more complicated one the clownfish in the lower left is just</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:19'>going about its business feeding one of the things that they do is to find a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:23'>favorite see an enemy and acclimate to it that's what it's doing now they spend</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:28'>a little more time in the monks to poison of the enemy and gradually get</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:33'>immune to it so that they can use it as a place to hide when some predator comes</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:40'>a lot the shark right now is quite a distance away and it doesn't notice the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:45'>clownfish and the clownfish doesn't notice it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:53'>here's some more acclamation closer into the tentacles this time</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:09'>now this lucky clownfish is been doing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:13'>it often enough so it is actually acclimated to the anenih me so when the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:19'>shark sees it and starts pursuing its</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:28'>able to run back to the enemy and the shark can only get so close to the enemy</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:32'>report backs off but of course it wants</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:37'>to come back again</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:46'>so computers are media to think with as</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:50'>Seymour said so eloquently a long time ago in Nicholas's book 20 years ago he</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:56'>said he dedicated it to the first machine who can appreciate the gesture</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:02'>and I think he meant not the gesture like this but the gesture of having a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:06'>book dedicated to it he also said in the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:11'>preface of it that it was all beginnings in no end well I think that's the perfect definition of a research lab a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:16'>my answer to the question of what is the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:21'>next computer revolution it's the one in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:25'>which happens in the context of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:29'>whole person and in the whole person's world that it's not just something that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:33'>we apply in isolation to solve small problems but it's one that like media</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:37'>surrounds us as we've tried to do with the children thank you very much and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:42'>happy 5th birthday ok</subtitle>
<subtitle id='4308'>you </subtitle>

Alan Kay at MIT Media Lab 5th Anniversary Event (1990)

2017-12-31T05:53:38Z

MrSteve:

{{#evt:
service=youtubeIA
|id=6Ysu1mDxxbc
|alignment=left
|autoresize=true
}}

<subtitle id='00:00:00'> never know what Nicholas was going to say actually the turned out that the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:08'>bearnaise on the hot dog didn't sell well if I remember we're no longer on</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:13'>that board anniversaries get people to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:22'>think of other anniversaries there lots</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:26'>of them happening this year one of them is the 50th anniversary of Fantasia and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:33'>Fantasia I think for many of us in this audience and at MIT and elsewhere was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:40'>something we grew up on as a kind of a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:44'>dream of bringing our ideas to life and a lot of us saw the computer is a way of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:50'>more quickly with more depth more</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:54'>dimension more meaning to be able to project ideas that we had within within</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:00'>ourselves into this magic new medium and have them come to life just as the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:07'>disney people did with great art but much more laboriously many years ago I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:12'>think a good way to start this this lecture is to think 40 years ago not 50</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:19'>the 40 years ago was the when two very</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:26'>diverse very at opposite poles machines</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:31'>were introduced to the to the world and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:35'>one of them of course was the UNIVAC one the first commercial digital computer</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:42'>thing that a digital computer its people's minds it had whirling tape</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:47'>drives the first whirling tape drives and it predicted an election not long</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:53'>after that on television and so it became in the public's mind what a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:59'>computer was all about now in the other</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:05'>machine that was at the farthest pole of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:09'>thinking from the univac one also came about 19</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:13'>50 and I actually spent quite a bit with some assistance this summer trying to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:18'>find some film footage of it because I was sure that some must exist and after</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:24'>much scurrying around in England then looking at old newsreels and so forth we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:29'>finally found what i think is the earliest footage of this machine which I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:33'>think symbolizes the transition from the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:38'>UNIVAC 1 to what's going to happen over the next 10 years and i think i need the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:42'>the slides off because i'm going to show some video thank you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:59'>in a simple Ville on the outskirts of Bristol lives Dr. Grey Walter a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:04'>neurologist who makes robots as a hobby they are small and he doesn't dress them</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:09'>up to look like men he calls them tortoises and so cunningly have their</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:13'>insides being designed that they respond to the stimuli of light and touch in a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:18'>completely lifelike manner</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:38'>this model is named Elsie and she sees out of a photoelectric cell which</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:43'>rotates above her body when light strikes the cell driving and steering</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:48'>mechanism sends her hurrying towards it if she brushes against any object in her</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:52'>path contacts are operated that turn the steering away and so automatically she</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:58'>takes avoiding action</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:34'>Mrs. Walters pet his Elma, Elsie's brother in the darker vest he works in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:39'>exactly the same way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:49'>Dr. Walter says that his electronic toys work exactly as though they have a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:53'>simple two cell nervous system and that with more cells they will be able to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:58'>do many more tricks already Elsie has one up on Elmer when her batteries begin to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:03'>fail she automatically runs home to her kennel but charging up and in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:07'>consequence can live a much gayer life</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:17'>so I officially present this footage to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:21'>Nicholas Seymour Papert and Marvin Minsky for it means something to each</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:27'>one of this this is the original tortoise that inspired the logo turtle</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:33'>and it also inspired a lot of early work</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:37'>in artificial intelligence and what's interesting about the way the last 40</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:41'>years have transpired is that digital computers have taken over but in fact</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:46'>where things are going now are much more towards the kinds of control systems</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:53'>kinds of what you might call wet mentalities that device like the great</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:00'>Walter turtle has well the biggest</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:04'>problem with with computers is that they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:09'>were larger than than human scale and the mechanisms we have in our mind for</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:14'>dealing with things are larger than human scale are those of religions so of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:18'>course we had a priesthood and special</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:22'>time special rituals all of that stuff and a lot of what has happened in the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:27'>last 40 years has been to try and find ways to bring the machine into human</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:32'>scale without losing any of its promise</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:36'>what I'd like to do is give you a couple</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:40'>of ways that I think about this stuff and one of them is thinking in general</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:46'>terms about the way humans have extended themselves over the last several hundred</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:52'>thousand years and of course the first one that we think of is that we extend</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:56'>ourselves through tools levers screwdrivers wheels and so forth less</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:03'>often we think of language and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:07'>mathematics as tools but they also are ways of creating objects for things that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:15'>we want to deal with and we manipulate them and all of these tools allow us to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:21'>extend various of our senses and for a long time we thought of the computer as</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:26'>a kind of a tool and one of the ways that we've grappled with it is to try and make it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:30'>act more like the kinds of tools that were used to now less often thought of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:35'>extension is one that was identified many years ago by mumford who said for</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:42'>most of the history of human beings most of the machines that we've built have</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:47'>had other humans as moving parts he called these mega machines and societies</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:52'>groups an organization like this the media lab all of these are a consequence</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:57'>of our ability to take on other people's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:02'>goals our interest in taking on people's goals and our interest in getting people</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:06'>to take on our goals of course agents</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:10'>can take on a goal and can manipulate tools to carry out our wishes while</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:14'>we're doing things but more importantly an agent can deal with other agents and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:20'>I think of the the M word here for</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:24'>agents as being management so to me a tool is something that we look at and we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:29'>manipulate and an agent is something that looks at us and we manage the agent</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:35'>and of course the mainframes were neither and so the struggle was started</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:41'>in the 1950s in 1962 try and find a way of bringing this into some sort of human</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:46'>scale now I like to show you a couple of early efforts</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:04'>here's a picture that could have been taken in somebody's office here at MIT</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:08'>but actually it was taken in 1965 this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:15'>is Douglas Engelbart sitting at his</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:20'>first version of a what you might call not a personal computer but personal</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:25'>computing he has a mouse he has a black on white 19 inch screen and here's the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:32'>kind of media that he dealt back sat</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:44'>exactly branch on me and let me look just that low and I see it oh I can say</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:51'>I'd like to see one line only I can see</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:55'>but there's another thing I can do theres a route I said i have here</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:04'>so here I'm it i'll need a different pictures of you so here's what i do with</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:09'>a picture drawing capability here so slight and lamp if i start from work and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:13'>here's the route i seem to have to go to pick up all the materials and that's my</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:17'>plan for getting home tonight but if I want to I can say the library what am I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:22'>supposed to pick up there I can just point to that you know oh I see overdue</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:27'>books and all while there was a statement there with that name go back what if I once my supposed to pick up</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:32'>the drugstore hmm I see you interesting all right market can do things if I want</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:40'>to just say I'd like to interchange projects and can materials bingo and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:46'>they're all numbered right if I care to look interchanging them very quickly</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:50'>cans are going to get interchange with products they do it and all gets me</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:56'>numbered so that's a very tool based way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:01'>of thinking about things you're indicating things on the screen moving</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:05'>them around Engelbart was one of the of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:09'>a number of people in the 50s and 60s that realize that although you could</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:13'>drop a computer and break it just like you can drop a book into a fire and burn</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:19'>it that the contents of the computer or</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:23'>of the book can be a story or a description of things that can't exist</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:28'>physically in the world you can have a story in a book about a place that has an inverse cube law doesn't seem to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:33'>exist in in this world the computer can</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:37'>add more dimensions than this world has to a way of looking at data and so that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:41'>if you have a 15 dimensional space of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:46'>interesting things the computer can give you 16 dimensions and bring all of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:50'>interesting points together at one one place and that led to a number of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:55'>different ways of thinking about the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:00'>computer Engelbart's metaphor was the computer as a vehicle he thought of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:06'>big mainframes as being like railroads that were owned by institutions and the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:11'>institutions decided when you could use them and decided what you could use them</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:15'>for and Engelbart wanted to be Henry Ford he</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:19'>wanted everybody to have their own vehicle used to say phrases like we need</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:24'>to deal with thought vectors and concept space I don't think he knew what that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:28'>meant we certainly didn't but it sounded</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:32'>great and it gave rise to this notion that in order to bring the computer down</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:38'>into our world we have to have some way of interacting with it in a closer</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:44'>fashion and so the the urge was to bring the computer cycles closer to the user</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:50'>and that's what gave rise to machines like this and this is one that I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:54'>designed it's a picture of it on its own display back in the late 60s and it even</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:03'>had a user interface on it although back</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:07'>then there's a wonderful phrase about user interface user interfaces was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:12'>called it's when the flesh hits the steel and that phrase is very much about</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:20'>because there's really no notion of there being an intermediary between you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:25'>and the hardness of the machine and this this machine have multiple windows and a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:31'>number of other ideas on it but it was a little bit like trying to make an apple</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:36'>pie from random ingredients found in the kitchen you don't have any apples so you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:41'>decide to use bananas you don't have any flour so you grind up Cheerios and so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:47'>forth I randomly substituting for all of the ingredients in a typical pie you can</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:51'>make something but in this case this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:55'>turned out to be a bit of a mess only</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:59'>graduate students liked it sort of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:03'>kiss of death for any computer system</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:09'>reason of course as graduate students are going through a rite of passage when they're trying to prove how smart they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:14'>are and how many amazing things that they can remember and so they turn out</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:18'>to be pretty much the world's worst user interface design right I was a graduate</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:22'>student when I designed this so I'm speaking with authority now right about</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:28'>the same time that this was going on there is a whole different way of looking at interaction and one of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:35'>ways that I used to illustrate that is some film footage taken at rand</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:40'>corporation on a system that they made</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:44'>for Rand economists and other non computer types The Economist's of course</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:51'>are that group of people that if you lay them end to end they still won't be able</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:55'>to reach a conclusion and the Economist</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:00'>didn't even like to type they like to write things on legal pads and they said</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:06'>the RAM people can't you do something about that so here's an example of something that was adapted from some</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:13'>early work here at MIT by Marvin Minsky and war entitlement to do a system that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:20'>would interpret gestures as expressed on</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:24'>a data tablet so here's what that looks like</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:38'>first we erase a flow arrow then move</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:42'>the connector out of the way so that we may draw a box in its place the printing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:51'>in the box is being new commentary only in this case the box is slightly too</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:57'>large so we may change its size where modern day window control came from</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:01'>literally then dry flow from the connector to the box attached a decision</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:08'>element to the box and dry flow from it to scan we then erased the flow arrows</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:15'>attached to the process post new area and move the box to a new position this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:25'>allows us to draw a new box well that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:34'>was a tremendous change in the way we felt about using computers I had a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:42'>chance to use that for half an hour in 1968 and felt like I was thinking my</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:46'>hands right through the glass of the display and touching the information</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:51'>structures directly inside unlike Engelbart's system which I had called a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:55'>personal computer this to me was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:59'>intimate this is an intimate way of interacting and so for me and for a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:05'>bunch of other people in the 60s 1968</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:09'>was my year for thinking about the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:14'>possibility of there being three major ways of interacting with a computer of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:21'>three paradigms three frameworks for thinking about interaction and the thing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:27'>that clinched it for me was seeing going</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:32'>out and visiting Seymour's one of Seymour's first installations in a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:38'>school watching them use the logo turtle</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:42'>the descendant of the great Walter turtle, cause Seymour had this terrific idea that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:47'>wouldn't it be great to let kids actually build the kinds of mechanisms</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:51'>that would animate a turtle around and they would learn a lot about their world and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:56'>a lot about thinking about the world from from doing that and I've never</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:00'>recovered from that because once I saw that to me the computer was no longer a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:05'>vehicle in the nation at risk report the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:11'>recommendation is that every child in the US should have one semester of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:16'>computers in their senior year of high school that's their strong</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:22'>recommendation about computers and that's driver's ed that is treating the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:28'>computer like a vehicle it's not the cars aren't important it's that they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:32'>aren't central the central things to us are the media the intermediaries with</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:38'>how we work with the world and if you can get rid of that slide that'd be</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:42'>great I think everybody has figured that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:48'>out by now thank you the that led to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:57'>thinking of a computer in a completely different way this is a cardboard model</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:01'>I made in 1968 just since become known</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:05'>as the dynabook and we actually loaded</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:10'>this cardboard model up with a variety of lead pellets to try and find out how</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:15'>heavy it could be before people would always take it with them not find an</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:20'>excuse to leave it behind and turns out</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:24'>that the weight that we determined has not yet been reached by any computer company so this machine is still a bit</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:31'>in the future but it expresses a different kind of relationship with the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:35'>machine and something that wants to start much earlier in the life of a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:41'>human being and so one of the ways of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:47'>thinking of it is if we compare these three</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:53'>ways of looking at it we can say well where is the computer in the past it was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:58'>in the glasshouse today in personal computing it's on our desk and in the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:04'>future it's going to be with us all the time in California will weave it into</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:09'>our t-shirts Nicholas said 10 years ago</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:15'>that will know in the future appears when our cufflinks committed communicate</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:21'>with our watched by means of satellite</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:26'>it's when such hyperbole is not outrageous that you know a paradigm</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:31'>shift has actually happened and as an interesting analogy here to the history</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:37'>of publishing in 1400 AD there are three</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:41'>hundred ninety two books in the Vatican Library one of the largest libraries in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:46'>Europe and in 1452 or thereabouts--</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:51'>Gutenberg printed his first Bible and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:55'>that Bible the 42 line Bible was as big as the hand-written manuscripts that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:02'>have been so laboriously copied by monks during the Middle Ages and the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:07'>reason it was that big is that that was what books were if you look at pictures</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:14'>woodcuts or you visit the modern</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:18'>recreation of what a library was like then they didn't shelve the books most</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:23'>libraries back then had so few books that each book had its own reading table</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:28'>and the books were chained to it you look at this table table book with</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:34'>chains the thing that comes to mind inescapably is a time-sharing bullpen</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:40'>because these are institutionally owned items and Gutenberg didn't know what</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:47'>else to do but to make them that size and much more interesting revolution</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:53'>happened a few years later when Aldus now has a company named after him Aldus</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:59'>Manutius who was a Venetian publisher did two remarkable things first he was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:05'>one of the major driving forces behind publishing things other than</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:09'>Bibles and he isn't he and his sons over the next century published 40,000</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:15'>different books most of them from gathering up Greek and Roman writings</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:21'>spreading them all over Europe he did one other thing that will forever endear</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:25'>himself to me he decided that book should be this big and he decided they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:31'>should be this big because that was the size that saddle bags were in Venice in the 1490s in other words Aldus realized</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:39'>something very important and that is the books could now be lost and because they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:46'>could now be lost they could now be taken with they now could go out and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:51'>become a mass medium now again we're in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:55'>this interesting stage because we're not in a place where r we're willing to have our computers be lost watches their $10</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:04'>swatch watches or something like that willing to have them be lost maybe a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:09'>pocket calculator it's not a tragedy if it gets lost paper and pencil it's not a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:13'>tragedy but still with our multi-thousand dollar computers sitting</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:19'>on our desks we're actually still in the Gutenberg era and the interesting thing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:24'>about history is that nothing that happened between Gutenberg and Aldus</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:28'>counted none of those behavior patterns</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:32'>had anything to do with what happened in the post Aldus area as we went into the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:36'>16th century so drawing curves as a way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:40'>of predicting the computer doesn't work very well when you're in these interesting transition periods well</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:45'>another way of looking at these three</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:50'>paradigms is to ask what kinds of information do we use letter and numbers</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:55'>with institutional computing fonts and graphics on modern personal computing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:01'>and as Nicholas likes the show with his imploding his teething rings for the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:07'>media lab as he likes to call them that it's going to be all media coming together because the computer is a meta</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:12'>media its content is all media all</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:16'>intermediaries that one is pretty much of a no-brainer but it's amazing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:20'>how long it has taken for that to even that simple idea to sink in how do we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:26'>print impact printing big laser printing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:30'>personal laser printers with personal computing and no printing as we move on</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:37'>into the next ten years because the information is going to be too</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:41'>interesting to destroy by printing it out right now is an index of how paltry</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:48'>our use of the computer is that we can actually print it out and feel good about it we actually haven't heard</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:54'>anything because our information for the most part is not in dimensionally</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:59'>intertwined it's not in the form of a dynamic simulation it's not any of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:04'>things that the computer is really about</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:08'>field of interaction feels like line editing on institutional computing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:15'>layout on computers like the Macintosh</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:19'>moving things around but in the new</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:28'>paradigm it's going to feel more like conducting because we're going to move from passive information to active</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:34'>information we're going to move from objects to agents and so it's going to be</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:38'>a little bit more like summoning forth lots of assistance at different times</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:43'>and checking out what their goals are and our they're checking out what our</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:48'>goals are and and so forth so each one of these is a completely different way of thinking about it and one of the ways</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:54'>of thinking about the differentiation between the institutional and the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:00'>personal here is that even when graphical interfaces were done in the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:04'>60s for the most part all interfaces were thought of their main task was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:09'>accessed to function so this notion that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:13'>inside the computer is sort of something like a big nuclear reactor or a power station there's all that function and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:19'>what we need to have is a way of getting to each of these pieces of function will</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:23'>map them into control keys and and double control meta y keys and that way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:29'>of thinking about things and the revolution that made the second</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:35'>paradigm the personal computer paradigm is going from that stance to realizing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:40'>that the main job of the user interface is to make the user aware of what the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:44'>possibilities are in other words the user interface now goes from being</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:49'>control of function to a learning environment and of course I should</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:56'>mention that the the main job of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:00'>intimate computer user interface is to do a lot of learning itself so we go</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:05'>from no learning or learning of the most back-breaking kind to making it easier</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:12'>for the user to learn and then finally we want the system to learn how do we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:17'>give commands we have to remember everything and type see and point where we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:23'>are now and in the future is going to be asked and gesture because the computer</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:28'>is going to be watching us not us just watching it what kind of languages do we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:33'>program it in weekly modular data</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:37'>structured procedures cobol one of the surest predictions that we can make</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:42'>about the future is that 10 years from now there will still be a lot of COBOL programmers this personal computing way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:54'>of doing things is pretty much object-oriented after right far fewer</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:59'>lines of code and there's a new kind of programming that people are starting to do called agent oriented programming and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:07'>one way of thinking about all of these paradigms is to compare them with</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:11'>architecture of taking a civilization like the Greeks whose main way of making</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:18'>big buildings was post and lintel pilot block box like that and you get</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:24'>buildings about this size and if you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:28'>want to make a building a lot bigger and let in more light this architecture doesn't work you have to change to a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:33'>different kind of architecture like the gothic arch and if you do that you can make</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:38'>buildings much larger with about the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:43'>same amount of material and when they say just about somebody he doesn't have</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:49'>enough bricks to make a wall that might not be a slam because you might have</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:57'>enough bricks to make an arch he's got enough bricks to make an arch she's a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:01'>lot better off than people who only have enough bricks to make walls and of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:06'>course the big change in the last several hundred years is going from structures that just push against each</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:11'>other to this notion of the higher</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:15'>strength of materials under tension if you get materials that you can tense as</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:20'>well as compressed you can make structures like geodesic domes that will</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:25'>fit over all of the cathedrals that have ever been made in the world and these are completely separate ways of thinking</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:31'>about things and one of the answers to the question that's the title of my</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:35'>lecture is what is the next computer</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:39'>revolution going to be like well it's going to be technologically it's going to be like what I just told you that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:44'>we're going to intimate machines they'll always be networked there will be</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:49'>information utilities the systems will</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:53'>learn and so forth now for many people this is big news but in fact if you go</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:58'>back in the history of computer science you find people like Marvin Minsky and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:03'>John McCarthy writing papers in the late 50s and early 60s about this this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:09'>happens to be not just the fifth anniversary of the media lab but it's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:14'>also the 20th anniversary of Nicholas's book called the architecture machine</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:18'>which is all about this third way of looking at things now for my standpoint</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:24'>since I am not particularly enamored of technology this is a very incomplete</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:30'>answer and I would like to try and go to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:34'>a different way of thinking about things that involves people much more strongly</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:40'>and to do that we have to have some sense</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:45'>of how people's minds work this is for</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:49'>many years and in engineering is where the rubber met the sky because engineers</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:56'>tend to like controllable elements and people aren't all that controllable and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:01'>as a behavioral mechanism we are exasperating and so there's been a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:07'>tendency of actually trying to get people to be more like machines rather</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:11'>than the other way around and give you an example of why this is difficult to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:16'>deal with take a look at one of my favorite pictures here and what you see</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:24'>here let's pretend we're in school because actually we are in school we're in a university let me give you an</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:30'>English sentence about this picture what we've done with this picture is to take</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:35'>a picture of a young girl extracted her eyes and mouth turn them upside down and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:41'>put them back into the picture and then turn the entire picture upside down that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:46'>sound reasonable to everybody okay so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:50'>having said that you should be completely prepared than for what it looks like right side up I'm going to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:58'>turn this back because I've discovered nobody will listen to me when it's on the other way so this is one of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:09'>flaws of trying to give lectures in English because a nation is actually not</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:16'>convertible except outside of the human</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:22'>domain within the human domain we actually have different parts of our</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:26'>brain that respond the things in different ways and this is one of the reasons why McDonald's doesn't run print</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:31'>ads saying if you eat a McDonald's hamburger you'll become a better looking</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:35'>person because in English it's absurd so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:39'>instead what they do is to run an ad showing pictures of really good-looking people eating McDonald's hamburgers and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:44'>a different part of your mind takes that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:48'>information and makes a different kind of inference the kind of inference that the ad people want you in fact we have a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:54'>part of our mind that thinks things are more true if they rhyme so if I were to say to you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:00'>a big mac and fries will slender your thighs sound more convincing the whole</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:10'>idea here is that as people started to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:15'>suspect about starting about a hundred years ago with Freud Piaget Brunner</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:21'>Minsky and Papert that what we don't have inside of our head is the oneness a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:29'>vast beautiful seamless fabric of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:33'>mentality but instead what we have is something much more like a patchwork quilt and in fact the patchwork quilt</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:38'>has little mechanisms that pop us from one part of the quilt to another</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:43'>whenever we get too close to one of the boundaries and it's you have to do things like this to show that there is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:48'>an actual patchwork quilt there so we have this idea of multiple mentalities</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:55'>and Piaget was one of the first to study</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:00'>the very different ways that children have of dealing with the world as they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:05'>move through stages of development early in a child's life an object is to grab</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:10'>it a hole is to dig it thinking is doing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:14'>in many ways later on the child is more</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:18'>visually centered child says there's more water in the tall glass when you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:23'>pour from the squat class the tall one because it looks that way and then</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:28'>finally it around 11 or 12 there's a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:32'>facts and logic stage where logical operations are carried out and the child</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:38'>can make deductions based on facts like there can't be more water because where</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:42'>would it go where would it come from so forth now of course at least this was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:48'>true in 11 and 12 year old Swiss French kids in America there's a lot of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:53'>evidence that American kids never get to this facts and logic stage</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:01'>now Brunner in the 50s and 60s redid</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:07'>some of Piaget's experiments but he added some twists so he took the water pouring</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:11'>experiment and after the kids said there's more water in the tall glass</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:16'>Brunner put a cardboard so the kid couldn't see the tall glass anymore and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:20'>the kid would change his mind back say oh there can't be more and then Brunner</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:24'>would take whip Brunner would take the cardboard away and the kid would say oh</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:29'>but look there's more water Brunner would put the cardboard back and the kid would</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:33'>change his mind again so if you have any six-year-olds you'd like to torment and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:40'>what Brunner was in his way was getting</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:45'>closer to this idea of multiple mentalities as well that it isn't just a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:53'>metamorphosis like a caterpillar into a butterfly which is pretty much the way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:57'>Piaget thought of it but actually different modules being able to deal</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:02'>with it within different ways and a change in dominance to express the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:06'>piaget expression now there are many things that you can do with this suppose</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:11'>you wanted to design a user interface for a computer that was like a tool and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:16'>we have to think about what each of these mentalities actually does so an</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:21'>example the body-centered one is the one that knows where we are in space we can</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:25'>close our eyes and touch our nose when in touch our hands behind our back if</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:30'>you blind us we can still orient ourselves but if we aren't as</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:34'>unfortunate enough to suffer a brain lesion that takes part of a limb out of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:39'>our body map then even though it's physically attached to us it's like</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:43'>somebody else's so this orienting</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:47'>centering groundedness is something that the body mentality brings to us the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:53'>visually sent mentality is wonderfully</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:58'>adept at dealing with various kinds of tricks for instance if we were to put a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:02'>hundred images of animals on a wall you'd be able to find the elephant</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:07'>almost four times as fast as you could the word elephant if the images were</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:12'>replaced words now let me try and experiment this I realize that this is a very academic</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:17'>body here but let me ask how many people</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:21'>here watch television be honest okay how</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:26'>many people flip channels all right how</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:32'>many people have ever flipped a channel randomly into a movie they haven't seen</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:37'>for 18 years how long did it take you to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:41'>recognize that you'd seen that movie before how long yeah somewhere between a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:48'>half a second and a couple of seconds think about what that meant 18 years ago</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:53'>you saw a movie you didn't know you're</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:57'>going to be tested on it you randomly</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:03'>without any preparation pop into the middle of it and all of a sudden in 30</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:10'>frames or so of seeing that movie you suddenly recognize what it is think of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:15'>what that means in the context of your entire life most people can remember</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:19'>what's going to happen next if you stop the movie after they've recognized that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:23'>they know what the next scene is going to be so that is a mentality that begged</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:29'>to be exploited and what it says is that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:33'>we should always be able to present about a hundred things in the visual</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:37'>field because the user can be aware of them subliminally and if we present them</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:42'>in recognizable scenes the user can store hundreds thousands millions of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:47'>different scenes and remember that they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:51'>were there before then finally the symbolically centered mentality is much</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:55'>more interested in changing things so if</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:59'>its biggest problem is finding the right context because it is not a context</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:04'>chooser so if your visual mentality work</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:08'>the way your symbolic one the first thing you opened your eyes and saw in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:12'>the morning would be what you'd be staring at several hours later that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:16'>doesn't work so well so we have a grounding mentality we have a flitting</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:21'>around mentality that's aware of lots of things and we have one</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:25'>likes to make chains and somehow we should be able to put all of those things together here's one of the ways</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:31'>whoops sorry can you turn that off please that's the end of the slides we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:40'>want to be able to put these things together and if we do we'll find</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:44'>ourselves fitting much more closely to the way human mentalities work</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:06'>so this is a 22 month old little girl and she has never lived in a world not</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:13'>densely populated by Macintoshes her</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:18'>mother is my accountant both her mother and father work at home each of them has</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:22'>a mac this is back five years ago in 1985 and when I found out the little</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:27'>girl was interested in computers I gave</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:31'>her an apple to which she rejected she</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:39'>wanted what her folks had now I have to warn you hear that not to be impressed</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:44'>because this is not her first time on the machine she's been using the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:49'>computer for about six months so she's actually a fairly experienced user and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:56'>long time ago we designed this user interface for children but never any of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:03'>this young so it's really interesting to see a child used the machine that was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:08'>actually designed for them and so here</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:12'>she's using the visible menus of mac paint and I saw it I thought all right</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:18'>this is impressed i've i've never seen a child this young is this machine before but ok I it should work but then what</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:25'>happened next really amazed me she wants a fresh sheet of paper so she goes to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:30'>the closed box on the window she saves her old drawing with a pop-up and she</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:37'>goes to the pulldown to get a new one</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:48'>well that was pretty and that was a home movie made by her father and we did</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:54'>about another 10 hours of testing this child on various Macintosh applications</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:00'>and we discovered it across applications she was about seventy percent literate</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:06'>that is she could take a really complicated application like aldus pagemaker a desktop publishing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:10'>application started up make marks and it print the marks out save the marks away</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:16'>get the marks back about seventy percent of the things that Macintosh users</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:21'>expect from application to application she in her horizon already by age 22</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:30'>months okay so that answers one question</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:35'>about this notion a computer illiteracy</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:39'>one when we're talking about situations</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:43'>like literacy and illiteracy they don't really obtain when the object in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:48'>question is a professional that we don't</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:52'>have a term called health orosi and ill-health orosi because medicine is a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:58'>profession there wasn't a term called literacy and illiteracy back in the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:02'>Middle Ages when writing was a profession as soon as you spread it out to the public you start getting</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:07'>interested in these notions of can people access things made for them by</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:11'>others that's like reading but what about the more important thing can</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:15'>people make things that are like the things that other people make so here's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:20'>an example of something that we did about 15 years ago</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:33'>and this is the logo turtle with a different architecture and it's a little</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:41'>application like Mac draw object oriented illustration system designed</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:47'>and built by 12 year old so this is an</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:51'>end-user program not a program that you'd buy in a store for ninety-nine</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:55'>dollars from egghead software has lots of features you can change size and move</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:00'>things around because of the change in architecture of going from normal data</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:08'>structure and procedure programming to object-oriented programming the amount</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:12'>of code she had the right to do this application was only about a page long so this is not a large program and one</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:18'>of the things that you have to do when you're working with any kind of novice user is make sure the programs they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:23'>write are not terribly long well so that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:27'>was an attempt to get kids and users to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:31'>be both able to access and able to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:36'>generate the same kinds of things that we're going to run on their paradigm of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:40'>computing but now we have a new paradigm of computing it's going to involve</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:44'>agents and artificial intelligence so a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:48'>few years ago I got interested in the idea of trying to set up a design a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:56'>system that would allow children to do artificial intelligence kind of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:00'>programming in other words they would be making things now much less like robots</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:05'>and much more like the gray Walter turtle things that mimic life in a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:12'>number of different ways I like to show you a bit of that project this project</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:16'>is done in a rather large scale we have an entire school it has now 375 children</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:22'>12 teachers and we've been working there for about five years and one of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:28'>things that we found is that technology is not something that you can put in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:33'>like raisins and upon pudding there's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:37'>all this other stuff is the entire life of the child that you have to consider</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:41'>and the framework of the school we're lucky to find a terrific school</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:46'>to Los Angeles bussing school so it's a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:50'>public school and the children are all shapes sizes colors Creed's ethnic</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:56'>backgrounds bust in most of them for more than an hour to get to the school</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:00'>those of demographers paradise and we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:04'>found it very interesting to introduce ideas into the school in a gradual</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:09'>fashion I'd like to show you some of those</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:39'>so that the kids are all kinds of kids</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:44'>and one of the things they've done here is to tear up part of their asphalt</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:50'>playground and build a garden this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:54'>garden was actually designed by the children you'll see a little bit you'll get an idea of how children could design</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:59'>something like this in in just a minute</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:05'>and because we're studying animals as</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:09'>well as plants they have a pond that has</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:13'>all kinds of life forms and the children actually built this garden themselves</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:21'>now I'm not going to explain to you what's going on here see if you can</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:26'>imagine what it is now I'll tell you in a bit what are they doing with these</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:31'>balloons well what they were doing is designing a city and one of the reasons</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:37'>we do some of the design work with balloons is because urban renewal is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:42'>really easy the idea of to know the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:50'>world one was constructed because is strongly tied into designing a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:56'>programming environment for children because what we wanted to do is not so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:01'>much experience things that other people have set up to be more like experiencing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:07'>a television program or maybe an interactive video disc we want them to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:12'>actually make the simulations themselves because it's in making the simulations</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:17'>that the active design is most powerful</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:22'>now next few minutes I'm going to show you three large-scale projects that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:29'>we've been doing at the school one of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:33'>the things we tried to do here was to both challenge the kids and to go much</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:39'>deeper than they ordinarily are asked to go by the state educational board this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:47'>first one is a year-long project in city building and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:52'>the kids that participate in it our third and fourth graders so there are</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:56'>seven and eight and nine years old in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:00'>this project starts in September and runs through the entire year and this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:04'>will give you an idea of it I think this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:11'>is all almost all no no mrs. hansal tool</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:15'>I know but they still are everything explored of it everybody say I know but</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:20'>they're already something you should make something is already Salinas joris</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:26'>the penis is already something every single after everything this is only</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:31'>styrofoam nobody lady out of something I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:35'>know every as late as something accident</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:39'>from a balloon doesn't mean we don't have a design knowledge now to make</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:44'>buildings exactly like they would have to make it a hundred years we're making</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:48'>models ideas for what buildings could be</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:52'>like in a hundred years we don't have the materials we're going to happen 100 years I did red stripes right</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:50:37'>okay did you get that color name red red</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:03'>what do you belviq i'm doing a factory</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:35'>wait do it again and stay here and do</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:40'>the character park you'll be the building y'all be the building yes why</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:45'>on the prison and he's the building these the buildings okay welcome to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:59'>fantasy mall we have lots of stuff the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:52:20'>building collapsed he was trying to see the moon and there nothing collapsed my</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:52:27'>apartment building and on the top is a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:52:31'>swimming pool never got this is a cold day in rainier so you can have an indoor</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:52:36'>central and it's a hot you open it up and you can I here down here tomorrow</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:14'>he'll be our future city is opening as you can see i'll transfer k our monorail</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:20'>has just been strong</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:24'>and all the buildings are beginning to look like buildings all the buildings</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:30'>are being checked and painting now our</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:34'>he cannot pick up the site husband useful because of the monorail and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:39'>transportation we now have these things on our site everybody that wants bad air</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:47'>transportation land on your site must cabinet right Iggy foxes out</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:52'>Commissioner tova cats design this whole</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:57'>monorail see what household monorail and monorail station the Commissioner of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:03'>lands who doesn't exhaust you all for helping us with sidewalks these are my</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:09'>sidewalks my bold earthquake tested and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:17'>alarming teleporting man he puts ebook</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:22'>paper towel rolls on our site static patella to have it be a teleporting</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:27'>station their cities he's getting to look like a real City try getting to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:31'>look like Judy Landers on the monorail calvada getting to Los Angeles cuz of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:36'>the help crowd is starting today less</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:40'>crowded than it was when we were making our study models</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:46'>I level or I level 1 inch tall but will</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:58'>question building so that's a very okay</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:10'>as see more I'm sure will echo when when you actually go into a school and start</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:15'>working with the kids the first reaction is one of shock because the enormity of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:23'>the experience the amount of energy the amount of body learning that the kids</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:28'>need to do completely dominates all the things that you wanted to do with</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:32'>computers and the first thing you realize when you actually go into school</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:36'>and do this stuff for real is that you better worry about curriculum far</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:42'>outside the media that you're going to use because there's so many different</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:47'>dimensions and this is a project in which most of the things that are</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:51'>available on computers now are of almost no use the kids do a little bit of work</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:56'>with Macintoshes in doing this but 99%</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:01'>of it is this huge experience with doing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:05'>things with their hands and their bodies and crawling over the thing and so forth</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:09'>so one of the objectives in this project</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:13'>was to develop I don't want to say the word peach but develop every child as a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:18'>designer and it takes about three years</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:22'>to get a curriculum like this self-sustaining so people who put try to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:27'>put curriculum in a school and measure it after the first year are making a big</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:31'>mistake takes about three years to get something like this going and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:35'>self-sustaining now another thing we started about four years ago was to develop every child in the school as a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:40'>musician you may see some commonality</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:45'>between those two ideas because music is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:49'>another one of these things that has lots of things interacting with itself</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:53'>part of it is in the interest and what each individual thing is doing and part</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:57'>of the interest is and how they interact we want the kids to be able to think about their world in those terms and so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:03'>we did each year we put on a musical</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:08'>this year it was pirates of penzance and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:13'>this was the best one that we've ever ever had i have a few excerpts of it to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:18'>give you an idea the the oldest child in this is 11 the youngest child in it is 6</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:23'>was completely voluntary the pool of children we had to work with for this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:27'>was about 150 children 120 of those 150</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:31'>possible volunteered and appeared in the show they insisted i'm doing the entire</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:37'>Pirates of Penzance line for line we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:41'>started off with one that was broken down they constantly wanted more we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:45'>wanted to go back they insisted in singing in four-part harmony where it was called for this is a perfect example</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:50'>of something that the kids worked like dogs for four months on and put on a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:56'>fantastic show one of the best theatrical presentations I've ever been to hear some of excerpts</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:08'>fishing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:30'>what I know what is it I met along and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:34'>revelry but I can talk site I'm now the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:38'>run home from a shadowy one such affairs are sorties and surprises I more wary ax</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:45'>and when it opens Leslie what is meant</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:49'>by common their progress has been made</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:54'>it modern gunnery on the object another</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:59'>in a nunnery in short one of smattering</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:00:04'>of elemental strategy</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:00:41'>hey</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:01:16'>Oh</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:01:28'>I'm telling a Terry story but it doesn't</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:00'>although our darker rear sometimes involves the crime of stealing squealing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:13'>although my stripe we're always sorry to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:18'>me</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:34'>haha</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:53'>you may go Liberty our pirate rules protecting and kind of remembers our van</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:59'>we do unless you are you x is as useful</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:07'>things to be an orphan boy</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:13'>oh happy days</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:18'>oh happy day</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:32'>oh happy</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:37'>me I you haha</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:42'>bball</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:50'>so Joe Johnson said about thinking on</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:54'>its hind legs well but one is amazed to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:58'>see it done at all and the trick in doing these kinds of things with kids is to get beyond that stage the only way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:03'>you can do it is by having something like music being a part of the child's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:08'>life all the way through their experience this is the first year in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:12'>which we all the children in it had been part of this enrichment now that's the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:18'>second way of dealing with complexity let me show you the third way and this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:22'>is because the computer some good and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:27'>here are we studying animals and we try and get the children to program not</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:32'>robots but things that are much more biologically acceptable</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:56'>now you might wonder where are the computers in this classroom well one of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:01'>the problems with these computers is that they're bulky so we took every</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:05'>horizontal surfaces in the entire school out and replace them with tables that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:09'>have Macintoshes under them so there are hundreds of Macintoshes in the school</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:14'>but they're all underneath the surfaces so the teachers don't want to move them</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:19'>out of the classroom the teachers don't want to shove them around to the side they're just part of the normal working</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:24'>environment of the school and they're on all the time no computer classrooms no</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:28'>shoved against the wall</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:53'>guys these are some animations we did a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:57'>few years ago and HyperCard just as an idea of what things might look like</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:01'>eventually there's no intelligence behind these models hey guys i am going</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:08'>for a swim in the scene</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:25'>hey</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:33'>if you're asking for every player has agent needs food and the whale come up</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:38'>the way I also have some Asian food all right let me tell you why because when</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:45'>the agent looks in his world what we're</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:49'>seeing here is a they have seminars where they talk over different problem</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:54'>solving strategies the teacher this particular teacher happens to like to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:58'>solve problems and she likes to discuss them with the kids then the kids have to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:03'>go off and figure it out for themselves it doesn't look at himself it looks at</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:07'>the world beyond him so that's why it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:11'>only looks at those players who have food but it doesn't count himself but if</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:18'>he asked for every player in the universe it would include himself and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:25'>this is kind of important for you to think about because when he when they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:30'>have to start giving birth to eat to themselves so they won't die off they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:36'>have to be able to count everything in the universe why Dean Cain</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:45'>50 count how many there are like if</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:49'>there was only one left in was himself competative journalist and then he left</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:53'>bar and then he got true protein what's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:58'>my friend it was a whale who lived to know Jay just off the Pacific coast it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:08:03'>is the time of year when the whales migrate down to Mexico to me and to give</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:08:08'>birth to their babies who were conceived the year before I do that you don't want</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:08:20'>emotion thank you okay go to the top</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:08:45'>works with those two on and I move away</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:08:58'>now here's a more complicated one these these models use the Minsky and Papert</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:02'>Society of mind architecture applied in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:07'>a language for children that was developed in part here at the Media Lab by Mike Travers one of the graduate</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:14'>students here's a more complicated one the clownfish in the lower left is just</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:19'>going about its business feeding one of the things that they do is to find a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:23'>favorite see an enemy and acclimate to it that's what it's doing now they spend</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:28'>a little more time in the monks to poison of the enemy and gradually get</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:33'>immune to it so that they can use it as a place to hide when some predator comes</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:40'>a lot the shark right now is quite a distance away and it doesn't notice the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:45'>clownfish and the clownfish doesn't notice it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:53'>here's some more acclamation closer into the tentacles this time</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:09'>now this lucky clownfish is been doing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:13'>it often enough so it is actually acclimated to the anenih me so when the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:19'>shark sees it and starts pursuing its</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:28'>able to run back to the enemy and the shark can only get so close to the enemy</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:32'>report backs off but of course it wants</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:37'>to come back again</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:46'>so computers are media to think with as</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:50'>Seymour said so eloquently a long time ago in Nicholas's book 20 years ago he</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:56'>said he dedicated it to the first machine who can appreciate the gesture</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:02'>and I think he meant not the gesture like this but the gesture of having a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:06'>book dedicated to it he also said in the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:11'>preface of it that it was all beginnings in no end well I think that's the perfect definition of a research lab a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:16'>my answer to the question of what is the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:21'>next computer revolution it's the one in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:25'>which happens in the context of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:29'>whole person and in the whole person's world that it's not just something that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:33'>we apply in isolation to solve small problems but it's one that like media</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:37'>surrounds us as we've tried to do with the children thank you very much and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:42'>happy 5th birthday ok</subtitle>
<subtitle id='4308'>you </subtitle>

Alan Kay at MIT Media Lab 5th Anniversary Event (1990)

2017-12-31T05:46:14Z

MrSteve:

{{#evt:
service=youtubeIA
|id=6Ysu1mDxxbc
|alignment=left
|autoresize=true
}}

<subtitle id='00:00:00'> never know what Nicholas was going to say actually the turned out that the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:08'>bearnaise on the hot dog didn't sell well if I remember we're no longer on</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:13'>that board anniversaries get people to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:22'>think of other anniversaries there lots</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:26'>of them happening this year one of them is the 50th anniversary of Fantasia and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:33'>Fantasia I think for many of us in this audience and at MIT and elsewhere was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:40'>something we grew up on as a kind of a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:44'>dream of bringing our ideas to life and a lot of us saw the computer is a way of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:50'>more quickly with more depth more</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:54'>dimension more meaning to be able to project ideas that we had within within</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:00'>ourselves into this magic new medium and have them come to life just as the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:07'>disney people did with great art but much more laboriously many years ago I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:12'>think a good way to start this this lecture is to think 40 years ago not 50</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:19'>the 40 years ago was the when two very</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:26'>diverse very at opposite poles machines</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:31'>were introduced to the to the world and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:35'>one of them of course was the UNIVAC one the first commercial digital computer</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:42'>thing that a digital computer its people's minds it had whirling tape</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:47'>drives the first whirling tape drives and it predicted an election not long</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:53'>after that on television and so it became in the public's mind what a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:59'>computer was all about now in the other</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:05'>machine that was at the farthest pole of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:09'>thinking from the univac one also came about 19</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:13'>50 and I actually spent quite a bit with some assistance this summer trying to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:18'>find some film footage of it because I was sure that some must exist and after</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:24'>much scurrying around in England then looking at old newsreels and so forth we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:29'>finally found what i think is the earliest footage of this machine which I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:33'>think symbolizes the transition from the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:38'>UNIVAC 1 to what's going to happen over the next 10 years and i think i need the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:42'>the slides off because i'm going to show some video thank you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:59'>in a simple Ville on the outskirts of Bristol lives Dr. Grey Walter a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:04'>neurologist who makes robots as a hobby they are small and he doesn't dress them</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:09'>up to look like men he calls them tortoises and so cunningly have their</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:13'>insides being designed that they respond to the stimuli of light and touch in a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:18'>completely lifelike manner</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:38'>this model is named Elsie and she sees out of a photoelectric cell which</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:43'>rotates above her body when light strikes the cell driving and steering</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:48'>mechanism sends her hurrying towards it if she brushes against any object in her</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:52'>path contacts are operated that turn the steering away and so automatically she</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:58'>takes avoiding action</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:34'>Mrs. Walters pet his Elma, Elsie's brother in the darker vest he works in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:39'>exactly the same way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:49'>Dr. Walter says that his electronic toys work exactly as though they have a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:53'>simple two cell nervous system and that with more cells they will be able to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:58'>do many more tricks already Elsie has one up on Elmer when her batteries begin to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:03'>fail she automatically runs home to her kennel but charging up and in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:07'>consequence can live a much gayer life</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:17'>so I officially present this footage to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:21'>Nicholas Seymour Papert and Marvin Minsky for it means something to each</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:27'>one of this this is the original tortoise that inspired the logo turtle</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:33'>and it also inspired a lot of early work</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:37'>in artificial intelligence and what's interesting about the way the last 40</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:41'>years have transpired is that digital computers have taken over but in fact</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:46'>where things are going now are much more towards the kinds of control systems</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:53'>kinds of what you might call wet mentalities that device like the great</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:00'>Walter turtle has well the biggest</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:04'>problem with with computers is that they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:09'>were larger than than human scale and the mechanisms we have in our mind for</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:14'>dealing with things are larger than human scale are those of religions so of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:18'>course we had a priesthood and special</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:22'>time special rituals all of that stuff and a lot of what has happened in the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:27'>last 40 years has been to try and find ways to bring the machine into human</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:32'>scale without losing any of its promise</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:36'>what I'd like to do is give you a couple</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:40'>of ways that I think about this stuff and one of them is thinking in general</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:46'>terms about the way humans have extended themselves over the last several hundred</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:52'>thousand years and of course the first one that we think of is that we extend</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:56'>ourselves through tools levers screwdrivers wheels and so forth less</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:03'>often we think of language and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:07'>mathematics as tools but they also are ways of creating objects for things that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:15'>we want to deal with and we manipulate them and all of these tools allow us to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:21'>extend various of our senses and for a long time we thought of the computer as</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:26'>a kind of a tool and one of the ways that we've grappled with it is to try and make it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:30'>act more like the kinds of tools that were used to now less often thought of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:35'>extension is one that was identified many years ago by mumford who said for</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:42'>most of the history of human beings most of the machines that we've built have</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:47'>had other humans as moving parts he called these mega machines and societies</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:52'>groups an organization like this the media lab all of these are a consequence</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:57'>of our ability to take on other people's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:02'>goals our interest in taking on people's goals and our interest in getting people</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:06'>to take on our goals of course agents</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:10'>can take on a goal and can manipulate tools to carry out our wishes while</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:14'>we're doing things but more importantly an agent can deal with other agents and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:20'>I think of the the M word here for</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:24'>agents as being management so to me a tool is something that we look at and we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:29'>manipulate and an agent is something that looks at us and we manage the agent</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:35'>and of course the mainframes were neither and so the struggle was started</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:41'>in the 1950s in 1962 try and find a way of bringing this into some sort of human</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:46'>scale now I like to show you a couple of early efforts</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:04'>here's a picture that could have been taken in somebody's office here at MIT</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:08'>but actually it was taken in 1965 this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:15'>is Douglas Engelbart sitting at his</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:20'>first version of a what you might call not a personal computer but personal</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:25'>computing he has a mouse he has a black on white 19 inch screen and here's the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:32'>kind of media that he dealt back sat</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:44'>exactly branch on me and let me look just that low and I see it oh I can say</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:51'>I'd like to see one line only I can see</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:55'>but there's another thing I can do theres a route I said i have here</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:04'>so here I'm it i'll need a different pictures of you so here's what i do with</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:09'>a picture drawing capability here so slight and lamp if i start from work and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:13'>here's the route i seem to have to go to pick up all the materials and that's my</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:17'>plan for getting home tonight but if I want to I can say the library what am I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:22'>supposed to pick up there I can just point to that you know oh I see overdue</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:27'>books and all while there was a statement there with that name go back what if I once my supposed to pick up</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:32'>the drugstore hmm I see you interesting all right market can do things if I want</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:40'>to just say I'd like to interchange projects and can materials bingo and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:46'>they're all numbered right if I care to look interchanging them very quickly</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:50'>cans are going to get interchange with products they do it and all gets me</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:56'>numbered so that's a very tool based way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:01'>of thinking about things you're indicating things on the screen moving</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:05'>them around Engelbart was one of the of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:09'>a number of people in the 50s and 60s that realize that although you could</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:13'>drop a computer and break it just like you can drop a book into a fire and burn</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:19'>it that the contents of the computer or</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:23'>of the book can be a story or a description of things that can't exist</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:28'>physically in the world you can have a story in a book about a place that has an inverse cube law doesn't seem to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:33'>exist in in this world the computer can</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:37'>add more dimensions than this world has to a way of looking at data and so that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:41'>if you have a 15 dimensional space of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:46'>interesting things the computer can give you 16 dimensions and bring all of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:50'>interesting points together at one one place and that led to a number of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:55'>different ways of thinking about the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:00'>computer Engelbart's metaphor was the computer as a vehicle he thought of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:06'>big mainframes as being like railroads that were owned by institutions and the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:11'>institutions decided when you could use them and decided what you could use them</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:15'>for and Engelbart wanted to be Henry Ford he</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:19'>wanted everybody to have their own vehicle used to say phrases like we need</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:24'>to deal with thought vectors and concept space I don't think he knew what that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:28'>meant we certainly didn't but it sounded</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:32'>great and it gave rise to this notion that in order to bring the computer down</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:38'>into our world we have to have some way of interacting with it in a closer</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:44'>fashion and so the the urge was to bring the computer cycles closer to the user</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:50'>and that's what gave rise to machines like this and this is one that I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:54'>designed it's a picture of it on its own display back in the late 60s and it even</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:03'>had a user interface on it although back</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:07'>then there's a wonderful phrase about user interface user interfaces was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:12'>called it's when the flesh hits the steel and that phrase is very much about</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:20'>because there's really no notion of there being an intermediary between you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:25'>and the hardness of the machine and this this machine have multiple windows and a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:31'>number of other ideas on it but it was a little bit like trying to make an apple</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:36'>pie from random ingredients found in the kitchen you don't have any apples so you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:41'>decide to use bananas you don't have any flour so you grind up Cheerios and so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:47'>forth I randomly substituting for all of the ingredients in a typical pie you can</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:51'>make something but in this case this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:55'>turned out to be a bit of a mess only</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:59'>graduate students liked it sort of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:03'>kiss of death for any computer system</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:09'>reason of course as graduate students are going through a rite of passage when they're trying to prove how smart they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:14'>are and how many amazing things that they can remember and so they turn out</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:18'>to be pretty much the world's worst user interface design right I was a graduate</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:22'>student when I designed this so I'm speaking with authority now right about</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:28'>the same time that this was going on there is a whole different way of looking at interaction and one of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:35'>ways that I used to illustrate that is some film footage taken at rand</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:40'>corporation on a system that they made</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:44'>for Rand economists and other non computer types The Economist's of course</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:51'>are that group of people that if you lay them end to end they still won't be able</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:55'>to reach a conclusion and the Economist</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:00'>didn't even like to type they like to write things on legal pads and they said</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:06'>the RAM people can't you do something about that so here's an example of something that was adapted from some</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:13'>early work here at MIT by Marvin Minsky and war entitlement to do a system that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:20'>would interpret gestures as expressed on</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:24'>a data tablet so here's what that looks like</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:38'>first we erase a flow arrow then move</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:42'>the connector out of the way so that we may draw a box in its place the printing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:51'>in the box is being new commentary only in this case the box is slightly too</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:57'>large so we may change its size where modern day window control came from</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:01'>literally then dry flow from the connector to the box attached a decision</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:08'>element to the box and dry flow from it to scan we then erased the flow arrows</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:15'>attached to the process post new area and move the box to a new position this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:25'>allows us to draw a new box well that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:34'>was a tremendous change in the way we felt about using computers I had a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:42'>chance to use that for half an hour in 1968 and felt like I was thinking my</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:46'>hands right through the glass of the display and touching the information</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:51'>structures directly inside unlike Engelbart's system which I had called a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:55'>personal computer this to me was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:59'>intimate this is an intimate way of interacting and so for me and for a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:05'>bunch of other people in the 60s 1968</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:09'>was my year for thinking about the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:14'>possibility of there being three major ways of interacting with a computer of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:21'>three paradigms three frameworks for thinking about interaction and the thing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:27'>that clinched it for me was seeing going</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:32'>out and visiting Seymour's one of Seymour's first installations in a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:38'>school watching them use the logo turtle</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:42'>the descendant of the great Walter turtle, cause Seymour had this terrific idea that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:47'>wouldn't it be great to let kids actually build the kinds of mechanisms</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:51'>that would animate a turtle around and they would learn a lot about their world and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:56'>a lot about thinking about the world from from doing that and I've never</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:00'>recovered from that because once I saw that to me the computer was no longer a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:05'>vehicle in the nation at risk report the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:11'>recommendation is that every child in the US should have one semester of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:16'>computers in their senior year of high school that's their strong</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:22'>recommendation about computers and that's driver's ed that is treating the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:28'>computer like a vehicle it's not the cars aren't important it's that they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:32'>aren't central the central things to us are the media the intermediaries with</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:38'>how we work with the world and if you can get rid of that slide that'd be</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:42'>great I think everybody has figured that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:48'>out by now thank you the that led to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:57'>thinking of a computer in a completely different way this is a cardboard model</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:01'>I made in 1968 just since become known</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:05'>as the dynabook and we actually loaded</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:10'>this cardboard model up with a variety of lead pellets to try and find out how</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:15'>heavy it could be before people would always take it with them not find an</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:20'>excuse to leave it behind and turns out</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:24'>that the weight that we determined has not yet been reached by any computer company so this machine is still a bit</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:31'>in the future but it expresses a different kind of relationship with the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:35'>machine and something that wants to start much earlier in the life of a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:41'>human being and so one of the ways of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:47'>thinking of it is if we compare these three</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:53'>ways of looking at it we can say well where is the computer in the past it was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:58'>in the glasshouse today in personal computing it's on our desk and in the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:04'>future it's going to be with us all the time in California will weave it into</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:09'>our t-shirts Nicholas said 10 years ago</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:15'>that will know in the future appears when our cufflinks committed communicate</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:21'>with our watched by means of satellite</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:26'>it's when such hyperbole is not outrageous that you know a paradigm</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:31'>shift has actually happened and as an interesting analogy here to the history</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:37'>of publishing in 1400 AD there are three</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:41'>hundred ninety two books in the Vatican Library one of the largest libraries in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:46'>Europe and in 1452 or thereabouts--</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:51'>Gutenberg printed his first Bible and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:55'>that Bible the 42 line Bible was as big as the hand-written manuscripts that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:02'>have been so laboriously copied by monks during the Middle Ages and the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:07'>reason it was that big is that that was what books were if you look at pictures</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:14'>woodcuts or you visit the modern</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:18'>recreation of what a library was like then they didn't shelve the books most</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:23'>libraries back then had so few books that each book had its own reading table</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:28'>and the books were chained to it you look at this table table book with</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:34'>chains the thing that comes to mind inescapably is a time-sharing bullpen</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:40'>because these are institutionally owned items and Gutenberg didn't know what</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:47'>else to do but to make them that size and much more interesting revolution</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:53'>happened a few years later when Aldus now has a company named after him Aldus</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:59'>Manutius who was a Venetian publisher did two remarkable things first he was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:05'>one of the major driving forces behind publishing things other than</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:09'>Bibles and he isn't he and his sons over the next century published 40,000</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:15'>different books most of them from gathering up Greek and Roman writings</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:21'>spreading them all over Europe he did one other thing that will forever endear</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:25'>himself to me he decided that book should be this big and he decided they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:31'>should be this big because that was the size that saddle bags were in Venice in the 1490s in other words Aldus realized</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:39'>something very important and that is the books could now be lost and because they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:46'>could now be lost they could now be taken with they now could go out and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:51'>become a mass medium now again we're in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:55'>this interesting stage because we're not in a place where r we're willing to have our computers be lost watches their $10</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:04'>swatch watches or something like that willing to have them be lost maybe a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:09'>pocket calculator it's not a tragedy if it gets lost paper and pencil it's not a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:13'>tragedy but still with our multi-thousand dollar computers sitting</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:19'>on our desks we're actually still in the Gutenberg era and the interesting thing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:24'>about history is that nothing that happened between Gutenberg and Aldus</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:28'>counted none of those behavior patterns</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:32'>had anything to do with what happened in the post Aldus area as we went into the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:36'>16th century so drawing curves as a way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:40'>of predicting the computer doesn't work very well when you're in these interesting transition periods well</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:45'>another way of looking at these three</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:50'>paradigms is to ask what kinds of information do we use letter and numbers</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:55'>with institutional computing fonts and graphics on modern personal computing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:01'>and as Nicholas likes the show with his imploding his teething rings for the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:07'>media lab as he likes to call them that it's going to be all media coming together because the computer is a meta</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:12'>media its content is all media all</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:16'>intermediaries that one is pretty much of a no-brainer but it's amazing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:20'>how long it has taken for that to even that simple idea to sink in how do we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:26'>print impact printing big laser printing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:30'>personal laser printers with personal computing and no printing as we move on</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:37'>into the next ten years because the information is going to be too</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:41'>interesting to destroy by printing it out right now is an index of how paltry</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:48'>our use of the computer is that we can actually print it out and feel good about it we actually haven't heard</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:54'>anything because our information for the most part is not in dimensionally</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:59'>intertwined it's not in the form of a dynamic simulation it's not any of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:04'>things that the computer is really about</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:08'>field of interaction feels like line editing on institutional computing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:15'>layout on computers like the Macintosh</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:19'>moving things around but in the new</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:28'>paradigm it's going to feel more like conducting because we're going to move from passive information to active</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:34'>information we're going to move from objects to agents and so it's going to be</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:38'>a little bit more like summoning forth lots of assistance at different times</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:43'>and checking out what their goals are and our they're checking out what our</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:48'>goals are and and so forth so each one of these is a completely different way of thinking about it and one of the ways</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:54'>of thinking about the differentiation between the institutional and the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:00'>personal here is that even when graphical interfaces were done in the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:04'>60s for the most part all interfaces were thought of their main task was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:09'>accessed to function so this notion that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:13'>inside the computer is sort of something like a big nuclear reactor or a power station there's all that function and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:19'>what we need to have is a way of getting to each of these pieces of function will</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:23'>map them into control keys and and double control meta y keys and that way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:29'>of thinking about things and the revolution that made the second</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:35'>paradigm the personal computer paradigm is going from that stance to realizing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:40'>that the main job of the user interface is to make the user aware of what the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:44'>possibilities are in other words the user interface now goes from being</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:49'>control of function to a learning environment and of course I should</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:56'>mention that the the main job of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:00'>intimate computer user interface is to do a lot of learning itself so we go</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:05'>from no learning or learning of the most back-breaking kind to making it easier</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:12'>for the user to learn and then finally we want the system to learn how do we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:17'>give commands we have to remember everything and type see and point where we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:23'>are now and in the future is going to be asked and gesture because the computer</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:28'>is going to be watching us not us just watching it what kind of languages do we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:33'>program it in weekly modular data</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:37'>structured procedures cobol one of the surest predictions that we can make</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:42'>about the future is that 10 years from now there will still be a lot of COBOL programmers this personal computing way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:54'>of doing things is pretty much object-oriented after right far fewer</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:59'>lines of code and there's a new kind of programming that people are starting to do called agent oriented programming and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:07'>one way of thinking about all of these paradigms is to compare them with</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:11'>architecture of taking a civilization like the Greeks whose main way of making</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:18'>big buildings was post and lintel pilot block box like that and you get</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:24'>buildings about this size and if you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:28'>want to make a building a lot bigger and let in more light this architecture doesn't work you have to change to a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:33'>different kind of architecture like the gothic arch and if you do that you can make</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:38'>buildings much larger with about the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:43'>same amount of material and when they say just about somebody he doesn't have</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:49'>enough bricks to make a wall that might not be a slam because you might have</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:57'>enough bricks to make an arch he's got enough bricks to make an arch she's a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:01'>lot better off than people who only have enough bricks to make walls and of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:06'>course the big change in the last several hundred years is going from structures that just push against each</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:11'>other to this notion of the higher</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:15'>strength of materials under tension if you get materials that you can tense as</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:20'>well as compressed you can make structures like geodesic domes that will</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:25'>fit over all of the cathedrals that have ever been made in the world and these are completely separate ways of thinking</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:31'>about things and one of the answers to the question that's the title of my</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:35'>lecture is what is the next computer</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:39'>revolution going to be like well it's going to be technologically it's going to be like what I just told you that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:44'>we're going to intimate machines they'll always be networked there will be</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:49'>information utilities the systems will</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:53'>learn and so forth now for many people this is big news but in fact if you go</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:58'>back in the history of computer science you find people like Marvin Minsky and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:03'>John McCarthy writing papers in the late 50s and early 60s about this this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:09'>happens to be not just the fifth anniversary of the media lab but it's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:14'>also the 20th anniversary of Nicholas's book called the architecture machine</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:18'>which is all about this third way of looking at things now for my standpoint</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:24'>since I am not particularly enamored of technology this is a very incomplete</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:30'>answer and I would like to try and go to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:34'>a different way of thinking about things that involves people much more strongly</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:40'>and to do that we have to have some sense</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:45'>of how people's minds work this is for</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:49'>many years and in engineering is where the rubber met the sky because engineers</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:56'>tend to like controllable elements and people aren't all that controllable and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:01'>as a behavioral mechanism we are exasperating and so there's been a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:07'>tendency of actually trying to get people to be more like machines rather</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:11'>than the other way around and give you an example of why this is difficult to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:16'>deal with take a look at one of my favorite pictures here and what you see</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:24'>here let's pretend we're in school because actually we are in school we're in a university let me give you an</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:30'>English sentence about this picture what we've done with this picture is to take</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:35'>a picture of a young girl extracted her eyes and mouth turn them upside down and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:41'>put them back into the picture and then turn the entire picture upside down that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:46'>sound reasonable to everybody okay so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:50'>having said that you should be completely prepared than for what it looks like right side up I'm going to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:58'>turn this back because I've discovered nobody will listen to me when it's on the other way so this is one of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:09'>flaws of trying to give lectures in English because a nation is actually not</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:16'>convertible except outside of the human</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:22'>domain within the human domain we actually have different parts of our</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:26'>brain that respond the things in different ways and this is one of the reasons why McDonald's doesn't run print</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:31'>ads saying if you eat a McDonald's hamburger you'll become a better looking</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:35'>person because in English it's absurd so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:39'>instead what they do is to run an ad showing pictures of really good-looking people eating McDonald's hamburgers and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:44'>a different part of your mind takes that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:48'>information and makes a different kind of inference the kind of inference that the ad people want you in fact we have a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:54'>part of our mind that thinks things are more true if they rhyme so if I were to say to you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:00'>a big mac and fries will slender your thighs sound more convincing the whole</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:10'>idea here is that as people started to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:15'>suspect about starting about a hundred years ago with Freud Piaget Brunner</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:21'>Minsky and Papert that what we don't have inside of our head is the oneness a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:29'>vast beautiful seamless fabric of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:33'>mentality but instead what we have is something much more like a patchwork quilt and in fact the patchwork quilt</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:38'>has little mechanisms that pop us from one part of the quilt to another</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:43'>whenever we get too close to one of the boundaries and it's you have to do things like this to show that there is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:48'>an actual patchwork quilt there so we have this idea of multiple mentalities</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:55'>and Piaget was one of the first to study</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:00'>the very different ways that children have of dealing with the world as they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:05'>move through stages of development early in a child's life an object is to grab</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:10'>it a hole is to dig it thinking is doing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:14'>in many ways later on the child is more</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:18'>visually centered child says there's more water in the tall glass when you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:23'>pour from the squat class the tall one because it looks that way and then</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:28'>finally it around 11 or 12 there's a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:32'>facts and logic stage where logical operations are carried out and the child</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:38'>can make deductions based on facts like there can't be more water because where</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:42'>would it go where would it come from so forth now of course at least this was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:48'>true in 11 and 12 year old Swiss French kids in America there's a lot of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:53'>evidence that American kids never get to this facts and logic stage</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:01'>now Brunner in the 50s and 60s redid</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:07'>some of Piaget's experiments but he added some twists so he took the water pouring</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:11'>experiment and after the kids said there's more water in the tall glass</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:16'>Brunner put a cardboard so the kid couldn't see the tall glass anymore and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:20'>the kid would change his mind back say oh there can't be more and then Brunner</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:24'>would take whip Brunner would take the cardboard away and the kid would say oh</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:29'>but look there's more water Brunner would put the cardboard back and the kid would</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:33'>change his mind again so if you have any six-year-olds you'd like to torment and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:40'>what Brunner was in his way was getting</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:45'>closer to this idea of multiple mentalities as well that it isn't just a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:53'>metamorphosis like a caterpillar into a butterfly which is pretty much the way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:57'>Piaget thought of it but actually different modules being able to deal</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:02'>with it within different ways and a change in dominance to express the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:06'>piaget expression now there are many things that you can do with this suppose</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:11'>you wanted to design a user interface for a computer that was like a tool and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:16'>we have to think about what each of these mentalities actually does so an</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:21'>example the body-centered one is the one that knows where we are in space we can</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:25'>close our eyes and touch our nose when in touch our hands behind our back if</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:30'>you blind us we can still orient ourselves but if we aren't as</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:34'>unfortunate enough to suffer a brain lesion that takes part of a limb out of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:39'>our body map then even though it's physically attached to us it's like</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:43'>somebody else's so this orienting</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:47'>centering groundedness is something that the body mentality brings to us the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:53'>visually sent mentality is wonderfully</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:58'>adept at dealing with various kinds of tricks for instance if we were to put a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:02'>hundred images of animals on a wall you'd be able to find the elephant</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:07'>almost four times as fast as you could the word elephant if the images were</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:12'>replaced words now let me try and experiment this I realize that this is a very academic</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:17'>body here but let me ask how many people</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:21'>here watch television be honest okay how</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:26'>many people flip channels all right how</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:32'>many people have ever flipped a channel randomly into a movie they haven't seen</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:37'>for 18 years how long did it take you to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:41'>recognize that you'd seen that movie before how long yeah somewhere between a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:48'>half a second and a couple of seconds think about what that meant 18 years ago</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:53'>you saw a movie you didn't know you're</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:57'>going to be tested on it you randomly</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:03'>without any preparation pop into the middle of it and all of a sudden in 30</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:10'>frames or so of seeing that movie you suddenly recognize what it is think of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:15'>what that means in the context of your entire life most people can remember</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:19'>what's going to happen next if you stop the movie after they've recognized that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:23'>they know what the next scene is going to be so that is a mentality that begged</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:29'>to be exploited and what it says is that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:33'>we should always be able to present about a hundred things in the visual</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:37'>field because the user can be aware of them subliminally and if we present them</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:42'>in recognizable scenes the user can store hundreds thousands millions of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:47'>different scenes and remember that they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:51'>were there before then finally the symbolically centered mentality is much</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:55'>more interested in changing things so if</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:59'>its biggest problem is finding the right context because it is not a context</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:04'>chooser so if your visual mentality work</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:08'>the way your symbolic one the first thing you opened your eyes and saw in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:12'>the morning would be what you'd be staring at several hours later that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:16'>doesn't work so well so we have a grounding mentality we have a flitting</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:21'>around mentality that's aware of lots of things and we have one</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:25'>likes to make chains and somehow we should be able to put all of those things together here's one of the ways</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:31'>whoops sorry can you turn that off please that's the end of the slides we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:40'>want to be able to put these things together and if we do we'll find</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:44'>ourselves fitting much more closely to the way human mentalities work</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:06'>so this is a 22 month old little girl and she has never lived in a world not</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:13'>densely populated by Macintoshes her</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:18'>mother is my accountant both her mother and father work at home each of them has</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:22'>a mac this is back five years ago in 1985 and when I found out the little</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:27'>girl was interested in computers I gave</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:31'>her an apple to which she rejected she</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:39'>wanted what her folks had now I have to warn you hear that not to be impressed</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:44'>because this is not her first time on the machine she's been using the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:49'>computer for about six months so she's actually a fairly experienced user and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:56'>long time ago we designed this user interface for children but never any of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:03'>this young so it's really interesting to see a child used the machine that was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:08'>actually designed for them and so here</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:12'>she's using the visible menus of mac paint and I saw it I thought all right</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:18'>this is impressed i've i've never seen a child this young is this machine before but ok I it should work but then what</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:25'>happened next really amazed me she wants a fresh sheet of paper so she goes to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:30'>the closed box on the window she saves her old drawing with a pop-up and she</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:37'>goes to the pulldown to get a new one</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:48'>well that was pretty and that was a home movie made by her father and we did</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:54'>about another 10 hours of testing this child on various Macintosh applications</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:00'>and we discovered it across applications she was about seventy percent literate</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:06'>that is she could take a really complicated application like aldus pagemaker a desktop publishing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:10'>application started up make marks and it print the marks out save the marks away</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:16'>get the marks back about seventy percent of the things that Macintosh users</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:21'>expect from application to application she in her horizon already by age 22</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:30'>months okay so that answers one question</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:35'>about this notion a computer ously see</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:39'>one when we're talking about situations</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:43'>like literacy and illiteracy they don't really obtain when the object in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:48'>question is a professional that we don't</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:52'>have a term called health orosi and ill-health orosi because medicine is a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:58'>profession there wasn't a term called literacy and illiteracy back in the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:02'>Middle Ages when writing was a profession as soon as you spread it out to the public you start getting</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:07'>interested in these notions of can people access things made for them by</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:11'>others that's like reading but what about the more important thing can</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:15'>people make things that are like the things that other people make so here's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:20'>an example of something that we did about 15 years ago</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:33'>and this is the logo turtle with a different architecture and it's a little</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:41'>application like Mac draw object oriented illustration system designed</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:47'>and built by 12 year old so this is an</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:51'>end-user program not a program that you'd buy in a store for ninety-nine</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:55'>dollars from egghead software has lots of features you can change size and move</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:00'>things around because of the change in architecture of going from normal data</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:08'>structure and procedure programming to object-oriented programming the amount</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:12'>of code she had the right to do this application was only about a page long so this is not a large program and one</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:18'>of the things that you have to do when you're working with any kind of novice user is make sure the programs they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:23'>write are not terribly long well so that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:27'>was an attempt to get kids and users to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:31'>be both able to access and able to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:36'>generate the same kinds of things that we're going to run on their paradigm of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:40'>computing but now we have a new paradigm of computing it's going to involve</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:44'>agents and artificial intelligence so a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:48'>few years ago I got interested in the idea of trying to set up a design a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:56'>system that would allow children to do artificial intelligence kind of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:00'>programming in other words they would be making things now much less like robots</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:05'>and much more like the gray Walter turtle things that mimic life in a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:12'>number of different ways I like to show you a bit of that project this project</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:16'>is done in a rather large scale we have an entire school it has now 375 children</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:22'>12 teachers and we've been working there for about five years and one of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:28'>things that we found is that technology is not something that you can put in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:33'>like raisins and upon pudding there's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:37'>all this other stuff is the entire life of the child that you have to consider</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:41'>and the framework of the school we're lucky to find a terrific school</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:46'>to Los Angeles bussing school so it's a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:50'>public school and the children are all shapes sizes colors Creed's ethnic</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:56'>backgrounds bust in most of them for more than an hour to get to the school</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:00'>those of demographers paradise and we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:04'>found it very interesting to introduce ideas into the school in a gradual</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:09'>fashion I'd like to show you some of those</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:39'>so that the kids are all kinds of kids</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:44'>and one of the things they've done here is to tear up part of their asphalt</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:50'>playground and build a garden this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:54'>garden was actually designed by the children you'll see a little bit you'll get an idea of how children could design</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:59'>something like this in in just a minute</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:05'>and because we're studying animals as</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:09'>well as plants they have a pond that has</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:13'>all kinds of life forms and the children actually built this garden themselves</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:21'>now I'm not going to explain to you what's going on here see if you can</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:26'>imagine what it is now I'll tell you in a bit what are they doing with these</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:31'>balloons well what they were doing is designing a city and one of the reasons</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:37'>we do some of the design work with balloons is because urban renewal is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:42'>really easy the idea of to know the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:50'>world one was constructed because is strongly tied into designing a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:56'>programming environment for children because what we wanted to do is not so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:01'>much experience things that other people have set up to be more like experiencing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:07'>a television program or maybe an interactive video disc we want them to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:12'>actually make the simulations themselves because it's in making the simulations</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:17'>that the active design is most powerful</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:22'>now next few minutes I'm going to show you three large-scale projects that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:29'>we've been doing at the school one of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:33'>the things we tried to do here was to both challenge the kids and to go much</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:39'>deeper than they ordinarily are asked to go by the state educational board this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:47'>first one is a year-long project in city building and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:52'>the kids that participate in it our third and fourth graders so there are</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:56'>seven and eight and nine years old in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:00'>this project starts in September and runs through the entire year and this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:04'>will give you an idea of it I think this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:11'>is all almost all no no mrs. hansal tool</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:15'>I know but they still are everything explored of it everybody say I know but</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:20'>they're already something you should make something is already Salinas joris</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:26'>the penis is already something every single after everything this is only</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:31'>styrofoam nobody lady out of something I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:35'>know every as late as something accident</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:39'>from a balloon doesn't mean we don't have a design knowledge now to make</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:44'>buildings exactly like they would have to make it a hundred years we're making</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:48'>models ideas for what buildings could be</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:52'>like in a hundred years we don't have the materials we're going to happen 100 years I did red stripes right</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:50:37'>okay did you get that color name red red</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:03'>what do you belviq i'm doing a factory</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:35'>wait do it again and stay here and do</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:40'>the character park you'll be the building y'all be the building yes why</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:45'>on the prison and he's the building these the buildings okay welcome to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:59'>fantasy mall we have lots of stuff the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:52:20'>building collapsed he was trying to see the moon and there nothing collapsed my</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:52:27'>apartment building and on the top is a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:52:31'>swimming pool never got this is a cold day in rainier so you can have an indoor</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:52:36'>central and it's a hot you open it up and you can I here down here tomorrow</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:14'>he'll be our future city is opening as you can see i'll transfer k our monorail</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:20'>has just been strong</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:24'>and all the buildings are beginning to look like buildings all the buildings</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:30'>are being checked and painting now our</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:34'>he cannot pick up the site husband useful because of the monorail and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:39'>transportation we now have these things on our site everybody that wants bad air</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:47'>transportation land on your site must cabinet right Iggy foxes out</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:52'>Commissioner tova cats design this whole</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:57'>monorail see what household monorail and monorail station the Commissioner of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:03'>lands who doesn't exhaust you all for helping us with sidewalks these are my</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:09'>sidewalks my bold earthquake tested and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:17'>alarming teleporting man he puts ebook</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:22'>paper towel rolls on our site static patella to have it be a teleporting</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:27'>station their cities he's getting to look like a real City try getting to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:31'>look like Judy Landers on the monorail calvada getting to Los Angeles cuz of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:36'>the help crowd is starting today less</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:40'>crowded than it was when we were making our study models</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:46'>I level or I level 1 inch tall but will</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:58'>question building so that's a very okay</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:10'>as see more I'm sure will echo when when you actually go into a school and start</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:15'>working with the kids the first reaction is one of shock because the enormity of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:23'>the experience the amount of energy the amount of body learning that the kids</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:28'>need to do completely dominates all the things that you wanted to do with</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:32'>computers and the first thing you realize when you actually go into school</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:36'>and do this stuff for real is that you better worry about curriculum far</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:42'>outside the media that you're going to use because there's so many different</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:47'>dimensions and this is a project in which most of the things that are</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:51'>available on computers now are of almost no use the kids do a little bit of work</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:56'>with Macintoshes in doing this but 99%</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:01'>of it is this huge experience with doing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:05'>things with their hands and their bodies and crawling over the thing and so forth</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:09'>so one of the objectives in this project</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:13'>was to develop I don't want to say the word peach but develop every child as a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:18'>designer and it takes about three years</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:22'>to get a curriculum like this self-sustaining so people who put try to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:27'>put curriculum in a school and measure it after the first year are making a big</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:31'>mistake takes about three years to get something like this going and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:35'>self-sustaining now another thing we started about four years ago was to develop every child in the school as a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:40'>musician you may see some commonality</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:45'>between those two ideas because music is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:49'>another one of these things that has lots of things interacting with itself</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:53'>part of it is in the interest and what each individual thing is doing and part</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:57'>of the interest is and how they interact we want the kids to be able to think about their world in those terms and so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:03'>we did each year we put on a musical</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:08'>this year it was pirates of penzance and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:13'>this was the best one that we've ever ever had i have a few excerpts of it to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:18'>give you an idea the the oldest child in this is 11 the youngest child in it is 6</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:23'>was completely voluntary the pool of children we had to work with for this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:27'>was about 150 children 120 of those 150</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:31'>possible volunteered and appeared in the show they insisted i'm doing the entire</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:37'>Pirates of Penzance line for line we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:41'>started off with one that was broken down they constantly wanted more we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:45'>wanted to go back they insisted in singing in four-part harmony where it was called for this is a perfect example</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:50'>of something that the kids worked like dogs for four months on and put on a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:56'>fantastic show one of the best theatrical presentations I've ever been to hear some of excerpts</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:08'>fishing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:30'>what I know what is it I met along and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:34'>revelry but I can talk site I'm now the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:38'>run home from a shadowy one such affairs are sorties and surprises I more wary ax</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:45'>and when it opens Leslie what is meant</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:49'>by common their progress has been made</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:54'>it modern gunnery on the object another</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:59'>in a nunnery in short one of smattering</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:00:04'>of elemental strategy</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:00:41'>hey</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:01:16'>Oh</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:01:28'>I'm telling a Terry story but it doesn't</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:00'>although our darker rear sometimes involves the crime of stealing squealing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:13'>although my stripe we're always sorry to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:18'>me</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:34'>haha</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:53'>you may go Liberty our pirate rules protecting and kind of remembers our van</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:59'>we do unless you are you x is as useful</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:07'>things to be an orphan boy</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:13'>oh happy days</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:18'>oh happy day</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:32'>oh happy</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:37'>me I you haha</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:42'>bball</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:50'>so Joe Johnson said about thinking on</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:54'>its hind legs well but one is amazed to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:58'>see it done at all and the trick in doing these kinds of things with kids is to get beyond that stage the only way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:03'>you can do it is by having something like music being a part of the child's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:08'>life all the way through their experience this is the first year in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:12'>which we all the children in it had been part of this enrichment now that's the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:18'>second way of dealing with complexity let me show you the third way and this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:22'>is because the computer some good and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:27'>here are we studying animals and we try and get the children to program not</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:32'>robots but things that are much more biologically acceptable</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:56'>now you might wonder where are the computers in this classroom well one of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:01'>the problems with these computers is that they're bulky so we took every</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:05'>horizontal surfaces in the entire school out and replace them with tables that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:09'>have Macintoshes under them so there are hundreds of Macintoshes in the school</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:14'>but they're all underneath the surfaces so the teachers don't want to move them</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:19'>out of the classroom the teachers don't want to shove them around to the side they're just part of the normal working</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:24'>environment of the school and they're on all the time no computer classrooms no</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:28'>shoved against the wall</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:53'>guys these are some animations we did a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:57'>few years ago and HyperCard just as an idea of what things might look like</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:01'>eventually there's no intelligence behind these models hey guys i am going</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:08'>for a swim in the scene</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:25'>hey</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:33'>if you're asking for every player has agent needs food and the whale come up</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:38'>the way I also have some Asian food all right let me tell you why because when</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:45'>the agent looks in his world what we're</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:49'>seeing here is a they have seminars where they talk over different problem</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:54'>solving strategies the teacher this particular teacher happens to like to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:58'>solve problems and she likes to discuss them with the kids then the kids have to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:03'>go off and figure it out for themselves it doesn't look at himself it looks at</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:07'>the world beyond him so that's why it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:11'>only looks at those players who have food but it doesn't count himself but if</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:18'>he asked for every player in the universe it would include himself and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:25'>this is kind of important for you to think about because when he when they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:30'>have to start giving birth to eat to themselves so they won't die off they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:36'>have to be able to count everything in the universe why Dean Cain</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:45'>50 count how many there are like if</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:49'>there was only one left in was himself competative journalist and then he left</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:53'>bar and then he got true protein what's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:58'>my friend it was a whale who lived to know Jay just off the Pacific coast it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:08:03'>is the time of year when the whales migrate down to Mexico to me and to give</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:08:08'>birth to their babies who were conceived the year before I do that you don't want</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:08:20'>emotion thank you okay go to the top</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:08:45'>works with those two on and I move away</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:08:58'>now here's a more complicated one these these models use the Minsky and Papert</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:02'>Society of mind architecture applied in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:07'>a language for children that was developed in part here at the Media Lab by Mike Travers one of the graduate</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:14'>students here's a more complicated one the clownfish in the lower left is just</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:19'>going about its business feeding one of the things that they do is to find a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:23'>favorite see an enemy and acclimate to it that's what it's doing now they spend</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:28'>a little more time in the monks to poison of the enemy and gradually get</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:33'>immune to it so that they can use it as a place to hide when some predator comes</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:40'>a lot the shark right now is quite a distance away and it doesn't notice the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:45'>clownfish and the clownfish doesn't notice it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:53'>here's some more acclamation closer into the tentacles this time</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:09'>now this lucky clownfish is been doing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:13'>it often enough so it is actually acclimated to the anenih me so when the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:19'>shark sees it and starts pursuing its</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:28'>able to run back to the enemy and the shark can only get so close to the enemy</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:32'>report backs off but of course it wants</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:37'>to come back again</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:46'>so computers are media to think with as</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:50'>Seymour said so eloquently a long time ago in Nicholas's book 20 years ago he</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:56'>said he dedicated it to the first machine who can appreciate the gesture</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:02'>and I think he meant not the gesture like this but the gesture of having a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:06'>book dedicated to it he also said in the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:11'>preface of it that it was all beginnings in no end well I think that's the perfect definition of a research lab a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:16'>my answer to the question of what is the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:21'>next computer revolution it's the one in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:25'>which happens in the context of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:29'>whole person and in the whole person's world that it's not just something that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:33'>we apply in isolation to solve small problems but it's one that like media</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:37'>surrounds us as we've tried to do with the children thank you very much and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:42'>happy 5th birthday ok</subtitle>
<subtitle id='4308'>you </subtitle>

Alan Kay at MIT Media Lab 5th Anniversary Event (1990)

2017-12-31T05:45:03Z

MrSteve:

{{#evt:
service=youtubeIA
|id=6Ysu1mDxxbc
|alignment=left
|autoresize=true
}}

<subtitle id='00:00:00'> never know what Nicholas was going to say actually the turned out that the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:08'>bearnaise on the hot dog didn't sell well if I remember we're no longer on</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:13'>that board anniversaries get people to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:22'>think of other anniversaries there lots</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:26'>of them happening this year one of them is the 50th anniversary of Fantasia and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:33'>Fantasia I think for many of us in this audience and at MIT and elsewhere was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:40'>something we grew up on as a kind of a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:44'>dream of bringing our ideas to life and a lot of us saw the computer is a way of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:50'>more quickly with more depth more</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:54'>dimension more meaning to be able to project ideas that we had within within</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:00'>ourselves into this magic new medium and have them come to life just as the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:07'>disney people did with great art but much more laboriously many years ago I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:12'>think a good way to start this this lecture is to think 40 years ago not 50</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:19'>the 40 years ago was the when two very</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:26'>diverse very at opposite poles machines</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:31'>were introduced to the to the world and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:35'>one of them of course was the UNIVAC one the first commercial digital computer</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:42'>thing that a digital computer its people's minds it had whirling tape</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:47'>drives the first whirling tape drives and it predicted an election not long</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:53'>after that on television and so it became in the public's mind what a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:59'>computer was all about now in the other</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:05'>machine that was at the farthest pole of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:09'>thinking from the univac one also came about 19</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:13'>50 and I actually spent quite a bit with some assistance this summer trying to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:18'>find some film footage of it because I was sure that some must exist and after</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:24'>much scurrying around in England then looking at old newsreels and so forth we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:29'>finally found what i think is the earliest footage of this machine which I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:33'>think symbolizes the transition from the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:38'>UNIVAC 1 to what's going to happen over the next 10 years and i think i need the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:42'>the slides off because i'm going to show some video thank you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:59'>in a simple Ville on the outskirts of Bristol lives Dr. Grey Walter a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:04'>neurologist who makes robots as a hobby they are small and he doesn't dress them</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:09'>up to look like men he calls them tortoises and so cunningly have their</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:13'>insides being designed that they respond to the stimuli of light and touch in a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:18'>completely lifelike manner</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:38'>this model is named Elsie and she sees out of a photoelectric cell which</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:43'>rotates above her body when light strikes the cell driving and steering</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:48'>mechanism sends her hurrying towards it if she brushes against any object in her</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:52'>path contacts are operated that turn the steering away and so automatically she</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:58'>takes avoiding action</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:34'>Mrs. Walters pet his Elma, Elsie's brother in the darker vest he works in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:39'>exactly the same way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:49'>Dr. Walter says that his electronic toys work exactly as though they have a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:53'>simple two cell nervous system and that with more cells they will be able to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:58'>do many more tricks already Elsie has one up on Elmer when her batteries begin to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:03'>fail she automatically runs home to her kennel but charging up and in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:07'>consequence can live a much gayer life</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:17'>so I officially present this footage to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:21'>Nicholas Seymour Papert and Marvin Minsky for it means something to each</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:27'>one of this this is the original tortoise that inspired the logo turtle</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:33'>and it also inspired a lot of early work</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:37'>in artificial intelligence and what's interesting about the way the last 40</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:41'>years have transpired is that digital computers have taken over but in fact</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:46'>where things are going now are much more towards the kinds of control systems</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:53'>kinds of what you might call wet mentalities that device like the great</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:00'>Walter turtle has well the biggest</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:04'>problem with with computers is that they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:09'>were larger than than human scale and the mechanisms we have in our mind for</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:14'>dealing with things are larger than human scale are those of religions so of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:18'>course we had a priesthood and special</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:22'>time special rituals all of that stuff and a lot of what has happened in the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:27'>last 40 years has been to try and find ways to bring the machine into human</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:32'>scale without losing any of its promise</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:36'>what I'd like to do is give you a couple</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:40'>of ways that I think about this stuff and one of them is thinking in general</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:46'>terms about the way humans have extended themselves over the last several hundred</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:52'>thousand years and of course the first one that we think of is that we extend</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:56'>ourselves through tools levers screwdrivers wheels and so forth less</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:03'>often we think of language and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:07'>mathematics as tools but they also are ways of creating objects for things that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:15'>we want to deal with and we manipulate them and all of these tools allow us to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:21'>extend various of our senses and for a long time we thought of the computer as</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:26'>a kind of a tool and one of the ways that we've grappled with it is to try and make it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:30'>act more like the kinds of tools that were used to now less often thought of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:35'>extension is one that was identified many years ago by mumford who said for</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:42'>most of the history of human beings most of the machines that we've built have</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:47'>had other humans as moving parts he called these mega machines and societies</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:52'>groups an organization like this the media lab all of these are a consequence</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:57'>of our ability to take on other people's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:02'>goals our interest in taking on people's goals and our interest in getting people</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:06'>to take on our goals of course agents</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:10'>can take on a goal and can manipulate tools to carry out our wishes while</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:14'>we're doing things but more importantly an agent can deal with other agents and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:20'>I think of the the M word here for</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:24'>agents as being management so to me a tool is something that we look at and we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:29'>manipulate and an agent is something that looks at us and we manage the agent</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:35'>and of course the mainframes were neither and so the struggle was started</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:41'>in the 1950s in 1962 try and find a way of bringing this into some sort of human</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:46'>scale now I like to show you a couple of early efforts</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:04'>here's a picture that could have been taken in somebody's office here at MIT</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:08'>but actually it was taken in 1965 this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:15'>is Douglas Engelbart sitting at his</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:20'>first version of a what you might call not a personal computer but personal</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:25'>computing he has a mouse he has a black on white 19 inch screen and here's the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:32'>kind of media that he dealt back sat</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:44'>exactly branch on me and let me look just that low and I see it oh I can say</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:51'>I'd like to see one line only I can see</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:55'>but there's another thing I can do theres a route I said i have here</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:04'>so here I'm it i'll need a different pictures of you so here's what i do with</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:09'>a picture drawing capability here so slight and lamp if i start from work and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:13'>here's the route i seem to have to go to pick up all the materials and that's my</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:17'>plan for getting home tonight but if I want to I can say the library what am I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:22'>supposed to pick up there I can just point to that you know oh I see overdue</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:27'>books and all while there was a statement there with that name go back what if I once my supposed to pick up</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:32'>the drugstore hmm I see you interesting all right market can do things if I want</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:40'>to just say I'd like to interchange projects and can materials bingo and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:46'>they're all numbered right if I care to look interchanging them very quickly</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:50'>cans are going to get interchange with products they do it and all gets me</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:56'>numbered so that's a very tool based way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:01'>of thinking about things you're indicating things on the screen moving</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:05'>them around Engelbart was one of the of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:09'>a number of people in the 50s and 60s that realize that although you could</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:13'>drop a computer and break it just like you can drop a book into a fire and burn</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:19'>it that the contents of the computer or</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:23'>of the book can be a story or a description of things that can't exist</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:28'>physically in the world you can have a story in a book about a place that has an inverse cube law doesn't seem to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:33'>exist in in this world the computer can</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:37'>add more dimensions than this world has to a way of looking at data and so that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:41'>if you have a 15 dimensional space of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:46'>interesting things the computer can give you 16 dimensions and bring all of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:50'>interesting points together at one one place and that led to a number of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:55'>different ways of thinking about the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:00'>computer Engelbart's metaphor was the computer as a vehicle he thought of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:06'>big mainframes as being like railroads that were owned by institutions and the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:11'>institutions decided when you could use them and decided what you could use them</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:15'>for and Engelbart wanted to be Henry Ford he</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:19'>wanted everybody to have their own vehicle used to say phrases like we need</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:24'>to deal with thought vectors and concept space I don't think he knew what that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:28'>meant we certainly didn't but it sounded</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:32'>great and it gave rise to this notion that in order to bring the computer down</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:38'>into our world we have to have some way of interacting with it in a closer</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:44'>fashion and so the the urge was to bring the computer cycles closer to the user</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:50'>and that's what gave rise to machines like this and this is one that I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:54'>designed it's a picture of it on its own display back in the late 60s and it even</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:03'>had a user interface on it although back</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:07'>then there's a wonderful phrase about user interface user interfaces was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:12'>called it's when the flesh hits the steel and that phrase is very much about</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:20'>because there's really no notion of there being an intermediary between you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:25'>and the hardness of the machine and this this machine have multiple windows and a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:31'>number of other ideas on it but it was a little bit like trying to make an apple</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:36'>pie from random ingredients found in the kitchen you don't have any apples so you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:41'>decide to use bananas you don't have any flour so you grind up Cheerios and so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:47'>forth I randomly substituting for all of the ingredients in a typical pie you can</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:51'>make something but in this case this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:55'>turned out to be a bit of a mess only</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:59'>graduate students liked it sort of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:03'>kiss of death for any computer system</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:09'>reason of course as graduate students are going through a rite of passage when they're trying to prove how smart they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:14'>are and how many amazing things that they can remember and so they turn out</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:18'>to be pretty much the world's worst user interface design right I was a graduate</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:22'>student when I designed this so I'm speaking with authority now right about</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:28'>the same time that this was going on there is a whole different way of looking at interaction and one of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:35'>ways that I used to illustrate that is some film footage taken at rand</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:40'>corporation on a system that they made</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:44'>for Rand economists and other non computer types The Economist's of course</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:51'>are that group of people that if you lay them end to end they still won't be able</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:55'>to reach a conclusion and the Economist</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:00'>didn't even like to type they like to write things on legal pads and they said</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:06'>the RAM people can't you do something about that so here's an example of something that was adapted from some</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:13'>early work here at MIT by Marvin Minsky and war entitlement to do a system that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:20'>would interpret gestures as expressed on</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:24'>a data tablet so here's what that looks like</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:38'>first we erase a flow arrow then move</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:42'>the connector out of the way so that we may draw a box in its place the printing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:51'>in the box is being new commentary only in this case the box is slightly too</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:57'>large so we may change its size where modern day window control came from</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:01'>literally then dry flow from the connector to the box attached a decision</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:08'>element to the box and dry flow from it to scan we then erased the flow arrows</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:15'>attached to the process post new area and move the box to a new position this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:25'>allows us to draw a new box well that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:34'>was a tremendous change in the way we felt about using computers I had a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:42'>chance to use that for half an hour in 1968 and felt like I was thinking my</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:46'>hands right through the glass of the display and touching the information</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:51'>structures directly inside unlike Engelbart's system which I had called a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:55'>personal computer this to me was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:59'>intimate this is an intimate way of interacting and so for me and for a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:05'>bunch of other people in the 60s 1968</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:09'>was my year for thinking about the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:14'>possibility of there being three major ways of interacting with a computer of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:21'>three paradigms three frameworks for thinking about interaction and the thing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:27'>that clinched it for me was seeing going</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:32'>out and visiting Seymour's one of Seymour's first installations in a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:38'>school watching them use the logo turtle</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:42'>the descendant of the great Walter turtle, cause Seymour had this terrific idea that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:47'>wouldn't it be great to let kids actually build the kinds of mechanisms</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:51'>that would animate a turtle around and they would learn a lot about their world and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:56'>a lot about thinking about the world from from doing that and I've never</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:00'>recovered from that because once I saw that to me the computer was no longer a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:05'>vehicle in the nation at risk report the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:11'>recommendation is that every child in the US should have one semester of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:16'>computers in their senior year of high school that's their strong</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:22'>recommendation about computers and that's driver's ed that is treating the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:28'>computer like a vehicle it's not the cars aren't important it's that they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:32'>aren't central the central things to us are the media the intermediaries with</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:38'>how we work with the world and if you can get rid of that slide that'd be</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:42'>great I think everybody has figured that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:48'>out by now thank you the that led to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:57'>thinking of a computer in a completely different way this is a cardboard model</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:01'>I made in 1968 just since become known</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:05'>as the dynabook and we actually loaded</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:10'>this cardboard model up with a variety of lead pellets to try and find out how</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:15'>heavy it could be before people would always take it with them not find an</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:20'>excuse to leave it behind and turns out</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:24'>that the weight that we determined has not yet been reached by any computer company so this machine is still a bit</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:31'>in the future but it expresses a different kind of relationship with the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:35'>machine and something that wants to start much earlier in the life of a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:41'>human being and so one of the ways of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:47'>thinking of it is if we compare these three</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:53'>ways of looking at it we can say well where is the computer in the past it was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:58'>in the glasshouse today in personal computing it's on our desk and in the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:04'>future it's going to be with us all the time in California will weave it into</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:09'>our t-shirts Nicholas said 10 years ago</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:15'>that will know in the future appears when our cufflinks committed communicate</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:21'>with our watched by means of satellite</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:26'>it's when such hyperbole is not outrageous that you know a paradigm</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:31'>shift has actually happened and as an interesting analogy here to the history</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:37'>of publishing in 1400 AD there are three</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:41'>hundred ninety two books in the Vatican Library one of the largest libraries in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:46'>Europe and in 1452 or thereabouts--</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:51'>Gutenberg printed his first Bible and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:55'>that Bible the 42 line Bible was as big as the hand-written manuscripts that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:02'>have been so laboriously copied by monks during the Middle Ages and the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:07'>reason it was that big is that that was what books were if you look at pictures</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:14'>woodcuts or you visit the modern</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:18'>recreation of what a library was like then they didn't shelve the books most</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:23'>libraries back then had so few books that each book had its own reading table</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:28'>and the books were chained to it you look at this table table book with</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:34'>chains the thing that comes to mind inescapably is a time-sharing bullpen</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:40'>because these are institutionally owned items and Gutenberg didn't know what</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:47'>else to do but to make them that size and much more interesting revolution</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:53'>happened a few years later when Aldus now has a company named after him Aldus</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:59'>Manutius who was a Venetian publisher did two remarkable things first he was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:05'>one of the major driving forces behind publishing things other than</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:09'>Bibles and he isn't he and his sons over the next century published 40,000</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:15'>different books most of them from gathering up Greek and Roman writings</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:21'>spreading them all over Europe he did one other thing that will forever endear</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:25'>himself to me he decided that book should be this big and he decided they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:31'>should be this big because that was the size that saddle bags were in Venice in the 1490s in other words Aldus realized</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:39'>something very important and that is the books could now be lost and because they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:46'>could now be lost they could now be taken with they now could go out and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:51'>become a mass medium now again we're in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:55'>this interesting stage because we're not in a place where r we're willing to have our computers be lost watches their $10</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:04'>swatch watches or something like that willing to have them be lost maybe a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:09'>pocket calculator it's not a tragedy if it gets lost paper and pencil it's not a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:13'>tragedy but still with our multi-thousand dollar computers sitting</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:19'>on our desks we're actually still in the Gutenberg era and the interesting thing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:24'>about history is that nothing that happened between Gutenberg and Aldus</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:28'>counted none of those behavior patterns</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:32'>had anything to do with what happened in the post Aldus area as we went into the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:36'>16th century so drawing curves as a way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:40'>of predicting the computer doesn't work very well when you're in these interesting transition periods well</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:45'>another way of looking at these three</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:50'>paradigms is to ask what kinds of information do we use letter and numbers</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:55'>with institutional computing fonts and graphics on modern personal computing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:01'>and as Nicholas likes the show with his imploding his teething rings for the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:07'>media lab as he likes to call them that it's going to be all media coming together because the computer is a meta</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:12'>media its content is all media all</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:16'>intermediaries that one is pretty much of a no-brainer but it's amazing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:20'>how long it has taken for that to even that simple idea to sink in how do we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:26'>print impact printing big laser printing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:30'>personal laser printers with personal computing and no printing as we move on</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:37'>into the next ten years because the information is going to be too</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:41'>interesting to destroy by printing it out right now is an index of how paltry</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:48'>our use of the computer is that we can actually print it out and feel good about it we actually haven't heard</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:54'>anything because our information for the most part is not in dimensionally</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:59'>intertwined it's not in the form of a dynamic simulation it's not any of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:04'>things that the computer is really about</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:08'>field of interaction feels like line editing on institutional computing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:15'>layout on computers like the Macintosh</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:19'>moving things around but in the new</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:28'>paradigm it's going to feel more like conducting because we're going to move from passive information to active</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:34'>information we're going to move from objects to agents and so it's going to be</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:38'>a little bit more like summoning forth lots of assistance at different times</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:43'>and checking out what their goals are and our they're checking out what our</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:48'>goals are and and so forth so each one of these is a completely different way of thinking about it and one of the ways</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:54'>of thinking about the differentiation between the institutional and the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:00'>personal here is that even when graphical interfaces were done in the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:04'>60s for the most part all interfaces were thought of their main task was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:09'>accessed to function so this notion that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:13'>inside the computer is sort of something like a big nuclear reactor or a power station there's all that function and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:19'>what we need to have is a way of getting to each of these pieces of function will</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:23'>map them into control keys and and double control meta y keys and that way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:29'>of thinking about things and the revolution that made the second</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:35'>paradigm the personal computer paradigm is going from that stance to realizing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:40'>that the main job of the user interface is to make the user aware of what the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:44'>possibilities are in other words the user interface now goes from being</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:49'>control of function to a learning environment and of course I should</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:56'>mention that the the main job of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:00'>intimate computer user interface is to do a lot of learning itself so we go</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:05'>from no learning or learning of the most back-breaking kind to making it easier</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:12'>for the user to learn and then finally we want the system to learn how do we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:17'>give commands we have to remember everything and type see and point where we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:23'>are now and in the future is going to be asked and gesture because the computer</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:28'>is going to be watching us not us just watching it what kind of languages do we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:33'>program it in weekly modular data</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:37'>structured procedures cobol one of the surest predictions that we can make</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:42'>about the future is that 10 years from now there will still be a lot of COBOL programmers this personal computing way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:54'>of doing things is pretty much object-oriented after right far fewer</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:59'>lines of code and there's a new kind of programming that people are starting to do called agent oriented programming and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:07'>one way of thinking about all of these paradigms is to compare them with</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:11'>architecture of taking a civilization like the Greeks whose main way of making</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:18'>big buildings was post and lintel pilot block box like that and you get</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:24'>buildings about this size and if you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:28'>want to make a building a lot bigger and let in more light this architecture doesn't work you have to change to a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:33'>different kind of architecture like the gothic arch and if you do that you can make</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:38'>buildings much larger with about the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:43'>same amount of material and when they say just about somebody he doesn't have</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:49'>enough bricks to make a wall that might not be a slam because you might have</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:57'>enough bricks to make an arch he's got enough bricks to make an arch she's a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:01'>lot better off than people who only have enough bricks to make walls and of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:06'>course the big change in the last several hundred years is going from structures that just push against each</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:11'>other to this notion of the higher</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:15'>strength of materials under tension if you get materials that you can tense as</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:20'>well as compressed you can make structures like geodesic domes that will</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:25'>fit over all of the cathedrals that have ever been made in the world and these are completely separate ways of thinking</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:31'>about things and one of the answers to the question that's the title of my</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:35'>lecture is what is the next computer</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:39'>revolution going to be like well it's going to be technologically it's going to be like what I just told you that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:44'>we're going to intimate machines they'll always be networked there will be</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:49'>information utilities the systems will</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:53'>learn and so forth now for many people this is big news but in fact if you go</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:58'>back in the history of computer science you find people like Marvin Minsky and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:03'>John McCarthy writing papers in the late 50s and early 60s about this this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:09'>happens to be not just the fifth anniversary of the media lab but it's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:14'>also the 20th anniversary of Nicholas's book called the architecture machine</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:18'>which is all about this third way of looking at things now for my standpoint</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:24'>since I am not particularly enamored of technology this is a very incomplete</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:30'>answer and I would like to try and go to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:34'>a different way of thinking about things that involves people much more strongly</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:40'>and to do that we have to have some sense</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:45'>of how people's minds work this is for</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:49'>many years and in engineering is where the rubber met the sky because engineers</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:56'>tend to like controllable elements and people aren't all that controllable and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:01'>as a behavioral mechanism we are exasperating and so there's been a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:07'>tendency of actually trying to get people to be more like machines rather</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:11'>than the other way around and give you an example of why this is difficult to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:16'>deal with take a look at one of my favorite pictures here and what you see</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:24'>here let's pretend we're in school because actually we are in school we're in a university let me give you an</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:30'>English sentence about this picture what we've done with this picture is to take</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:35'>a picture of a young girl extracted her eyes and mouth turn them upside down and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:41'>put them back into the picture and then turn the entire picture upside down that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:46'>sound reasonable to everybody okay so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:50'>having said that you should be completely prepared than for what it looks like right side up I'm going to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:58'>turn this back because I've discovered nobody will listen to me when it's on the other way so this is one of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:09'>flaws of trying to give lectures in English because a nation is actually not</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:16'>convertible except outside of the human</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:22'>domain within the human domain we actually have different parts of our</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:26'>brain that respond the things in different ways and this is one of the reasons why McDonald's doesn't run print</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:31'>ads saying if you eat a McDonald's hamburger you'll become a better looking</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:35'>person because in English it's absurd so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:39'>instead what they do is to run an ad showing pictures of really good-looking people eating McDonald's hamburgers and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:44'>a different part of your mind takes that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:48'>information and makes a different kind of inference the kind of inference that the ad people want you in fact we have a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:54'>part of our mind that thinks things are more true if they rhyme so if I were to say to you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:00'>a big mac and fries will slender your thighs sound more convincing the whole</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:10'>idea here is that as people started to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:15'>suspect about starting about a hundred years ago with Freud Piaget Brunner</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:21'>Minsky and Papert that what we don't have inside of our head is the oneness a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:29'>vast beautiful seamless fabric of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:33'>mentality but instead what we have is something much more like a patchwork quilt and in fact the patchwork quilt</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:38'>has little mechanisms that pop us from one part of the quilt to another</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:43'>whenever we get too close to one of the boundaries and it's you have to do things like this to show that there is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:48'>an actual patchwork quilt there so we have this idea of multiple mentalities</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:55'>and Piaget was one of the first to study</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:00'>the very different ways that children have of dealing with the world as they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:05'>move through stages of development early in a child's life an object is to grab</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:10'>it a hole is to dig it thinking is doing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:14'>in many ways later on the child is more</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:18'>visually centered child says there's more water in the tall glass when you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:23'>pour from the squat class the tall one because it looks that way and then</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:28'>finally it around 11 or 12 there's a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:32'>facts and logic stage where logical operations are carried out and the child</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:38'>can make deductions based on facts like there can't be more water because where</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:42'>would it go where would it come from so forth now of course at least this was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:48'>true in 11 and 12 year old Swiss French kids in America there's a lot of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:53'>evidence that American kids never get to this facts and logic stage</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:01'>now Brunner in the 50s and 60s redid</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:07'>some of Piaget's experiments but he added some twists so he took the water pouring</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:11'>experiment and after the kids said there's more water in the tall glass</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:16'>Brunner put a cardboard so the kid couldn't see the tall glass anymore and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:20'>the kid would change his mind back say oh there can't be more and then Brunner</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:24'>would take whip Brunner would take the cardboard away and the kid would say oh</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:29'>but look there's more water Brunner would put the cardboard back and the kid would</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:33'>change his mind again so if you have any six-year-olds you'd like to torment and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:40'>what runner was in his way was getting</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:45'>closer to this idea of multiple mentalities as well that it isn't just a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:53'>metamorphosis like a caterpillar into a butterfly which is pretty much the way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:57'>Piaget thought of it but actually different modules being able to deal</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:02'>with it within different ways and a change in dominance to express the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:06'>piaget expression now there are many things that you can do with this suppose</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:11'>you wanted to design a user interface for a computer that was like a tool and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:16'>we have to think about what each of these mentalities actually does so an</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:21'>example the body-centered one is the one that knows where we are in space we can</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:25'>close our eyes and touch our nose when in touch our hands behind our back if</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:30'>you blind us we can still orient ourselves but if we aren't as</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:34'>unfortunate enough to suffer a brain lesion that takes part of a limb out of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:39'>our body map then even though it's physically attached to us it's like</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:43'>somebody else's so this orienting</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:47'>centering groundedness is something that the body mentality brings to us the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:53'>visually sent mentality is wonderfully</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:58'>adept at dealing with various kinds of tricks for instance if we were to put a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:02'>hundred images of animals on a wall you'd be able to find the elephant</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:07'>almost four times as fast as you could the word elephant if the images were</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:12'>replaced words now let me try and experiment this I realize that this is a very academic</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:17'>body here but let me ask how many people</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:21'>here watch television be honest okay how</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:26'>many people flip channels all right how</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:32'>many people have ever flipped a channel randomly into a movie they haven't seen</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:37'>for 18 years how long did it take you to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:41'>recognize that you'd seen that movie before how long yeah somewhere between a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:48'>half a second and a couple of seconds think about what that meant 18 years ago</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:53'>you saw a movie you didn't know you're</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:57'>going to be tested on it you randomly</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:03'>without any preparation pop into the middle of it and all of a sudden in 30</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:10'>frames or so of seeing that movie you suddenly recognize what it is think of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:15'>what that means in the context of your entire life most people can remember</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:19'>what's going to happen next if you stop the movie after they've recognized that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:23'>they know what the next scene is going to be so that is a mentality that begged</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:29'>to be exploited and what it says is that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:33'>we should always be able to present about a hundred things in the visual</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:37'>field because the user can be aware of them subliminally and if we present them</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:42'>in recognizable scenes the user can store hundreds thousands millions of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:47'>different scenes and remember that they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:51'>were there before then finally the symbolically centered mentality is much</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:55'>more interested in changing things so if</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:59'>its biggest problem is finding the right context because it is not a context</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:04'>chooser so if your visual mentality work</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:08'>the way your symbolic one the first thing you opened your eyes and saw in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:12'>the morning would be what you'd be staring at several hours later that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:16'>doesn't work so well so we have a grounding mentality we have a flitting</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:21'>around mentality that's aware of lots of things and we have one</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:25'>likes to make chains and somehow we should be able to put all of those things together here's one of the ways</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:31'>whoops sorry can you turn that off please that's the end of the slides we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:40'>want to be able to put these things together and if we do we'll find</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:44'>ourselves fitting much more closely to the way human mentalities work</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:06'>so this is a 22 month old little girl and she has never lived in a world not</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:13'>densely populated by Macintoshes her</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:18'>mother is my accountant both her mother and father work at home each of them has</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:22'>a mac this is back five years ago in 1985 and when I found out the little</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:27'>girl was interested in computers I gave</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:31'>her an apple to which she rejected she</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:39'>wanted what her folks had now I have to warn you hear that not to be impressed</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:44'>because this is not her first time on the machine she's been using the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:49'>computer for about six months so she's actually a fairly experienced user and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:56'>long time ago we designed this user interface for children but never any of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:03'>this young so it's really interesting to see a child used the machine that was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:08'>actually designed for them and so here</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:12'>she's using the visible menus of mac paint and I saw it I thought all right</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:18'>this is impressed i've i've never seen a child this young is this machine before but ok I it should work but then what</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:25'>happened next really amazed me she wants a fresh sheet of paper so she goes to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:30'>the closed box on the window she saves her old drawing with a pop-up and she</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:37'>goes to the pulldown to get a new one</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:48'>well that was pretty and that was a home movie made by her father and we did</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:54'>about another 10 hours of testing this child on various Macintosh applications</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:00'>and we discovered it across applications she was about seventy percent literate</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:06'>that is she could take a really complicated application like aldus pagemaker a desktop publishing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:10'>application started up make marks and it print the marks out save the marks away</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:16'>get the marks back about seventy percent of the things that Macintosh users</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:21'>expect from application to application she in her horizon already by age 22</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:30'>months okay so that answers one question</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:35'>about this notion a computer ously see</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:39'>one when we're talking about situations</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:43'>like literacy and illiteracy they don't really obtain when the object in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:48'>question is a professional that we don't</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:52'>have a term called health orosi and ill-health orosi because medicine is a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:58'>profession there wasn't a term called literacy and illiteracy back in the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:02'>Middle Ages when writing was a profession as soon as you spread it out to the public you start getting</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:07'>interested in these notions of can people access things made for them by</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:11'>others that's like reading but what about the more important thing can</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:15'>people make things that are like the things that other people make so here's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:20'>an example of something that we did about 15 years ago</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:33'>and this is the logo turtle with a different architecture and it's a little</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:41'>application like Mac draw object oriented illustration system designed</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:47'>and built by 12 year old so this is an</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:51'>end-user program not a program that you'd buy in a store for ninety-nine</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:55'>dollars from egghead software has lots of features you can change size and move</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:00'>things around because of the change in architecture of going from normal data</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:08'>structure and procedure programming to object-oriented programming the amount</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:12'>of code she had the right to do this application was only about a page long so this is not a large program and one</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:18'>of the things that you have to do when you're working with any kind of novice user is make sure the programs they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:23'>write are not terribly long well so that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:27'>was an attempt to get kids and users to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:31'>be both able to access and able to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:36'>generate the same kinds of things that we're going to run on their paradigm of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:40'>computing but now we have a new paradigm of computing it's going to involve</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:44'>agents and artificial intelligence so a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:48'>few years ago I got interested in the idea of trying to set up a design a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:56'>system that would allow children to do artificial intelligence kind of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:00'>programming in other words they would be making things now much less like robots</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:05'>and much more like the gray Walter turtle things that mimic life in a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:12'>number of different ways I like to show you a bit of that project this project</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:16'>is done in a rather large scale we have an entire school it has now 375 children</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:22'>12 teachers and we've been working there for about five years and one of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:28'>things that we found is that technology is not something that you can put in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:33'>like raisins and upon pudding there's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:37'>all this other stuff is the entire life of the child that you have to consider</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:41'>and the framework of the school we're lucky to find a terrific school</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:46'>to Los Angeles bussing school so it's a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:50'>public school and the children are all shapes sizes colors Creed's ethnic</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:56'>backgrounds bust in most of them for more than an hour to get to the school</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:00'>those of demographers paradise and we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:04'>found it very interesting to introduce ideas into the school in a gradual</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:09'>fashion I'd like to show you some of those</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:39'>so that the kids are all kinds of kids</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:44'>and one of the things they've done here is to tear up part of their asphalt</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:50'>playground and build a garden this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:54'>garden was actually designed by the children you'll see a little bit you'll get an idea of how children could design</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:59'>something like this in in just a minute</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:05'>and because we're studying animals as</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:09'>well as plants they have a pond that has</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:13'>all kinds of life forms and the children actually built this garden themselves</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:21'>now I'm not going to explain to you what's going on here see if you can</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:26'>imagine what it is now I'll tell you in a bit what are they doing with these</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:31'>balloons well what they were doing is designing a city and one of the reasons</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:37'>we do some of the design work with balloons is because urban renewal is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:42'>really easy the idea of to know the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:50'>world one was constructed because is strongly tied into designing a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:56'>programming environment for children because what we wanted to do is not so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:01'>much experience things that other people have set up to be more like experiencing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:07'>a television program or maybe an interactive video disc we want them to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:12'>actually make the simulations themselves because it's in making the simulations</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:17'>that the active design is most powerful</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:22'>now next few minutes I'm going to show you three large-scale projects that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:29'>we've been doing at the school one of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:33'>the things we tried to do here was to both challenge the kids and to go much</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:39'>deeper than they ordinarily are asked to go by the state educational board this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:47'>first one is a year-long project in city building and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:52'>the kids that participate in it our third and fourth graders so there are</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:56'>seven and eight and nine years old in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:00'>this project starts in September and runs through the entire year and this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:04'>will give you an idea of it I think this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:11'>is all almost all no no mrs. hansal tool</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:15'>I know but they still are everything explored of it everybody say I know but</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:20'>they're already something you should make something is already Salinas joris</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:26'>the penis is already something every single after everything this is only</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:31'>styrofoam nobody lady out of something I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:35'>know every as late as something accident</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:39'>from a balloon doesn't mean we don't have a design knowledge now to make</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:44'>buildings exactly like they would have to make it a hundred years we're making</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:48'>models ideas for what buildings could be</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:52'>like in a hundred years we don't have the materials we're going to happen 100 years I did red stripes right</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:50:37'>okay did you get that color name red red</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:03'>what do you belviq i'm doing a factory</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:35'>wait do it again and stay here and do</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:40'>the character park you'll be the building y'all be the building yes why</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:45'>on the prison and he's the building these the buildings okay welcome to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:59'>fantasy mall we have lots of stuff the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:52:20'>building collapsed he was trying to see the moon and there nothing collapsed my</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:52:27'>apartment building and on the top is a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:52:31'>swimming pool never got this is a cold day in rainier so you can have an indoor</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:52:36'>central and it's a hot you open it up and you can I here down here tomorrow</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:14'>he'll be our future city is opening as you can see i'll transfer k our monorail</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:20'>has just been strong</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:24'>and all the buildings are beginning to look like buildings all the buildings</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:30'>are being checked and painting now our</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:34'>he cannot pick up the site husband useful because of the monorail and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:39'>transportation we now have these things on our site everybody that wants bad air</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:47'>transportation land on your site must cabinet right Iggy foxes out</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:52'>Commissioner tova cats design this whole</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:57'>monorail see what household monorail and monorail station the Commissioner of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:03'>lands who doesn't exhaust you all for helping us with sidewalks these are my</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:09'>sidewalks my bold earthquake tested and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:17'>alarming teleporting man he puts ebook</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:22'>paper towel rolls on our site static patella to have it be a teleporting</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:27'>station their cities he's getting to look like a real City try getting to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:31'>look like Judy Landers on the monorail calvada getting to Los Angeles cuz of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:36'>the help crowd is starting today less</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:40'>crowded than it was when we were making our study models</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:46'>I level or I level 1 inch tall but will</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:58'>question building so that's a very okay</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:10'>as see more I'm sure will echo when when you actually go into a school and start</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:15'>working with the kids the first reaction is one of shock because the enormity of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:23'>the experience the amount of energy the amount of body learning that the kids</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:28'>need to do completely dominates all the things that you wanted to do with</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:32'>computers and the first thing you realize when you actually go into school</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:36'>and do this stuff for real is that you better worry about curriculum far</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:42'>outside the media that you're going to use because there's so many different</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:47'>dimensions and this is a project in which most of the things that are</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:51'>available on computers now are of almost no use the kids do a little bit of work</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:56'>with Macintoshes in doing this but 99%</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:01'>of it is this huge experience with doing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:05'>things with their hands and their bodies and crawling over the thing and so forth</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:09'>so one of the objectives in this project</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:13'>was to develop I don't want to say the word peach but develop every child as a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:18'>designer and it takes about three years</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:22'>to get a curriculum like this self-sustaining so people who put try to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:27'>put curriculum in a school and measure it after the first year are making a big</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:31'>mistake takes about three years to get something like this going and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:35'>self-sustaining now another thing we started about four years ago was to develop every child in the school as a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:40'>musician you may see some commonality</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:45'>between those two ideas because music is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:49'>another one of these things that has lots of things interacting with itself</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:53'>part of it is in the interest and what each individual thing is doing and part</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:57'>of the interest is and how they interact we want the kids to be able to think about their world in those terms and so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:03'>we did each year we put on a musical</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:08'>this year it was pirates of penzance and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:13'>this was the best one that we've ever ever had i have a few excerpts of it to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:18'>give you an idea the the oldest child in this is 11 the youngest child in it is 6</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:23'>was completely voluntary the pool of children we had to work with for this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:27'>was about 150 children 120 of those 150</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:31'>possible volunteered and appeared in the show they insisted i'm doing the entire</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:37'>Pirates of Penzance line for line we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:41'>started off with one that was broken down they constantly wanted more we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:45'>wanted to go back they insisted in singing in four-part harmony where it was called for this is a perfect example</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:50'>of something that the kids worked like dogs for four months on and put on a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:56'>fantastic show one of the best theatrical presentations I've ever been to hear some of excerpts</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:08'>fishing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:30'>what I know what is it I met along and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:34'>revelry but I can talk site I'm now the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:38'>run home from a shadowy one such affairs are sorties and surprises I more wary ax</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:45'>and when it opens Leslie what is meant</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:49'>by common their progress has been made</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:54'>it modern gunnery on the object another</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:59'>in a nunnery in short one of smattering</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:00:04'>of elemental strategy</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:00:41'>hey</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:01:16'>Oh</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:01:28'>I'm telling a Terry story but it doesn't</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:00'>although our darker rear sometimes involves the crime of stealing squealing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:13'>although my stripe we're always sorry to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:18'>me</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:34'>haha</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:53'>you may go Liberty our pirate rules protecting and kind of remembers our van</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:59'>we do unless you are you x is as useful</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:07'>things to be an orphan boy</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:13'>oh happy days</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:18'>oh happy day</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:32'>oh happy</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:37'>me I you haha</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:42'>bball</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:50'>so Joe Johnson said about thinking on</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:54'>its hind legs well but one is amazed to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:58'>see it done at all and the trick in doing these kinds of things with kids is to get beyond that stage the only way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:03'>you can do it is by having something like music being a part of the child's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:08'>life all the way through their experience this is the first year in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:12'>which we all the children in it had been part of this enrichment now that's the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:18'>second way of dealing with complexity let me show you the third way and this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:22'>is because the computer some good and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:27'>here are we studying animals and we try and get the children to program not</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:32'>robots but things that are much more biologically acceptable</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:56'>now you might wonder where are the computers in this classroom well one of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:01'>the problems with these computers is that they're bulky so we took every</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:05'>horizontal surfaces in the entire school out and replace them with tables that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:09'>have Macintoshes under them so there are hundreds of Macintoshes in the school</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:14'>but they're all underneath the surfaces so the teachers don't want to move them</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:19'>out of the classroom the teachers don't want to shove them around to the side they're just part of the normal working</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:24'>environment of the school and they're on all the time no computer classrooms no</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:28'>shoved against the wall</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:53'>guys these are some animations we did a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:57'>few years ago and HyperCard just as an idea of what things might look like</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:01'>eventually there's no intelligence behind these models hey guys i am going</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:08'>for a swim in the scene</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:25'>hey</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:33'>if you're asking for every player has agent needs food and the whale come up</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:38'>the way I also have some Asian food all right let me tell you why because when</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:45'>the agent looks in his world what we're</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:49'>seeing here is a they have seminars where they talk over different problem</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:54'>solving strategies the teacher this particular teacher happens to like to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:58'>solve problems and she likes to discuss them with the kids then the kids have to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:03'>go off and figure it out for themselves it doesn't look at himself it looks at</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:07'>the world beyond him so that's why it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:11'>only looks at those players who have food but it doesn't count himself but if</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:18'>he asked for every player in the universe it would include himself and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:25'>this is kind of important for you to think about because when he when they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:30'>have to start giving birth to eat to themselves so they won't die off they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:36'>have to be able to count everything in the universe why Dean Cain</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:45'>50 count how many there are like if</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:49'>there was only one left in was himself competative journalist and then he left</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:53'>bar and then he got true protein what's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:58'>my friend it was a whale who lived to know Jay just off the Pacific coast it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:08:03'>is the time of year when the whales migrate down to Mexico to me and to give</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:08:08'>birth to their babies who were conceived the year before I do that you don't want</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:08:20'>emotion thank you okay go to the top</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:08:45'>works with those two on and I move away</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:08:58'>now here's a more complicated one these these models use the Minsky and Papert</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:02'>Society of mind architecture applied in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:07'>a language for children that was developed in part here at the Media Lab by Mike Travers one of the graduate</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:14'>students here's a more complicated one the clownfish in the lower left is just</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:19'>going about its business feeding one of the things that they do is to find a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:23'>favorite see an enemy and acclimate to it that's what it's doing now they spend</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:28'>a little more time in the monks to poison of the enemy and gradually get</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:33'>immune to it so that they can use it as a place to hide when some predator comes</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:40'>a lot the shark right now is quite a distance away and it doesn't notice the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:45'>clownfish and the clownfish doesn't notice it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:53'>here's some more acclamation closer into the tentacles this time</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:09'>now this lucky clownfish is been doing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:13'>it often enough so it is actually acclimated to the anenih me so when the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:19'>shark sees it and starts pursuing its</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:28'>able to run back to the enemy and the shark can only get so close to the enemy</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:32'>report backs off but of course it wants</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:37'>to come back again</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:46'>so computers are media to think with as</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:50'>Seymour said so eloquently a long time ago in Nicholas's book 20 years ago he</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:56'>said he dedicated it to the first machine who can appreciate the gesture</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:02'>and I think he meant not the gesture like this but the gesture of having a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:06'>book dedicated to it he also said in the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:11'>preface of it that it was all beginnings in no end well I think that's the perfect definition of a research lab a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:16'>my answer to the question of what is the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:21'>next computer revolution it's the one in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:25'>which happens in the context of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:29'>whole person and in the whole person's world that it's not just something that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:33'>we apply in isolation to solve small problems but it's one that like media</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:37'>surrounds us as we've tried to do with the children thank you very much and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:42'>happy 5th birthday ok</subtitle>
<subtitle id='4308'>you </subtitle>

Alan Kay at MIT Media Lab 5th Anniversary Event (1990)

2017-12-31T05:43:44Z

MrSteve:

{{#evt:
service=youtubeIA
|id=6Ysu1mDxxbc
|alignment=left
|autoresize=true
}}

<subtitle id='00:00:00'> never know what Nicholas was going to say actually the turned out that the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:08'>bearnaise on the hot dog didn't sell well if I remember we're no longer on</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:13'>that board anniversaries get people to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:22'>think of other anniversaries there lots</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:26'>of them happening this year one of them is the 50th anniversary of Fantasia and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:33'>Fantasia I think for many of us in this audience and at MIT and elsewhere was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:40'>something we grew up on as a kind of a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:44'>dream of bringing our ideas to life and a lot of us saw the computer is a way of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:50'>more quickly with more depth more</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:54'>dimension more meaning to be able to project ideas that we had within within</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:00'>ourselves into this magic new medium and have them come to life just as the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:07'>disney people did with great art but much more laboriously many years ago I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:12'>think a good way to start this this lecture is to think 40 years ago not 50</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:19'>the 40 years ago was the when two very</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:26'>diverse very at opposite poles machines</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:31'>were introduced to the to the world and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:35'>one of them of course was the UNIVAC one the first commercial digital computer</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:42'>thing that a digital computer its people's minds it had whirling tape</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:47'>drives the first whirling tape drives and it predicted an election not long</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:53'>after that on television and so it became in the public's mind what a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:59'>computer was all about now in the other</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:05'>machine that was at the farthest pole of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:09'>thinking from the univac one also came about 19</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:13'>50 and I actually spent quite a bit with some assistance this summer trying to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:18'>find some film footage of it because I was sure that some must exist and after</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:24'>much scurrying around in England then looking at old newsreels and so forth we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:29'>finally found what i think is the earliest footage of this machine which I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:33'>think symbolizes the transition from the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:38'>UNIVAC 1 to what's going to happen over the next 10 years and i think i need the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:42'>the slides off because i'm going to show some video thank you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:59'>in a simple Ville on the outskirts of Bristol lives Dr. Grey Walter a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:04'>neurologist who makes robots as a hobby they are small and he doesn't dress them</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:09'>up to look like men he calls them tortoises and so cunningly have their</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:13'>insides being designed that they respond to the stimuli of light and touch in a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:18'>completely lifelike manner</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:38'>this model is named Elsie and she sees out of a photoelectric cell which</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:43'>rotates above her body when light strikes the cell driving and steering</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:48'>mechanism sends her hurrying towards it if she brushes against any object in her</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:52'>path contacts are operated that turn the steering away and so automatically she</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:58'>takes avoiding action</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:34'>Mrs. Walters pet his Elma, Elsie's brother in the darker vest he works in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:39'>exactly the same way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:49'>Dr. Walter says that his electronic toys work exactly as though they have a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:53'>simple two cell nervous system and that with more cells they will be able to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:58'>do many more tricks already Elsie has one up on Elmer when her batteries begin to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:03'>fail she automatically runs home to her kennel but charging up and in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:07'>consequence can live a much gayer life</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:17'>so I officially present this footage to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:21'>Nicholas Seymour Papert and Marvin Minsky for it means something to each</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:27'>one of this this is the original tortoise that inspired the logo turtle</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:33'>and it also inspired a lot of early work</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:37'>in artificial intelligence and what's interesting about the way the last 40</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:41'>years have transpired is that digital computers have taken over but in fact</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:46'>where things are going now are much more towards the kinds of control systems</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:53'>kinds of what you might call wet mentalities that device like the great</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:00'>Walter turtle has well the biggest</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:04'>problem with with computers is that they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:09'>were larger than than human scale and the mechanisms we have in our mind for</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:14'>dealing with things are larger than human scale are those of religions so of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:18'>course we had a priesthood and special</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:22'>time special rituals all of that stuff and a lot of what has happened in the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:27'>last 40 years has been to try and find ways to bring the machine into human</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:32'>scale without losing any of its promise</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:36'>what I'd like to do is give you a couple</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:40'>of ways that I think about this stuff and one of them is thinking in general</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:46'>terms about the way humans have extended themselves over the last several hundred</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:52'>thousand years and of course the first one that we think of is that we extend</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:56'>ourselves through tools levers screwdrivers wheels and so forth less</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:03'>often we think of language and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:07'>mathematics as tools but they also are ways of creating objects for things that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:15'>we want to deal with and we manipulate them and all of these tools allow us to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:21'>extend various of our senses and for a long time we thought of the computer as</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:26'>a kind of a tool and one of the ways that we've grappled with it is to try and make it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:30'>act more like the kinds of tools that were used to now less often thought of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:35'>extension is one that was identified many years ago by mumford who said for</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:42'>most of the history of human beings most of the machines that we've built have</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:47'>had other humans as moving parts he called these mega machines and societies</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:52'>groups an organization like this the media lab all of these are a consequence</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:57'>of our ability to take on other people's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:02'>goals our interest in taking on people's goals and our interest in getting people</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:06'>to take on our goals of course agents</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:10'>can take on a goal and can manipulate tools to carry out our wishes while</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:14'>we're doing things but more importantly an agent can deal with other agents and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:20'>I think of the the M word here for</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:24'>agents as being management so to me a tool is something that we look at and we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:29'>manipulate and an agent is something that looks at us and we manage the agent</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:35'>and of course the mainframes were neither and so the struggle was started</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:41'>in the 1950s in 1962 try and find a way of bringing this into some sort of human</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:46'>scale now I like to show you a couple of early efforts</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:04'>here's a picture that could have been taken in somebody's office here at MIT</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:08'>but actually it was taken in 1965 this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:15'>is Douglas Engelbart sitting at his</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:20'>first version of a what you might call not a personal computer but personal</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:25'>computing he has a mouse he has a black on white 19 inch screen and here's the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:32'>kind of media that he dealt back sat</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:44'>exactly branch on me and let me look just that low and I see it oh I can say</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:51'>I'd like to see one line only I can see</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:55'>but there's another thing I can do theres a route I said i have here</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:04'>so here I'm it i'll need a different pictures of you so here's what i do with</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:09'>a picture drawing capability here so slight and lamp if i start from work and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:13'>here's the route i seem to have to go to pick up all the materials and that's my</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:17'>plan for getting home tonight but if I want to I can say the library what am I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:22'>supposed to pick up there I can just point to that you know oh I see overdue</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:27'>books and all while there was a statement there with that name go back what if I once my supposed to pick up</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:32'>the drugstore hmm I see you interesting all right market can do things if I want</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:40'>to just say I'd like to interchange projects and can materials bingo and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:46'>they're all numbered right if I care to look interchanging them very quickly</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:50'>cans are going to get interchange with products they do it and all gets me</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:56'>numbered so that's a very tool based way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:01'>of thinking about things you're indicating things on the screen moving</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:05'>them around Engelbart was one of the of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:09'>a number of people in the 50s and 60s that realize that although you could</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:13'>drop a computer and break it just like you can drop a book into a fire and burn</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:19'>it that the contents of the computer or</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:23'>of the book can be a story or a description of things that can't exist</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:28'>physically in the world you can have a story in a book about a place that has an inverse cube law doesn't seem to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:33'>exist in in this world the computer can</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:37'>add more dimensions than this world has to a way of looking at data and so that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:41'>if you have a 15 dimensional space of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:46'>interesting things the computer can give you 16 dimensions and bring all of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:50'>interesting points together at one one place and that led to a number of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:55'>different ways of thinking about the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:00'>computer Engelbart's metaphor was the computer as a vehicle he thought of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:06'>big mainframes as being like railroads that were owned by institutions and the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:11'>institutions decided when you could use them and decided what you could use them</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:15'>for and Engelbart wanted to be Henry Ford he</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:19'>wanted everybody to have their own vehicle used to say phrases like we need</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:24'>to deal with thought vectors and concept space I don't think he knew what that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:28'>meant we certainly didn't but it sounded</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:32'>great and it gave rise to this notion that in order to bring the computer down</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:38'>into our world we have to have some way of interacting with it in a closer</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:44'>fashion and so the the urge was to bring the computer cycles closer to the user</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:50'>and that's what gave rise to machines like this and this is one that I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:54'>designed it's a picture of it on its own display back in the late 60s and it even</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:03'>had a user interface on it although back</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:07'>then there's a wonderful phrase about user interface user interfaces was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:12'>called it's when the flesh hits the steel and that phrase is very much about</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:20'>because there's really no notion of there being an intermediary between you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:25'>and the hardness of the machine and this this machine have multiple windows and a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:31'>number of other ideas on it but it was a little bit like trying to make an apple</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:36'>pie from random ingredients found in the kitchen you don't have any apples so you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:41'>decide to use bananas you don't have any flour so you grind up Cheerios and so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:47'>forth I randomly substituting for all of the ingredients in a typical pie you can</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:51'>make something but in this case this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:55'>turned out to be a bit of a mess only</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:59'>graduate students liked it sort of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:03'>kiss of death for any computer system</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:09'>reason of course as graduate students are going through a rite of passage when they're trying to prove how smart they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:14'>are and how many amazing things that they can remember and so they turn out</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:18'>to be pretty much the world's worst user interface design right I was a graduate</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:22'>student when I designed this so I'm speaking with authority now right about</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:28'>the same time that this was going on there is a whole different way of looking at interaction and one of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:35'>ways that I used to illustrate that is some film footage taken at rand</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:40'>corporation on a system that they made</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:44'>for Rand economists and other non computer types The Economist's of course</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:51'>are that group of people that if you lay them end to end they still won't be able</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:55'>to reach a conclusion and the Economist</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:00'>didn't even like to type they like to write things on legal pads and they said</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:06'>the RAM people can't you do something about that so here's an example of something that was adapted from some</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:13'>early work here at MIT by Marvin Minsky and war entitlement to do a system that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:20'>would interpret gestures as expressed on</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:24'>a data tablet so here's what that looks like</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:38'>first we erase a flow arrow then move</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:42'>the connector out of the way so that we may draw a box in its place the printing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:51'>in the box is being new commentary only in this case the box is slightly too</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:57'>large so we may change its size where modern day window control came from</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:01'>literally then dry flow from the connector to the box attached a decision</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:08'>element to the box and dry flow from it to scan we then erased the flow arrows</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:15'>attached to the process post new area and move the box to a new position this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:25'>allows us to draw a new box well that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:34'>was a tremendous change in the way we felt about using computers I had a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:42'>chance to use that for half an hour in 1968 and felt like I was thinking my</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:46'>hands right through the glass of the display and touching the information</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:51'>structures directly inside unlike Engelbart's system which I had called a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:55'>personal computer this to me was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:59'>intimate this is an intimate way of interacting and so for me and for a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:05'>bunch of other people in the 60s 1968</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:09'>was my year for thinking about the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:14'>possibility of there being three major ways of interacting with a computer of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:21'>three paradigms three frameworks for thinking about interaction and the thing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:27'>that clinched it for me was seeing going</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:32'>out and visiting Seymour's one of Seymour's first installations in a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:38'>school watching them use the logo turtle</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:42'>the descendant of the great Walter turtle, cause Seymour had this terrific idea that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:47'>wouldn't it be great to let kids actually build the kinds of mechanisms</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:51'>that would animate a turtle around and they would learn a lot about their world and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:56'>a lot about thinking about the world from from doing that and I've never</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:00'>recovered from that because once I saw that to me the computer was no longer a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:05'>vehicle in the nation at risk report the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:11'>recommendation is that every child in the US should have one semester of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:16'>computers in their senior year of high school that's their strong</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:22'>recommendation about computers and that's driver's ed that is treating the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:28'>computer like a vehicle it's not the cars aren't important it's that they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:32'>aren't central the central things to us are the media the intermediaries with</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:38'>how we work with the world and if you can get rid of that slide that'd be</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:42'>great I think everybody has figured that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:48'>out by now thank you the that led to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:57'>thinking of a computer in a completely different way this is a cardboard model</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:01'>I made in 1968 just since become known</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:05'>as the dynabook and we actually loaded</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:10'>this cardboard model up with a variety of lead pellets to try and find out how</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:15'>heavy it could be before people would always take it with them not find an</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:20'>excuse to leave it behind and turns out</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:24'>that the weight that we determined has not yet been reached by any computer company so this machine is still a bit</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:31'>in the future but it expresses a different kind of relationship with the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:35'>machine and something that wants to start much earlier in the life of a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:41'>human being and so one of the ways of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:47'>thinking of it is if we compare these three</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:53'>ways of looking at it we can say well where is the computer in the past it was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:58'>in the glasshouse today in personal computing it's on our desk and in the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:04'>future it's going to be with us all the time in California will weave it into</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:09'>our t-shirts Nicholas said 10 years ago</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:15'>that will know in the future appears when our cufflinks committed communicate</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:21'>with our watched by means of satellite</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:26'>it's when such hyperbole is not outrageous that you know a paradigm</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:31'>shift has actually happened and as an interesting analogy here to the history</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:37'>of publishing in 1400 AD there are three</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:41'>hundred ninety two books in the Vatican Library one of the largest libraries in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:46'>Europe and in 1452 or thereabouts--</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:51'>Gutenberg printed his first Bible and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:55'>that Bible the 42 line Bible was as big as the hand-written manuscripts that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:02'>have been so laboriously copied by monks during the Middle Ages and the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:07'>reason it was that big is that that was what books were if you look at pictures</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:14'>woodcuts or you visit the modern</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:18'>recreation of what a library was like then they didn't shelve the books most</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:23'>libraries back then had so few books that each book had its own reading table</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:28'>and the books were chained to it you look at this table table book with</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:34'>chains the thing that comes to mind inescapably is a time-sharing bullpen</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:40'>because these are institutionally owned items and Gutenberg didn't know what</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:47'>else to do but to make them that size and much more interesting revolution</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:53'>happened a few years later when Aldus now has a company named after him Aldus</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:59'>Manutius who was a Venetian publisher did two remarkable things first he was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:05'>one of the major driving forces behind publishing things other than</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:09'>Bibles and he isn't he and his sons over the next century published 40,000</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:15'>different books most of them from gathering up Greek and Roman writings</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:21'>spreading them all over Europe he did one other thing that will forever endear</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:25'>himself to me he decided that book should be this big and he decided they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:31'>should be this big because that was the size that saddle bags were in Venice in the 1490s in other words Aldus realized</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:39'>something very important and that is the books could now be lost and because they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:46'>could now be lost they could now be taken with they now could go out and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:51'>become a mass medium now again we're in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:55'>this interesting stage because we're not in a place where r we're willing to have our computers be lost watches their $10</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:04'>swatch watches or something like that willing to have them be lost maybe a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:09'>pocket calculator it's not a tragedy if it gets lost paper and pencil it's not a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:13'>tragedy but still with our multi-thousand dollar computers sitting</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:19'>on our desks we're actually still in the Gutenberg era and the interesting thing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:24'>about history is that nothing that happened between Gutenberg and Aldus</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:28'>counted none of those behavior patterns</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:32'>had anything to do with what happened in the post Aldus area as we went into the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:36'>16th century so drawing curves as a way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:40'>of predicting the computer doesn't work very well when you're in these interesting transition periods well</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:45'>another way of looking at these three</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:50'>paradigms is to ask what kinds of information do we use letter and numbers</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:55'>with institutional computing fonts and graphics on modern personal computing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:01'>and as Nicholas likes the show with his imploding his teething rings for the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:07'>media lab as he likes to call them that it's going to be all media coming together because the computer is a meta</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:12'>media its content is all media all</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:16'>intermediaries that one is pretty much of a no-brainer but it's amazing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:20'>how long it has taken for that to even that simple idea to sink in how do we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:26'>print impact printing big laser printing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:30'>personal laser printers with personal computing and no printing as we move on</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:37'>into the next ten years because the information is going to be too</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:41'>interesting to destroy by printing it out right now is an index of how paltry</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:48'>our use of the computer is that we can actually print it out and feel good about it we actually haven't heard</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:54'>anything because our information for the most part is not in dimensionally</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:59'>intertwined it's not in the form of a dynamic simulation it's not any of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:04'>things that the computer is really about</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:08'>field of interaction feels like line editing on institutional computing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:15'>layout on computers like the Macintosh</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:19'>moving things around but in the new</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:28'>paradigm it's going to feel more like conducting because we're going to move from passive information to active</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:34'>information we're going to move from objects to agents and so it's going to be</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:38'>a little bit more like summoning forth lots of assistance at different times</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:43'>and checking out what their goals are and our they're checking out what our</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:48'>goals are and and so forth so each one of these is a completely different way of thinking about it and one of the ways</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:54'>of thinking about the differentiation between the institutional and the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:00'>personal here is that even when graphical interfaces were done in the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:04'>60s for the most part all interfaces were thought of their main task was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:09'>accessed to function so this notion that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:13'>inside the computer is sort of something like a big nuclear reactor or a power station there's all that function and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:19'>what we need to have is a way of getting to each of these pieces of function will</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:23'>map them into control keys and and double control meta y keys and that way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:29'>of thinking about things and the revolution that made the second</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:35'>paradigm the personal computer paradigm is going from that stance to realizing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:40'>that the main job of the user interface is to make the user aware of what the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:44'>possibilities are in other words the user interface now goes from being</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:49'>control of function to a learning environment and of course I should</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:56'>mention that the the main job of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:00'>intimate computer user interface is to do a lot of learning itself so we go</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:05'>from no learning or learning of the most back-breaking kind to making it easier</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:12'>for the user to learn and then finally we want the system to learn how do we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:17'>give commands we have to remember everything and type see and point where we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:23'>are now and in the future is going to be asked and gesture because the computer</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:28'>is going to be watching us not us just watching it what kind of languages do we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:33'>program it in weekly modular data</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:37'>structured procedures cobol one of the surest predictions that we can make</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:42'>about the future is that 10 years from now there will still be a lot of COBOL programmers this personal computing way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:54'>of doing things is pretty much object-oriented after right far fewer</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:59'>lines of code and there's a new kind of programming that people are starting to do called agent oriented programming and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:07'>one way of thinking about all of these paradigms is to compare them with</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:11'>architecture of taking a civilization like the Greeks whose main way of making</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:18'>big buildings was post and lintel pilot block box like that and you get</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:24'>buildings about this size and if you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:28'>want to make a building a lot bigger and let in more light this architecture doesn't work you have to change to a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:33'>different kind of architecture like the gothic arch and if you do that you can make</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:38'>buildings much larger with about the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:43'>same amount of material and when they say just about somebody he doesn't have</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:49'>enough bricks to make a wall that might not be a slam because you might have</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:57'>enough bricks to make an arch he's got enough bricks to make an arch she's a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:01'>lot better off than people who only have enough bricks to make walls and of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:06'>course the big change in the last several hundred years is going from structures that just push against each</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:11'>other to this notion of the higher</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:15'>strength of materials under tension if you get materials that you can tense as</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:20'>well as compressed you can make structures like geodesic domes that will</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:25'>fit over all of the cathedrals that have ever been made in the world and these are completely separate ways of thinking</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:31'>about things and one of the answers to the question that's the title of my</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:35'>lecture is what is the next computer</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:39'>revolution going to be like well it's going to be technologically it's going to be like what I just told you that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:44'>we're going to intimate machines they'll always be networked there will be</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:49'>information utilities the systems will</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:53'>learn and so forth now for many people this is big news but in fact if you go</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:58'>back in the history of computer science you find people like Marvin Minsky and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:03'>John McCarthy writing papers in the late 50s and early 60s about this this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:09'>happens to be not just the fifth anniversary of the media lab but it's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:14'>also the 20th anniversary of Nicholas's book called the architecture machine</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:18'>which is all about this third way of looking at things now for my standpoint</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:24'>since I am not particularly enamored of technology this is a very incomplete</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:30'>answer and I would like to try and go to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:34'>a different way of thinking about things that involves people much more strongly</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:40'>and to do that we have to have some sense</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:45'>of how people's minds work this is for</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:49'>many years and in engineering is where the rubber met the sky because engineers</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:56'>tend to like controllable elements and people aren't all that controllable and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:01'>as a behavioral mechanism we are exasperating and so there's been a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:07'>tendency of actually trying to get people to be more like machines rather</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:11'>than the other way around and give you an example of why this is difficult to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:16'>deal with take a look at one of my favorite pictures here and what you see</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:24'>here let's pretend we're in school because actually we are in school we're in a university let me give you an</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:30'>English sentence about this picture what we've done with this picture is to take</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:35'>a picture of a young girl extracted her eyes and mouth turn them upside down and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:41'>put them back into the picture and then turn the entire picture upside down that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:46'>sound reasonable to everybody okay so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:50'>having said that you should be completely prepared than for what it looks like right side up I'm going to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:58'>turn this back because I've discovered nobody will listen to me when it's on the other way so this is one of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:09'>flaws of trying to give lectures in English because a nation is actually not</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:16'>convertible except outside of the human</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:22'>domain within the human domain we actually have different parts of our</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:26'>brain that respond the things in different ways and this is one of the reasons why McDonald's doesn't run print</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:31'>ads saying if you eat a McDonald's hamburger you'll become a better looking</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:35'>person because in English it's absurd so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:39'>instead what they do is to run an ad showing pictures of really good-looking people eating McDonald's hamburgers and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:44'>a different part of your mind takes that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:48'>information and makes a different kind of inference the kind of inference that the ad people want you in fact we have a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:54'>part of our mind that thinks things are more true if they rhyme so if I were to say to you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:00'>a big mac and fries will slender your thighs sound more convincing the whole</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:10'>idea here is that as people started to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:15'>suspect about starting about a hundred years ago with Freud Piaget Brunner</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:21'>Minsky and Papert that what we don't have inside of our head is the oneness a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:29'>vast beautiful seamless fabric of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:33'>mentality but instead what we have is something much more like a patchwork quilt and in fact the patchwork quilt</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:38'>has little mechanisms that pop us from one part of the quilt to another</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:43'>whenever we get too close to one of the boundaries and it's you have to do things like this to show that there is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:48'>an actual patchwork quilt there so we have this idea of multiple mentalities</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:55'>and Piaget was one of the first to study</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:00'>the very different ways that children have of dealing with the world as they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:05'>move through stages of development early in a child's life an object is to grab</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:10'>it a hole is to dig it thinking is doing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:14'>in many ways later on the child is more</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:18'>visually centered child says there's more water in the tall glass when you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:23'>pour from the squat class the tall one because it looks that way and then</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:28'>finally it around 11 or 12 there's a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:32'>facts and logic stage where logical operations are carried out and the child</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:38'>can make deductions based on facts like there can't be more water because where</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:42'>would it go where would it come from so forth now of course at least this was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:48'>true in 11 and 12 year old Swiss French kids in America there's a lot of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:53'>evidence that American kids never get to this facts and logic stage</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:01'>now Brunner in the 50s and 60s redid</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:07'>some of Piaget's experiments but he added some twists so he took the water pouring</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:11'>experiment and after the kids said there's more water in the tall glass</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:16'>runner put a cardboard so the kid couldn't see the tall glass anymore and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:20'>the kid would change his mind back say oh there can't be more and then Brenda</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:24'>would take whip Brenda would take the cardboard away and the kid would say oh</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:29'>but look there's more water Brenda would put the cardboard back and the kid would</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:33'>change his mind again so if you have any six-year-olds you'd like to torment and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:40'>what runner was in his way was getting</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:45'>closer to this idea of multiple mentalities as well that it isn't just a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:53'>metamorphosis like a caterpillar into a butterfly which is pretty much the way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:57'>Piaget thought of it but actually different modules being able to deal</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:02'>with it within different ways and a change in dominance to express the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:06'>piaget expression now there are many things that you can do with this suppose</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:11'>you wanted to design a user interface for a computer that was like a tool and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:16'>we have to think about what each of these mentalities actually does so an</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:21'>example the body-centered one is the one that knows where we are in space we can</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:25'>close our eyes and touch our nose when in touch our hands behind our back if</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:30'>you blind us we can still orient ourselves but if we aren't as</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:34'>unfortunate enough to suffer a brain lesion that takes part of a limb out of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:39'>our body map then even though it's physically attached to us it's like</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:43'>somebody else's so this orienting</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:47'>centering groundedness is something that the body mentality brings to us the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:53'>visually sent mentality is wonderfully</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:58'>adept at dealing with various kinds of tricks for instance if we were to put a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:02'>hundred images of animals on a wall you'd be able to find the elephant</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:07'>almost four times as fast as you could the word elephant if the images were</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:12'>replaced words now let me try and experiment this I realize that this is a very academic</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:17'>body here but let me ask how many people</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:21'>here watch television be honest okay how</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:26'>many people flip channels all right how</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:32'>many people have ever flipped a channel randomly into a movie they haven't seen</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:37'>for 18 years how long did it take you to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:41'>recognize that you'd seen that movie before how long yeah somewhere between a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:48'>half a second and a couple of seconds think about what that meant 18 years ago</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:53'>you saw a movie you didn't know you're</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:57'>going to be tested on it you randomly</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:03'>without any preparation pop into the middle of it and all of a sudden in 30</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:10'>frames or so of seeing that movie you suddenly recognize what it is think of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:15'>what that means in the context of your entire life most people can remember</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:19'>what's going to happen next if you stop the movie after they've recognized that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:23'>they know what the next scene is going to be so that is a mentality that begged</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:29'>to be exploited and what it says is that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:33'>we should always be able to present about a hundred things in the visual</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:37'>field because the user can be aware of them subliminally and if we present them</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:42'>in recognizable scenes the user can store hundreds thousands millions of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:47'>different scenes and remember that they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:51'>were there before then finally the symbolically centered mentality is much</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:55'>more interested in changing things so if</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:59'>its biggest problem is finding the right context because it is not a context</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:04'>chooser so if your visual mentality work</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:08'>the way your symbolic one the first thing you opened your eyes and saw in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:12'>the morning would be what you'd be staring at several hours later that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:16'>doesn't work so well so we have a grounding mentality we have a flitting</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:21'>around mentality that's aware of lots of things and we have one</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:25'>likes to make chains and somehow we should be able to put all of those things together here's one of the ways</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:31'>whoops sorry can you turn that off please that's the end of the slides we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:40'>want to be able to put these things together and if we do we'll find</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:44'>ourselves fitting much more closely to the way human mentalities work</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:06'>so this is a 22 month old little girl and she has never lived in a world not</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:13'>densely populated by Macintoshes her</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:18'>mother is my accountant both her mother and father work at home each of them has</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:22'>a mac this is back five years ago in 1985 and when I found out the little</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:27'>girl was interested in computers I gave</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:31'>her an apple to which she rejected she</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:39'>wanted what her folks had now I have to warn you hear that not to be impressed</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:44'>because this is not her first time on the machine she's been using the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:49'>computer for about six months so she's actually a fairly experienced user and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:56'>long time ago we designed this user interface for children but never any of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:03'>this young so it's really interesting to see a child used the machine that was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:08'>actually designed for them and so here</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:12'>she's using the visible menus of mac paint and I saw it I thought all right</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:18'>this is impressed i've i've never seen a child this young is this machine before but ok I it should work but then what</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:25'>happened next really amazed me she wants a fresh sheet of paper so she goes to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:30'>the closed box on the window she saves her old drawing with a pop-up and she</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:37'>goes to the pulldown to get a new one</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:48'>well that was pretty and that was a home movie made by her father and we did</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:54'>about another 10 hours of testing this child on various Macintosh applications</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:00'>and we discovered it across applications she was about seventy percent literate</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:06'>that is she could take a really complicated application like aldus pagemaker a desktop publishing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:10'>application started up make marks and it print the marks out save the marks away</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:16'>get the marks back about seventy percent of the things that Macintosh users</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:21'>expect from application to application she in her horizon already by age 22</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:30'>months okay so that answers one question</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:35'>about this notion a computer ously see</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:39'>one when we're talking about situations</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:43'>like literacy and illiteracy they don't really obtain when the object in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:48'>question is a professional that we don't</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:52'>have a term called health orosi and ill-health orosi because medicine is a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:58'>profession there wasn't a term called literacy and illiteracy back in the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:02'>Middle Ages when writing was a profession as soon as you spread it out to the public you start getting</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:07'>interested in these notions of can people access things made for them by</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:11'>others that's like reading but what about the more important thing can</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:15'>people make things that are like the things that other people make so here's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:20'>an example of something that we did about 15 years ago</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:33'>and this is the logo turtle with a different architecture and it's a little</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:41'>application like Mac draw object oriented illustration system designed</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:47'>and built by 12 year old so this is an</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:51'>end-user program not a program that you'd buy in a store for ninety-nine</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:55'>dollars from egghead software has lots of features you can change size and move</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:00'>things around because of the change in architecture of going from normal data</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:08'>structure and procedure programming to object-oriented programming the amount</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:12'>of code she had the right to do this application was only about a page long so this is not a large program and one</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:18'>of the things that you have to do when you're working with any kind of novice user is make sure the programs they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:23'>write are not terribly long well so that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:27'>was an attempt to get kids and users to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:31'>be both able to access and able to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:36'>generate the same kinds of things that we're going to run on their paradigm of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:40'>computing but now we have a new paradigm of computing it's going to involve</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:44'>agents and artificial intelligence so a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:48'>few years ago I got interested in the idea of trying to set up a design a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:56'>system that would allow children to do artificial intelligence kind of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:00'>programming in other words they would be making things now much less like robots</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:05'>and much more like the gray Walter turtle things that mimic life in a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:12'>number of different ways I like to show you a bit of that project this project</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:16'>is done in a rather large scale we have an entire school it has now 375 children</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:22'>12 teachers and we've been working there for about five years and one of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:28'>things that we found is that technology is not something that you can put in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:33'>like raisins and upon pudding there's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:37'>all this other stuff is the entire life of the child that you have to consider</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:41'>and the framework of the school we're lucky to find a terrific school</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:46'>to Los Angeles bussing school so it's a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:50'>public school and the children are all shapes sizes colors Creed's ethnic</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:56'>backgrounds bust in most of them for more than an hour to get to the school</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:00'>those of demographers paradise and we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:04'>found it very interesting to introduce ideas into the school in a gradual</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:09'>fashion I'd like to show you some of those</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:39'>so that the kids are all kinds of kids</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:44'>and one of the things they've done here is to tear up part of their asphalt</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:50'>playground and build a garden this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:54'>garden was actually designed by the children you'll see a little bit you'll get an idea of how children could design</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:59'>something like this in in just a minute</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:05'>and because we're studying animals as</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:09'>well as plants they have a pond that has</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:13'>all kinds of life forms and the children actually built this garden themselves</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:21'>now I'm not going to explain to you what's going on here see if you can</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:26'>imagine what it is now I'll tell you in a bit what are they doing with these</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:31'>balloons well what they were doing is designing a city and one of the reasons</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:37'>we do some of the design work with balloons is because urban renewal is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:42'>really easy the idea of to know the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:50'>world one was constructed because is strongly tied into designing a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:56'>programming environment for children because what we wanted to do is not so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:01'>much experience things that other people have set up to be more like experiencing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:07'>a television program or maybe an interactive video disc we want them to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:12'>actually make the simulations themselves because it's in making the simulations</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:17'>that the active design is most powerful</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:22'>now next few minutes I'm going to show you three large-scale projects that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:29'>we've been doing at the school one of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:33'>the things we tried to do here was to both challenge the kids and to go much</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:39'>deeper than they ordinarily are asked to go by the state educational board this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:47'>first one is a year-long project in city building and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:52'>the kids that participate in it our third and fourth graders so there are</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:56'>seven and eight and nine years old in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:00'>this project starts in September and runs through the entire year and this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:04'>will give you an idea of it I think this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:11'>is all almost all no no mrs. hansal tool</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:15'>I know but they still are everything explored of it everybody say I know but</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:20'>they're already something you should make something is already Salinas joris</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:26'>the penis is already something every single after everything this is only</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:31'>styrofoam nobody lady out of something I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:35'>know every as late as something accident</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:39'>from a balloon doesn't mean we don't have a design knowledge now to make</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:44'>buildings exactly like they would have to make it a hundred years we're making</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:48'>models ideas for what buildings could be</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:52'>like in a hundred years we don't have the materials we're going to happen 100 years I did red stripes right</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:50:37'>okay did you get that color name red red</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:03'>what do you belviq i'm doing a factory</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:35'>wait do it again and stay here and do</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:40'>the character park you'll be the building y'all be the building yes why</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:45'>on the prison and he's the building these the buildings okay welcome to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:59'>fantasy mall we have lots of stuff the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:52:20'>building collapsed he was trying to see the moon and there nothing collapsed my</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:52:27'>apartment building and on the top is a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:52:31'>swimming pool never got this is a cold day in rainier so you can have an indoor</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:52:36'>central and it's a hot you open it up and you can I here down here tomorrow</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:14'>he'll be our future city is opening as you can see i'll transfer k our monorail</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:20'>has just been strong</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:24'>and all the buildings are beginning to look like buildings all the buildings</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:30'>are being checked and painting now our</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:34'>he cannot pick up the site husband useful because of the monorail and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:39'>transportation we now have these things on our site everybody that wants bad air</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:47'>transportation land on your site must cabinet right Iggy foxes out</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:52'>Commissioner tova cats design this whole</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:57'>monorail see what household monorail and monorail station the Commissioner of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:03'>lands who doesn't exhaust you all for helping us with sidewalks these are my</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:09'>sidewalks my bold earthquake tested and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:17'>alarming teleporting man he puts ebook</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:22'>paper towel rolls on our site static patella to have it be a teleporting</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:27'>station their cities he's getting to look like a real City try getting to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:31'>look like Judy Landers on the monorail calvada getting to Los Angeles cuz of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:36'>the help crowd is starting today less</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:40'>crowded than it was when we were making our study models</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:46'>I level or I level 1 inch tall but will</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:58'>question building so that's a very okay</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:10'>as see more I'm sure will echo when when you actually go into a school and start</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:15'>working with the kids the first reaction is one of shock because the enormity of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:23'>the experience the amount of energy the amount of body learning that the kids</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:28'>need to do completely dominates all the things that you wanted to do with</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:32'>computers and the first thing you realize when you actually go into school</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:36'>and do this stuff for real is that you better worry about curriculum far</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:42'>outside the media that you're going to use because there's so many different</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:47'>dimensions and this is a project in which most of the things that are</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:51'>available on computers now are of almost no use the kids do a little bit of work</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:56'>with Macintoshes in doing this but 99%</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:01'>of it is this huge experience with doing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:05'>things with their hands and their bodies and crawling over the thing and so forth</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:09'>so one of the objectives in this project</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:13'>was to develop I don't want to say the word peach but develop every child as a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:18'>designer and it takes about three years</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:22'>to get a curriculum like this self-sustaining so people who put try to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:27'>put curriculum in a school and measure it after the first year are making a big</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:31'>mistake takes about three years to get something like this going and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:35'>self-sustaining now another thing we started about four years ago was to develop every child in the school as a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:40'>musician you may see some commonality</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:45'>between those two ideas because music is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:49'>another one of these things that has lots of things interacting with itself</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:53'>part of it is in the interest and what each individual thing is doing and part</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:57'>of the interest is and how they interact we want the kids to be able to think about their world in those terms and so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:03'>we did each year we put on a musical</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:08'>this year it was pirates of penzance and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:13'>this was the best one that we've ever ever had i have a few excerpts of it to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:18'>give you an idea the the oldest child in this is 11 the youngest child in it is 6</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:23'>was completely voluntary the pool of children we had to work with for this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:27'>was about 150 children 120 of those 150</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:31'>possible volunteered and appeared in the show they insisted i'm doing the entire</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:37'>Pirates of Penzance line for line we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:41'>started off with one that was broken down they constantly wanted more we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:45'>wanted to go back they insisted in singing in four-part harmony where it was called for this is a perfect example</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:50'>of something that the kids worked like dogs for four months on and put on a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:56'>fantastic show one of the best theatrical presentations I've ever been to hear some of excerpts</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:08'>fishing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:30'>what I know what is it I met along and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:34'>revelry but I can talk site I'm now the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:38'>run home from a shadowy one such affairs are sorties and surprises I more wary ax</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:45'>and when it opens Leslie what is meant</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:49'>by common their progress has been made</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:54'>it modern gunnery on the object another</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:59'>in a nunnery in short one of smattering</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:00:04'>of elemental strategy</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:00:41'>hey</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:01:16'>Oh</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:01:28'>I'm telling a Terry story but it doesn't</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:00'>although our darker rear sometimes involves the crime of stealing squealing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:13'>although my stripe we're always sorry to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:18'>me</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:34'>haha</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:53'>you may go Liberty our pirate rules protecting and kind of remembers our van</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:59'>we do unless you are you x is as useful</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:07'>things to be an orphan boy</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:13'>oh happy days</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:18'>oh happy day</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:32'>oh happy</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:37'>me I you haha</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:42'>bball</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:50'>so Joe Johnson said about thinking on</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:54'>its hind legs well but one is amazed to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:58'>see it done at all and the trick in doing these kinds of things with kids is to get beyond that stage the only way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:03'>you can do it is by having something like music being a part of the child's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:08'>life all the way through their experience this is the first year in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:12'>which we all the children in it had been part of this enrichment now that's the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:18'>second way of dealing with complexity let me show you the third way and this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:22'>is because the computer some good and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:27'>here are we studying animals and we try and get the children to program not</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:32'>robots but things that are much more biologically acceptable</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:56'>now you might wonder where are the computers in this classroom well one of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:01'>the problems with these computers is that they're bulky so we took every</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:05'>horizontal surfaces in the entire school out and replace them with tables that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:09'>have Macintoshes under them so there are hundreds of Macintoshes in the school</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:14'>but they're all underneath the surfaces so the teachers don't want to move them</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:19'>out of the classroom the teachers don't want to shove them around to the side they're just part of the normal working</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:24'>environment of the school and they're on all the time no computer classrooms no</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:28'>shoved against the wall</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:53'>guys these are some animations we did a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:57'>few years ago and HyperCard just as an idea of what things might look like</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:01'>eventually there's no intelligence behind these models hey guys i am going</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:08'>for a swim in the scene</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:25'>hey</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:33'>if you're asking for every player has agent needs food and the whale come up</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:38'>the way I also have some Asian food all right let me tell you why because when</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:45'>the agent looks in his world what we're</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:49'>seeing here is a they have seminars where they talk over different problem</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:54'>solving strategies the teacher this particular teacher happens to like to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:58'>solve problems and she likes to discuss them with the kids then the kids have to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:03'>go off and figure it out for themselves it doesn't look at himself it looks at</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:07'>the world beyond him so that's why it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:11'>only looks at those players who have food but it doesn't count himself but if</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:18'>he asked for every player in the universe it would include himself and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:25'>this is kind of important for you to think about because when he when they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:30'>have to start giving birth to eat to themselves so they won't die off they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:36'>have to be able to count everything in the universe why Dean Cain</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:45'>50 count how many there are like if</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:49'>there was only one left in was himself competative journalist and then he left</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:53'>bar and then he got true protein what's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:58'>my friend it was a whale who lived to know Jay just off the Pacific coast it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:08:03'>is the time of year when the whales migrate down to Mexico to me and to give</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:08:08'>birth to their babies who were conceived the year before I do that you don't want</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:08:20'>emotion thank you okay go to the top</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:08:45'>works with those two on and I move away</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:08:58'>now here's a more complicated one these these models use the Minsky and Papert</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:02'>Society of mind architecture applied in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:07'>a language for children that was developed in part here at the Media Lab by Mike Travers one of the graduate</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:14'>students here's a more complicated one the clownfish in the lower left is just</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:19'>going about its business feeding one of the things that they do is to find a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:23'>favorite see an enemy and acclimate to it that's what it's doing now they spend</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:28'>a little more time in the monks to poison of the enemy and gradually get</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:33'>immune to it so that they can use it as a place to hide when some predator comes</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:40'>a lot the shark right now is quite a distance away and it doesn't notice the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:45'>clownfish and the clownfish doesn't notice it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:53'>here's some more acclamation closer into the tentacles this time</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:09'>now this lucky clownfish is been doing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:13'>it often enough so it is actually acclimated to the anenih me so when the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:19'>shark sees it and starts pursuing its</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:28'>able to run back to the enemy and the shark can only get so close to the enemy</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:32'>report backs off but of course it wants</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:37'>to come back again</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:46'>so computers are media to think with as</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:50'>Seymour said so eloquently a long time ago in Nicholas's book 20 years ago he</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:56'>said he dedicated it to the first machine who can appreciate the gesture</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:02'>and I think he meant not the gesture like this but the gesture of having a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:06'>book dedicated to it he also said in the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:11'>preface of it that it was all beginnings in no end well I think that's the perfect definition of a research lab a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:16'>my answer to the question of what is the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:21'>next computer revolution it's the one in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:25'>which happens in the context of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:29'>whole person and in the whole person's world that it's not just something that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:33'>we apply in isolation to solve small problems but it's one that like media</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:37'>surrounds us as we've tried to do with the children thank you very much and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:42'>happy 5th birthday ok</subtitle>
<subtitle id='4308'>you </subtitle>

Alan Kay at MIT Media Lab 5th Anniversary Event (1990)

2017-12-31T05:40:54Z

MrSteve:

{{#evt:
service=youtubeIA
|id=6Ysu1mDxxbc
|alignment=left
|autoresize=true
}}

<subtitle id='00:00:00'> never know what Nicholas was going to say actually the turned out that the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:08'>bearnaise on the hot dog didn't sell well if I remember we're no longer on</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:13'>that board anniversaries get people to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:22'>think of other anniversaries there lots</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:26'>of them happening this year one of them is the 50th anniversary of Fantasia and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:33'>Fantasia I think for many of us in this audience and at MIT and elsewhere was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:40'>something we grew up on as a kind of a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:44'>dream of bringing our ideas to life and a lot of us saw the computer is a way of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:50'>more quickly with more depth more</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:54'>dimension more meaning to be able to project ideas that we had within within</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:00'>ourselves into this magic new medium and have them come to life just as the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:07'>disney people did with great art but much more laboriously many years ago I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:12'>think a good way to start this this lecture is to think 40 years ago not 50</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:19'>the 40 years ago was the when two very</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:26'>diverse very at opposite poles machines</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:31'>were introduced to the to the world and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:35'>one of them of course was the UNIVAC one the first commercial digital computer</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:42'>thing that a digital computer its people's minds it had whirling tape</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:47'>drives the first whirling tape drives and it predicted an election not long</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:53'>after that on television and so it became in the public's mind what a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:59'>computer was all about now in the other</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:05'>machine that was at the farthest pole of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:09'>thinking from the univac one also came about 19</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:13'>50 and I actually spent quite a bit with some assistance this summer trying to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:18'>find some film footage of it because I was sure that some must exist and after</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:24'>much scurrying around in England then looking at old newsreels and so forth we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:29'>finally found what i think is the earliest footage of this machine which I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:33'>think symbolizes the transition from the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:38'>UNIVAC 1 to what's going to happen over the next 10 years and i think i need the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:42'>the slides off because i'm going to show some video thank you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:59'>in a simple Ville on the outskirts of Bristol lives Dr. Grey Walter a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:04'>neurologist who makes robots as a hobby they are small and he doesn't dress them</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:09'>up to look like men he calls them tortoises and so cunningly have their</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:13'>insides being designed that they respond to the stimuli of light and touch in a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:18'>completely lifelike manner</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:38'>this model is named Elsie and she sees out of a photoelectric cell which</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:43'>rotates above her body when light strikes the cell driving and steering</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:48'>mechanism sends her hurrying towards it if she brushes against any object in her</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:52'>path contacts are operated that turn the steering away and so automatically she</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:58'>takes avoiding action</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:34'>Mrs. Walters pet his Elma, Elsie's brother in the darker vest he works in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:39'>exactly the same way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:49'>Dr. Walter says that his electronic toys work exactly as though they have a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:53'>simple two cell nervous system and that with more cells they will be able to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:58'>do many more tricks already Elsie has one up on Elmer when her batteries begin to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:03'>fail she automatically runs home to her kennel but charging up and in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:07'>consequence can live a much gayer life</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:17'>so I officially present this footage to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:21'>Nicholas Seymour Papert and Marvin Minsky for it means something to each</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:27'>one of this this is the original tortoise that inspired the logo turtle</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:33'>and it also inspired a lot of early work</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:37'>in artificial intelligence and what's interesting about the way the last 40</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:41'>years have transpired is that digital computers have taken over but in fact</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:46'>where things are going now are much more towards the kinds of control systems</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:53'>kinds of what you might call wet mentalities that device like the great</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:00'>Walter turtle has well the biggest</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:04'>problem with with computers is that they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:09'>were larger than than human scale and the mechanisms we have in our mind for</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:14'>dealing with things are larger than human scale are those of religions so of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:18'>course we had a priesthood and special</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:22'>time special rituals all of that stuff and a lot of what has happened in the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:27'>last 40 years has been to try and find ways to bring the machine into human</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:32'>scale without losing any of its promise</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:36'>what I'd like to do is give you a couple</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:40'>of ways that I think about this stuff and one of them is thinking in general</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:46'>terms about the way humans have extended themselves over the last several hundred</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:52'>thousand years and of course the first one that we think of is that we extend</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:56'>ourselves through tools levers screwdrivers wheels and so forth less</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:03'>often we think of language and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:07'>mathematics as tools but they also are ways of creating objects for things that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:15'>we want to deal with and we manipulate them and all of these tools allow us to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:21'>extend various of our senses and for a long time we thought of the computer as</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:26'>a kind of a tool and one of the ways that we've grappled with it is to try and make it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:30'>act more like the kinds of tools that were used to now less often thought of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:35'>extension is one that was identified many years ago by mumford who said for</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:42'>most of the history of human beings most of the machines that we've built have</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:47'>had other humans as moving parts he called these mega machines and societies</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:52'>groups an organization like this the media lab all of these are a consequence</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:57'>of our ability to take on other people's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:02'>goals our interest in taking on people's goals and our interest in getting people</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:06'>to take on our goals of course agents</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:10'>can take on a goal and can manipulate tools to carry out our wishes while</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:14'>we're doing things but more importantly an agent can deal with other agents and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:20'>I think of the the M word here for</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:24'>agents as being management so to me a tool is something that we look at and we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:29'>manipulate and an agent is something that looks at us and we manage the agent</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:35'>and of course the mainframes were neither and so the struggle was started</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:41'>in the 1950s in 1962 try and find a way of bringing this into some sort of human</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:46'>scale now I like to show you a couple of early efforts</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:04'>here's a picture that could have been taken in somebody's office here at MIT</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:08'>but actually it was taken in 1965 this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:15'>is Douglas Engelbart sitting at his</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:20'>first version of a what you might call not a personal computer but personal</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:25'>computing he has a mouse he has a black on white 19 inch screen and here's the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:32'>kind of media that he dealt back sat</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:44'>exactly branch on me and let me look just that low and I see it oh I can say</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:51'>I'd like to see one line only I can see</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:55'>but there's another thing I can do theres a route I said i have here</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:04'>so here I'm it i'll need a different pictures of you so here's what i do with</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:09'>a picture drawing capability here so slight and lamp if i start from work and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:13'>here's the route i seem to have to go to pick up all the materials and that's my</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:17'>plan for getting home tonight but if I want to I can say the library what am I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:22'>supposed to pick up there I can just point to that you know oh I see overdue</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:27'>books and all while there was a statement there with that name go back what if I once my supposed to pick up</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:32'>the drugstore hmm I see you interesting all right market can do things if I want</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:40'>to just say I'd like to interchange projects and can materials bingo and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:46'>they're all numbered right if I care to look interchanging them very quickly</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:50'>cans are going to get interchange with products they do it and all gets me</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:56'>numbered so that's a very tool based way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:01'>of thinking about things you're indicating things on the screen moving</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:05'>them around Engelbart was one of the of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:09'>a number of people in the 50s and 60s that realize that although you could</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:13'>drop a computer and break it just like you can drop a book into a fire and burn</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:19'>it that the contents of the computer or</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:23'>of the book can be a story or a description of things that can't exist</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:28'>physically in the world you can have a story in a book about a place that has an inverse cube law doesn't seem to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:33'>exist in in this world the computer can</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:37'>add more dimensions than this world has to a way of looking at data and so that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:41'>if you have a 15 dimensional space of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:46'>interesting things the computer can give you 16 dimensions and bring all of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:50'>interesting points together at one one place and that led to a number of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:55'>different ways of thinking about the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:00'>computer Engelbart's metaphor was the computer as a vehicle he thought of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:06'>big mainframes as being like railroads that were owned by institutions and the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:11'>institutions decided when you could use them and decided what you could use them</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:15'>for and Engelbart wanted to be Henry Ford he</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:19'>wanted everybody to have their own vehicle used to say phrases like we need</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:24'>to deal with thought vectors and concept space I don't think he knew what that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:28'>meant we certainly didn't but it sounded</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:32'>great and it gave rise to this notion that in order to bring the computer down</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:38'>into our world we have to have some way of interacting with it in a closer</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:44'>fashion and so the the urge was to bring the computer cycles closer to the user</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:50'>and that's what gave rise to machines like this and this is one that I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:54'>designed it's a picture of it on its own display back in the late 60s and it even</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:03'>had a user interface on it although back</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:07'>then there's a wonderful phrase about user interface user interfaces was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:12'>called it's when the flesh hits the steel and that phrase is very much about</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:20'>because there's really no notion of there being an intermediary between you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:25'>and the hardness of the machine and this this machine have multiple windows and a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:31'>number of other ideas on it but it was a little bit like trying to make an apple</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:36'>pie from random ingredients found in the kitchen you don't have any apples so you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:41'>decide to use bananas you don't have any flour so you grind up Cheerios and so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:47'>forth I randomly substituting for all of the ingredients in a typical pie you can</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:51'>make something but in this case this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:55'>turned out to be a bit of a mess only</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:59'>graduate students liked it sort of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:03'>kiss of death for any computer system</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:09'>reason of course as graduate students are going through a rite of passage when they're trying to prove how smart they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:14'>are and how many amazing things that they can remember and so they turn out</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:18'>to be pretty much the world's worst user interface design right I was a graduate</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:22'>student when I designed this so I'm speaking with authority now right about</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:28'>the same time that this was going on there is a whole different way of looking at interaction and one of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:35'>ways that I used to illustrate that is some film footage taken at rand</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:40'>corporation on a system that they made</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:44'>for Rand economists and other non computer types The Economist's of course</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:51'>are that group of people that if you lay them end to end they still won't be able</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:55'>to reach a conclusion and the Economist</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:00'>didn't even like to type they like to write things on legal pads and they said</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:06'>the RAM people can't you do something about that so here's an example of something that was adapted from some</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:13'>early work here at MIT by Marvin Minsky and war entitlement to do a system that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:20'>would interpret gestures as expressed on</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:24'>a data tablet so here's what that looks like</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:38'>first we erase a flow arrow then move</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:42'>the connector out of the way so that we may draw a box in its place the printing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:51'>in the box is being new commentary only in this case the box is slightly too</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:57'>large so we may change its size where modern day window control came from</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:01'>literally then dry flow from the connector to the box attached a decision</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:08'>element to the box and dry flow from it to scan we then erased the flow arrows</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:15'>attached to the process post new area and move the box to a new position this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:25'>allows us to draw a new box well that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:34'>was a tremendous change in the way we felt about using computers I had a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:42'>chance to use that for half an hour in 1968 and felt like I was thinking my</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:46'>hands right through the glass of the display and touching the information</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:51'>structures directly inside unlike Engelbart's system which I had called a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:55'>personal computer this to me was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:59'>intimate this is an intimate way of interacting and so for me and for a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:05'>bunch of other people in the 60s 1968</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:09'>was my year for thinking about the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:14'>possibility of there being three major ways of interacting with a computer of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:21'>three paradigms three frameworks for thinking about interaction and the thing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:27'>that clinched it for me was seeing going</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:32'>out and visiting Seymour's one of Seymour's first installations in a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:38'>school watching them use the logo turtle</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:42'>the descendant of the great Walter turtle, cause Seymour had this terrific idea that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:47'>wouldn't it be great to let kids actually build the kinds of mechanisms</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:51'>that would animate a turtle around and they would learn a lot about their world and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:56'>a lot about thinking about the world from from doing that and I've never</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:00'>recovered from that because once I saw that to me the computer was no longer a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:05'>vehicle in the nation at risk report the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:11'>recommendation is that every child in the US should have one semester of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:16'>computers in their senior year of high school that's their strong</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:22'>recommendation about computers and that's driver's ed that is treating the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:28'>computer like a vehicle it's not the cars aren't important it's that they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:32'>aren't central the central things to us are the media the intermediaries with</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:38'>how we work with the world and if you can get rid of that slide that'd be</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:42'>great I think everybody has figured that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:48'>out by now thank you the that led to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:57'>thinking of a computer in a completely different way this is a cardboard model</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:01'>I made in 1968 just since become known</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:05'>as the dynabook and we actually loaded</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:10'>this cardboard model up with a variety of lead pellets to try and find out how</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:15'>heavy it could be before people would always take it with them not find an</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:20'>excuse to leave it behind and turns out</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:24'>that the weight that we determined has not yet been reached by any computer company so this machine is still a bit</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:31'>in the future but it expresses a different kind of relationship with the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:35'>machine and something that wants to start much earlier in the life of a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:41'>human being and so one of the ways of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:47'>thinking of it is if we compare these three</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:53'>ways of looking at it we can say well where is the computer in the past it was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:58'>in the glasshouse today in personal computing it's on our desk and in the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:04'>future it's going to be with us all the time in California will weave it into</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:09'>our t-shirts Nicholas said 10 years ago</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:15'>that will know in the future appears when our cufflinks committed communicate</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:21'>with our watched by means of satellite</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:26'>it's when such hyperbole is not outrageous that you know a paradigm</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:31'>shift has actually happened and as an interesting analogy here to the history</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:37'>of publishing in 1400 AD there are three</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:41'>hundred ninety two books in the Vatican Library one of the largest libraries in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:46'>Europe and in 1452 or thereabouts--</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:51'>Gutenberg printed his first Bible and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:55'>that Bible the 42 line Bible was as big as the hand-written manuscripts that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:02'>have been so laboriously copied by monks during the Middle Ages and the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:07'>reason it was that big is that that was what books were if you look at pictures</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:14'>woodcuts or you visit the modern</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:18'>recreation of what a library was like then they didn't shelve the books most</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:23'>libraries back then had so few books that each book had its own reading table</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:28'>and the books were chained to it you look at this table table book with</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:34'>chains the thing that comes to mind inescapably is a time-sharing bullpen</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:40'>because these are institutionally owned items and Gutenberg didn't know what</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:47'>else to do but to make them that size and much more interesting revolution</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:53'>happened a few years later when Aldus now has a company named after him Aldus</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:59'>Manutius who was a Venetian publisher did two remarkable things first he was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:05'>one of the major driving forces behind publishing things other than</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:09'>Bibles and he isn't he and his sons over the next century published 40,000</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:15'>different books most of them from gathering up Greek and Roman writings</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:21'>spreading them all over Europe he did one other thing that will forever endear</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:25'>himself to me he decided that book should be this big and he decided they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:31'>should be this big because that was the size that saddle bags were in Venice in the 1490s in other words Aldus realized</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:39'>something very important and that is the books could now be lost and because they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:46'>could now be lost they could now be taken with they now could go out and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:51'>become a mass medium now again we're in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:55'>this interesting stage because we're not in a place where r we're willing to have our computers be lost watches their $10</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:04'>swatch watches or something like that willing to have them be lost maybe a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:09'>pocket calculator it's not a tragedy if it gets lost paper and pencil it's not a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:13'>tragedy but still with our multi-thousand dollar computers sitting</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:19'>on our desks we're actually still in the Gutenberg era and the interesting thing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:24'>about history is that nothing that happened between Gutenberg and Aldus</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:28'>counted none of those behavior patterns</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:32'>had anything to do with what happened in the post Aldus area as we went into the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:36'>16th century so drawing curves as a way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:40'>of predicting the computer doesn't work very well when you're in these interesting transition periods well</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:45'>another way of looking at these three</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:50'>paradigms is to ask what kinds of information do we use letter and numbers</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:55'>with institutional computing fonts and graphics on modern personal computing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:01'>and as Nicholas likes the show with his imploding his teething rings for the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:07'>media lab as he likes to call them that it's going to be all media coming together because the computer is a meta</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:12'>media its content is all media all</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:16'>intermediaries that one is pretty much of a no-brainer but it's amazing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:20'>how long it has taken for that to even that simple idea to sink in how do we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:26'>print impact printing big laser printing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:30'>personal laser printers with personal computing and no printing as we move on</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:37'>into the next ten years because the information is going to be too</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:41'>interesting to destroy by printing it out right now is an index of how paltry</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:48'>our use of the computer is that we can actually print it out and feel good about it we actually haven't heard</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:54'>anything because our information for the most part is not in dimensionally</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:59'>intertwined it's not in the form of a dynamic simulation it's not any of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:04'>things that the computer is really about</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:08'>field of interaction feels like line editing on institutional computing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:15'>layout on computers like the Macintosh</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:19'>moving things around but in the new</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:28'>paradigm it's going to feel more like conducting because we're going to move from passive information to active</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:34'>information we're going to move from objects to agents and so it's going to be</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:38'>a little bit more like summoning forth lots of assistance at different times</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:43'>and checking out what their goals are and our they're checking out what our</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:48'>goals are and and so forth so each one of these is a completely different way of thinking about it and one of the ways</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:54'>of thinking about the differentiation between the institutional and the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:00'>personal here is that even when graphical interfaces were done in the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:04'>60s for the most part all interfaces were thought of their main task was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:09'>accessed to function so this notion that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:13'>inside the computer is sort of something like a big nuclear reactor or a power station there's all that function and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:19'>what we need to have is a way of getting to each of these pieces of function will</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:23'>map them into control keys and and double control meta y keys and that way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:29'>of thinking about things and the revolution that made the second</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:35'>paradigm the personal computer paradigm is going from that stance to realizing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:40'>that the main job of the user interface is to make the user aware of what the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:44'>possibilities are in other words the user interface now goes from being</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:49'>control of function to a learning environment and of course I should</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:56'>mention that the the main job of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:00'>intimate computer user interface is to do a lot of learning itself so we go</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:05'>from no learning or learning of the most back-breaking kind to making it easier</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:12'>for the user to learn and then finally we want the system to learn how do we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:17'>give commands we have to remember everything and type see and point where we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:23'>are now and in the future is going to be asked and gesture because the computer</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:28'>is going to be watching us not us just watching it what kind of languages do we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:33'>program it in weekly modular data</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:37'>structured procedures cobol one of the surest predictions that we can make</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:42'>about the future is that 10 years from now there will still be a lot of COBOL programmers this personal computing way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:54'>of doing things is pretty much object-oriented after right far fewer</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:59'>lines of code and there's a new kind of programming that people are starting to do called agent oriented programming and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:07'>one way of thinking about all of these paradigms is to compare them with</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:11'>architecture of taking a civilization like the Greeks whose main way of making</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:18'>big buildings was post and lintel pilot block box like that and you get</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:24'>buildings about this size and if you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:28'>want to make a building a lot bigger and let in more light this architecture doesn't work you have to change to a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:33'>different kind of architecture like the gothic arch and if you do that you can make</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:38'>buildings much larger with about the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:43'>same amount of material and when they say just about somebody he doesn't have</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:49'>enough bricks to make a wall that might not be a slam because you might have</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:57'>enough bricks to make an arch he's got enough bricks to make an arch she's a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:01'>lot better off than people who only have enough bricks to make walls and of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:06'>course the big change in the last several hundred years is going from structures that just push against each</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:11'>other to this notion of the higher</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:15'>strength of materials under tension if you get materials that you can tense as</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:20'>well as compressed you can make structures like geodesic domes that will</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:25'>fit over all of the cathedrals that have ever been made in the world and these are completely separate ways of thinking</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:31'>about things and one of the answers to the question that's the title of my</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:35'>lecture is what is the next computer</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:39'>revolution going to be like well it's going to be technologically it's going to be like what I just told you that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:44'>we're going to intimate machines they'll always be networked there will be</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:49'>information utilities the systems will</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:53'>learn and so forth now for many people this is big news but in fact if you go</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:58'>back in the history of computer science you find people like Marvin Minsky and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:03'>John McCarthy writing papers in the late 50s and early 60s about this this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:09'>happens to be not just the fifth anniversary of the media lab but it's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:14'>also the 20th anniversary of Nicholas's book called the architecture machine</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:18'>which is all about this third way of looking at things now for my standpoint</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:24'>since I am not particularly enamored of technology this is a very incomplete</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:30'>answer and I would like to try and go to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:34'>a different way of thinking about things that involves people much more strongly</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:40'>and to do that we have to have some sense</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:45'>of how people's minds work this is for</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:49'>many years and in engineering is where the rubber met the sky because engineers</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:56'>tend to like controllable elements and people aren't all that controllable and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:01'>as a behavioral mechanism we are exasperating and so there's been a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:07'>tendency of actually trying to get people to be more like machines rather</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:11'>than the other way around and give you an example of why this is difficult to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:16'>deal with take a look at one of my favorite pictures here and what you see</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:24'>here let's pretend we're in school because actually we are in school we're in a university let me give you an</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:30'>English sentence about this picture what we've done with this picture is to take</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:35'>a picture of a young girl extracted her eyes and mouth turn them upside down and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:41'>put them back into the picture and then turn the entire picture upside down that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:46'>sound reasonable to everybody okay so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:50'>having said that you should be completely prepared than for what it looks like right side up I'm going to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:58'>turn this back because I've discovered nobody will listen to me when it's on the other way so this is one of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:09'>flaws of trying to give lectures in English because a nation is actually not</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:16'>convertible except outside of the human</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:22'>domain within the human domain we actually have different parts of our</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:26'>brain that respond the things in different ways and this is one of the reasons why McDonald's doesn't run print</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:31'>ads saying if you eat a McDonald's hamburger you'll become a better looking</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:35'>person because in English it's absurd so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:39'>instead what they do is to run an ad showing pictures of really good-looking people eating McDonald's hamburgers and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:44'>a different part of your mind takes that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:48'>information and makes a different kind of inference the kind of inference that the ad people want you in fact we have a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:54'>part of our mind that thinks things are more true if they rhyme so if I were to say to you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:00'>a big mac and fries will slender your thighs sound more convincing the whole</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:10'>idea here is that as people started to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:15'>suspect about starting about a hundred years ago with Freud Piaget Brunner</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:21'>Minsky and Papert that what we don't have inside of our head is the oneness a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:29'>vast beautiful seamless fabric of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:33'>mentality but instead what we have is something much more like a patchwork quilt and in fact the patchwork quilt</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:38'>has little mechanisms that pop us from one part of the quilt to another</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:43'>whenever we get too close to one of the boundaries and it's you have to do things like this to show that there is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:48'>an actual patchwork quilt there so we have this idea of multiple mentalities</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:55'>and Piaget was one of the first to study</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:00'>the very different ways that children have of dealing with the world as they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:05'>move through stages of development early in a child's life an object is to grab</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:10'>it a hole is to dig it thinking is doing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:14'>in many ways later on the child is more</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:18'>visually centered child says there's more water in the tall glass when you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:23'>pour from the squat class the tall one because it looks that way and then</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:28'>finally it around 11 or 12 there's a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:32'>facts and logic stage where logical operations are carried out and the child</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:38'>can make deductions based on facts like there can't be more water because where</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:42'>would it go where would it come from so forth now of course at least this was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:48'>true in 11 and 12 year old Swiss French kids in America there's a lot of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:53'>evidence that American kids never get to this facts and logic stage</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:01'>now brunner in the 50s and 60s we did</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:07'>some of pjs experiments but he added some twists so he took the water pouring</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:11'>experiment and after the kids said there's more water in the tall glass</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:16'>runner put a cardboard so the kid couldn't see the tall glass anymore and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:20'>the kid would change his mind back say oh there can't be more and then Brenda</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:24'>would take whip Brenda would take the cardboard away and the kid would say oh</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:29'>but look there's more water Brenda would put the cardboard back and the kid would</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:33'>change his mind again so if you have any six-year-olds you'd like to torment and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:40'>what runner was in his way was getting</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:45'>closer to this idea of multiple mentalities as well that it isn't just a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:53'>metamorphosis like a caterpillar into a butterfly which is pretty much the way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:57'>Piaget thought of it but actually different modules being able to deal</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:02'>with it within different ways and a change in dominance to express the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:06'>piaget expression now there are many things that you can do with this suppose</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:11'>you wanted to design a user interface for a computer that was like a tool and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:16'>we have to think about what each of these mentalities actually does so an</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:21'>example the body-centered one is the one that knows where we are in space we can</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:25'>close our eyes and touch our nose when in touch our hands behind our back if</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:30'>you blind us we can still orient ourselves but if we aren't as</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:34'>unfortunate enough to suffer a brain lesion that takes part of a limb out of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:39'>our body map then even though it's physically attached to us it's like</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:43'>somebody else's so this orienting</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:47'>centering groundedness is something that the body mentality brings to us the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:53'>visually sent mentality is wonderfully</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:58'>adept at dealing with various kinds of tricks for instance if we were to put a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:02'>hundred images of animals on a wall you'd be able to find the elephant</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:07'>almost four times as fast as you could the word elephant if the images were</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:12'>replaced words now let me try and experiment this I realize that this is a very academic</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:17'>body here but let me ask how many people</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:21'>here watch television be honest okay how</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:26'>many people flip channels all right how</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:32'>many people have ever flipped a channel randomly into a movie they haven't seen</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:37'>for 18 years how long did it take you to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:41'>recognize that you'd seen that movie before how long yeah somewhere between a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:48'>half a second and a couple of seconds think about what that meant 18 years ago</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:53'>you saw a movie you didn't know you're</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:57'>going to be tested on it you randomly</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:03'>without any preparation pop into the middle of it and all of a sudden in 30</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:10'>frames or so of seeing that movie you suddenly recognize what it is think of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:15'>what that means in the context of your entire life most people can remember</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:19'>what's going to happen next if you stop the movie after they've recognized that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:23'>they know what the next scene is going to be so that is a mentality that begged</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:29'>to be exploited and what it says is that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:33'>we should always be able to present about a hundred things in the visual</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:37'>field because the user can be aware of them subliminally and if we present them</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:42'>in recognizable scenes the user can store hundreds thousands millions of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:47'>different scenes and remember that they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:51'>were there before then finally the symbolically centered mentality is much</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:55'>more interested in changing things so if</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:59'>its biggest problem is finding the right context because it is not a context</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:04'>chooser so if your visual mentality work</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:08'>the way your symbolic one the first thing you opened your eyes and saw in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:12'>the morning would be what you'd be staring at several hours later that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:16'>doesn't work so well so we have a grounding mentality we have a flitting</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:21'>around mentality that's aware of lots of things and we have one</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:25'>likes to make chains and somehow we should be able to put all of those things together here's one of the ways</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:31'>whoops sorry can you turn that off please that's the end of the slides we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:40'>want to be able to put these things together and if we do we'll find</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:44'>ourselves fitting much more closely to the way human mentalities work</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:06'>so this is a 22 month old little girl and she has never lived in a world not</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:13'>densely populated by Macintoshes her</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:18'>mother is my accountant both her mother and father work at home each of them has</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:22'>a mac this is back five years ago in 1985 and when I found out the little</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:27'>girl was interested in computers I gave</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:31'>her an apple to which she rejected she</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:39'>wanted what her folks had now I have to warn you hear that not to be impressed</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:44'>because this is not her first time on the machine she's been using the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:49'>computer for about six months so she's actually a fairly experienced user and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:56'>long time ago we designed this user interface for children but never any of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:03'>this young so it's really interesting to see a child used the machine that was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:08'>actually designed for them and so here</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:12'>she's using the visible menus of mac paint and I saw it I thought all right</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:18'>this is impressed i've i've never seen a child this young is this machine before but ok I it should work but then what</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:25'>happened next really amazed me she wants a fresh sheet of paper so she goes to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:30'>the closed box on the window she saves her old drawing with a pop-up and she</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:37'>goes to the pulldown to get a new one</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:48'>well that was pretty and that was a home movie made by her father and we did</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:54'>about another 10 hours of testing this child on various Macintosh applications</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:00'>and we discovered it across applications she was about seventy percent literate</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:06'>that is she could take a really complicated application like aldus pagemaker a desktop publishing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:10'>application started up make marks and it print the marks out save the marks away</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:16'>get the marks back about seventy percent of the things that Macintosh users</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:21'>expect from application to application she in her horizon already by age 22</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:30'>months okay so that answers one question</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:35'>about this notion a computer ously see</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:39'>one when we're talking about situations</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:43'>like literacy and illiteracy they don't really obtain when the object in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:48'>question is a professional that we don't</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:52'>have a term called health orosi and ill-health orosi because medicine is a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:58'>profession there wasn't a term called literacy and illiteracy back in the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:02'>Middle Ages when writing was a profession as soon as you spread it out to the public you start getting</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:07'>interested in these notions of can people access things made for them by</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:11'>others that's like reading but what about the more important thing can</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:15'>people make things that are like the things that other people make so here's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:20'>an example of something that we did about 15 years ago</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:33'>and this is the logo turtle with a different architecture and it's a little</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:41'>application like Mac draw object oriented illustration system designed</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:47'>and built by 12 year old so this is an</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:51'>end-user program not a program that you'd buy in a store for ninety-nine</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:55'>dollars from egghead software has lots of features you can change size and move</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:00'>things around because of the change in architecture of going from normal data</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:08'>structure and procedure programming to object-oriented programming the amount</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:12'>of code she had the right to do this application was only about a page long so this is not a large program and one</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:18'>of the things that you have to do when you're working with any kind of novice user is make sure the programs they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:23'>write are not terribly long well so that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:27'>was an attempt to get kids and users to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:31'>be both able to access and able to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:36'>generate the same kinds of things that we're going to run on their paradigm of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:40'>computing but now we have a new paradigm of computing it's going to involve</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:44'>agents and artificial intelligence so a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:48'>few years ago I got interested in the idea of trying to set up a design a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:56'>system that would allow children to do artificial intelligence kind of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:00'>programming in other words they would be making things now much less like robots</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:05'>and much more like the gray Walter turtle things that mimic life in a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:12'>number of different ways I like to show you a bit of that project this project</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:16'>is done in a rather large scale we have an entire school it has now 375 children</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:22'>12 teachers and we've been working there for about five years and one of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:28'>things that we found is that technology is not something that you can put in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:33'>like raisins and upon pudding there's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:37'>all this other stuff is the entire life of the child that you have to consider</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:41'>and the framework of the school we're lucky to find a terrific school</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:46'>to Los Angeles bussing school so it's a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:50'>public school and the children are all shapes sizes colors Creed's ethnic</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:56'>backgrounds bust in most of them for more than an hour to get to the school</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:00'>those of demographers paradise and we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:04'>found it very interesting to introduce ideas into the school in a gradual</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:09'>fashion I'd like to show you some of those</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:39'>so that the kids are all kinds of kids</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:44'>and one of the things they've done here is to tear up part of their asphalt</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:50'>playground and build a garden this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:54'>garden was actually designed by the children you'll see a little bit you'll get an idea of how children could design</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:59'>something like this in in just a minute</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:05'>and because we're studying animals as</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:09'>well as plants they have a pond that has</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:13'>all kinds of life forms and the children actually built this garden themselves</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:21'>now I'm not going to explain to you what's going on here see if you can</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:26'>imagine what it is now I'll tell you in a bit what are they doing with these</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:31'>balloons well what they were doing is designing a city and one of the reasons</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:37'>we do some of the design work with balloons is because urban renewal is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:42'>really easy the idea of to know the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:50'>world one was constructed because is strongly tied into designing a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:56'>programming environment for children because what we wanted to do is not so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:01'>much experience things that other people have set up to be more like experiencing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:07'>a television program or maybe an interactive video disc we want them to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:12'>actually make the simulations themselves because it's in making the simulations</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:17'>that the active design is most powerful</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:22'>now next few minutes I'm going to show you three large-scale projects that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:29'>we've been doing at the school one of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:33'>the things we tried to do here was to both challenge the kids and to go much</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:39'>deeper than they ordinarily are asked to go by the state educational board this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:47'>first one is a year-long project in city building and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:52'>the kids that participate in it our third and fourth graders so there are</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:56'>seven and eight and nine years old in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:00'>this project starts in September and runs through the entire year and this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:04'>will give you an idea of it I think this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:11'>is all almost all no no mrs. hansal tool</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:15'>I know but they still are everything explored of it everybody say I know but</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:20'>they're already something you should make something is already Salinas joris</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:26'>the penis is already something every single after everything this is only</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:31'>styrofoam nobody lady out of something I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:35'>know every as late as something accident</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:39'>from a balloon doesn't mean we don't have a design knowledge now to make</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:44'>buildings exactly like they would have to make it a hundred years we're making</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:48'>models ideas for what buildings could be</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:52'>like in a hundred years we don't have the materials we're going to happen 100 years I did red stripes right</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:50:37'>okay did you get that color name red red</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:03'>what do you belviq i'm doing a factory</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:35'>wait do it again and stay here and do</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:40'>the character park you'll be the building y'all be the building yes why</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:45'>on the prison and he's the building these the buildings okay welcome to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:59'>fantasy mall we have lots of stuff the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:52:20'>building collapsed he was trying to see the moon and there nothing collapsed my</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:52:27'>apartment building and on the top is a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:52:31'>swimming pool never got this is a cold day in rainier so you can have an indoor</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:52:36'>central and it's a hot you open it up and you can I here down here tomorrow</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:14'>he'll be our future city is opening as you can see i'll transfer k our monorail</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:20'>has just been strong</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:24'>and all the buildings are beginning to look like buildings all the buildings</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:30'>are being checked and painting now our</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:34'>he cannot pick up the site husband useful because of the monorail and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:39'>transportation we now have these things on our site everybody that wants bad air</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:47'>transportation land on your site must cabinet right Iggy foxes out</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:52'>Commissioner tova cats design this whole</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:57'>monorail see what household monorail and monorail station the Commissioner of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:03'>lands who doesn't exhaust you all for helping us with sidewalks these are my</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:09'>sidewalks my bold earthquake tested and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:17'>alarming teleporting man he puts ebook</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:22'>paper towel rolls on our site static patella to have it be a teleporting</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:27'>station their cities he's getting to look like a real City try getting to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:31'>look like Judy Landers on the monorail calvada getting to Los Angeles cuz of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:36'>the help crowd is starting today less</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:40'>crowded than it was when we were making our study models</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:46'>I level or I level 1 inch tall but will</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:58'>question building so that's a very okay</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:10'>as see more I'm sure will echo when when you actually go into a school and start</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:15'>working with the kids the first reaction is one of shock because the enormity of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:23'>the experience the amount of energy the amount of body learning that the kids</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:28'>need to do completely dominates all the things that you wanted to do with</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:32'>computers and the first thing you realize when you actually go into school</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:36'>and do this stuff for real is that you better worry about curriculum far</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:42'>outside the media that you're going to use because there's so many different</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:47'>dimensions and this is a project in which most of the things that are</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:51'>available on computers now are of almost no use the kids do a little bit of work</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:56'>with Macintoshes in doing this but 99%</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:01'>of it is this huge experience with doing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:05'>things with their hands and their bodies and crawling over the thing and so forth</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:09'>so one of the objectives in this project</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:13'>was to develop I don't want to say the word peach but develop every child as a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:18'>designer and it takes about three years</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:22'>to get a curriculum like this self-sustaining so people who put try to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:27'>put curriculum in a school and measure it after the first year are making a big</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:31'>mistake takes about three years to get something like this going and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:35'>self-sustaining now another thing we started about four years ago was to develop every child in the school as a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:40'>musician you may see some commonality</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:45'>between those two ideas because music is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:49'>another one of these things that has lots of things interacting with itself</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:53'>part of it is in the interest and what each individual thing is doing and part</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:57'>of the interest is and how they interact we want the kids to be able to think about their world in those terms and so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:03'>we did each year we put on a musical</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:08'>this year it was pirates of penzance and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:13'>this was the best one that we've ever ever had i have a few excerpts of it to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:18'>give you an idea the the oldest child in this is 11 the youngest child in it is 6</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:23'>was completely voluntary the pool of children we had to work with for this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:27'>was about 150 children 120 of those 150</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:31'>possible volunteered and appeared in the show they insisted i'm doing the entire</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:37'>Pirates of Penzance line for line we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:41'>started off with one that was broken down they constantly wanted more we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:45'>wanted to go back they insisted in singing in four-part harmony where it was called for this is a perfect example</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:50'>of something that the kids worked like dogs for four months on and put on a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:56'>fantastic show one of the best theatrical presentations I've ever been to hear some of excerpts</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:08'>fishing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:30'>what I know what is it I met along and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:34'>revelry but I can talk site I'm now the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:38'>run home from a shadowy one such affairs are sorties and surprises I more wary ax</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:45'>and when it opens Leslie what is meant</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:49'>by common their progress has been made</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:54'>it modern gunnery on the object another</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:59'>in a nunnery in short one of smattering</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:00:04'>of elemental strategy</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:00:41'>hey</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:01:16'>Oh</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:01:28'>I'm telling a Terry story but it doesn't</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:00'>although our darker rear sometimes involves the crime of stealing squealing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:13'>although my stripe we're always sorry to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:18'>me</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:34'>haha</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:53'>you may go Liberty our pirate rules protecting and kind of remembers our van</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:59'>we do unless you are you x is as useful</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:07'>things to be an orphan boy</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:13'>oh happy days</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:18'>oh happy day</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:32'>oh happy</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:37'>me I you haha</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:42'>bball</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:50'>so Joe Johnson said about thinking on</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:54'>its hind legs well but one is amazed to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:58'>see it done at all and the trick in doing these kinds of things with kids is to get beyond that stage the only way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:03'>you can do it is by having something like music being a part of the child's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:08'>life all the way through their experience this is the first year in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:12'>which we all the children in it had been part of this enrichment now that's the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:18'>second way of dealing with complexity let me show you the third way and this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:22'>is because the computer some good and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:27'>here are we studying animals and we try and get the children to program not</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:32'>robots but things that are much more biologically acceptable</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:56'>now you might wonder where are the computers in this classroom well one of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:01'>the problems with these computers is that they're bulky so we took every</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:05'>horizontal surfaces in the entire school out and replace them with tables that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:09'>have Macintoshes under them so there are hundreds of Macintoshes in the school</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:14'>but they're all underneath the surfaces so the teachers don't want to move them</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:19'>out of the classroom the teachers don't want to shove them around to the side they're just part of the normal working</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:24'>environment of the school and they're on all the time no computer classrooms no</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:28'>shoved against the wall</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:53'>guys these are some animations we did a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:57'>few years ago and HyperCard just as an idea of what things might look like</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:01'>eventually there's no intelligence behind these models hey guys i am going</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:08'>for a swim in the scene</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:25'>hey</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:33'>if you're asking for every player has agent needs food and the whale come up</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:38'>the way I also have some Asian food all right let me tell you why because when</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:45'>the agent looks in his world what we're</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:49'>seeing here is a they have seminars where they talk over different problem</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:54'>solving strategies the teacher this particular teacher happens to like to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:58'>solve problems and she likes to discuss them with the kids then the kids have to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:03'>go off and figure it out for themselves it doesn't look at himself it looks at</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:07'>the world beyond him so that's why it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:11'>only looks at those players who have food but it doesn't count himself but if</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:18'>he asked for every player in the universe it would include himself and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:25'>this is kind of important for you to think about because when he when they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:30'>have to start giving birth to eat to themselves so they won't die off they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:36'>have to be able to count everything in the universe why Dean Cain</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:45'>50 count how many there are like if</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:49'>there was only one left in was himself competative journalist and then he left</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:53'>bar and then he got true protein what's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:58'>my friend it was a whale who lived to know Jay just off the Pacific coast it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:08:03'>is the time of year when the whales migrate down to Mexico to me and to give</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:08:08'>birth to their babies who were conceived the year before I do that you don't want</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:08:20'>emotion thank you okay go to the top</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:08:45'>works with those two on and I move away</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:08:58'>now here's a more complicated one these these models use the Minsky and Papert</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:02'>Society of mind architecture applied in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:07'>a language for children that was developed in part here at the Media Lab by Mike Travers one of the graduate</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:14'>students here's a more complicated one the clownfish in the lower left is just</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:19'>going about its business feeding one of the things that they do is to find a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:23'>favorite see an enemy and acclimate to it that's what it's doing now they spend</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:28'>a little more time in the monks to poison of the enemy and gradually get</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:33'>immune to it so that they can use it as a place to hide when some predator comes</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:40'>a lot the shark right now is quite a distance away and it doesn't notice the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:45'>clownfish and the clownfish doesn't notice it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:53'>here's some more acclamation closer into the tentacles this time</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:09'>now this lucky clownfish is been doing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:13'>it often enough so it is actually acclimated to the anenih me so when the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:19'>shark sees it and starts pursuing its</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:28'>able to run back to the enemy and the shark can only get so close to the enemy</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:32'>report backs off but of course it wants</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:37'>to come back again</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:46'>so computers are media to think with as</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:50'>Seymour said so eloquently a long time ago in Nicholas's book 20 years ago he</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:56'>said he dedicated it to the first machine who can appreciate the gesture</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:02'>and I think he meant not the gesture like this but the gesture of having a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:06'>book dedicated to it he also said in the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:11'>preface of it that it was all beginnings in no end well I think that's the perfect definition of a research lab a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:16'>my answer to the question of what is the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:21'>next computer revolution it's the one in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:25'>which happens in the context of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:29'>whole person and in the whole person's world that it's not just something that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:33'>we apply in isolation to solve small problems but it's one that like media</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:37'>surrounds us as we've tried to do with the children thank you very much and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:42'>happy 5th birthday ok</subtitle>
<subtitle id='4308'>you </subtitle>

Alan Kay at MIT Media Lab 5th Anniversary Event (1990)

2017-12-31T05:34:23Z

MrSteve: Interesting mistake "C in point", GP is great, but I miss the direct manipulation of objects I felt in EToys. Also can't figure out how to recreate that in GP, rant off :)

{{#evt:
service=youtubeIA
|id=6Ysu1mDxxbc
|alignment=left
|autoresize=true
}}

<subtitle id='00:00:00'> never know what Nicholas was going to say actually the turned out that the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:08'>bearnaise on the hot dog didn't sell well if I remember we're no longer on</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:13'>that board anniversaries get people to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:22'>think of other anniversaries there lots</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:26'>of them happening this year one of them is the 50th anniversary of Fantasia and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:33'>Fantasia I think for many of us in this audience and at MIT and elsewhere was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:40'>something we grew up on as a kind of a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:44'>dream of bringing our ideas to life and a lot of us saw the computer is a way of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:50'>more quickly with more depth more</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:54'>dimension more meaning to be able to project ideas that we had within within</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:00'>ourselves into this magic new medium and have them come to life just as the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:07'>disney people did with great art but much more laboriously many years ago I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:12'>think a good way to start this this lecture is to think 40 years ago not 50</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:19'>the 40 years ago was the when two very</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:26'>diverse very at opposite poles machines</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:31'>were introduced to the to the world and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:35'>one of them of course was the UNIVAC one the first commercial digital computer</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:42'>thing that a digital computer its people's minds it had whirling tape</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:47'>drives the first whirling tape drives and it predicted an election not long</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:53'>after that on television and so it became in the public's mind what a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:59'>computer was all about now in the other</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:05'>machine that was at the farthest pole of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:09'>thinking from the univac one also came about 19</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:13'>50 and I actually spent quite a bit with some assistance this summer trying to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:18'>find some film footage of it because I was sure that some must exist and after</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:24'>much scurrying around in England then looking at old newsreels and so forth we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:29'>finally found what i think is the earliest footage of this machine which I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:33'>think symbolizes the transition from the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:38'>UNIVAC 1 to what's going to happen over the next 10 years and i think i need the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:42'>the slides off because i'm going to show some video thank you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:59'>in a simple Ville on the outskirts of Bristol lives Dr. Grey Walter a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:04'>neurologist who makes robots as a hobby they are small and he doesn't dress them</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:09'>up to look like men he calls them tortoises and so cunningly have their</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:13'>insides being designed that they respond to the stimuli of light and touch in a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:18'>completely lifelike manner</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:38'>this model is named Elsie and she sees out of a photoelectric cell which</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:43'>rotates above her body when light strikes the cell driving and steering</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:48'>mechanism sends her hurrying towards it if she brushes against any object in her</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:52'>path contacts are operated that turn the steering away and so automatically she</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:58'>takes avoiding action</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:34'>Mrs. Walters pet his Elma, Elsie's brother in the darker vest he works in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:39'>exactly the same way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:49'>Dr. Walter says that his electronic toys work exactly as though they have a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:53'>simple two cell nervous system and that with more cells they will be able to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:58'>do many more tricks already Elsie has one up on Elmer when her batteries begin to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:03'>fail she automatically runs home to her kennel but charging up and in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:07'>consequence can live a much gayer life</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:17'>so I officially present this footage to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:21'>Nicholas Seymour Papert and Marvin Minsky for it means something to each</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:27'>one of this this is the original tortoise that inspired the logo turtle</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:33'>and it also inspired a lot of early work</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:37'>in artificial intelligence and what's interesting about the way the last 40</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:41'>years have transpired is that digital computers have taken over but in fact</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:46'>where things are going now are much more towards the kinds of control systems</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:53'>kinds of what you might call wet mentalities that device like the great</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:00'>Walter turtle has well the biggest</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:04'>problem with with computers is that they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:09'>were larger than than human scale and the mechanisms we have in our mind for</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:14'>dealing with things are larger than human scale are those of religions so of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:18'>course we had a priesthood and special</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:22'>time special rituals all of that stuff and a lot of what has happened in the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:27'>last 40 years has been to try and find ways to bring the machine into human</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:32'>scale without losing any of its promise</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:36'>what I'd like to do is give you a couple</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:40'>of ways that I think about this stuff and one of them is thinking in general</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:46'>terms about the way humans have extended themselves over the last several hundred</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:52'>thousand years and of course the first one that we think of is that we extend</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:56'>ourselves through tools levers screwdrivers wheels and so forth less</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:03'>often we think of language and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:07'>mathematics as tools but they also are ways of creating objects for things that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:15'>we want to deal with and we manipulate them and all of these tools allow us to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:21'>extend various of our senses and for a long time we thought of the computer as</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:26'>a kind of a tool and one of the ways that we've grappled with it is to try and make it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:30'>act more like the kinds of tools that were used to now less often thought of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:35'>extension is one that was identified many years ago by mumford who said for</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:42'>most of the history of human beings most of the machines that we've built have</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:47'>had other humans as moving parts he called these mega machines and societies</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:52'>groups an organization like this the media lab all of these are a consequence</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:57'>of our ability to take on other people's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:02'>goals our interest in taking on people's goals and our interest in getting people</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:06'>to take on our goals of course agents</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:10'>can take on a goal and can manipulate tools to carry out our wishes while</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:14'>we're doing things but more importantly an agent can deal with other agents and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:20'>I think of the the M word here for</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:24'>agents as being management so to me a tool is something that we look at and we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:29'>manipulate and an agent is something that looks at us and we manage the agent</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:35'>and of course the mainframes were neither and so the struggle was started</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:41'>in the 1950s in 1962 try and find a way of bringing this into some sort of human</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:46'>scale now I like to show you a couple of early efforts</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:04'>here's a picture that could have been taken in somebody's office here at MIT</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:08'>but actually it was taken in 1965 this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:15'>is Douglas Engelbart sitting at his</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:20'>first version of a what you might call not a personal computer but personal</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:25'>computing he has a mouse he has a black on white 19 inch screen and here's the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:32'>kind of media that he dealt back sat</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:44'>exactly branch on me and let me look just that low and I see it oh I can say</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:51'>I'd like to see one line only I can see</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:55'>but there's another thing I can do theres a route I said i have here</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:04'>so here I'm it i'll need a different pictures of you so here's what i do with</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:09'>a picture drawing capability here so slight and lamp if i start from work and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:13'>here's the route i seem to have to go to pick up all the materials and that's my</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:17'>plan for getting home tonight but if I want to I can say the library what am I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:22'>supposed to pick up there I can just point to that you know oh I see overdue</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:27'>books and all while there was a statement there with that name go back what if I once my supposed to pick up</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:32'>the drugstore hmm I see you interesting all right market can do things if I want</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:40'>to just say I'd like to interchange projects and can materials bingo and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:46'>they're all numbered right if I care to look interchanging them very quickly</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:50'>cans are going to get interchange with products they do it and all gets me</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:56'>numbered so that's a very tool based way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:01'>of thinking about things you're indicating things on the screen moving</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:05'>them around Engelbart was one of the of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:09'>a number of people in the 50s and 60s that realize that although you could</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:13'>drop a computer and break it just like you can drop a book into a fire and burn</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:19'>it that the contents of the computer or</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:23'>of the book can be a story or a description of things that can't exist</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:28'>physically in the world you can have a story in a book about a place that has an inverse cube law doesn't seem to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:33'>exist in in this world the computer can</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:37'>add more dimensions than this world has to a way of looking at data and so that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:41'>if you have a 15 dimensional space of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:46'>interesting things the computer can give you 16 dimensions and bring all of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:50'>interesting points together at one one place and that led to a number of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:55'>different ways of thinking about the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:00'>computer Engelbart's metaphor was the computer as a vehicle he thought of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:06'>big mainframes as being like railroads that were owned by institutions and the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:11'>institutions decided when you could use them and decided what you could use them</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:15'>for and Engelbart wanted to be Henry Ford he</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:19'>wanted everybody to have their own vehicle used to say phrases like we need</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:24'>to deal with thought vectors and concept space I don't think he knew what that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:28'>meant we certainly didn't but it sounded</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:32'>great and it gave rise to this notion that in order to bring the computer down</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:38'>into our world we have to have some way of interacting with it in a closer</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:44'>fashion and so the the urge was to bring the computer cycles closer to the user</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:50'>and that's what gave rise to machines like this and this is one that I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:54'>designed it's a picture of it on its own display back in the late 60s and it even</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:03'>had a user interface on it although back</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:07'>then there's a wonderful phrase about user interface user interfaces was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:12'>called it's when the flesh hits the steel and that phrase is very much about</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:20'>because there's really no notion of there being an intermediary between you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:25'>and the hardness of the machine and this this machine have multiple windows and a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:31'>number of other ideas on it but it was a little bit like trying to make an apple</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:36'>pie from random ingredients found in the kitchen you don't have any apples so you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:41'>decide to use bananas you don't have any flour so you grind up Cheerios and so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:47'>forth I randomly substituting for all of the ingredients in a typical pie you can</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:51'>make something but in this case this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:55'>turned out to be a bit of a mess only</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:59'>graduate students liked it sort of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:03'>kiss of death for any computer system</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:09'>reason of course as graduate students are going through a rite of passage when they're trying to prove how smart they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:14'>are and how many amazing things that they can remember and so they turn out</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:18'>to be pretty much the world's worst user interface design right I was a graduate</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:22'>student when I designed this so I'm speaking with authority now right about</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:28'>the same time that this was going on there is a whole different way of looking at interaction and one of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:35'>ways that I used to illustrate that is some film footage taken at rand</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:40'>corporation on a system that they made</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:44'>for Rand economists and other non computer types The Economist's of course</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:51'>are that group of people that if you lay them end to end they still won't be able</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:55'>to reach a conclusion and the Economist</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:00'>didn't even like to type they like to write things on legal pads and they said</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:06'>the RAM people can't you do something about that so here's an example of something that was adapted from some</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:13'>early work here at MIT by Marvin Minsky and war entitlement to do a system that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:20'>would interpret gestures as expressed on</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:24'>a data tablet so here's what that looks like</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:38'>first we erase a flow arrow then move</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:42'>the connector out of the way so that we may draw a box in its place the printing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:51'>in the box is being new commentary only in this case the box is slightly too</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:57'>large so we may change its size where modern day window control came from</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:01'>literally then dry flow from the connector to the box attached a decision</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:08'>element to the box and dry flow from it to scan we then erased the flow arrows</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:15'>attached to the process post new area and move the box to a new position this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:25'>allows us to draw a new box well that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:34'>was a tremendous change in the way we felt about using computers I had a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:42'>chance to use that for half an hour in 1968 and felt like I was thinking my</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:46'>hands right through the glass of the display and touching the information</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:51'>structures directly inside unlike Engelbart's system which I had called a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:55'>personal computer this to me was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:59'>intimate this is an intimate way of interacting and so for me and for a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:05'>bunch of other people in the 60s 1968</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:09'>was my year for thinking about the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:14'>possibility of there being three major ways of interacting with a computer of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:21'>three paradigms three frameworks for thinking about interaction and the thing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:27'>that clinched it for me was seeing going</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:32'>out and visiting Seymour's one of Seymour's first installations in a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:38'>school watching them use the logo turtle</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:42'>the descendant of the great Walter turtle, cause Seymour had this terrific idea that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:47'>wouldn't it be great to let kids actually build the kinds of mechanisms</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:51'>that would animate a turtle around and they would learn a lot about their world and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:56'>a lot about thinking about the world from from doing that and I've never</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:00'>recovered from that because once I saw that to me the computer was no longer a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:05'>vehicle in the nation at risk report the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:11'>recommendation is that every child in the US should have one semester of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:16'>computers in their senior year of high school that's their strong</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:22'>recommendation about computers and that's driver's ed that is treating the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:28'>computer like a vehicle it's not the cars aren't important it's that they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:32'>aren't central the central things to us are the media the intermediaries with</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:38'>how we work with the world and if you can get rid of that slide that'd be</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:42'>great I think everybody has figured that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:48'>out by now thank you the that led to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:57'>thinking of a computer in a completely different way this is a cardboard model</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:01'>I made in 1968 just since become known</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:05'>as the dynabook and we actually loaded</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:10'>this cardboard model up with a variety of lead pellets to try and find out how</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:15'>heavy it could be before people would always take it with them not find an</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:20'>excuse to leave it behind and turns out</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:24'>that the weight that we determined has not yet been reached by any computer company so this machine is still a bit</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:31'>in the future but it expresses a different kind of relationship with the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:35'>machine and something that wants to start much earlier in the life of a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:41'>human being and so one of the ways of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:47'>thinking of it is if we compare these three</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:53'>ways of looking at it we can say well where is the computer in the past it was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:58'>in the glasshouse today in personal computing it's on our desk and in the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:04'>future it's going to be with us all the time in California will weave it into</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:09'>our t-shirts Nicholas said 10 years ago</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:15'>that will know in the future appears when our cufflinks committed communicate</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:21'>with our watched by means of satellite</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:26'>it's when such hyperbole is not outrageous that you know a paradigm</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:31'>shift has actually happened and as an interesting analogy here to the history</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:37'>of publishing in 1400 AD there are three</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:41'>hundred ninety two books in the Vatican Library one of the largest libraries in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:46'>Europe and in 1452 or thereabouts--</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:51'>Gutenberg printed his first Bible and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:55'>that Bible the 42 line Bible was as big as the hand-written manuscripts that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:02'>have been so laboriously copied by monks during the Middle Ages and the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:07'>reason it was that big is that that was what books were if you look at pictures</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:14'>woodcuts or you visit the modern</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:18'>recreation of what a library was like then they didn't shelve the books most</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:23'>libraries back then had so few books that each book had its own reading table</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:28'>and the books were chained to it you look at this table table book with</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:34'>chains the thing that comes to mind inescapably is a time-sharing bullpen</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:40'>because these are institutionally owned items and Gutenberg didn't know what</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:47'>else to do but to make them that size and much more interesting revolution</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:53'>happened a few years later when Aldus now has a company named after him Aldus</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:59'>Manutius who was a Venetian publisher did two remarkable things first he was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:05'>one of the major driving forces behind publishing things other than</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:09'>Bibles and he isn't he and his sons over the next century published 40,000</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:15'>different books most of them from gathering up Greek and Roman writings</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:21'>spreading them all over Europe he did one other thing that will forever endear</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:25'>himself to me he decided that book should be this big and he decided they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:31'>should be this big because that was the size that saddle bags were in Venice in the 1490s in other words Aldus realized</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:39'>something very important and that is the books could now be lost and because they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:46'>could now be lost they could now be taken with they now could go out and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:51'>become a mass medium now again we're in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:55'>this interesting stage because we're not in a place where r we're willing to have our computers be lost watches their $10</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:04'>swatch watches or something like that willing to have them be lost maybe a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:09'>pocket calculator it's not a tragedy if it gets lost paper and pencil it's not a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:13'>tragedy but still with our multi-thousand dollar computers sitting</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:19'>on our desks we're actually still in the Gutenberg era and the interesting thing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:24'>about history is that nothing that happened between Gutenberg and Aldus</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:28'>counted none of those behavior patterns</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:32'>had anything to do with what happened in the post Aldus area as we went into the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:36'>16th century so drawing curves as a way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:40'>of predicting the computer doesn't work very well when you're in these interesting transition periods well</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:45'>another way of looking at these three</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:50'>paradigms is to ask what kinds of information do we use letter and numbers</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:55'>with institutional computing fonts and graphics on modern personal computing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:01'>and as Nicholas likes the show with his imploding his teething rings for the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:07'>media lab as he likes to call them that it's going to be all media coming together because the computer is a meta</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:12'>media its content is all media all</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:16'>intermediaries that one is pretty much of a no-brainer but it's amazing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:20'>how long it has taken for that to even that simple idea to sink in how do we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:26'>print impact printing big laser printing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:30'>personal laser printers with personal computing and no printing as we move on</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:37'>into the next ten years because the information is going to be too</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:41'>interesting to destroy by printing it out right now is an index of how paltry</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:48'>our use of the computer is that we can actually print it out and feel good about it we actually haven't heard</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:54'>anything because our information for the most part is not in dimensionally</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:59'>intertwined it's not in the form of a dynamic simulation it's not any of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:04'>things that the computer is really about</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:08'>field of interaction feels like line editing on institutional computing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:15'>layout on computers like the Macintosh</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:19'>moving things around but in the new</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:28'>paradigm it's going to feel more like conducting because we're going to move from passive information to active</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:34'>information we're going to move from objects to agents and so it's going to be</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:38'>a little bit more like summoning forth lots of assistance at different times</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:43'>and checking out what their goals are and our they're checking out what our</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:48'>goals are and and so forth so each one of these is a completely different way of thinking about it and one of the ways</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:54'>of thinking about the differentiation between the institutional and the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:00'>personal here is that even when graphical interfaces were done in the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:04'>60s for the most part all interfaces were thought of their main task was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:09'>accessed to function so this notion that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:13'>inside the computer is sort of something like a big nuclear reactor or a power station there's all that function and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:19'>what we need to have is a way of getting to each of these pieces of function will</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:23'>map them into control keys and and double control meta y keys and that way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:29'>of thinking about things and the revolution that made the second</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:35'>paradigm the personal computer paradigm is going from that stance to realizing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:40'>that the main job of the user interface is to make the user aware of what the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:44'>possibilities are in other words the user interface now goes from being</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:49'>control of function to a learning environment and of course I should</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:56'>mention that the the main job of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:00'>intimate computer user interface is to do a lot of learning itself so we go</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:05'>from no learning or learning of the most back-breaking kind to making it easier</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:12'>for the user to learn and then finally we want the system to learn how do we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:17'>give commands we have to remember everything and type see and point where we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:23'>are now and in the future is going to be asked and gesture because the computer</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:28'>is going to be watching us not us just watching it what kind of languages do we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:33'>program it in weekly modular data</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:37'>structured procedures cobol one of the surest predictions that we can make</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:42'>about the future is that 10 years from now there will still be a lot of COBOL programmers this personal computing way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:54'>of doing things is pretty much object-oriented after right far fewer</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:59'>lines of code and there's a new kind of programming that people are starting to do called agent oriented programming and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:07'>one way of thinking about all of these paradigms is to compare them with</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:11'>architecture of taking a civilization like the Greeks whose main way of making</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:18'>big buildings was post and lintel pilot block box like that and you get</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:24'>buildings about this size and if you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:28'>want to make a building a lot bigger and let in more light this architecture doesn't work you have to change to a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:33'>different kind of architecture like the gothic arch and if you do that you can make</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:38'>buildings much larger with about the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:43'>same amount of material and when they say just about somebody he doesn't have</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:49'>enough bricks to make a wall that might not be a slam because you might have</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:57'>enough bricks to make an arch he's got enough bricks to make an arch she's a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:01'>lot better off than people who only have enough bricks to make walls and of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:06'>course the big change in the last several hundred years is going from structures that just push against each</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:11'>other to this notion of the higher</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:15'>strength of materials under tension if you get materials that you can tense as</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:20'>well as compressed you can make structures like geodesic domes that will</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:25'>fit over all of the cathedrals that have ever been made in the world and these are completely separate ways of thinking</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:31'>about things and one of the answers to the question that's the title of my</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:35'>lecture is what is the next computer</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:39'>revolution going to be like well it's going to be technologically it's going to be like what I just told you that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:44'>we're going to intimate machines they'll always be networked there will be</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:49'>information utilities the systems will</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:53'>learn and so forth now for many people this is big news but in fact if you go</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:58'>back in the history of computer science you find people like Marvin Minsky and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:03'>John McCarthy writing papers in the late 50s and early 60s about this this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:09'>happens to be not just the fifth anniversary of the media lab but it's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:14'>also the 20th anniversary of Nicholas's book called the architecture machine</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:18'>which is all about this third way of looking at things now for my standpoint</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:24'>since I am not particularly enamored of technology this is a very incomplete</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:30'>answer and I would like to try and go to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:34'>a different way of thinking about things that involves people much more strongly</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:40'>and to do that we have to have some sense</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:45'>of how people's minds work this is for</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:49'>many years and in engineering is where the rubber met the sky because engineers</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:56'>tend to like controllable elements and people aren't all that controllable and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:01'>as a behavioral mechanism we are exasperating and so there's been a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:07'>tendency of actually trying to get people to be more like machines rather</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:11'>than the other way around and give you an example of why this is difficult to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:16'>deal with take a look at one of my favorite pictures here and what you see</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:24'>here let's pretend we're in school because actually we are in school we're in a university let me give you an</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:30'>English sentence about this picture what we've done with this picture is to take</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:35'>a picture of a young girl extracted her eyes and mouth turn them upside down and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:41'>put them back into the picture and then turn the entire picture upside down that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:46'>sound reasonable to everybody okay so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:50'>having said that you should be completely prepared than for what it looks like right side up I'm going to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:58'>turn this back because I've discovered nobody will listen to me when it's on the other way so this is one of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:09'>flaws of trying to give lectures in English because a nation is actually not</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:16'>convertible except outside of the human</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:22'>domain within the human domain we actually have different parts of our</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:26'>brain that respond the things in different ways and this is one of the reasons why McDonald's doesn't run print</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:31'>ads saying if you eat a McDonald's hamburger you'll become a better looking</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:35'>person because in English it's absurd so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:39'>instead what they do is to run an ad showing pictures of really good-looking people eating McDonald's hamburgers and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:44'>a different part of your mind takes that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:48'>information and makes a different kind of inference the kind of inference that the ad people want you in fact we have a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:54'>part of our mind that thinks things are more true if they rhyme so if I were to say to you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:00'>a big mac and fries will slender your thighs down more convincing the whole</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:10'>idea here is that as people started to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:15'>suspect about starting about a hundred years ago with Freud Piaget Brunner</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:21'>Minsky and Papert that what we don't have inside of our head is the oneness a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:29'>vast beautiful seamless fabric of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:33'>mentality but instead what we have is something much more like a patchwork quilt and in fact the patchwork quilt</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:38'>has little mechanisms that pop us from one part of the quilt to another</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:43'>whenever we get too close to one of the boundaries and it's you have to do things like this to show that there is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:48'>an actual patchwork quilt there so we have this idea of multiple mentalities</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:55'>and Piaget was one of the first to study</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:00'>the very different ways that children have of dealing with the world as they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:05'>move through stages of development early in a child's life an object is to grab</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:10'>it a hole is to dig it thinking is doing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:14'>in many ways later on the child is more</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:18'>visually centered child says there's more water in the tall glass when you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:23'>pour from the squat class the tall one because it looks that way and then</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:28'>finally it around 11 or 12 there's a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:32'>facts and logic stage where logical operations are carried out and the child</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:38'>can make deductions based on facts like there can't be more water because where</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:42'>would it go where would it come from so forth now of course at least this was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:48'>true in 11 and 12 year old Swiss French kids in America there's a lot of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:53'>evidence that American kids never get to this facts and logic stage</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:01'>now brunner in the 50s and 60s we did</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:07'>some of pjs experiments but he added some twists so he took the water pouring</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:11'>experiment and after the kids said there's more water in the tall glass</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:16'>runner put a cardboard so the kid couldn't see the tall glass anymore and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:20'>the kid would change his mind back say oh there can't be more and then Brenda</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:24'>would take whip Brenda would take the cardboard away and the kid would say oh</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:29'>but look there's more water Brenda would put the cardboard back and the kid would</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:33'>change his mind again so if you have any six-year-olds you'd like to torment and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:40'>what runner was in his way was getting</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:45'>closer to this idea of multiple mentalities as well that it isn't just a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:53'>metamorphosis like a caterpillar into a butterfly which is pretty much the way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:57'>Piaget thought of it but actually different modules being able to deal</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:02'>with it within different ways and a change in dominance to express the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:06'>piaget expression now there are many things that you can do with this suppose</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:11'>you wanted to design a user interface for a computer that was like a tool and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:16'>we have to think about what each of these mentalities actually does so an</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:21'>example the body-centered one is the one that knows where we are in space we can</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:25'>close our eyes and touch our nose when in touch our hands behind our back if</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:30'>you blind us we can still orient ourselves but if we aren't as</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:34'>unfortunate enough to suffer a brain lesion that takes part of a limb out of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:39'>our body map then even though it's physically attached to us it's like</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:43'>somebody else's so this orienting</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:47'>centering groundedness is something that the body mentality brings to us the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:53'>visually sent mentality is wonderfully</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:58'>adept at dealing with various kinds of tricks for instance if we were to put a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:02'>hundred images of animals on a wall you'd be able to find the elephant</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:07'>almost four times as fast as you could the word elephant if the images were</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:12'>replaced words now let me try and experiment this I realize that this is a very academic</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:17'>body here but let me ask how many people</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:21'>here watch television be honest okay how</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:26'>many people flip channels all right how</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:32'>many people have ever flipped a channel randomly into a movie they haven't seen</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:37'>for 18 years how long did it take you to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:41'>recognize that you'd seen that movie before how long yeah somewhere between a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:48'>half a second and a couple of seconds think about what that meant 18 years ago</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:53'>you saw a movie you didn't know you're</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:57'>going to be tested on it you randomly</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:03'>without any preparation pop into the middle of it and all of a sudden in 30</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:10'>frames or so of seeing that movie you suddenly recognize what it is think of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:15'>what that means in the context of your entire life most people can remember</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:19'>what's going to happen next if you stop the movie after they've recognized that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:23'>they know what the next scene is going to be so that is a mentality that begged</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:29'>to be exploited and what it says is that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:33'>we should always be able to present about a hundred things in the visual</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:37'>field because the user can be aware of them subliminally and if we present them</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:42'>in recognizable scenes the user can store hundreds thousands millions of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:47'>different scenes and remember that they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:51'>were there before then finally the symbolically centered mentality is much</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:55'>more interested in changing things so if</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:59'>its biggest problem is finding the right context because it is not a context</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:04'>chooser so if your visual mentality work</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:08'>the way your symbolic one the first thing you opened your eyes and saw in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:12'>the morning would be what you'd be staring at several hours later that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:16'>doesn't work so well so we have a grounding mentality we have a flitting</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:21'>around mentality that's aware of lots of things and we have one</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:25'>likes to make chains and somehow we should be able to put all of those things together here's one of the ways</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:31'>whoops sorry can you turn that off please that's the end of the slides we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:40'>want to be able to put these things together and if we do we'll find</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:44'>ourselves fitting much more closely to the way human mentalities work</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:06'>so this is a 22 month old little girl and she has never lived in a world not</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:13'>densely populated by Macintoshes her</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:18'>mother is my accountant both her mother and father work at home each of them has</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:22'>a mac this is back five years ago in 1985 and when I found out the little</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:27'>girl was interested in computers I gave</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:31'>her an apple to which she rejected she</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:39'>wanted what her folks had now I have to warn you hear that not to be impressed</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:44'>because this is not her first time on the machine she's been using the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:49'>computer for about six months so she's actually a fairly experienced user and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:56'>long time ago we designed this user interface for children but never any of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:03'>this young so it's really interesting to see a child used the machine that was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:08'>actually designed for them and so here</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:12'>she's using the visible menus of mac paint and I saw it I thought all right</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:18'>this is impressed i've i've never seen a child this young is this machine before but ok I it should work but then what</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:25'>happened next really amazed me she wants a fresh sheet of paper so she goes to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:30'>the closed box on the window she saves her old drawing with a pop-up and she</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:37'>goes to the pulldown to get a new one</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:48'>well that was pretty and that was a home movie made by her father and we did</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:54'>about another 10 hours of testing this child on various Macintosh applications</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:00'>and we discovered it across applications she was about seventy percent literate</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:06'>that is she could take a really complicated application like aldus pagemaker a desktop publishing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:10'>application started up make marks and it print the marks out save the marks away</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:16'>get the marks back about seventy percent of the things that Macintosh users</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:21'>expect from application to application she in her horizon already by age 22</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:30'>months okay so that answers one question</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:35'>about this notion a computer ously see</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:39'>one when we're talking about situations</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:43'>like literacy and illiteracy they don't really obtain when the object in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:48'>question is a professional that we don't</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:52'>have a term called health orosi and ill-health orosi because medicine is a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:58'>profession there wasn't a term called literacy and illiteracy back in the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:02'>Middle Ages when writing was a profession as soon as you spread it out to the public you start getting</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:07'>interested in these notions of can people access things made for them by</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:11'>others that's like reading but what about the more important thing can</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:15'>people make things that are like the things that other people make so here's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:20'>an example of something that we did about 15 years ago</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:33'>and this is the logo turtle with a different architecture and it's a little</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:41'>application like Mac draw object oriented illustration system designed</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:47'>and built by 12 year old so this is an</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:51'>end-user program not a program that you'd buy in a store for ninety-nine</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:55'>dollars from egghead software has lots of features you can change size and move</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:00'>things around because of the change in architecture of going from normal data</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:08'>structure and procedure programming to object-oriented programming the amount</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:12'>of code she had the right to do this application was only about a page long so this is not a large program and one</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:18'>of the things that you have to do when you're working with any kind of novice user is make sure the programs they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:23'>write are not terribly long well so that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:27'>was an attempt to get kids and users to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:31'>be both able to access and able to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:36'>generate the same kinds of things that we're going to run on their paradigm of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:40'>computing but now we have a new paradigm of computing it's going to involve</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:44'>agents and artificial intelligence so a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:48'>few years ago I got interested in the idea of trying to set up a design a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:56'>system that would allow children to do artificial intelligence kind of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:00'>programming in other words they would be making things now much less like robots</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:05'>and much more like the gray Walter turtle things that mimic life in a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:12'>number of different ways I like to show you a bit of that project this project</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:16'>is done in a rather large scale we have an entire school it has now 375 children</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:22'>12 teachers and we've been working there for about five years and one of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:28'>things that we found is that technology is not something that you can put in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:33'>like raisins and upon pudding there's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:37'>all this other stuff is the entire life of the child that you have to consider</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:41'>and the framework of the school we're lucky to find a terrific school</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:46'>to Los Angeles bussing school so it's a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:50'>public school and the children are all shapes sizes colors Creed's ethnic</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:56'>backgrounds bust in most of them for more than an hour to get to the school</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:00'>those of demographers paradise and we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:04'>found it very interesting to introduce ideas into the school in a gradual</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:09'>fashion I'd like to show you some of those</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:39'>so that the kids are all kinds of kids</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:44'>and one of the things they've done here is to tear up part of their asphalt</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:50'>playground and build a garden this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:54'>garden was actually designed by the children you'll see a little bit you'll get an idea of how children could design</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:59'>something like this in in just a minute</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:05'>and because we're studying animals as</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:09'>well as plants they have a pond that has</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:13'>all kinds of life forms and the children actually built this garden themselves</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:21'>now I'm not going to explain to you what's going on here see if you can</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:26'>imagine what it is now I'll tell you in a bit what are they doing with these</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:31'>balloons well what they were doing is designing a city and one of the reasons</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:37'>we do some of the design work with balloons is because urban renewal is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:42'>really easy the idea of to know the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:50'>world one was constructed because is strongly tied into designing a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:56'>programming environment for children because what we wanted to do is not so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:01'>much experience things that other people have set up to be more like experiencing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:07'>a television program or maybe an interactive video disc we want them to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:12'>actually make the simulations themselves because it's in making the simulations</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:17'>that the active design is most powerful</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:22'>now next few minutes I'm going to show you three large-scale projects that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:29'>we've been doing at the school one of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:33'>the things we tried to do here was to both challenge the kids and to go much</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:39'>deeper than they ordinarily are asked to go by the state educational board this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:47'>first one is a year-long project in city building and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:52'>the kids that participate in it our third and fourth graders so there are</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:56'>seven and eight and nine years old in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:00'>this project starts in September and runs through the entire year and this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:04'>will give you an idea of it I think this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:11'>is all almost all no no mrs. hansal tool</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:15'>I know but they still are everything explored of it everybody say I know but</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:20'>they're already something you should make something is already Salinas joris</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:26'>the penis is already something every single after everything this is only</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:31'>styrofoam nobody lady out of something I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:35'>know every as late as something accident</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:39'>from a balloon doesn't mean we don't have a design knowledge now to make</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:44'>buildings exactly like they would have to make it a hundred years we're making</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:48'>models ideas for what buildings could be</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:52'>like in a hundred years we don't have the materials we're going to happen 100 years I did red stripes right</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:50:37'>okay did you get that color name red red</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:03'>what do you belviq i'm doing a factory</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:35'>wait do it again and stay here and do</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:40'>the character park you'll be the building y'all be the building yes why</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:45'>on the prison and he's the building these the buildings okay welcome to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:59'>fantasy mall we have lots of stuff the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:52:20'>building collapsed he was trying to see the moon and there nothing collapsed my</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:52:27'>apartment building and on the top is a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:52:31'>swimming pool never got this is a cold day in rainier so you can have an indoor</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:52:36'>central and it's a hot you open it up and you can I here down here tomorrow</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:14'>he'll be our future city is opening as you can see i'll transfer k our monorail</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:20'>has just been strong</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:24'>and all the buildings are beginning to look like buildings all the buildings</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:30'>are being checked and painting now our</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:34'>he cannot pick up the site husband useful because of the monorail and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:39'>transportation we now have these things on our site everybody that wants bad air</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:47'>transportation land on your site must cabinet right Iggy foxes out</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:52'>Commissioner tova cats design this whole</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:57'>monorail see what household monorail and monorail station the Commissioner of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:03'>lands who doesn't exhaust you all for helping us with sidewalks these are my</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:09'>sidewalks my bold earthquake tested and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:17'>alarming teleporting man he puts ebook</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:22'>paper towel rolls on our site static patella to have it be a teleporting</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:27'>station their cities he's getting to look like a real City try getting to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:31'>look like Judy Landers on the monorail calvada getting to Los Angeles cuz of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:36'>the help crowd is starting today less</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:40'>crowded than it was when we were making our study models</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:46'>I level or I level 1 inch tall but will</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:58'>question building so that's a very okay</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:10'>as see more I'm sure will echo when when you actually go into a school and start</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:15'>working with the kids the first reaction is one of shock because the enormity of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:23'>the experience the amount of energy the amount of body learning that the kids</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:28'>need to do completely dominates all the things that you wanted to do with</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:32'>computers and the first thing you realize when you actually go into school</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:36'>and do this stuff for real is that you better worry about curriculum far</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:42'>outside the media that you're going to use because there's so many different</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:47'>dimensions and this is a project in which most of the things that are</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:51'>available on computers now are of almost no use the kids do a little bit of work</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:56'>with Macintoshes in doing this but 99%</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:01'>of it is this huge experience with doing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:05'>things with their hands and their bodies and crawling over the thing and so forth</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:09'>so one of the objectives in this project</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:13'>was to develop I don't want to say the word peach but develop every child as a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:18'>designer and it takes about three years</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:22'>to get a curriculum like this self-sustaining so people who put try to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:27'>put curriculum in a school and measure it after the first year are making a big</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:31'>mistake takes about three years to get something like this going and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:35'>self-sustaining now another thing we started about four years ago was to develop every child in the school as a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:40'>musician you may see some commonality</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:45'>between those two ideas because music is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:49'>another one of these things that has lots of things interacting with itself</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:53'>part of it is in the interest and what each individual thing is doing and part</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:57'>of the interest is and how they interact we want the kids to be able to think about their world in those terms and so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:03'>we did each year we put on a musical</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:08'>this year it was pirates of penzance and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:13'>this was the best one that we've ever ever had i have a few excerpts of it to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:18'>give you an idea the the oldest child in this is 11 the youngest child in it is 6</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:23'>was completely voluntary the pool of children we had to work with for this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:27'>was about 150 children 120 of those 150</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:31'>possible volunteered and appeared in the show they insisted i'm doing the entire</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:37'>Pirates of Penzance line for line we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:41'>started off with one that was broken down they constantly wanted more we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:45'>wanted to go back they insisted in singing in four-part harmony where it was called for this is a perfect example</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:50'>of something that the kids worked like dogs for four months on and put on a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:56'>fantastic show one of the best theatrical presentations I've ever been to hear some of excerpts</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:08'>fishing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:30'>what I know what is it I met along and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:34'>revelry but I can talk site I'm now the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:38'>run home from a shadowy one such affairs are sorties and surprises I more wary ax</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:45'>and when it opens Leslie what is meant</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:49'>by common their progress has been made</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:54'>it modern gunnery on the object another</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:59'>in a nunnery in short one of smattering</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:00:04'>of elemental strategy</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:00:41'>hey</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:01:16'>Oh</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:01:28'>I'm telling a Terry story but it doesn't</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:00'>although our darker rear sometimes involves the crime of stealing squealing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:13'>although my stripe we're always sorry to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:18'>me</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:34'>haha</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:53'>you may go Liberty our pirate rules protecting and kind of remembers our van</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:59'>we do unless you are you x is as useful</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:07'>things to be an orphan boy</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:13'>oh happy days</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:18'>oh happy day</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:32'>oh happy</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:37'>me I you haha</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:42'>bball</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:50'>so Joe Johnson said about thinking on</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:54'>its hind legs well but one is amazed to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:58'>see it done at all and the trick in doing these kinds of things with kids is to get beyond that stage the only way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:03'>you can do it is by having something like music being a part of the child's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:08'>life all the way through their experience this is the first year in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:12'>which we all the children in it had been part of this enrichment now that's the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:18'>second way of dealing with complexity let me show you the third way and this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:22'>is because the computer some good and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:27'>here are we studying animals and we try and get the children to program not</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:32'>robots but things that are much more biologically acceptable</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:56'>now you might wonder where are the computers in this classroom well one of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:01'>the problems with these computers is that they're bulky so we took every</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:05'>horizontal surfaces in the entire school out and replace them with tables that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:09'>have Macintoshes under them so there are hundreds of Macintoshes in the school</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:14'>but they're all underneath the surfaces so the teachers don't want to move them</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:19'>out of the classroom the teachers don't want to shove them around to the side they're just part of the normal working</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:24'>environment of the school and they're on all the time no computer classrooms no</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:28'>shoved against the wall</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:53'>guys these are some animations we did a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:57'>few years ago and HyperCard just as an idea of what things might look like</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:01'>eventually there's no intelligence behind these models hey guys i am going</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:08'>for a swim in the scene</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:25'>hey</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:33'>if you're asking for every player has agent needs food and the whale come up</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:38'>the way I also have some Asian food all right let me tell you why because when</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:45'>the agent looks in his world what we're</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:49'>seeing here is a they have seminars where they talk over different problem</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:54'>solving strategies the teacher this particular teacher happens to like to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:58'>solve problems and she likes to discuss them with the kids then the kids have to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:03'>go off and figure it out for themselves it doesn't look at himself it looks at</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:07'>the world beyond him so that's why it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:11'>only looks at those players who have food but it doesn't count himself but if</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:18'>he asked for every player in the universe it would include himself and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:25'>this is kind of important for you to think about because when he when they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:30'>have to start giving birth to eat to themselves so they won't die off they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:36'>have to be able to count everything in the universe why Dean Cain</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:45'>50 count how many there are like if</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:49'>there was only one left in was himself competative journalist and then he left</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:53'>bar and then he got true protein what's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:58'>my friend it was a whale who lived to know Jay just off the Pacific coast it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:08:03'>is the time of year when the whales migrate down to Mexico to me and to give</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:08:08'>birth to their babies who were conceived the year before I do that you don't want</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:08:20'>emotion thank you okay go to the top</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:08:45'>works with those two on and I move away</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:08:58'>now here's a more complicated one these these models use the Minsky and Papert</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:02'>Society of mind architecture applied in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:07'>a language for children that was developed in part here at the Media Lab by Mike Travers one of the graduate</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:14'>students here's a more complicated one the clownfish in the lower left is just</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:19'>going about its business feeding one of the things that they do is to find a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:23'>favorite see an enemy and acclimate to it that's what it's doing now they spend</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:28'>a little more time in the monks to poison of the enemy and gradually get</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:33'>immune to it so that they can use it as a place to hide when some predator comes</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:40'>a lot the shark right now is quite a distance away and it doesn't notice the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:45'>clownfish and the clownfish doesn't notice it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:53'>here's some more acclamation closer into the tentacles this time</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:09'>now this lucky clownfish is been doing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:13'>it often enough so it is actually acclimated to the anenih me so when the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:19'>shark sees it and starts pursuing its</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:28'>able to run back to the enemy and the shark can only get so close to the enemy</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:32'>report backs off but of course it wants</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:37'>to come back again</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:46'>so computers are media to think with as</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:50'>Seymour said so eloquently a long time ago in Nicholas's book 20 years ago he</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:56'>said he dedicated it to the first machine who can appreciate the gesture</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:02'>and I think he meant not the gesture like this but the gesture of having a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:06'>book dedicated to it he also said in the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:11'>preface of it that it was all beginnings in no end well I think that's the perfect definition of a research lab a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:16'>my answer to the question of what is the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:21'>next computer revolution it's the one in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:25'>which happens in the context of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:29'>whole person and in the whole person's world that it's not just something that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:33'>we apply in isolation to solve small problems but it's one that like media</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:37'>surrounds us as we've tried to do with the children thank you very much and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:42'>happy 5th birthday ok</subtitle>
<subtitle id='4308'>you </subtitle>

Alan Kay at MIT Media Lab 5th Anniversary Event (1990)

2017-12-31T05:30:42Z

MrSteve:

{{#evt:
service=youtubeIA
|id=6Ysu1mDxxbc
|alignment=left
|autoresize=true
}}

<subtitle id='00:00:00'> never know what Nicholas was going to say actually the turned out that the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:08'>bearnaise on the hot dog didn't sell well if I remember we're no longer on</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:13'>that board anniversaries get people to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:22'>think of other anniversaries there lots</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:26'>of them happening this year one of them is the 50th anniversary of Fantasia and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:33'>Fantasia I think for many of us in this audience and at MIT and elsewhere was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:40'>something we grew up on as a kind of a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:44'>dream of bringing our ideas to life and a lot of us saw the computer is a way of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:50'>more quickly with more depth more</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:54'>dimension more meaning to be able to project ideas that we had within within</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:00'>ourselves into this magic new medium and have them come to life just as the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:07'>disney people did with great art but much more laboriously many years ago I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:12'>think a good way to start this this lecture is to think 40 years ago not 50</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:19'>the 40 years ago was the when two very</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:26'>diverse very at opposite poles machines</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:31'>were introduced to the to the world and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:35'>one of them of course was the UNIVAC one the first commercial digital computer</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:42'>thing that a digital computer its people's minds it had whirling tape</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:47'>drives the first whirling tape drives and it predicted an election not long</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:53'>after that on television and so it became in the public's mind what a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:59'>computer was all about now in the other</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:05'>machine that was at the farthest pole of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:09'>thinking from the univac one also came about 19</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:13'>50 and I actually spent quite a bit with some assistance this summer trying to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:18'>find some film footage of it because I was sure that some must exist and after</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:24'>much scurrying around in England then looking at old newsreels and so forth we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:29'>finally found what i think is the earliest footage of this machine which I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:33'>think symbolizes the transition from the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:38'>UNIVAC 1 to what's going to happen over the next 10 years and i think i need the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:42'>the slides off because i'm going to show some video thank you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:59'>in a simple Ville on the outskirts of Bristol lives Dr. Grey Walter a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:04'>neurologist who makes robots as a hobby they are small and he doesn't dress them</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:09'>up to look like men he calls them tortoises and so cunningly have their</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:13'>insides being designed that they respond to the stimuli of light and touch in a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:18'>completely lifelike manner</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:38'>this model is named Elsie and she sees out of a photoelectric cell which</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:43'>rotates above her body when light strikes the cell driving and steering</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:48'>mechanism sends her hurrying towards it if she brushes against any object in her</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:52'>path contacts are operated that turn the steering away and so automatically she</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:58'>takes avoiding action</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:34'>Mrs. Walters pet his Elma, Elsie's brother in the darker vest he works in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:39'>exactly the same way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:49'>Dr. Walter says that his electronic toys work exactly as though they have a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:53'>simple two cell nervous system and that with more cells they will be able to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:58'>do many more tricks already Elsie has one up on Elmer when her batteries begin to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:03'>fail she automatically runs home to her kennel but charging up and in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:07'>consequence can live a much gayer life</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:17'>so I officially present this footage to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:21'>Nicholas Seymour Papert and Marvin Minsky for it means something to each</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:27'>one of this this is the original tortoise that inspired the logo turtle</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:33'>and it also inspired a lot of early work</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:37'>in artificial intelligence and what's interesting about the way the last 40</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:41'>years have transpired is that digital computers have taken over but in fact</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:46'>where things are going now are much more towards the kinds of control systems</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:53'>kinds of what you might call wet mentalities that device like the great</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:00'>Walter turtle has well the biggest</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:04'>problem with with computers is that they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:09'>were larger than than human scale and the mechanisms we have in our mind for</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:14'>dealing with things are larger than human scale are those of religions so of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:18'>course we had a priesthood and special</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:22'>time special rituals all of that stuff and a lot of what has happened in the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:27'>last 40 years has been to try and find ways to bring the machine into human</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:32'>scale without losing any of its promise</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:36'>what I'd like to do is give you a couple</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:40'>of ways that I think about this stuff and one of them is thinking in general</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:46'>terms about the way humans have extended themselves over the last several hundred</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:52'>thousand years and of course the first one that we think of is that we extend</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:56'>ourselves through tools levers screwdrivers wheels and so forth less</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:03'>often we think of language and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:07'>mathematics as tools but they also are ways of creating objects for things that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:15'>we want to deal with and we manipulate them and all of these tools allow us to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:21'>extend various of our senses and for a long time we thought of the computer as</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:26'>a kind of a tool and one of the ways that we've grappled with it is to try and make it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:30'>act more like the kinds of tools that were used to now less often thought of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:35'>extension is one that was identified many years ago by mumford who said for</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:42'>most of the history of human beings most of the machines that we've built have</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:47'>had other humans as moving parts he called these mega machines and societies</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:52'>groups an organization like this the media lab all of these are a consequence</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:57'>of our ability to take on other people's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:02'>goals our interest in taking on people's goals and our interest in getting people</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:06'>to take on our goals of course agents</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:10'>can take on a goal and can manipulate tools to carry out our wishes while</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:14'>we're doing things but more importantly an agent can deal with other agents and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:20'>I think of the the M word here for</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:24'>agents as being management so to me a tool is something that we look at and we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:29'>manipulate and an agent is something that looks at us and we manage the agent</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:35'>and of course the mainframes were neither and so the struggle was started</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:41'>in the 1950s in 1962 try and find a way of bringing this into some sort of human</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:46'>scale now I like to show you a couple of early efforts</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:04'>here's a picture that could have been taken in somebody's office here at MIT</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:08'>but actually it was taken in 1965 this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:15'>is Douglas Engelbart sitting at his</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:20'>first version of a what you might call not a personal computer but personal</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:25'>computing he has a mouse he has a black on white 19 inch screen and here's the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:32'>kind of media that he dealt back sat</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:44'>exactly branch on me and let me look just that low and I see it oh I can say</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:51'>I'd like to see one line only I can see</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:55'>but there's another thing I can do theres a route I said i have here</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:04'>so here I'm it i'll need a different pictures of you so here's what i do with</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:09'>a picture drawing capability here so slight and lamp if i start from work and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:13'>here's the route i seem to have to go to pick up all the materials and that's my</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:17'>plan for getting home tonight but if I want to I can say the library what am I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:22'>supposed to pick up there I can just point to that you know oh I see overdue</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:27'>books and all while there was a statement there with that name go back what if I once my supposed to pick up</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:32'>the drugstore hmm I see you interesting all right market can do things if I want</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:40'>to just say I'd like to interchange projects and can materials bingo and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:46'>they're all numbered right if I care to look interchanging them very quickly</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:50'>cans are going to get interchange with products they do it and all gets me</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:56'>numbered so that's a very tool based way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:01'>of thinking about things you're indicating things on the screen moving</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:05'>them around Engelbart was one of the of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:09'>a number of people in the 50s and 60s that realize that although you could</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:13'>drop a computer and break it just like you can drop a book into a fire and burn</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:19'>it that the contents of the computer or</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:23'>of the book can be a story or a description of things that can't exist</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:28'>physically in the world you can have a story in a book about a place that has an inverse cube law doesn't seem to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:33'>exist in in this world the computer can</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:37'>add more dimensions than this world has to a way of looking at data and so that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:41'>if you have a 15 dimensional space of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:46'>interesting things the computer can give you 16 dimensions and bring all of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:50'>interesting points together at one one place and that led to a number of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:55'>different ways of thinking about the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:00'>computer Engelbart's metaphor was the computer as a vehicle he thought of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:06'>big mainframes as being like railroads that were owned by institutions and the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:11'>institutions decided when you could use them and decided what you could use them</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:15'>for and Engelbart wanted to be Henry Ford he</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:19'>wanted everybody to have their own vehicle used to say phrases like we need</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:24'>to deal with thought vectors and concept space I don't think he knew what that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:28'>meant we certainly didn't but it sounded</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:32'>great and it gave rise to this notion that in order to bring the computer down</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:38'>into our world we have to have some way of interacting with it in a closer</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:44'>fashion and so the the urge was to bring the computer cycles closer to the user</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:50'>and that's what gave rise to machines like this and this is one that I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:54'>designed it's a picture of it on its own display back in the late 60s and it even</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:03'>had a user interface on it although back</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:07'>then there's a wonderful phrase about user interface user interfaces was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:12'>called it's when the flesh hits the steel and that phrase is very much about</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:20'>because there's really no notion of there being an intermediary between you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:25'>and the hardness of the machine and this this machine have multiple windows and a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:31'>number of other ideas on it but it was a little bit like trying to make an apple</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:36'>pie from random ingredients found in the kitchen you don't have any apples so you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:41'>decide to use bananas you don't have any flour so you grind up Cheerios and so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:47'>forth I randomly substituting for all of the ingredients in a typical pie you can</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:51'>make something but in this case this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:55'>turned out to be a bit of a mess only</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:59'>graduate students liked it sort of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:03'>kiss of death for any computer system</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:09'>reason of course as graduate students are going through a rite of passage when they're trying to prove how smart they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:14'>are and how many amazing things that they can remember and so they turn out</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:18'>to be pretty much the world's worst user interface design right I was a graduate</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:22'>student when I designed this so I'm speaking with authority now right about</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:28'>the same time that this was going on there is a whole different way of looking at interaction and one of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:35'>ways that I used to illustrate that is some film footage taken at rand</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:40'>corporation on a system that they made</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:44'>for Rand economists and other non computer types The Economist's of course</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:51'>are that group of people that if you lay them end to end they still won't be able</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:55'>to reach a conclusion and the Economist</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:00'>didn't even like to type they like to write things on legal pads and they said</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:06'>the RAM people can't you do something about that so here's an example of something that was adapted from some</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:13'>early work here at MIT by Marvin Minsky and war entitlement to do a system that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:20'>would interpret gestures as expressed on</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:24'>a data tablet so here's what that looks like</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:38'>first we erase a flow arrow then move</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:42'>the connector out of the way so that we may draw a box in its place the printing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:51'>in the box is being new commentary only in this case the box is slightly too</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:57'>large so we may change its size where modern day window control came from</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:01'>literally then dry flow from the connector to the box attached a decision</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:08'>element to the box and dry flow from it to scan we then erased the flow arrows</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:15'>attached to the process post new area and move the box to a new position this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:25'>allows us to draw a new box well that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:34'>was a tremendous change in the way we felt about using computers I had a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:42'>chance to use that for half an hour in 1968 and felt like I was thinking my</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:46'>hands right through the glass of the display and touching the information</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:51'>structures directly inside unlike Engelbart's system which I had called a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:55'>personal computer this to me was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:59'>intimate this is an intimate way of interacting and so for me and for a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:05'>bunch of other people in the 60s 1968</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:09'>was my year for thinking about the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:14'>possibility of there being three major ways of interacting with a computer of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:21'>three paradigms three frameworks for thinking about interaction and the thing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:27'>that clinched it for me was seeing going</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:32'>out and visiting Seymour's one of Seymour's first installations in a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:38'>school watching them use the logo turtle</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:42'>the descendant of the great Walter turtle, cause Seymour had this terrific idea that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:47'>wouldn't it be great to let kids actually build the kinds of mechanisms</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:51'>that would animate a turtle around and they would learn a lot about their world and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:56'>a lot about thinking about the world from from doing that and I've never</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:00'>recovered from that because once I saw that to me the computer was no longer a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:05'>vehicle in the nation at risk report the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:11'>recommendation is that every child in the US should have one semester of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:16'>computers in their senior year of high school that's their strong</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:22'>recommendation about computers and that's driver's ed that is treating the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:28'>computer like a vehicle it's not the cars aren't important it's that they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:32'>aren't central the central things to us are the media the intermediaries with</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:38'>how we work with the world and if you can get rid of that slide that'd be</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:42'>great I think everybody has figured that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:48'>out by now thank you the that led to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:57'>thinking of a computer in a completely different way this is a cardboard model</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:01'>I made in 1968 just since become known</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:05'>as the dynabook and we actually loaded</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:10'>this cardboard model up with a variety of lead pellets to try and find out how</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:15'>heavy it could be before people would always take it with them not find an</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:20'>excuse to leave it behind and turns out</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:24'>that the weight that we determined has not yet been reached by any computer company so this machine is still a bit</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:31'>in the future but it expresses a different kind of relationship with the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:35'>machine and something that wants to start much earlier in the life of a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:41'>human being and so one of the ways of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:47'>thinking of it is if we compare these three</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:53'>ways of looking at it we can say well where is the computer in the past it was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:58'>in the glasshouse today in personal computing it's on our desk and in the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:04'>future it's going to be with us all the time in California will weave it into</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:09'>our t-shirts Nicholas said 10 years ago</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:15'>that will know in the future appears when our cufflinks committed communicate</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:21'>with our watched by means of satellite</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:26'>it's when such hyperbole is not outrageous that you know a paradigm</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:31'>shift has actually happened and as an interesting analogy here to the history</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:37'>of publishing in 1400 AD there are three</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:41'>hundred ninety two books in the Vatican Library one of the largest libraries in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:46'>Europe and in 1452 or thereabouts--</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:51'>Gutenberg printed his first Bible and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:55'>that Bible the 42 line Bible was as big as the hand-written manuscripts that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:02'>have been so laboriously copied by monks during the Middle Ages and the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:07'>reason it was that big is that that was what books were if you look at pictures</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:14'>woodcuts or you visit the modern</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:18'>recreation of what a library was like then they didn't shelve the books most</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:23'>libraries back then had so few books that each book had its own reading table</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:28'>and the books were chained to it you look at this table table book with</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:34'>chains the thing that comes to mind inescapably is a time-sharing bullpen</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:40'>because these are institutionally owned items and Gutenberg didn't know what</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:47'>else to do but to make them that size and much more interesting revolution</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:53'>happened a few years later when Aldus now has a company named after him Aldus</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:59'>Manutius who was a Venetian publisher did two remarkable things first he was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:05'>one of the major driving forces behind publishing things other than</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:09'>Bibles and he isn't he and his sons over the next century published 40,000</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:15'>different books most of them from gathering up Greek and Roman writings</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:21'>spreading them all over Europe he did one other thing that will forever endear</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:25'>himself to me he decided that book should be this big and he decided they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:31'>should be this big because that was the size that saddle bags were in Venice in the 1490s in other words Aldus realized</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:39'>something very important and that is the books could now be lost and because they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:46'>could now be lost they could now be taken with they now could go out and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:51'>become a mass medium now again we're in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:55'>this interesting stage because we're not in a place where r we're willing to have our computers be lost watches their $10</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:04'>swatch watches or something like that willing to have them be lost maybe a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:09'>pocket calculator it's not a tragedy if it gets lost paper and pencil it's not a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:13'>tragedy but still with our multi-thousand dollar computers sitting</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:19'>on our desks we're actually still in the Gutenberg era and the interesting thing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:24'>about history is that nothing that happened between Gutenberg and Aldus</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:28'>counted none of those behavior patterns</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:32'>had anything to do with what happened in the post Aldus area as we went into the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:36'>16th century so drawing curves as a way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:40'>of predicting the computer doesn't work very well when you're in these interesting transition periods well</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:45'>another way of looking at these three</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:50'>paradigms is to ask what kinds of information do we use letter and numbers</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:55'>with institutional computing fonts and graphics on modern personal computing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:01'>and as Nicholas likes the show with his imploding his teething rings for the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:07'>media lab as he likes to call them that it's going to be all media coming together because the computer is a meta</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:12'>media its content is all media all</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:16'>intermediaries that one is pretty much of a no-brainer but it's amazing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:20'>how long it has taken for that to even that simple idea to sink in how do we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:26'>print impact printing big laser printing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:30'>personal laser printers with personal computing and no printing as we move on</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:37'>into the next ten years because the information is going to be too</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:41'>interesting to destroy by printing it out right now is an index of how paltry</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:48'>our use of the computer is that we can actually print it out and feel good about it we actually haven't heard</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:54'>anything because our information for the most part is not in dimensionally</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:59'>intertwined it's not in the form of a dynamic simulation it's not any of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:04'>things that the computer is really about</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:08'>field of interaction feels like line editing on institutional computing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:15'>layout on computers like the Macintosh</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:19'>moving things around but in the new</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:28'>paradigm it's going to feel more like conducting because we're going to move from passive information to active</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:34'>information we're going to move from objects to agents and so it's going to be</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:38'>a little bit more like summoning forth lots of assistance at different times</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:43'>and checking out what their goals are and our they're checking out what our</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:48'>goals are and and so forth so each one of these is a completely different way of thinking about it and one of the ways</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:54'>of thinking about the differentiation between the institutional and the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:00'>personal here is that even when graphical interfaces were done in the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:04'>60s for the most part all interfaces were thought of their main task was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:09'>accessed to function so this notion that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:13'>inside the computer is sort of something like a big nuclear reactor or a power station there's all that function and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:19'>what we need to have is a way of getting to each of these pieces of function will</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:23'>map them into control keys and and double control meta y keys and that way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:29'>of thinking about things and the revolution that made the second</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:35'>paradigm the personal computer paradigm is going from that stance to realizing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:40'>that the main job of the user interface is to make the user aware of what the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:44'>possibilities are in other words the user interface now goes from being</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:49'>control of function to a learning environment and of course I should</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:56'>mention that the the main job of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:00'>intimate computer user interface is to do a lot of learning itself so we go</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:05'>from no learning or learning of the most back-breaking kind to making it easier</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:12'>for the user to learn and then finally we want the system to learn how do we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:17'>give commands we have to remember everything and type C in point where we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:23'>are now and in the future is going to be asked and gesture because the computer</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:28'>is going to be watching us not us just watching it what kind of languages do we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:33'>program it in weekly modular data</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:37'>structured procedures cobol one of the surest predictions that we can make</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:42'>about the future is that 10 years from now there will still be a lot of COBOL programmers this personal computing way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:54'>of doing things is pretty much object-oriented after right far fewer</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:59'>lines of code and there's a new kind of programming that people are starting to do called agent oriented programming and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:07'>one way of thinking about all of these paradigms is to compare them with</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:11'>architecture of taking a civilization like the Greeks whose main way of making</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:18'>big buildings was post and lintel pilot block box like that and you get</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:24'>buildings about this size and if you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:28'>want to make a building a lot bigger and let in more light this architecture doesn't work you have to change to a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:33'>different kind of architecture like the gothic arch and if you do that you can make</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:38'>buildings much larger with about the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:43'>same amount of material and when they say just about somebody he doesn't have</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:49'>enough bricks to make a wall that might not be a slam because you might have</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:57'>enough bricks to make an arch he's got enough bricks to make an arch she's a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:01'>lot better off than people who only have enough bricks to make walls and of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:06'>course the big change in the last several hundred years is going from structures that just push against each</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:11'>other to this notion of the higher</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:15'>strength of materials under tension if you get materials that you can tense as</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:20'>well as compressed you can make structures like geodesic domes that will</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:25'>fit over all of the cathedrals that have ever been made in the world and these are completely separate ways of thinking</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:31'>about things and one of the answers to the question that's the title of my</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:35'>lecture is what is the next computer</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:39'>revolution going to be like well it's going to be technologically it's going to be like what I just told you that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:44'>we're going to intimate machines they'll always be networked there will be</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:49'>information utilities the systems will</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:53'>learn and so forth now for many people this is big news but in fact if you go</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:58'>back in the history of computer science you find people like Marvin Minsky and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:03'>John McCarthy writing papers in the late 50s and early 60s about this this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:09'>happens to be not just the fifth anniversary of the media lab but it's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:14'>also the 20th anniversary of Nicholas's book called the architecture machine</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:18'>which is all about this third way of looking at things now for my standpoint</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:24'>since I am not particularly enamored of technology this is a very incomplete</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:30'>answer and I would like to try and go to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:34'>a different way of thinking about things that involves people much more strongly</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:40'>and to do that we have to have some sense</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:45'>of how people's minds work this is for</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:49'>many years and in engineering is where the rubber met the sky because engineers</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:56'>tend to like controllable elements and people aren't all that controllable and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:01'>as a behavioral mechanism we are exasperating and so there's been a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:07'>tendency of actually trying to get people to be more like machines rather</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:11'>than the other way around and give you an example of why this is difficult to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:16'>deal with take a look at one of my favorite pictures here and what you see</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:24'>here let's pretend we're in school because actually we are in school we're in a university let me give you an</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:30'>English sentence about this picture what we've done with this picture is to take</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:35'>a picture of a young girl extracted her eyes and mouth turn them upside down and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:41'>put them back into the picture and then turn the entire picture upside down that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:46'>sound reasonable to everybody okay so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:50'>having said that you should be completely prepared than for what it looks like right side up I'm going to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:58'>turn this back because I've discovered nobody will listen to me when it's on the other way so this is one of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:09'>flaws of trying to give lectures in English because a nation is actually not</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:16'>convertible except outside of the human</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:22'>domain within the human domain we actually have different parts of our</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:26'>brain that respond the things in different ways and this is one of the reasons why McDonald's doesn't run print</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:31'>ads saying if you eat a McDonald's hamburger you'll become a better looking</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:35'>person because in English it's absurd so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:39'>instead what they do is to run an ad showing pictures of really good-looking people eating McDonald's hamburgers and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:44'>a different part of your mind takes that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:48'>information and makes a different kind of inference the kind of inference that the ad people want you in fact we have a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:54'>part of our mind that thinks things are more true if they rhyme so if I were to say to you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:00'>a big mac and fries will slender your thighs down more convincing the whole</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:10'>idea here is that as people started to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:15'>suspect about starting about a hundred years ago with Freud Piaget Brunner</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:21'>Minsky and Papert that what we don't have inside of our head is the oneness a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:29'>vast beautiful seamless fabric of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:33'>mentality but instead what we have is something much more like a patchwork quilt and in fact the patchwork quilt</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:38'>has little mechanisms that pop us from one part of the quilt to another</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:43'>whenever we get too close to one of the boundaries and it's you have to do things like this to show that there is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:48'>an actual patchwork quilt there so we have this idea of multiple mentalities</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:55'>and Piaget was one of the first to study</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:00'>the very different ways that children have of dealing with the world as they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:05'>move through stages of development early in a child's life an object is to grab</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:10'>it a hole is to dig it thinking is doing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:14'>in many ways later on the child is more</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:18'>visually centered child says there's more water in the tall glass when you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:23'>pour from the squat class the tall one because it looks that way and then</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:28'>finally it around 11 or 12 there's a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:32'>facts and logic stage where logical operations are carried out and the child</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:38'>can make deductions based on facts like there can't be more water because where</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:42'>would it go where would it come from so forth now of course at least this was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:48'>true in 11 and 12 year old Swiss French kids in America there's a lot of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:53'>evidence that American kids never get to this facts and logic stage</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:01'>now brunner in the 50s and 60s we did</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:07'>some of pjs experiments but he added some twists so he took the water pouring</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:11'>experiment and after the kids said there's more water in the tall glass</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:16'>runner put a cardboard so the kid couldn't see the tall glass anymore and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:20'>the kid would change his mind back say oh there can't be more and then Brenda</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:24'>would take whip Brenda would take the cardboard away and the kid would say oh</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:29'>but look there's more water Brenda would put the cardboard back and the kid would</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:33'>change his mind again so if you have any six-year-olds you'd like to torment and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:40'>what runner was in his way was getting</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:45'>closer to this idea of multiple mentalities as well that it isn't just a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:53'>metamorphosis like a caterpillar into a butterfly which is pretty much the way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:57'>Piaget thought of it but actually different modules being able to deal</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:02'>with it within different ways and a change in dominance to express the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:06'>piaget expression now there are many things that you can do with this suppose</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:11'>you wanted to design a user interface for a computer that was like a tool and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:16'>we have to think about what each of these mentalities actually does so an</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:21'>example the body-centered one is the one that knows where we are in space we can</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:25'>close our eyes and touch our nose when in touch our hands behind our back if</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:30'>you blind us we can still orient ourselves but if we aren't as</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:34'>unfortunate enough to suffer a brain lesion that takes part of a limb out of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:39'>our body map then even though it's physically attached to us it's like</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:43'>somebody else's so this orienting</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:47'>centering groundedness is something that the body mentality brings to us the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:53'>visually sent mentality is wonderfully</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:58'>adept at dealing with various kinds of tricks for instance if we were to put a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:02'>hundred images of animals on a wall you'd be able to find the elephant</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:07'>almost four times as fast as you could the word elephant if the images were</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:12'>replaced words now let me try and experiment this I realize that this is a very academic</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:17'>body here but let me ask how many people</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:21'>here watch television be honest okay how</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:26'>many people flip channels all right how</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:32'>many people have ever flipped a channel randomly into a movie they haven't seen</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:37'>for 18 years how long did it take you to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:41'>recognize that you'd seen that movie before how long yeah somewhere between a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:48'>half a second and a couple of seconds think about what that meant 18 years ago</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:53'>you saw a movie you didn't know you're</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:57'>going to be tested on it you randomly</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:03'>without any preparation pop into the middle of it and all of a sudden in 30</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:10'>frames or so of seeing that movie you suddenly recognize what it is think of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:15'>what that means in the context of your entire life most people can remember</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:19'>what's going to happen next if you stop the movie after they've recognized that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:23'>they know what the next scene is going to be so that is a mentality that begged</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:29'>to be exploited and what it says is that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:33'>we should always be able to present about a hundred things in the visual</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:37'>field because the user can be aware of them subliminally and if we present them</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:42'>in recognizable scenes the user can store hundreds thousands millions of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:47'>different scenes and remember that they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:51'>were there before then finally the symbolically centered mentality is much</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:55'>more interested in changing things so if</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:59'>its biggest problem is finding the right context because it is not a context</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:04'>chooser so if your visual mentality work</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:08'>the way your symbolic one the first thing you opened your eyes and saw in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:12'>the morning would be what you'd be staring at several hours later that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:16'>doesn't work so well so we have a grounding mentality we have a flitting</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:21'>around mentality that's aware of lots of things and we have one</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:25'>likes to make chains and somehow we should be able to put all of those things together here's one of the ways</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:31'>whoops sorry can you turn that off please that's the end of the slides we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:40'>want to be able to put these things together and if we do we'll find</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:44'>ourselves fitting much more closely to the way human mentalities work</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:06'>so this is a 22 month old little girl and she has never lived in a world not</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:13'>densely populated by Macintoshes her</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:18'>mother is my accountant both her mother and father work at home each of them has</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:22'>a mac this is back five years ago in 1985 and when I found out the little</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:27'>girl was interested in computers I gave</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:31'>her an apple to which she rejected she</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:39'>wanted what her folks had now I have to warn you hear that not to be impressed</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:44'>because this is not her first time on the machine she's been using the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:49'>computer for about six months so she's actually a fairly experienced user and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:56'>long time ago we designed this user interface for children but never any of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:03'>this young so it's really interesting to see a child used the machine that was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:08'>actually designed for them and so here</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:12'>she's using the visible menus of mac paint and I saw it I thought all right</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:18'>this is impressed i've i've never seen a child this young is this machine before but ok I it should work but then what</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:25'>happened next really amazed me she wants a fresh sheet of paper so she goes to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:30'>the closed box on the window she saves her old drawing with a pop-up and she</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:37'>goes to the pulldown to get a new one</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:48'>well that was pretty and that was a home movie made by her father and we did</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:54'>about another 10 hours of testing this child on various Macintosh applications</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:00'>and we discovered it across applications she was about seventy percent literate</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:06'>that is she could take a really complicated application like aldus pagemaker a desktop publishing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:10'>application started up make marks and it print the marks out save the marks away</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:16'>get the marks back about seventy percent of the things that Macintosh users</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:21'>expect from application to application she in her horizon already by age 22</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:30'>months okay so that answers one question</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:35'>about this notion a computer ously see</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:39'>one when we're talking about situations</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:43'>like literacy and illiteracy they don't really obtain when the object in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:48'>question is a professional that we don't</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:52'>have a term called health orosi and ill-health orosi because medicine is a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:58'>profession there wasn't a term called literacy and illiteracy back in the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:02'>Middle Ages when writing was a profession as soon as you spread it out to the public you start getting</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:07'>interested in these notions of can people access things made for them by</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:11'>others that's like reading but what about the more important thing can</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:15'>people make things that are like the things that other people make so here's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:20'>an example of something that we did about 15 years ago</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:33'>and this is the logo turtle with a different architecture and it's a little</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:41'>application like Mac draw object oriented illustration system designed</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:47'>and built by 12 year old so this is an</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:51'>end-user program not a program that you'd buy in a store for ninety-nine</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:55'>dollars from egghead software has lots of features you can change size and move</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:00'>things around because of the change in architecture of going from normal data</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:08'>structure and procedure programming to object-oriented programming the amount</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:12'>of code she had the right to do this application was only about a page long so this is not a large program and one</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:18'>of the things that you have to do when you're working with any kind of novice user is make sure the programs they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:23'>write are not terribly long well so that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:27'>was an attempt to get kids and users to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:31'>be both able to access and able to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:36'>generate the same kinds of things that we're going to run on their paradigm of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:40'>computing but now we have a new paradigm of computing it's going to involve</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:44'>agents and artificial intelligence so a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:48'>few years ago I got interested in the idea of trying to set up a design a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:56'>system that would allow children to do artificial intelligence kind of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:00'>programming in other words they would be making things now much less like robots</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:05'>and much more like the gray Walter turtle things that mimic life in a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:12'>number of different ways I like to show you a bit of that project this project</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:16'>is done in a rather large scale we have an entire school it has now 375 children</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:22'>12 teachers and we've been working there for about five years and one of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:28'>things that we found is that technology is not something that you can put in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:33'>like raisins and upon pudding there's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:37'>all this other stuff is the entire life of the child that you have to consider</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:41'>and the framework of the school we're lucky to find a terrific school</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:46'>to Los Angeles bussing school so it's a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:50'>public school and the children are all shapes sizes colors Creed's ethnic</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:56'>backgrounds bust in most of them for more than an hour to get to the school</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:00'>those of demographers paradise and we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:04'>found it very interesting to introduce ideas into the school in a gradual</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:09'>fashion I'd like to show you some of those</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:39'>so that the kids are all kinds of kids</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:44'>and one of the things they've done here is to tear up part of their asphalt</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:50'>playground and build a garden this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:54'>garden was actually designed by the children you'll see a little bit you'll get an idea of how children could design</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:59'>something like this in in just a minute</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:05'>and because we're studying animals as</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:09'>well as plants they have a pond that has</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:13'>all kinds of life forms and the children actually built this garden themselves</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:21'>now I'm not going to explain to you what's going on here see if you can</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:26'>imagine what it is now I'll tell you in a bit what are they doing with these</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:31'>balloons well what they were doing is designing a city and one of the reasons</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:37'>we do some of the design work with balloons is because urban renewal is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:42'>really easy the idea of to know the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:50'>world one was constructed because is strongly tied into designing a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:56'>programming environment for children because what we wanted to do is not so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:01'>much experience things that other people have set up to be more like experiencing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:07'>a television program or maybe an interactive video disc we want them to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:12'>actually make the simulations themselves because it's in making the simulations</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:17'>that the active design is most powerful</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:22'>now next few minutes I'm going to show you three large-scale projects that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:29'>we've been doing at the school one of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:33'>the things we tried to do here was to both challenge the kids and to go much</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:39'>deeper than they ordinarily are asked to go by the state educational board this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:47'>first one is a year-long project in city building and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:52'>the kids that participate in it our third and fourth graders so there are</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:56'>seven and eight and nine years old in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:00'>this project starts in September and runs through the entire year and this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:04'>will give you an idea of it I think this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:11'>is all almost all no no mrs. hansal tool</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:15'>I know but they still are everything explored of it everybody say I know but</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:20'>they're already something you should make something is already Salinas joris</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:26'>the penis is already something every single after everything this is only</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:31'>styrofoam nobody lady out of something I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:35'>know every as late as something accident</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:39'>from a balloon doesn't mean we don't have a design knowledge now to make</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:44'>buildings exactly like they would have to make it a hundred years we're making</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:48'>models ideas for what buildings could be</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:52'>like in a hundred years we don't have the materials we're going to happen 100 years I did red stripes right</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:50:37'>okay did you get that color name red red</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:03'>what do you belviq i'm doing a factory</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:35'>wait do it again and stay here and do</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:40'>the character park you'll be the building y'all be the building yes why</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:45'>on the prison and he's the building these the buildings okay welcome to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:59'>fantasy mall we have lots of stuff the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:52:20'>building collapsed he was trying to see the moon and there nothing collapsed my</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:52:27'>apartment building and on the top is a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:52:31'>swimming pool never got this is a cold day in rainier so you can have an indoor</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:52:36'>central and it's a hot you open it up and you can I here down here tomorrow</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:14'>he'll be our future city is opening as you can see i'll transfer k our monorail</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:20'>has just been strong</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:24'>and all the buildings are beginning to look like buildings all the buildings</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:30'>are being checked and painting now our</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:34'>he cannot pick up the site husband useful because of the monorail and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:39'>transportation we now have these things on our site everybody that wants bad air</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:47'>transportation land on your site must cabinet right Iggy foxes out</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:52'>Commissioner tova cats design this whole</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:57'>monorail see what household monorail and monorail station the Commissioner of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:03'>lands who doesn't exhaust you all for helping us with sidewalks these are my</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:09'>sidewalks my bold earthquake tested and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:17'>alarming teleporting man he puts ebook</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:22'>paper towel rolls on our site static patella to have it be a teleporting</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:27'>station their cities he's getting to look like a real City try getting to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:31'>look like Judy Landers on the monorail calvada getting to Los Angeles cuz of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:36'>the help crowd is starting today less</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:40'>crowded than it was when we were making our study models</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:46'>I level or I level 1 inch tall but will</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:58'>question building so that's a very okay</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:10'>as see more I'm sure will echo when when you actually go into a school and start</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:15'>working with the kids the first reaction is one of shock because the enormity of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:23'>the experience the amount of energy the amount of body learning that the kids</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:28'>need to do completely dominates all the things that you wanted to do with</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:32'>computers and the first thing you realize when you actually go into school</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:36'>and do this stuff for real is that you better worry about curriculum far</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:42'>outside the media that you're going to use because there's so many different</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:47'>dimensions and this is a project in which most of the things that are</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:51'>available on computers now are of almost no use the kids do a little bit of work</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:56'>with Macintoshes in doing this but 99%</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:01'>of it is this huge experience with doing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:05'>things with their hands and their bodies and crawling over the thing and so forth</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:09'>so one of the objectives in this project</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:13'>was to develop I don't want to say the word peach but develop every child as a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:18'>designer and it takes about three years</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:22'>to get a curriculum like this self-sustaining so people who put try to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:27'>put curriculum in a school and measure it after the first year are making a big</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:31'>mistake takes about three years to get something like this going and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:35'>self-sustaining now another thing we started about four years ago was to develop every child in the school as a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:40'>musician you may see some commonality</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:45'>between those two ideas because music is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:49'>another one of these things that has lots of things interacting with itself</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:53'>part of it is in the interest and what each individual thing is doing and part</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:57'>of the interest is and how they interact we want the kids to be able to think about their world in those terms and so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:03'>we did each year we put on a musical</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:08'>this year it was pirates of penzance and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:13'>this was the best one that we've ever ever had i have a few excerpts of it to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:18'>give you an idea the the oldest child in this is 11 the youngest child in it is 6</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:23'>was completely voluntary the pool of children we had to work with for this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:27'>was about 150 children 120 of those 150</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:31'>possible volunteered and appeared in the show they insisted i'm doing the entire</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:37'>Pirates of Penzance line for line we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:41'>started off with one that was broken down they constantly wanted more we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:45'>wanted to go back they insisted in singing in four-part harmony where it was called for this is a perfect example</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:50'>of something that the kids worked like dogs for four months on and put on a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:56'>fantastic show one of the best theatrical presentations I've ever been to hear some of excerpts</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:08'>fishing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:30'>what I know what is it I met along and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:34'>revelry but I can talk site I'm now the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:38'>run home from a shadowy one such affairs are sorties and surprises I more wary ax</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:45'>and when it opens Leslie what is meant</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:49'>by common their progress has been made</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:54'>it modern gunnery on the object another</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:59'>in a nunnery in short one of smattering</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:00:04'>of elemental strategy</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:00:41'>hey</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:01:16'>Oh</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:01:28'>I'm telling a Terry story but it doesn't</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:00'>although our darker rear sometimes involves the crime of stealing squealing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:13'>although my stripe we're always sorry to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:18'>me</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:34'>haha</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:53'>you may go Liberty our pirate rules protecting and kind of remembers our van</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:59'>we do unless you are you x is as useful</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:07'>things to be an orphan boy</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:13'>oh happy days</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:18'>oh happy day</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:32'>oh happy</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:37'>me I you haha</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:42'>bball</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:50'>so Joe Johnson said about thinking on</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:54'>its hind legs well but one is amazed to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:58'>see it done at all and the trick in doing these kinds of things with kids is to get beyond that stage the only way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:03'>you can do it is by having something like music being a part of the child's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:08'>life all the way through their experience this is the first year in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:12'>which we all the children in it had been part of this enrichment now that's the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:18'>second way of dealing with complexity let me show you the third way and this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:22'>is because the computer some good and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:27'>here are we studying animals and we try and get the children to program not</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:32'>robots but things that are much more biologically acceptable</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:56'>now you might wonder where are the computers in this classroom well one of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:01'>the problems with these computers is that they're bulky so we took every</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:05'>horizontal surfaces in the entire school out and replace them with tables that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:09'>have Macintoshes under them so there are hundreds of Macintoshes in the school</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:14'>but they're all underneath the surfaces so the teachers don't want to move them</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:19'>out of the classroom the teachers don't want to shove them around to the side they're just part of the normal working</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:24'>environment of the school and they're on all the time no computer classrooms no</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:28'>shoved against the wall</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:53'>guys these are some animations we did a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:57'>few years ago and HyperCard just as an idea of what things might look like</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:01'>eventually there's no intelligence behind these models hey guys i am going</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:08'>for a swim in the scene</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:25'>hey</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:33'>if you're asking for every player has agent needs food and the whale come up</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:38'>the way I also have some Asian food all right let me tell you why because when</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:45'>the agent looks in his world what we're</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:49'>seeing here is a they have seminars where they talk over different problem</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:54'>solving strategies the teacher this particular teacher happens to like to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:58'>solve problems and she likes to discuss them with the kids then the kids have to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:03'>go off and figure it out for themselves it doesn't look at himself it looks at</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:07'>the world beyond him so that's why it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:11'>only looks at those players who have food but it doesn't count himself but if</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:18'>he asked for every player in the universe it would include himself and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:25'>this is kind of important for you to think about because when he when they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:30'>have to start giving birth to eat to themselves so they won't die off they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:36'>have to be able to count everything in the universe why Dean Cain</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:45'>50 count how many there are like if</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:49'>there was only one left in was himself competative journalist and then he left</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:53'>bar and then he got true protein what's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:58'>my friend it was a whale who lived to know Jay just off the Pacific coast it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:08:03'>is the time of year when the whales migrate down to Mexico to me and to give</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:08:08'>birth to their babies who were conceived the year before I do that you don't want</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:08:20'>emotion thank you okay go to the top</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:08:45'>works with those two on and I move away</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:08:58'>now here's a more complicated one these these models use the Minsky and Papert</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:02'>Society of mind architecture applied in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:07'>a language for children that was developed in part here at the Media Lab by Mike Travers one of the graduate</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:14'>students here's a more complicated one the clownfish in the lower left is just</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:19'>going about its business feeding one of the things that they do is to find a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:23'>favorite see an enemy and acclimate to it that's what it's doing now they spend</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:28'>a little more time in the monks to poison of the enemy and gradually get</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:33'>immune to it so that they can use it as a place to hide when some predator comes</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:40'>a lot the shark right now is quite a distance away and it doesn't notice the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:45'>clownfish and the clownfish doesn't notice it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:53'>here's some more acclamation closer into the tentacles this time</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:09'>now this lucky clownfish is been doing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:13'>it often enough so it is actually acclimated to the anenih me so when the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:19'>shark sees it and starts pursuing its</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:28'>able to run back to the enemy and the shark can only get so close to the enemy</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:32'>report backs off but of course it wants</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:37'>to come back again</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:46'>so computers are media to think with as</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:50'>Seymour said so eloquently a long time ago in Nicholas's book 20 years ago he</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:56'>said he dedicated it to the first machine who can appreciate the gesture</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:02'>and I think he meant not the gesture like this but the gesture of having a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:06'>book dedicated to it he also said in the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:11'>preface of it that it was all beginnings in no end well I think that's the perfect definition of a research lab a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:16'>my answer to the question of what is the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:21'>next computer revolution it's the one in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:25'>which happens in the context of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:29'>whole person and in the whole person's world that it's not just something that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:33'>we apply in isolation to solve small problems but it's one that like media</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:37'>surrounds us as we've tried to do with the children thank you very much and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:42'>happy 5th birthday ok</subtitle>
<subtitle id='4308'>you </subtitle>

Alan Kay at MIT Media Lab 5th Anniversary Event (1990)

2017-12-31T05:27:47Z

MrSteve:

{{#evt:
service=youtubeIA
|id=6Ysu1mDxxbc
|alignment=left
|autoresize=true
}}

<subtitle id='00:00:00'> never know what Nicholas was going to say actually the turned out that the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:08'>bearnaise on the hot dog didn't sell well if I remember we're no longer on</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:13'>that board anniversaries get people to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:22'>think of other anniversaries there lots</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:26'>of them happening this year one of them is the 50th anniversary of Fantasia and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:33'>Fantasia I think for many of us in this audience and at MIT and elsewhere was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:40'>something we grew up on as a kind of a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:44'>dream of bringing our ideas to life and a lot of us saw the computer is a way of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:50'>more quickly with more depth more</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:54'>dimension more meaning to be able to project ideas that we had within within</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:00'>ourselves into this magic new medium and have them come to life just as the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:07'>disney people did with great art but much more laboriously many years ago I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:12'>think a good way to start this this lecture is to think 40 years ago not 50</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:19'>the 40 years ago was the when two very</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:26'>diverse very at opposite poles machines</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:31'>were introduced to the to the world and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:35'>one of them of course was the UNIVAC one the first commercial digital computer</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:42'>thing that a digital computer its people's minds it had whirling tape</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:47'>drives the first whirling tape drives and it predicted an election not long</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:53'>after that on television and so it became in the public's mind what a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:59'>computer was all about now in the other</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:05'>machine that was at the farthest pole of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:09'>thinking from the univac one also came about 19</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:13'>50 and I actually spent quite a bit with some assistance this summer trying to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:18'>find some film footage of it because I was sure that some must exist and after</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:24'>much scurrying around in England then looking at old newsreels and so forth we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:29'>finally found what i think is the earliest footage of this machine which I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:33'>think symbolizes the transition from the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:38'>UNIVAC 1 to what's going to happen over the next 10 years and i think i need the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:42'>the slides off because i'm going to show some video thank you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:59'>in a simple Ville on the outskirts of Bristol lives Dr. Grey Walter a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:04'>neurologist who makes robots as a hobby they are small and he doesn't dress them</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:09'>up to look like men he calls them tortoises and so cunningly have their</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:13'>insides being designed that they respond to the stimuli of light and touch in a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:18'>completely lifelike manner</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:38'>this model is named Elsie and she sees out of a photoelectric cell which</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:43'>rotates above her body when light strikes the cell driving and steering</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:48'>mechanism sends her hurrying towards it if she brushes against any object in her</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:52'>path contacts are operated that turn the steering away and so automatically she</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:58'>takes avoiding action</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:34'>Mrs. Walters pet his Elma, Elsie's brother in the darker vest he works in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:39'>exactly the same way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:49'>Dr. Walter says that his electronic toys work exactly as though they have a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:53'>simple two cell nervous system and that with more cells they will be able to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:58'>do many more tricks already Elsie has one up on Elmer when her batteries begin to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:03'>fail she automatically runs home to her kennel but charging up and in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:07'>consequence can live a much gayer life</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:17'>so I officially present this footage to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:21'>Nicholas Seymour Papert and Marvin Minsky for it means something to each</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:27'>one of this this is the original tortoise that inspired the logo turtle</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:33'>and it also inspired a lot of early work</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:37'>in artificial intelligence and what's interesting about the way the last 40</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:41'>years have transpired is that digital computers have taken over but in fact</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:46'>where things are going now are much more towards the kinds of control systems</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:53'>kinds of what you might call wet mentalities that device like the great</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:00'>Walter turtle has well the biggest</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:04'>problem with with computers is that they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:09'>were larger than than human scale and the mechanisms we have in our mind for</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:14'>dealing with things are larger than human scale are those of religions so of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:18'>course we had a priesthood and special</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:22'>time special rituals all of that stuff and a lot of what has happened in the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:27'>last 40 years has been to try and find ways to bring the machine into human</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:32'>scale without losing any of its promise</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:36'>what I'd like to do is give you a couple</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:40'>of ways that I think about this stuff and one of them is thinking in general</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:46'>terms about the way humans have extended themselves over the last several hundred</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:52'>thousand years and of course the first one that we think of is that we extend</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:56'>ourselves through tools levers screwdrivers wheels and so forth less</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:03'>often we think of language and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:07'>mathematics as tools but they also are ways of creating objects for things that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:15'>we want to deal with and we manipulate them and all of these tools allow us to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:21'>extend various of our senses and for a long time we thought of the computer as</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:26'>a kind of a tool and one of the ways that we've grappled with it is to try and make it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:30'>act more like the kinds of tools that were used to now less often thought of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:35'>extension is one that was identified many years ago by mumford who said for</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:42'>most of the history of human beings most of the machines that we've built have</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:47'>had other humans as moving parts he called these mega machines and societies</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:52'>groups an organization like this the media lab all of these are a consequence</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:57'>of our ability to take on other people's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:02'>goals our interest in taking on people's goals and our interest in getting people</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:06'>to take on our goals of course agents</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:10'>can take on a goal and can manipulate tools to carry out our wishes while</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:14'>we're doing things but more importantly an agent can deal with other agents and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:20'>I think of the the M word here for</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:24'>agents as being management so to me a tool is something that we look at and we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:29'>manipulate and an agent is something that looks at us and we manage the agent</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:35'>and of course the mainframes were neither and so the struggle was started</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:41'>in the 1950s in 1962 try and find a way of bringing this into some sort of human</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:46'>scale now I like to show you a couple of early efforts</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:04'>here's a picture that could have been taken in somebody's office here at MIT</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:08'>but actually it was taken in 1965 this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:15'>is Douglas Engelbart sitting at his</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:20'>first version of a what you might call not a personal computer but personal</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:25'>computing he has a mouse he has a black on white 19 inch screen and here's the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:32'>kind of media that he dealt back sat</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:44'>exactly branch on me and let me look just that low and I see it oh I can say</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:51'>I'd like to see one line only I can see</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:55'>but there's another thing I can do theres a route I said i have here</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:04'>so here I'm it i'll need a different pictures of you so here's what i do with</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:09'>a picture drawing capability here so slight and lamp if i start from work and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:13'>here's the route i seem to have to go to pick up all the materials and that's my</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:17'>plan for getting home tonight but if I want to I can say the library what am I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:22'>supposed to pick up there I can just point to that you know oh I see overdue</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:27'>books and all while there was a statement there with that name go back what if I once my supposed to pick up</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:32'>the drugstore hmm I see you interesting all right market can do things if I want</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:40'>to just say I'd like to interchange projects and can materials bingo and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:46'>they're all numbered right if I care to look interchanging them very quickly</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:50'>cans are going to get interchange with products they do it and all gets me</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:56'>numbered so that's a very tool based way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:01'>of thinking about things you're indicating things on the screen moving</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:05'>them around Engelbart was one of the of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:09'>a number of people in the 50s and 60s that realize that although you could</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:13'>drop a computer and break it just like you can drop a book into a fire and burn</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:19'>it that the contents of the computer or</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:23'>of the book can be a story or a description of things that can't exist</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:28'>physically in the world you can have a story in a book about a place that has an inverse cube law doesn't seem to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:33'>exist in in this world the computer can</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:37'>add more dimensions than this world has to a way of looking at data and so that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:41'>if you have a 15 dimensional space of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:46'>interesting things the computer can give you 16 dimensions and bring all of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:50'>interesting points together at one one place and that led to a number of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:55'>different ways of thinking about the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:00'>computer Engelbart's metaphor was the computer as a vehicle he thought of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:06'>big mainframes as being like railroads that were owned by institutions and the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:11'>institutions decided when you could use them and decided what you could use them</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:15'>for and Engelbart wanted to be Henry Ford he</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:19'>wanted everybody to have their own vehicle used to say phrases like we need</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:24'>to deal with thought vectors and concept space I don't think he knew what that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:28'>meant we certainly didn't but it sounded</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:32'>great and it gave rise to this notion that in order to bring the computer down</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:38'>into our world we have to have some way of interacting with it in a closer</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:44'>fashion and so the the urge was to bring the computer cycles closer to the user</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:50'>and that's what gave rise to machines like this and this is one that I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:54'>designed it's a picture of it on its own display back in the late 60s and it even</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:03'>had a user interface on it although back</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:07'>then there's a wonderful phrase about user interface user interfaces was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:12'>called it's when the flesh hits the steel and that phrase is very much about</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:20'>because there's really no notion of there being an intermediary between you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:25'>and the hardness of the machine and this this machine have multiple windows and a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:31'>number of other ideas on it but it was a little bit like trying to make an apple</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:36'>pie from random ingredients found in the kitchen you don't have any apples so you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:41'>decide to use bananas you don't have any flour so you grind up Cheerios and so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:47'>forth I randomly substituting for all of the ingredients in a typical pie you can</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:51'>make something but in this case this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:55'>turned out to be a bit of a mess only</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:59'>graduate students liked it sort of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:03'>kiss of death for any computer system</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:09'>reason of course as graduate students are going through a rite of passage when they're trying to prove how smart they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:14'>are and how many amazing things that they can remember and so they turn out</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:18'>to be pretty much the world's worst user interface design right I was a graduate</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:22'>student when I designed this so I'm speaking with authority now right about</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:28'>the same time that this was going on there is a whole different way of looking at interaction and one of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:35'>ways that I used to illustrate that is some film footage taken at rand</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:40'>corporation on a system that they made</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:44'>for Rand economists and other non computer types The Economist's of course</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:51'>are that group of people that if you lay them end to end they still won't be able</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:55'>to reach a conclusion and the Economist</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:00'>didn't even like to type they like to write things on legal pads and they said</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:06'>the RAM people can't you do something about that so here's an example of something that was adapted from some</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:13'>early work here at MIT by Marvin Minsky and war entitlement to do a system that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:20'>would interpret gestures as expressed on</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:24'>a data tablet so here's what that looks like</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:38'>first we erase a flow arrow then move</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:42'>the connector out of the way so that we may draw a box in its place the printing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:51'>in the box is being new commentary only in this case the box is slightly too</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:57'>large so we may change its size where modern day window control came from</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:01'>literally then dry flow from the connector to the box attached a decision</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:08'>element to the box and dry flow from it to scan we then erased the flow arrows</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:15'>attached to the process post new area and move the box to a new position this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:25'>allows us to draw a new box well that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:34'>was a tremendous change in the way we felt about using computers I had a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:42'>chance to use that for half an hour in 1968 and felt like I was thinking my</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:46'>hands right through the glass of the display and touching the information</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:51'>structures directly inside unlike Engelbart's system which I had called a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:55'>personal computer this to me was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:59'>intimate this is an intimate way of interacting and so for me and for a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:05'>bunch of other people in the 60s 1968</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:09'>was my year for thinking about the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:14'>possibility of there being three major ways of interacting with a computer of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:21'>three paradigms three frameworks for thinking about interaction and the thing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:27'>that clinched it for me was seeing going</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:32'>out and visiting Seymour's one of Seymour's first installations in a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:38'>school watching them use the logo turtle</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:42'>the descendant of the great Walter turtle, cause Seymour had this terrific idea that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:47'>wouldn't it be great to let kids actually build the kinds of mechanisms</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:51'>that would animate a turtle around and they would learn a lot about their world and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:56'>a lot about thinking about the world from from doing that and I've never</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:00'>recovered from that because once I saw that to me the computer was no longer a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:05'>vehicle in the nation at risk report the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:11'>recommendation is that every child in the US should have one semester of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:16'>computers in their senior year of high school that's their strong</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:22'>recommendation about computers and that's driver's ed that is treating the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:28'>computer like a vehicle it's not the cars aren't important it's that they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:32'>aren't central the central things to us are the media the intermediaries with</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:38'>how we work with the world and if you can get rid of that slide that'd be</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:42'>great I think everybody has figured that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:48'>out by now thank you the that led to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:57'>thinking of a computer in a completely different way this is a cardboard model</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:01'>I made in 1968 just since become known</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:05'>as the dynabook and we actually loaded</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:10'>this cardboard model up with a variety of lead pellets to try and find out how</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:15'>heavy it could be before people would always take it with them not find an</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:20'>excuse to leave it behind and turns out</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:24'>that the weight that we determined has not yet been reached by any computer company so this machine is still a bit</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:31'>in the future but it expresses a different kind of relationship with the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:35'>machine and something that wants to start much earlier in the life of a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:41'>human being and so one of the ways of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:47'>thinking of it is if we compare these three</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:53'>ways of looking at it we can say well where is the computer in the past it was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:58'>in the glasshouse today in personal computing it's on our desk and in the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:04'>future it's going to be with us all the time in California will weave it into</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:09'>our t-shirts Nicholas said 10 years ago</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:15'>that will know in the future appears when our cufflinks committed communicate</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:21'>with our watched by means of satellite</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:26'>it's when such hyperbole is not outrageous that you know a paradigm</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:31'>shift has actually happened and as an interesting analogy here to the history</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:37'>of publishing in 1400 AD there are three</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:41'>hundred ninety two books in the Vatican Library one of the largest libraries in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:46'>Europe and in 1452 or thereabouts--</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:51'>Gutenberg printed his first Bible and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:55'>that Bible the 42 line Bible was as big as the hand-written manuscripts that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:02'>have been so laboriously copied by monks during the Middle Ages and the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:07'>reason it was that big is that that was what books were if you look at pictures</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:14'>woodcuts or you visit the modern</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:18'>recreation of what a library was like then they didn't shelve the books most</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:23'>libraries back then had so few books that each book had its own reading table</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:28'>and the books were chained to it you look at this table table book with</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:34'>chains the thing that comes to mind inescapably is a time-sharing bullpen</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:40'>because these are institutionally owned items and Gutenberg didn't know what</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:47'>else to do but to make them that size and much more interesting revolution</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:53'>happened a few years later when Aldus now has a company named after him Aldus</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:59'>Manutius who was a Venetian publisher did two remarkable things first he was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:05'>one of the major driving forces behind publishing things other than</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:09'>Bibles and he isn't he and his sons over the next century published 40,000</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:15'>different books most of them from gathering up Greek and Roman writings</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:21'>spreading them all over Europe he did one other thing that will forever endear</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:25'>himself to me he decided that book should be this big and he decided they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:31'>should be this big because that was the size that saddle bags were in Venice in the 1490s in other words Aldus realized</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:39'>something very important and that is the books could now be lost and because they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:46'>could now be lost they could now be taken with they now could go out and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:51'>become a mass medium now again we're in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:55'>this interesting stage because we're not in a place where r we're willing to have our computers be lost watches their $10</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:04'>swatch watches or something like that willing to have them be lost maybe a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:09'>pocket calculator it's not a tragedy if it gets lost paper and pencil it's not a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:13'>tragedy but still with our multi-thousand dollar computers sitting</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:19'>on our desks we're actually still in the Gutenberg era and the interesting thing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:24'>about history is that nothing that happened between Gutenberg and Aldus</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:28'>counted none of those behavior patterns</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:32'>had anything to do with what happened in the post Aldus area as we went into the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:36'>16th century so drawing curves as a way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:40'>of predicting the computer doesn't work very well when you're in these interesting transition periods well</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:45'>another way of looking at these three</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:50'>paradigms is to ask what kinds of information do we use letter and numbers</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:55'>with institutional computing fonts and graphics on modern personal computing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:01'>and as Nicholas likes the show with his imploding his teething rings for the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:07'>media lab as he likes to call them that it's going to be all media coming together because the computer is a meta</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:12'>media its content is all media all</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:16'>intermediaries that one is pretty much of a no-brainer but it's amazing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:20'>how long it has taken for that to even that simple idea to sink in how do we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:26'>print impact printing big laser printing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:30'>personal laser printers with personal computing and no printing as we move on</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:37'>into the next ten years because the information is going to be too</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:41'>interesting to destroy by printing it out right now is an index of how paltry</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:48'>our use of the computer is that we can actually print it out and feel good about it we actually haven't heard</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:54'>anything because our information for the most part is not in dimensionally</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:59'>intertwined it's not in the form of a dynamic simulation it's not any of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:04'>things that the computer is really about</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:08'>field of interaction feels like line editing on institutional computing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:15'>layout on computers like the Macintosh</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:19'>moving things around but in the new</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:28'>paradigm it's going to feel more like conducting because we're going to move from passive information to active</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:34'>information we're going to move from objects to ages and so it's going to be</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:38'>a little bit more like summoning forth lots of assistance at different times</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:43'>and checking out what their goals are and our they're checking out what our</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:48'>goals are and and so forth so each one of these is a completely different way of thinking about it and one of the ways</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:54'>of thinking about the differentiation between the institutional and the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:00'>personal here is that even when graphical interfaces were done in the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:04'>60s for the most part all interfaces were thought of their main task was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:09'>accessed to function so this notion that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:13'>inside the computer is sort of something like a big nuclear reactor or a power station there's all that function and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:19'>what we need to have is a way of getting to each of these pieces of function will</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:23'>map them into control keys and and double control meta y keys and that way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:29'>of thinking about things and the revolution that made the second</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:35'>paradigm the personal computer paradigm is going from that stance to realizing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:40'>that the main job of the user interface is to make the user aware of what the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:44'>possibilities are in other words the user interface now goes from being</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:49'>control of function to a learning environment and of course I should</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:56'>mention that the the main job of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:00'>intimate computer user interface is to do a lot of learning itself so we go</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:05'>from no learning or learning of the most back-breaking kind to making it easier</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:12'>for the user to learn and then finally we want the system to learn how do we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:17'>give commands we have to remember everything and type C in point where we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:23'>are now and in the future is going to be asked and gesture because the computer</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:28'>is going to be watching us not us just watching it what kind of languages do we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:33'>program it in weekly modular data</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:37'>structured procedures cobol one of the surest predictions that we can make</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:42'>about the future is that 10 years from now there will still be a lot of COBOL programmers this personal computing way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:54'>of doing things is pretty much object-oriented after right far fewer</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:59'>lines of code and there's a new kind of programming that people are starting to do called agent oriented programming and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:07'>one way of thinking about all of these paradigms is to compare them with</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:11'>architecture of taking a civilization like the Greeks whose main way of making</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:18'>big buildings was post and lintel pilot block box like that and you get</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:24'>buildings about this size and if you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:28'>want to make a building a lot bigger and let in more light this architecture doesn't work you have to change to a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:33'>different kind of architecture like the gothic arch and if you do that you can make</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:38'>buildings much larger with about the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:43'>same amount of material and when they say just about somebody he doesn't have</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:49'>enough bricks to make a wall that might not be a slam because you might have</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:57'>enough bricks to make an arch he's got enough bricks to make an arch she's a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:01'>lot better off than people who only have enough bricks to make walls and of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:06'>course the big change in the last several hundred years is going from structures that just push against each</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:11'>other to this notion of the higher</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:15'>strength of materials under tension if you get materials that you can tense as</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:20'>well as compressed you can make structures like geodesic domes that will</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:25'>fit over all of the cathedrals that have ever been made in the world and these are completely separate ways of thinking</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:31'>about things and one of the answers to the question that's the title of my</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:35'>lecture is what is the next computer</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:39'>revolution going to be like well it's going to be technologically it's going to be like what I just told you that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:44'>we're going to intimate machines they'll always be networked there will be</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:49'>information utilities the systems will</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:53'>learn and so forth now for many people this is big news but in fact if you go</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:58'>back in the history of computer science you find people like Marvin Minsky and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:03'>John McCarthy writing papers in the late 50s and early 60s about this this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:09'>happens to be not just the fifth anniversary of the media lab but it's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:14'>also the 20th anniversary of Nicholas's book called the architecture machine</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:18'>which is all about this third way of looking at things now for my standpoint</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:24'>since I am not particularly enamored of technology this is a very incomplete</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:30'>answer and I would like to try and go to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:34'>a different way of thinking about things that involves people much more strongly</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:40'>and to do that we have to have some sense</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:45'>of how people's minds work this is for</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:49'>many years and in engineering is where the rubber met the sky because engineers</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:56'>tend to like controllable elements and people aren't all that controllable and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:01'>as a behavioral mechanism we are exasperating and so there's been a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:07'>tendency of actually trying to get people to be more like machines rather</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:11'>than the other way around and give you an example of why this is difficult to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:16'>deal with take a look at one of my favorite pictures here and what you see</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:24'>here let's pretend we're in school because actually we are in school we're in a university let me give you an</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:30'>English sentence about this picture what we've done with this picture is to take</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:35'>a picture of a young girl extracted her eyes and mouth turn them upside down and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:41'>put them back into the picture and then turn the entire picture upside down that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:46'>sound reasonable to everybody okay so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:50'>having said that you should be completely prepared than for what it looks like right side up I'm going to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:58'>turn this back because I've discovered nobody will listen to me when it's on the other way so this is one of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:09'>flaws of trying to give lectures in English because a nation is actually not</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:16'>convertible except outside of the human</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:22'>domain within the human domain we actually have different parts of our</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:26'>brain that respond the things in different ways and this is one of the reasons why McDonald's doesn't run print</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:31'>ads saying if you eat a McDonald's hamburger you'll become a better looking</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:35'>person because in English it's absurd so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:39'>instead what they do is to run an ad showing pictures of really good-looking people eating McDonald's hamburgers and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:44'>a different part of your mind takes that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:48'>information and makes a different kind of inference the kind of inference that the ad people want you in fact we have a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:54'>part of our mind that thinks things are more true if they rhyme so if I were to say to you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:00'>a big mac and fries will slender your thighs down more convincing the whole</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:10'>idea here is that as people started to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:15'>suspect about starting about a hundred years ago with Freud Piaget Brunner</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:21'>Minsky and Papert that what we don't have inside of our head is the oneness a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:29'>vast beautiful seamless fabric of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:33'>mentality but instead what we have is something much more like a patchwork quilt and in fact the patchwork quilt</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:38'>has little mechanisms that pop us from one part of the quilt to another</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:43'>whenever we get too close to one of the boundaries and it's you have to do things like this to show that there is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:48'>an actual patchwork quilt there so we have this idea of multiple mentalities</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:55'>and Piaget was one of the first to study</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:00'>the very different ways that children have of dealing with the world as they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:05'>move through stages of development early in a child's life an object is to grab</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:10'>it a hole is to dig it thinking is doing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:14'>in many ways later on the child is more</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:18'>visually centered child says there's more water in the tall glass when you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:23'>pour from the squat class the tall one because it looks that way and then</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:28'>finally it around 11 or 12 there's a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:32'>facts and logic stage where logical operations are carried out and the child</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:38'>can make deductions based on facts like there can't be more water because where</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:42'>would it go where would it come from so forth now of course at least this was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:48'>true in 11 and 12 year old Swiss French kids in America there's a lot of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:53'>evidence that American kids never get to this facts and logic stage</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:01'>now brunner in the 50s and 60s we did</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:07'>some of pjs experiments but he added some twists so he took the water pouring</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:11'>experiment and after the kids said there's more water in the tall glass</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:16'>runner put a cardboard so the kid couldn't see the tall glass anymore and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:20'>the kid would change his mind back say oh there can't be more and then Brenda</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:24'>would take whip Brenda would take the cardboard away and the kid would say oh</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:29'>but look there's more water Brenda would put the cardboard back and the kid would</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:33'>change his mind again so if you have any six-year-olds you'd like to torment and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:40'>what runner was in his way was getting</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:45'>closer to this idea of multiple mentalities as well that it isn't just a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:53'>metamorphosis like a caterpillar into a butterfly which is pretty much the way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:57'>Piaget thought of it but actually different modules being able to deal</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:02'>with it within different ways and a change in dominance to express the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:06'>piaget expression now there are many things that you can do with this suppose</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:11'>you wanted to design a user interface for a computer that was like a tool and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:16'>we have to think about what each of these mentalities actually does so an</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:21'>example the body-centered one is the one that knows where we are in space we can</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:25'>close our eyes and touch our nose when in touch our hands behind our back if</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:30'>you blind us we can still orient ourselves but if we aren't as</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:34'>unfortunate enough to suffer a brain lesion that takes part of a limb out of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:39'>our body map then even though it's physically attached to us it's like</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:43'>somebody else's so this orienting</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:47'>centering groundedness is something that the body mentality brings to us the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:53'>visually sent mentality is wonderfully</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:58'>adept at dealing with various kinds of tricks for instance if we were to put a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:02'>hundred images of animals on a wall you'd be able to find the elephant</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:07'>almost four times as fast as you could the word elephant if the images were</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:12'>replaced words now let me try and experiment this I realize that this is a very academic</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:17'>body here but let me ask how many people</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:21'>here watch television be honest okay how</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:26'>many people flip channels all right how</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:32'>many people have ever flipped a channel randomly into a movie they haven't seen</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:37'>for 18 years how long did it take you to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:41'>recognize that you'd seen that movie before how long yeah somewhere between a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:48'>half a second and a couple of seconds think about what that meant 18 years ago</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:53'>you saw a movie you didn't know you're</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:57'>going to be tested on it you randomly</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:03'>without any preparation pop into the middle of it and all of a sudden in 30</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:10'>frames or so of seeing that movie you suddenly recognize what it is think of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:15'>what that means in the context of your entire life most people can remember</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:19'>what's going to happen next if you stop the movie after they've recognized that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:23'>they know what the next scene is going to be so that is a mentality that begged</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:29'>to be exploited and what it says is that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:33'>we should always be able to present about a hundred things in the visual</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:37'>field because the user can be aware of them subliminally and if we present them</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:42'>in recognizable scenes the user can store hundreds thousands millions of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:47'>different scenes and remember that they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:51'>were there before then finally the symbolically centered mentality is much</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:55'>more interested in changing things so if</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:59'>its biggest problem is finding the right context because it is not a context</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:04'>chooser so if your visual mentality work</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:08'>the way your symbolic one the first thing you opened your eyes and saw in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:12'>the morning would be what you'd be staring at several hours later that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:16'>doesn't work so well so we have a grounding mentality we have a flitting</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:21'>around mentality that's aware of lots of things and we have one</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:25'>likes to make chains and somehow we should be able to put all of those things together here's one of the ways</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:31'>whoops sorry can you turn that off please that's the end of the slides we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:40'>want to be able to put these things together and if we do we'll find</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:44'>ourselves fitting much more closely to the way human mentalities work</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:06'>so this is a 22 month old little girl and she has never lived in a world not</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:13'>densely populated by Macintoshes her</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:18'>mother is my accountant both her mother and father work at home each of them has</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:22'>a mac this is back five years ago in 1985 and when I found out the little</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:27'>girl was interested in computers I gave</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:31'>her an apple to which she rejected she</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:39'>wanted what her folks had now I have to warn you hear that not to be impressed</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:44'>because this is not her first time on the machine she's been using the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:49'>computer for about six months so she's actually a fairly experienced user and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:56'>long time ago we designed this user interface for children but never any of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:03'>this young so it's really interesting to see a child used the machine that was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:08'>actually designed for them and so here</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:12'>she's using the visible menus of mac paint and I saw it I thought all right</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:18'>this is impressed i've i've never seen a child this young is this machine before but ok I it should work but then what</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:25'>happened next really amazed me she wants a fresh sheet of paper so she goes to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:30'>the closed box on the window she saves her old drawing with a pop-up and she</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:37'>goes to the pulldown to get a new one</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:48'>well that was pretty and that was a home movie made by her father and we did</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:54'>about another 10 hours of testing this child on various Macintosh applications</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:00'>and we discovered it across applications she was about seventy percent literate</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:06'>that is she could take a really complicated application like aldus pagemaker a desktop publishing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:10'>application started up make marks and it print the marks out save the marks away</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:16'>get the marks back about seventy percent of the things that Macintosh users</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:21'>expect from application to application she in her horizon already by age 22</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:30'>months okay so that answers one question</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:35'>about this notion a computer ously see</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:39'>one when we're talking about situations</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:43'>like literacy and illiteracy they don't really obtain when the object in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:48'>question is a professional that we don't</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:52'>have a term called health orosi and ill-health orosi because medicine is a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:58'>profession there wasn't a term called literacy and illiteracy back in the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:02'>Middle Ages when writing was a profession as soon as you spread it out to the public you start getting</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:07'>interested in these notions of can people access things made for them by</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:11'>others that's like reading but what about the more important thing can</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:15'>people make things that are like the things that other people make so here's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:20'>an example of something that we did about 15 years ago</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:33'>and this is the logo turtle with a different architecture and it's a little</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:41'>application like Mac draw object oriented illustration system designed</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:47'>and built by 12 year old so this is an</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:51'>end-user program not a program that you'd buy in a store for ninety-nine</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:55'>dollars from egghead software has lots of features you can change size and move</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:00'>things around because of the change in architecture of going from normal data</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:08'>structure and procedure programming to object-oriented programming the amount</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:12'>of code she had the right to do this application was only about a page long so this is not a large program and one</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:18'>of the things that you have to do when you're working with any kind of novice user is make sure the programs they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:23'>write are not terribly long well so that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:27'>was an attempt to get kids and users to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:31'>be both able to access and able to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:36'>generate the same kinds of things that we're going to run on their paradigm of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:40'>computing but now we have a new paradigm of computing it's going to involve</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:44'>agents and artificial intelligence so a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:48'>few years ago I got interested in the idea of trying to set up a design a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:56'>system that would allow children to do artificial intelligence kind of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:00'>programming in other words they would be making things now much less like robots</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:05'>and much more like the gray Walter turtle things that mimic life in a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:12'>number of different ways I like to show you a bit of that project this project</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:16'>is done in a rather large scale we have an entire school it has now 375 children</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:22'>12 teachers and we've been working there for about five years and one of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:28'>things that we found is that technology is not something that you can put in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:33'>like raisins and upon pudding there's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:37'>all this other stuff is the entire life of the child that you have to consider</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:41'>and the framework of the school we're lucky to find a terrific school</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:46'>to Los Angeles bussing school so it's a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:50'>public school and the children are all shapes sizes colors Creed's ethnic</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:56'>backgrounds bust in most of them for more than an hour to get to the school</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:00'>those of demographers paradise and we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:04'>found it very interesting to introduce ideas into the school in a gradual</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:09'>fashion I'd like to show you some of those</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:39'>so that the kids are all kinds of kids</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:44'>and one of the things they've done here is to tear up part of their asphalt</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:50'>playground and build a garden this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:54'>garden was actually designed by the children you'll see a little bit you'll get an idea of how children could design</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:59'>something like this in in just a minute</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:05'>and because we're studying animals as</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:09'>well as plants they have a pond that has</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:13'>all kinds of life forms and the children actually built this garden themselves</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:21'>now I'm not going to explain to you what's going on here see if you can</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:26'>imagine what it is now I'll tell you in a bit what are they doing with these</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:31'>balloons well what they were doing is designing a city and one of the reasons</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:37'>we do some of the design work with balloons is because urban renewal is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:42'>really easy the idea of to know the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:50'>world one was constructed because is strongly tied into designing a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:56'>programming environment for children because what we wanted to do is not so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:01'>much experience things that other people have set up to be more like experiencing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:07'>a television program or maybe an interactive video disc we want them to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:12'>actually make the simulations themselves because it's in making the simulations</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:17'>that the active design is most powerful</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:22'>now next few minutes I'm going to show you three large-scale projects that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:29'>we've been doing at the school one of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:33'>the things we tried to do here was to both challenge the kids and to go much</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:39'>deeper than they ordinarily are asked to go by the state educational board this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:47'>first one is a year-long project in city building and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:52'>the kids that participate in it our third and fourth graders so there are</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:56'>seven and eight and nine years old in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:00'>this project starts in September and runs through the entire year and this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:04'>will give you an idea of it I think this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:11'>is all almost all no no mrs. hansal tool</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:15'>I know but they still are everything explored of it everybody say I know but</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:20'>they're already something you should make something is already Salinas joris</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:26'>the penis is already something every single after everything this is only</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:31'>styrofoam nobody lady out of something I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:35'>know every as late as something accident</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:39'>from a balloon doesn't mean we don't have a design knowledge now to make</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:44'>buildings exactly like they would have to make it a hundred years we're making</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:48'>models ideas for what buildings could be</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:52'>like in a hundred years we don't have the materials we're going to happen 100 years I did red stripes right</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:50:37'>okay did you get that color name red red</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:03'>what do you belviq i'm doing a factory</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:35'>wait do it again and stay here and do</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:40'>the character park you'll be the building y'all be the building yes why</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:45'>on the prison and he's the building these the buildings okay welcome to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:59'>fantasy mall we have lots of stuff the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:52:20'>building collapsed he was trying to see the moon and there nothing collapsed my</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:52:27'>apartment building and on the top is a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:52:31'>swimming pool never got this is a cold day in rainier so you can have an indoor</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:52:36'>central and it's a hot you open it up and you can I here down here tomorrow</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:14'>he'll be our future city is opening as you can see i'll transfer k our monorail</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:20'>has just been strong</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:24'>and all the buildings are beginning to look like buildings all the buildings</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:30'>are being checked and painting now our</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:34'>he cannot pick up the site husband useful because of the monorail and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:39'>transportation we now have these things on our site everybody that wants bad air</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:47'>transportation land on your site must cabinet right Iggy foxes out</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:52'>Commissioner tova cats design this whole</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:57'>monorail see what household monorail and monorail station the Commissioner of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:03'>lands who doesn't exhaust you all for helping us with sidewalks these are my</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:09'>sidewalks my bold earthquake tested and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:17'>alarming teleporting man he puts ebook</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:22'>paper towel rolls on our site static patella to have it be a teleporting</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:27'>station their cities he's getting to look like a real City try getting to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:31'>look like Judy Landers on the monorail calvada getting to Los Angeles cuz of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:36'>the help crowd is starting today less</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:40'>crowded than it was when we were making our study models</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:46'>I level or I level 1 inch tall but will</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:58'>question building so that's a very okay</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:10'>as see more I'm sure will echo when when you actually go into a school and start</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:15'>working with the kids the first reaction is one of shock because the enormity of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:23'>the experience the amount of energy the amount of body learning that the kids</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:28'>need to do completely dominates all the things that you wanted to do with</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:32'>computers and the first thing you realize when you actually go into school</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:36'>and do this stuff for real is that you better worry about curriculum far</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:42'>outside the media that you're going to use because there's so many different</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:47'>dimensions and this is a project in which most of the things that are</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:51'>available on computers now are of almost no use the kids do a little bit of work</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:56'>with Macintoshes in doing this but 99%</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:01'>of it is this huge experience with doing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:05'>things with their hands and their bodies and crawling over the thing and so forth</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:09'>so one of the objectives in this project</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:13'>was to develop I don't want to say the word peach but develop every child as a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:18'>designer and it takes about three years</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:22'>to get a curriculum like this self-sustaining so people who put try to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:27'>put curriculum in a school and measure it after the first year are making a big</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:31'>mistake takes about three years to get something like this going and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:35'>self-sustaining now another thing we started about four years ago was to develop every child in the school as a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:40'>musician you may see some commonality</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:45'>between those two ideas because music is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:49'>another one of these things that has lots of things interacting with itself</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:53'>part of it is in the interest and what each individual thing is doing and part</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:57'>of the interest is and how they interact we want the kids to be able to think about their world in those terms and so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:03'>we did each year we put on a musical</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:08'>this year it was pirates of penzance and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:13'>this was the best one that we've ever ever had i have a few excerpts of it to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:18'>give you an idea the the oldest child in this is 11 the youngest child in it is 6</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:23'>was completely voluntary the pool of children we had to work with for this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:27'>was about 150 children 120 of those 150</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:31'>possible volunteered and appeared in the show they insisted i'm doing the entire</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:37'>Pirates of Penzance line for line we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:41'>started off with one that was broken down they constantly wanted more we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:45'>wanted to go back they insisted in singing in four-part harmony where it was called for this is a perfect example</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:50'>of something that the kids worked like dogs for four months on and put on a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:56'>fantastic show one of the best theatrical presentations I've ever been to hear some of excerpts</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:08'>fishing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:30'>what I know what is it I met along and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:34'>revelry but I can talk site I'm now the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:38'>run home from a shadowy one such affairs are sorties and surprises I more wary ax</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:45'>and when it opens Leslie what is meant</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:49'>by common their progress has been made</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:54'>it modern gunnery on the object another</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:59'>in a nunnery in short one of smattering</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:00:04'>of elemental strategy</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:00:41'>hey</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:01:16'>Oh</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:01:28'>I'm telling a Terry story but it doesn't</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:00'>although our darker rear sometimes involves the crime of stealing squealing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:13'>although my stripe we're always sorry to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:18'>me</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:34'>haha</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:53'>you may go Liberty our pirate rules protecting and kind of remembers our van</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:59'>we do unless you are you x is as useful</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:07'>things to be an orphan boy</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:13'>oh happy days</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:18'>oh happy day</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:32'>oh happy</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:37'>me I you haha</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:42'>bball</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:50'>so Joe Johnson said about thinking on</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:54'>its hind legs well but one is amazed to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:58'>see it done at all and the trick in doing these kinds of things with kids is to get beyond that stage the only way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:03'>you can do it is by having something like music being a part of the child's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:08'>life all the way through their experience this is the first year in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:12'>which we all the children in it had been part of this enrichment now that's the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:18'>second way of dealing with complexity let me show you the third way and this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:22'>is because the computer some good and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:27'>here are we studying animals and we try and get the children to program not</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:32'>robots but things that are much more biologically acceptable</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:56'>now you might wonder where are the computers in this classroom well one of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:01'>the problems with these computers is that they're bulky so we took every</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:05'>horizontal surfaces in the entire school out and replace them with tables that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:09'>have Macintoshes under them so there are hundreds of Macintoshes in the school</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:14'>but they're all underneath the surfaces so the teachers don't want to move them</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:19'>out of the classroom the teachers don't want to shove them around to the side they're just part of the normal working</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:24'>environment of the school and they're on all the time no computer classrooms no</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:28'>shoved against the wall</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:53'>guys these are some animations we did a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:57'>few years ago and HyperCard just as an idea of what things might look like</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:01'>eventually there's no intelligence behind these models hey guys i am going</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:08'>for a swim in the scene</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:25'>hey</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:33'>if you're asking for every player has agent needs food and the whale come up</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:38'>the way I also have some Asian food all right let me tell you why because when</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:45'>the agent looks in his world what we're</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:49'>seeing here is a they have seminars where they talk over different problem</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:54'>solving strategies the teacher this particular teacher happens to like to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:58'>solve problems and she likes to discuss them with the kids then the kids have to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:03'>go off and figure it out for themselves it doesn't look at himself it looks at</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:07'>the world beyond him so that's why it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:11'>only looks at those players who have food but it doesn't count himself but if</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:18'>he asked for every player in the universe it would include himself and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:25'>this is kind of important for you to think about because when he when they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:30'>have to start giving birth to eat to themselves so they won't die off they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:36'>have to be able to count everything in the universe why Dean Cain</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:45'>50 count how many there are like if</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:49'>there was only one left in was himself competative journalist and then he left</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:53'>bar and then he got true protein what's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:58'>my friend it was a whale who lived to know Jay just off the Pacific coast it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:08:03'>is the time of year when the whales migrate down to Mexico to me and to give</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:08:08'>birth to their babies who were conceived the year before I do that you don't want</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:08:20'>emotion thank you okay go to the top</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:08:45'>works with those two on and I move away</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:08:58'>now here's a more complicated one these these models use the Minsky and Papert</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:02'>Society of mind architecture applied in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:07'>a language for children that was developed in part here at the Media Lab by Mike Travers one of the graduate</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:14'>students here's a more complicated one the clownfish in the lower left is just</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:19'>going about its business feeding one of the things that they do is to find a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:23'>favorite see an enemy and acclimate to it that's what it's doing now they spend</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:28'>a little more time in the monks to poison of the enemy and gradually get</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:33'>immune to it so that they can use it as a place to hide when some predator comes</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:40'>a lot the shark right now is quite a distance away and it doesn't notice the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:45'>clownfish and the clownfish doesn't notice it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:53'>here's some more acclamation closer into the tentacles this time</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:09'>now this lucky clownfish is been doing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:13'>it often enough so it is actually acclimated to the anenih me so when the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:19'>shark sees it and starts pursuing its</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:28'>able to run back to the enemy and the shark can only get so close to the enemy</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:32'>report backs off but of course it wants</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:37'>to come back again</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:46'>so computers are media to think with as</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:50'>Seymour said so eloquently a long time ago in Nicholas's book 20 years ago he</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:56'>said he dedicated it to the first machine who can appreciate the gesture</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:02'>and I think he meant not the gesture like this but the gesture of having a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:06'>book dedicated to it he also said in the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:11'>preface of it that it was all beginnings in no end well I think that's the perfect definition of a research lab a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:16'>my answer to the question of what is the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:21'>next computer revolution it's the one in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:25'>which happens in the context of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:29'>whole person and in the whole person's world that it's not just something that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:33'>we apply in isolation to solve small problems but it's one that like media</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:37'>surrounds us as we've tried to do with the children thank you very much and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:42'>happy 5th birthday ok</subtitle>
<subtitle id='4308'>you </subtitle>

Alan Kay at MIT Media Lab 5th Anniversary Event (1990)

2017-12-31T05:26:01Z

MrSteve:

{{#evt:
service=youtubeIA
|id=6Ysu1mDxxbc
|alignment=left
|autoresize=true
}}

<subtitle id='00:00:00'> never know what Nicholas was going to say actually the turned out that the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:08'>bearnaise on the hot dog didn't sell well if I remember we're no longer on</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:13'>that board anniversaries get people to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:22'>think of other anniversaries there lots</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:26'>of them happening this year one of them is the 50th anniversary of Fantasia and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:33'>Fantasia I think for many of us in this audience and at MIT and elsewhere was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:40'>something we grew up on as a kind of a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:44'>dream of bringing our ideas to life and a lot of us saw the computer is a way of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:50'>more quickly with more depth more</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:54'>dimension more meaning to be able to project ideas that we had within within</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:00'>ourselves into this magic new medium and have them come to life just as the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:07'>disney people did with great art but much more laboriously many years ago I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:12'>think a good way to start this this lecture is to think 40 years ago not 50</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:19'>the 40 years ago was the when two very</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:26'>diverse very at opposite poles machines</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:31'>were introduced to the to the world and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:35'>one of them of course was the UNIVAC one the first commercial digital computer</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:42'>thing that a digital computer its people's minds it had whirling tape</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:47'>drives the first whirling tape drives and it predicted an election not long</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:53'>after that on television and so it became in the public's mind what a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:59'>computer was all about now in the other</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:05'>machine that was at the farthest pole of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:09'>thinking from the univac one also came about 19</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:13'>50 and I actually spent quite a bit with some assistance this summer trying to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:18'>find some film footage of it because I was sure that some must exist and after</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:24'>much scurrying around in England then looking at old newsreels and so forth we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:29'>finally found what i think is the earliest footage of this machine which I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:33'>think symbolizes the transition from the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:38'>UNIVAC 1 to what's going to happen over the next 10 years and i think i need the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:42'>the slides off because i'm going to show some video thank you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:59'>in a simple Ville on the outskirts of Bristol lives Dr. Grey Walter a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:04'>neurologist who makes robots as a hobby they are small and he doesn't dress them</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:09'>up to look like men he calls them tortoises and so cunningly have their</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:13'>insides being designed that they respond to the stimuli of light and touch in a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:18'>completely lifelike manner</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:38'>this model is named Elsie and she sees out of a photoelectric cell which</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:43'>rotates above her body when light strikes the cell driving and steering</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:48'>mechanism sends her hurrying towards it if she brushes against any object in her</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:52'>path contacts are operated that turn the steering away and so automatically she</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:58'>takes avoiding action</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:34'>Mrs. Walters pet his Elma, Elsie's brother in the darker vest he works in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:39'>exactly the same way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:49'>Dr. Walter says that his electronic toys work exactly as though they have a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:53'>simple two cell nervous system and that with more cells they will be able to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:58'>do many more tricks already Elsie has one up on Elmer when her batteries begin to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:03'>fail she automatically runs home to her kennel but charging up and in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:07'>consequence can live a much gayer life</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:17'>so I officially present this footage to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:21'>Nicholas Seymour Papert and Marvin Minsky for it means something to each</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:27'>one of this this is the original tortoise that inspired the logo turtle</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:33'>and it also inspired a lot of early work</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:37'>in artificial intelligence and what's interesting about the way the last 40</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:41'>years have transpired is that digital computers have taken over but in fact</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:46'>where things are going now are much more towards the kinds of control systems</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:53'>kinds of what you might call wet mentalities that device like the great</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:00'>Walter turtle has well the biggest</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:04'>problem with with computers is that they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:09'>were larger than than human scale and the mechanisms we have in our mind for</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:14'>dealing with things are larger than human scale are those of religions so of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:18'>course we had a priesthood and special</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:22'>time special rituals all of that stuff and a lot of what has happened in the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:27'>last 40 years has been to try and find ways to bring the machine into human</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:32'>scale without losing any of its promise</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:36'>what I'd like to do is give you a couple</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:40'>of ways that I think about this stuff and one of them is thinking in general</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:46'>terms about the way humans have extended themselves over the last several hundred</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:52'>thousand years and of course the first one that we think of is that we extend</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:56'>ourselves through tools levers screwdrivers wheels and so forth less</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:03'>often we think of language and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:07'>mathematics as tools but they also are ways of creating objects for things that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:15'>we want to deal with and we manipulate them and all of these tools allow us to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:21'>extend various of our senses and for a long time we thought of the computer as</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:26'>a kind of a tool and one of the ways that we've grappled with it is to try and make it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:30'>act more like the kinds of tools that were used to now less often thought of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:35'>extension is one that was identified many years ago by mumford who said for</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:42'>most of the history of human beings most of the machines that we've built have</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:47'>had other humans as moving parts he called these mega machines and societies</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:52'>groups an organization like this the media lab all of these are a consequence</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:57'>of our ability to take on other people's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:02'>goals our interest in taking on people's goals and our interest in getting people</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:06'>to take on our goals of course agents</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:10'>can take on a goal and can manipulate tools to carry out our wishes while</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:14'>we're doing things but more importantly an agent can deal with other agents and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:20'>I think of the the M word here for</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:24'>agents as being management so to me a tool is something that we look at and we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:29'>manipulate and an agent is something that looks at us and we manage the agent</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:35'>and of course the mainframes were neither and so the struggle was started</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:41'>in the 1950s in 1962 try and find a way of bringing this into some sort of human</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:46'>scale now I like to show you a couple of early efforts</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:04'>here's a picture that could have been taken in somebody's office here at MIT</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:08'>but actually it was taken in 1965 this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:15'>is Douglas Engelbart sitting at his</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:20'>first version of a what you might call not a personal computer but personal</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:25'>computing he has a mouse he has a black on white 19 inch screen and here's the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:32'>kind of media that he dealt back sat</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:44'>exactly branch on me and let me look just that low and I see it oh I can say</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:51'>I'd like to see one line only I can see</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:55'>but there's another thing I can do theres a route I said i have here</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:04'>so here I'm it i'll need a different pictures of you so here's what i do with</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:09'>a picture drawing capability here so slight and lamp if i start from work and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:13'>here's the route i seem to have to go to pick up all the materials and that's my</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:17'>plan for getting home tonight but if I want to I can say the library what am I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:22'>supposed to pick up there I can just point to that you know oh I see overdue</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:27'>books and all while there was a statement there with that name go back what if I once my supposed to pick up</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:32'>the drugstore hmm I see you interesting all right market can do things if I want</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:40'>to just say I'd like to interchange projects and can materials bingo and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:46'>they're all numbered right if I care to look interchanging them very quickly</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:50'>cans are going to get interchange with products they do it and all gets me</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:56'>numbered so that's a very tool based way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:01'>of thinking about things you're indicating things on the screen moving</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:05'>them around Engelbart was one of the of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:09'>a number of people in the 50s and 60s that realize that although you could</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:13'>drop a computer and break it just like you can drop a book into a fire and burn</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:19'>it that the contents of the computer or</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:23'>of the book can be a story or a description of things that can't exist</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:28'>physically in the world you can have a story in a book about a place that has an inverse cube law doesn't seem to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:33'>exist in in this world the computer can</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:37'>add more dimensions than this world has to a way of looking at data and so that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:41'>if you have a 15 dimensional space of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:46'>interesting things the computer can give you 16 dimensions and bring all of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:50'>interesting points together at one one place and that led to a number of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:55'>different ways of thinking about the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:00'>computer Engelbart's metaphor was the computer as a vehicle he thought of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:06'>big mainframes as being like railroads that were owned by institutions and the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:11'>institutions decided when you could use them and decided what you could use them</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:15'>for and Engelbart wanted to be Henry Ford he</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:19'>wanted everybody to have their own vehicle used to say phrases like we need</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:24'>to deal with thought vectors and concept space I don't think he knew what that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:28'>meant we certainly didn't but it sounded</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:32'>great and it gave rise to this notion that in order to bring the computer down</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:38'>into our world we have to have some way of interacting with it in a closer</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:44'>fashion and so the the urge was to bring the computer cycles closer to the user</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:50'>and that's what gave rise to machines like this and this is one that I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:54'>designed it's a picture of it on its own display back in the late 60s and it even</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:03'>had a user interface on it although back</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:07'>then there's a wonderful phrase about user interface user interfaces was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:12'>called it's when the flesh hits the steel and that phrase is very much about</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:20'>because there's really no notion of there being an intermediary between you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:25'>and the hardness of the machine and this this machine have multiple windows and a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:31'>number of other ideas on it but it was a little bit like trying to make an apple</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:36'>pie from random ingredients found in the kitchen you don't have any apples so you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:41'>decide to use bananas you don't have any flour so you grind up Cheerios and so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:47'>forth I randomly substituting for all of the ingredients in a typical pie you can</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:51'>make something but in this case this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:55'>turned out to be a bit of a mess only</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:59'>graduate students liked it sort of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:03'>kiss of death for any computer system</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:09'>reason of course as graduate students are going through a rite of passage when they're trying to prove how smart they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:14'>are and how many amazing things that they can remember and so they turn out</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:18'>to be pretty much the world's worst user interface design right I was a graduate</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:22'>student when I designed this so I'm speaking with authority now right about</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:28'>the same time that this was going on there is a whole different way of looking at interaction and one of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:35'>ways that I used to illustrate that is some film footage taken at rand</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:40'>corporation on a system that they made</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:44'>for Rand economists and other non computer types The Economist's of course</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:51'>are that group of people that if you lay them end to end they still won't be able</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:55'>to reach a conclusion and the Economist</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:00'>didn't even like to type they like to write things on legal pads and they said</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:06'>the RAM people can't you do something about that so here's an example of something that was adapted from some</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:13'>early work here at MIT by Marvin Minsky and war entitlement to do a system that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:20'>would interpret gestures as expressed on</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:24'>a data tablet so here's what that looks like</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:38'>first we erase a flow arrow then move</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:42'>the connector out of the way so that we may draw a box in its place the printing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:51'>in the box is being new commentary only in this case the box is slightly too</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:57'>large so we may change its size where modern day window control came from</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:01'>literally then dry flow from the connector to the box attached a decision</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:08'>element to the box and dry flow from it to scan we then erased the flow arrows</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:15'>attached to the process post new area and move the box to a new position this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:25'>allows us to draw a new box well that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:34'>was a tremendous change in the way we felt about using computers I had a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:42'>chance to use that for half an hour in 1968 and felt like I was thinking my</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:46'>hands right through the glass of the display and touching the information</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:51'>structures directly inside unlike Engelbart's system which I had called a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:55'>personal computer this to me was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:59'>intimate this is an intimate way of interacting and so for me and for a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:05'>bunch of other people in the 60s 1968</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:09'>was my year for thinking about the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:14'>possibility of there being three major ways of interacting with a computer of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:21'>three paradigms three frameworks for thinking about interaction and the thing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:27'>that clinched it for me was seeing going</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:32'>out and visiting Seymour's one of Seymour's first installations in a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:38'>school watching them use the logo turtle</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:42'>the descendant of the great Walter turtle, cause Seymour had this terrific idea that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:47'>wouldn't it be great to let kids actually build the kinds of mechanisms</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:51'>that would animate a turtle around and they would learn a lot about their world and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:56'>a lot about thinking about the world from from doing that and I've never</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:00'>recovered from that because once I saw that to me the computer was no longer a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:05'>vehicle in the nation at risk report the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:11'>recommendation is that every child in the US should have one semester of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:16'>computers in their senior year of high school that's their strong</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:22'>recommendation about computers and that's driver's ed that is treating the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:28'>computer like a vehicle it's not the cars aren't important it's that they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:32'>aren't central the central things to us are the media the intermediaries with</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:38'>how we work with the world and if you can get rid of that slide that'd be</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:42'>great I think everybody has figured that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:48'>out by now thank you the that led to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:57'>thinking of a computer in a completely different way this is a cardboard model</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:01'>I made in 1968 just since become known</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:05'>as the dynabook and we actually loaded</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:10'>this cardboard model up with a variety of lead pellets to try and find out how</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:15'>heavy it could be before people would always take it with them not find an</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:20'>excuse to leave it behind and turns out</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:24'>that the weight that we determined has not yet been reached by any computer company so this machine is still a bit</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:31'>in the future but it expresses a different kind of relationship with the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:35'>machine and something that wants to start much earlier in the life of a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:41'>human being and so one of the ways of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:47'>thinking of it is if we compare these three</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:53'>ways of looking at it we can say well where is the computer in the past it was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:58'>in the glasshouse today in personal computing it's on our desk and in the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:04'>future it's going to be with us all the time in California will weave it into</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:09'>our t-shirts Nicholas said 10 years ago</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:15'>that will know in the future appears when our cufflinks committed communicate</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:21'>with our watched by means of satellite</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:26'>it's when such hyperbole is not outrageous that you know a paradigm</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:31'>shift has actually happened and as an interesting analogy here to the history</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:37'>of publishing in 1400 AD there are three</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:41'>hundred ninety two books in the Vatican Library one of the largest libraries in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:46'>Europe and in 1452 or thereabouts--</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:51'>Gutenberg printed his first Bible and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:55'>that Bible the 42 line Bible was as big as the hand-written manuscripts that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:02'>have been so laboriously copied by monks during the Middle Ages and the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:07'>reason it was that big is that that was what books were if you look at pictures</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:14'>woodcuts or you visit the modern</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:18'>recreation of what a library was like then they didn't shelve the books most</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:23'>libraries back then had so few books that each book had its own reading table</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:28'>and the books were chained to it you look at this table table book with</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:34'>chains the thing that comes to mind inescapably is a time-sharing bullpen</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:40'>because these are institutionally owned items and Gutenberg didn't know what</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:47'>else to do but to make them that size and much more interesting revolution</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:53'>happened a few years later when Aldus now has a company named after him Aldus</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:59'>Manutius who was a Venetian publisher did two remarkable things first he was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:05'>one of the major driving forces behind publishing things other than</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:09'>Bibles and he isn't he and his sons over the next century published 40,000</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:15'>different books most of them from gathering up Greek and Roman writings</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:21'>spreading them all over Europe he did one other thing that will forever endear</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:25'>himself to me he decided that book should be this big and he decided they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:31'>should be this big because that was the size that saddle bags were in Venice in the 1490s in other words Aldus realized</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:39'>something very important and that is the books could now be lost and because they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:46'>could now be lost they could now be taken with they now could go out and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:51'>become a mass medium now again we're in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:55'>this interesting stage because we're not in a place where r we're willing to have our computers be lost watches their $10</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:04'>swatch watches or something like that willing to have them be lost maybe a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:09'>pocket calculator it's not a tragedy if it gets lost paper and pencil it's not a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:13'>tragedy but still with our multi-thousand dollar computers sitting</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:19'>on our desks we're actually still in the Gutenberg era and the interesting thing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:24'>about history is that nothing that happened between Gutenberg and Aldus</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:28'>counted none of those behavior patterns</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:32'>had anything to do with what happened in the post Aldus area as we went into the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:36'>16th century so drawing curves as a way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:40'>of predicting the puter doesn't work very well when you're in these interesting transition periods well</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:45'>another way of looking at these three</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:50'>paradigms is to ask what kinds of information do we use letter and numbers</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:55'>with institutional computing fonts and graphics on modern personal computing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:01'>and as Nicholas likes the show with his imploding his teething rings for the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:07'>media lab as he likes to call them that it's going to be all media coming together because the computer is a meta</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:12'>media its content is all media all</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:16'>intermediaries that one is pretty much of a no-brainer but it's amazing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:20'>how long it has taken for that to even that simple idea to sink in how do we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:26'>print impact printing big laser printing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:30'>personal laser printers with personal computing and no printing as we move on</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:37'>into the next ten years because the information is going to be too</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:41'>interesting to destroy by printing it out right now is an index of how paltry</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:48'>our use of the computer is that we can actually print it out and feel good about it we actually haven't heard</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:54'>anything because our information for the most part is not in dimensionally</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:59'>intertwined it's not in the form of a dynamic simulation it's not any of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:04'>things that the computer is really about</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:08'>field of interaction feels like line editing on institutional computing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:15'>layout on computers like the Macintosh</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:19'>moving things around but in the new</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:28'>paradigm it's going to feel more like conducting because we're going to move from passive information to active</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:34'>information we're going to move from objects to ages and so it's going to be</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:38'>a little bit more like summoning forth lots of assistance at different times</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:43'>and checking out what their goals are and our they're checking out what our</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:48'>goals are and and so forth so each one of these is a completely different way of thinking about it and one of the ways</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:54'>of thinking about the differentiation between the institutional and the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:00'>personal here is that even when graphical interfaces were done in the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:04'>60s for the most part all interfaces were thought of their main task was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:09'>accessed to function so this notion that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:13'>inside the computer is sort of something like a big nuclear reactor or a power station there's all that function and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:19'>what we need to have is a way of getting to each of these pieces of function will</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:23'>map them into control keys and and double control meta y keys and that way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:29'>of thinking about things and the revolution that made the second</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:35'>paradigm the personal computer paradigm is going from that stance to realizing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:40'>that the main job of the user interface is to make the user aware of what the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:44'>possibilities are in other words the user interface now goes from being</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:49'>control of function to a learning environment and of course I should</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:56'>mention that the the main job of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:00'>intimate computer user interface is to do a lot of learning itself so we go</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:05'>from no learning or learning of the most back-breaking kind to making it easier</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:12'>for the user to learn and then finally we want the system to learn how do we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:17'>give commands we have to remember everything and type C in point where we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:23'>are now and in the future is going to be asked and gesture because the computer</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:28'>is going to be watching us not us just watching it what kind of languages do we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:33'>program it in weekly modular data</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:37'>structured procedures cobol one of the surest predictions that we can make</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:42'>about the future is that 10 years from now there will still be a lot of COBOL programmers this personal computing way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:54'>of doing things is pretty much object-oriented after right far fewer</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:59'>lines of code and there's a new kind of programming that people are starting to do called agent oriented programming and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:07'>one way of thinking about all of these paradigms is to compare them with</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:11'>architecture of taking a civilization like the Greeks whose main way of making</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:18'>big buildings was post and lintel pilot block box like that and you get</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:24'>buildings about this size and if you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:28'>want to make a building a lot bigger and let in more light this architecture doesn't work you have to change to a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:33'>different kind of architecture like the gothic arch and if you do that you can make</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:38'>buildings much larger with about the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:43'>same amount of material and when they say just about somebody he doesn't have</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:49'>enough bricks to make a wall that might not be a slam because you might have</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:57'>enough bricks to make an arch he's got enough bricks to make an arch she's a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:01'>lot better off than people who only have enough bricks to make walls and of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:06'>course the big change in the last several hundred years is going from structures that just push against each</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:11'>other to this notion of the higher</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:15'>strength of materials under tension if you get materials that you can tense as</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:20'>well as compressed you can make structures like geodesic domes that will</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:25'>fit over all of the cathedrals that have ever been made in the world and these are completely separate ways of thinking</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:31'>about things and one of the answers to the question that's the title of my</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:35'>lecture is what is the next computer</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:39'>revolution going to be like well it's going to be technologically it's going to be like what I just told you that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:44'>we're going to intimate machines they'll always be networked there will be</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:49'>information utilities the systems will</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:53'>learn and so forth now for many people this is big news but in fact if you go</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:58'>back in the history of computer science you find people like Marvin Minsky and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:03'>John McCarthy writing papers in the late 50s and early 60s about this this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:09'>happens to be not just the fifth anniversary of the media lab but it's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:14'>also the 20th anniversary of Nicholas's book called the architecture machine</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:18'>which is all about this third way of looking at things now for my standpoint</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:24'>since I am not particularly enamored of technology this is a very incomplete</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:30'>answer and I would like to try and go to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:34'>a different way of thinking about things that involves people much more strongly</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:40'>and to do that we have to have some sense</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:45'>of how people's minds work this is for</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:49'>many years and in engineering is where the rubber met the sky because engineers</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:56'>tend to like controllable elements and people aren't all that controllable and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:01'>as a behavioral mechanism we are exasperating and so there's been a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:07'>tendency of actually trying to get people to be more like machines rather</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:11'>than the other way around and give you an example of why this is difficult to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:16'>deal with take a look at one of my favorite pictures here and what you see</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:24'>here let's pretend we're in school because actually we are in school we're in a university let me give you an</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:30'>English sentence about this picture what we've done with this picture is to take</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:35'>a picture of a young girl extracted her eyes and mouth turn them upside down and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:41'>put them back into the picture and then turn the entire picture upside down that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:46'>sound reasonable to everybody okay so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:50'>having said that you should be completely prepared than for what it looks like right side up I'm going to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:58'>turn this back because I've discovered nobody will listen to me when it's on the other way so this is one of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:09'>flaws of trying to give lectures in English because a nation is actually not</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:16'>convertible except outside of the human</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:22'>domain within the human domain we actually have different parts of our</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:26'>brain that respond the things in different ways and this is one of the reasons why McDonald's doesn't run print</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:31'>ads saying if you eat a McDonald's hamburger you'll become a better looking</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:35'>person because in English it's absurd so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:39'>instead what they do is to run an ad showing pictures of really good-looking people eating McDonald's hamburgers and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:44'>a different part of your mind takes that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:48'>information and makes a different kind of inference the kind of inference that the ad people want you in fact we have a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:54'>part of our mind that thinks things are more true if they rhyme so if I were to say to you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:00'>a big mac and fries will slender your thighs down more convincing the whole</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:10'>idea here is that as people started to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:15'>suspect about starting about a hundred years ago with Freud Piaget Brunner</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:21'>Minsky and Papert that what we don't have inside of our head is the oneness a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:29'>vast beautiful seamless fabric of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:33'>mentality but instead what we have is something much more like a patchwork quilt and in fact the patchwork quilt</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:38'>has little mechanisms that pop us from one part of the quilt to another</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:43'>whenever we get too close to one of the boundaries and it's you have to do things like this to show that there is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:48'>an actual patchwork quilt there so we have this idea of multiple mentalities</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:55'>and Piaget was one of the first to study</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:00'>the very different ways that children have of dealing with the world as they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:05'>move through stages of development early in a child's life an object is to grab</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:10'>it a hole is to dig it thinking is doing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:14'>in many ways later on the child is more</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:18'>visually centered child says there's more water in the tall glass when you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:23'>pour from the squat class the tall one because it looks that way and then</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:28'>finally it around 11 or 12 there's a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:32'>facts and logic stage where logical operations are carried out and the child</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:38'>can make deductions based on facts like there can't be more water because where</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:42'>would it go where would it come from so forth now of course at least this was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:48'>true in 11 and 12 year old Swiss French kids in America there's a lot of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:53'>evidence that American kids never get to this facts and logic stage</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:01'>now brunner in the 50s and 60s we did</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:07'>some of pjs experiments but he added some twists so he took the water pouring</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:11'>experiment and after the kids said there's more water in the tall glass</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:16'>runner put a cardboard so the kid couldn't see the tall glass anymore and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:20'>the kid would change his mind back say oh there can't be more and then Brenda</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:24'>would take whip Brenda would take the cardboard away and the kid would say oh</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:29'>but look there's more water Brenda would put the cardboard back and the kid would</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:33'>change his mind again so if you have any six-year-olds you'd like to torment and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:40'>what runner was in his way was getting</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:45'>closer to this idea of multiple mentalities as well that it isn't just a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:53'>metamorphosis like a caterpillar into a butterfly which is pretty much the way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:57'>Piaget thought of it but actually different modules being able to deal</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:02'>with it within different ways and a change in dominance to express the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:06'>piaget expression now there are many things that you can do with this suppose</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:11'>you wanted to design a user interface for a computer that was like a tool and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:16'>we have to think about what each of these mentalities actually does so an</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:21'>example the body-centered one is the one that knows where we are in space we can</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:25'>close our eyes and touch our nose when in touch our hands behind our back if</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:30'>you blind us we can still orient ourselves but if we aren't as</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:34'>unfortunate enough to suffer a brain lesion that takes part of a limb out of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:39'>our body map then even though it's physically attached to us it's like</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:43'>somebody else's so this orienting</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:47'>centering groundedness is something that the body mentality brings to us the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:53'>visually sent mentality is wonderfully</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:58'>adept at dealing with various kinds of tricks for instance if we were to put a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:02'>hundred images of animals on a wall you'd be able to find the elephant</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:07'>almost four times as fast as you could the word elephant if the images were</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:12'>replaced words now let me try and experiment this I realize that this is a very academic</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:17'>body here but let me ask how many people</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:21'>here watch television be honest okay how</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:26'>many people flip channels all right how</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:32'>many people have ever flipped a channel randomly into a movie they haven't seen</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:37'>for 18 years how long did it take you to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:41'>recognize that you'd seen that movie before how long yeah somewhere between a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:48'>half a second and a couple of seconds think about what that meant 18 years ago</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:53'>you saw a movie you didn't know you're</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:57'>going to be tested on it you randomly</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:03'>without any preparation pop into the middle of it and all of a sudden in 30</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:10'>frames or so of seeing that movie you suddenly recognize what it is think of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:15'>what that means in the context of your entire life most people can remember</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:19'>what's going to happen next if you stop the movie after they've recognized that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:23'>they know what the next scene is going to be so that is a mentality that begged</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:29'>to be exploited and what it says is that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:33'>we should always be able to present about a hundred things in the visual</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:37'>field because the user can be aware of them subliminally and if we present them</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:42'>in recognizable scenes the user can store hundreds thousands millions of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:47'>different scenes and remember that they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:51'>were there before then finally the symbolically centered mentality is much</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:55'>more interested in changing things so if</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:59'>its biggest problem is finding the right context because it is not a context</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:04'>chooser so if your visual mentality work</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:08'>the way your symbolic one the first thing you opened your eyes and saw in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:12'>the morning would be what you'd be staring at several hours later that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:16'>doesn't work so well so we have a grounding mentality we have a flitting</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:21'>around mentality that's aware of lots of things and we have one</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:25'>likes to make chains and somehow we should be able to put all of those things together here's one of the ways</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:31'>whoops sorry can you turn that off please that's the end of the slides we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:40'>want to be able to put these things together and if we do we'll find</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:44'>ourselves fitting much more closely to the way human mentalities work</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:06'>so this is a 22 month old little girl and she has never lived in a world not</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:13'>densely populated by Macintoshes her</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:18'>mother is my accountant both her mother and father work at home each of them has</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:22'>a mac this is back five years ago in 1985 and when I found out the little</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:27'>girl was interested in computers I gave</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:31'>her an apple to which she rejected she</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:39'>wanted what her folks had now I have to warn you hear that not to be impressed</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:44'>because this is not her first time on the machine she's been using the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:49'>computer for about six months so she's actually a fairly experienced user and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:56'>long time ago we designed this user interface for children but never any of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:03'>this young so it's really interesting to see a child used the machine that was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:08'>actually designed for them and so here</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:12'>she's using the visible menus of mac paint and I saw it I thought all right</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:18'>this is impressed i've i've never seen a child this young is this machine before but ok I it should work but then what</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:25'>happened next really amazed me she wants a fresh sheet of paper so she goes to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:30'>the closed box on the window she saves her old drawing with a pop-up and she</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:37'>goes to the pulldown to get a new one</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:48'>well that was pretty and that was a home movie made by her father and we did</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:54'>about another 10 hours of testing this child on various Macintosh applications</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:00'>and we discovered it across applications she was about seventy percent literate</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:06'>that is she could take a really complicated application like aldus pagemaker a desktop publishing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:10'>application started up make marks and it print the marks out save the marks away</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:16'>get the marks back about seventy percent of the things that Macintosh users</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:21'>expect from application to application she in her horizon already by age 22</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:30'>months okay so that answers one question</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:35'>about this notion a computer ously see</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:39'>one when we're talking about situations</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:43'>like literacy and illiteracy they don't really obtain when the object in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:48'>question is a professional that we don't</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:52'>have a term called health orosi and ill-health orosi because medicine is a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:58'>profession there wasn't a term called literacy and illiteracy back in the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:02'>Middle Ages when writing was a profession as soon as you spread it out to the public you start getting</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:07'>interested in these notions of can people access things made for them by</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:11'>others that's like reading but what about the more important thing can</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:15'>people make things that are like the things that other people make so here's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:20'>an example of something that we did about 15 years ago</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:33'>and this is the logo turtle with a different architecture and it's a little</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:41'>application like Mac draw object oriented illustration system designed</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:47'>and built by 12 year old so this is an</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:51'>end-user program not a program that you'd buy in a store for ninety-nine</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:55'>dollars from egghead software has lots of features you can change size and move</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:00'>things around because of the change in architecture of going from normal data</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:08'>structure and procedure programming to object-oriented programming the amount</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:12'>of code she had the right to do this application was only about a page long so this is not a large program and one</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:18'>of the things that you have to do when you're working with any kind of novice user is make sure the programs they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:23'>write are not terribly long well so that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:27'>was an attempt to get kids and users to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:31'>be both able to access and able to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:36'>generate the same kinds of things that we're going to run on their paradigm of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:40'>computing but now we have a new paradigm of computing it's going to involve</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:44'>agents and artificial intelligence so a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:48'>few years ago I got interested in the idea of trying to set up a design a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:56'>system that would allow children to do artificial intelligence kind of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:00'>programming in other words they would be making things now much less like robots</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:05'>and much more like the gray Walter turtle things that mimic life in a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:12'>number of different ways I like to show you a bit of that project this project</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:16'>is done in a rather large scale we have an entire school it has now 375 children</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:22'>12 teachers and we've been working there for about five years and one of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:28'>things that we found is that technology is not something that you can put in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:33'>like raisins and upon pudding there's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:37'>all this other stuff is the entire life of the child that you have to consider</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:41'>and the framework of the school we're lucky to find a terrific school</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:46'>to Los Angeles bussing school so it's a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:50'>public school and the children are all shapes sizes colors Creed's ethnic</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:56'>backgrounds bust in most of them for more than an hour to get to the school</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:00'>those of demographers paradise and we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:04'>found it very interesting to introduce ideas into the school in a gradual</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:09'>fashion I'd like to show you some of those</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:39'>so that the kids are all kinds of kids</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:44'>and one of the things they've done here is to tear up part of their asphalt</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:50'>playground and build a garden this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:54'>garden was actually designed by the children you'll see a little bit you'll get an idea of how children could design</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:59'>something like this in in just a minute</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:05'>and because we're studying animals as</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:09'>well as plants they have a pond that has</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:13'>all kinds of life forms and the children actually built this garden themselves</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:21'>now I'm not going to explain to you what's going on here see if you can</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:26'>imagine what it is now I'll tell you in a bit what are they doing with these</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:31'>balloons well what they were doing is designing a city and one of the reasons</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:37'>we do some of the design work with balloons is because urban renewal is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:42'>really easy the idea of to know the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:50'>world one was constructed because is strongly tied into designing a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:56'>programming environment for children because what we wanted to do is not so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:01'>much experience things that other people have set up to be more like experiencing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:07'>a television program or maybe an interactive video disc we want them to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:12'>actually make the simulations themselves because it's in making the simulations</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:17'>that the active design is most powerful</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:22'>now next few minutes I'm going to show you three large-scale projects that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:29'>we've been doing at the school one of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:33'>the things we tried to do here was to both challenge the kids and to go much</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:39'>deeper than they ordinarily are asked to go by the state educational board this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:47'>first one is a year-long project in city building and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:52'>the kids that participate in it our third and fourth graders so there are</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:56'>seven and eight and nine years old in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:00'>this project starts in September and runs through the entire year and this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:04'>will give you an idea of it I think this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:11'>is all almost all no no mrs. hansal tool</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:15'>I know but they still are everything explored of it everybody say I know but</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:20'>they're already something you should make something is already Salinas joris</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:26'>the penis is already something every single after everything this is only</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:31'>styrofoam nobody lady out of something I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:35'>know every as late as something accident</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:39'>from a balloon doesn't mean we don't have a design knowledge now to make</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:44'>buildings exactly like they would have to make it a hundred years we're making</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:48'>models ideas for what buildings could be</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:52'>like in a hundred years we don't have the materials we're going to happen 100 years I did red stripes right</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:50:37'>okay did you get that color name red red</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:03'>what do you belviq i'm doing a factory</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:35'>wait do it again and stay here and do</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:40'>the character park you'll be the building y'all be the building yes why</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:45'>on the prison and he's the building these the buildings okay welcome to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:59'>fantasy mall we have lots of stuff the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:52:20'>building collapsed he was trying to see the moon and there nothing collapsed my</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:52:27'>apartment building and on the top is a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:52:31'>swimming pool never got this is a cold day in rainier so you can have an indoor</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:52:36'>central and it's a hot you open it up and you can I here down here tomorrow</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:14'>he'll be our future city is opening as you can see i'll transfer k our monorail</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:20'>has just been strong</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:24'>and all the buildings are beginning to look like buildings all the buildings</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:30'>are being checked and painting now our</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:34'>he cannot pick up the site husband useful because of the monorail and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:39'>transportation we now have these things on our site everybody that wants bad air</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:47'>transportation land on your site must cabinet right Iggy foxes out</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:52'>Commissioner tova cats design this whole</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:57'>monorail see what household monorail and monorail station the Commissioner of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:03'>lands who doesn't exhaust you all for helping us with sidewalks these are my</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:09'>sidewalks my bold earthquake tested and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:17'>alarming teleporting man he puts ebook</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:22'>paper towel rolls on our site static patella to have it be a teleporting</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:27'>station their cities he's getting to look like a real City try getting to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:31'>look like Judy Landers on the monorail calvada getting to Los Angeles cuz of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:36'>the help crowd is starting today less</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:40'>crowded than it was when we were making our study models</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:46'>I level or I level 1 inch tall but will</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:58'>question building so that's a very okay</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:10'>as see more I'm sure will echo when when you actually go into a school and start</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:15'>working with the kids the first reaction is one of shock because the enormity of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:23'>the experience the amount of energy the amount of body learning that the kids</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:28'>need to do completely dominates all the things that you wanted to do with</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:32'>computers and the first thing you realize when you actually go into school</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:36'>and do this stuff for real is that you better worry about curriculum far</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:42'>outside the media that you're going to use because there's so many different</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:47'>dimensions and this is a project in which most of the things that are</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:51'>available on computers now are of almost no use the kids do a little bit of work</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:56'>with Macintoshes in doing this but 99%</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:01'>of it is this huge experience with doing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:05'>things with their hands and their bodies and crawling over the thing and so forth</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:09'>so one of the objectives in this project</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:13'>was to develop I don't want to say the word peach but develop every child as a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:18'>designer and it takes about three years</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:22'>to get a curriculum like this self-sustaining so people who put try to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:27'>put curriculum in a school and measure it after the first year are making a big</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:31'>mistake takes about three years to get something like this going and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:35'>self-sustaining now another thing we started about four years ago was to develop every child in the school as a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:40'>musician you may see some commonality</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:45'>between those two ideas because music is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:49'>another one of these things that has lots of things interacting with itself</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:53'>part of it is in the interest and what each individual thing is doing and part</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:57'>of the interest is and how they interact we want the kids to be able to think about their world in those terms and so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:03'>we did each year we put on a musical</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:08'>this year it was pirates of penzance and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:13'>this was the best one that we've ever ever had i have a few excerpts of it to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:18'>give you an idea the the oldest child in this is 11 the youngest child in it is 6</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:23'>was completely voluntary the pool of children we had to work with for this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:27'>was about 150 children 120 of those 150</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:31'>possible volunteered and appeared in the show they insisted i'm doing the entire</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:37'>Pirates of Penzance line for line we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:41'>started off with one that was broken down they constantly wanted more we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:45'>wanted to go back they insisted in singing in four-part harmony where it was called for this is a perfect example</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:50'>of something that the kids worked like dogs for four months on and put on a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:56'>fantastic show one of the best theatrical presentations I've ever been to hear some of excerpts</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:08'>fishing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:30'>what I know what is it I met along and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:34'>revelry but I can talk site I'm now the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:38'>run home from a shadowy one such affairs are sorties and surprises I more wary ax</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:45'>and when it opens Leslie what is meant</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:49'>by common their progress has been made</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:54'>it modern gunnery on the object another</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:59'>in a nunnery in short one of smattering</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:00:04'>of elemental strategy</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:00:41'>hey</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:01:16'>Oh</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:01:28'>I'm telling a Terry story but it doesn't</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:00'>although our darker rear sometimes involves the crime of stealing squealing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:13'>although my stripe we're always sorry to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:18'>me</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:34'>haha</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:53'>you may go Liberty our pirate rules protecting and kind of remembers our van</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:59'>we do unless you are you x is as useful</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:07'>things to be an orphan boy</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:13'>oh happy days</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:18'>oh happy day</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:32'>oh happy</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:37'>me I you haha</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:42'>bball</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:50'>so Joe Johnson said about thinking on</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:54'>its hind legs well but one is amazed to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:58'>see it done at all and the trick in doing these kinds of things with kids is to get beyond that stage the only way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:03'>you can do it is by having something like music being a part of the child's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:08'>life all the way through their experience this is the first year in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:12'>which we all the children in it had been part of this enrichment now that's the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:18'>second way of dealing with complexity let me show you the third way and this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:22'>is because the computer some good and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:27'>here are we studying animals and we try and get the children to program not</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:32'>robots but things that are much more biologically acceptable</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:56'>now you might wonder where are the computers in this classroom well one of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:01'>the problems with these computers is that they're bulky so we took every</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:05'>horizontal surfaces in the entire school out and replace them with tables that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:09'>have Macintoshes under them so there are hundreds of Macintoshes in the school</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:14'>but they're all underneath the surfaces so the teachers don't want to move them</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:19'>out of the classroom the teachers don't want to shove them around to the side they're just part of the normal working</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:24'>environment of the school and they're on all the time no computer classrooms no</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:28'>shoved against the wall</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:53'>guys these are some animations we did a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:57'>few years ago and HyperCard just as an idea of what things might look like</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:01'>eventually there's no intelligence behind these models hey guys i am going</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:08'>for a swim in the scene</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:25'>hey</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:33'>if you're asking for every player has agent needs food and the whale come up</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:38'>the way I also have some Asian food all right let me tell you why because when</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:45'>the agent looks in his world what we're</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:49'>seeing here is a they have seminars where they talk over different problem</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:54'>solving strategies the teacher this particular teacher happens to like to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:58'>solve problems and she likes to discuss them with the kids then the kids have to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:03'>go off and figure it out for themselves it doesn't look at himself it looks at</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:07'>the world beyond him so that's why it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:11'>only looks at those players who have food but it doesn't count himself but if</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:18'>he asked for every player in the universe it would include himself and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:25'>this is kind of important for you to think about because when he when they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:30'>have to start giving birth to eat to themselves so they won't die off they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:36'>have to be able to count everything in the universe why Dean Cain</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:45'>50 count how many there are like if</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:49'>there was only one left in was himself competative journalist and then he left</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:53'>bar and then he got true protein what's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:58'>my friend it was a whale who lived to know Jay just off the Pacific coast it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:08:03'>is the time of year when the whales migrate down to Mexico to me and to give</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:08:08'>birth to their babies who were conceived the year before I do that you don't want</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:08:20'>emotion thank you okay go to the top</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:08:45'>works with those two on and I move away</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:08:58'>now here's a more complicated one these these models use the Minsky and Papert</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:02'>Society of mind architecture applied in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:07'>a language for children that was developed in part here at the Media Lab by Mike Travers one of the graduate</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:14'>students here's a more complicated one the clownfish in the lower left is just</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:19'>going about its business feeding one of the things that they do is to find a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:23'>favorite see an enemy and acclimate to it that's what it's doing now they spend</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:28'>a little more time in the monks to poison of the enemy and gradually get</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:33'>immune to it so that they can use it as a place to hide when some predator comes</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:40'>a lot the shark right now is quite a distance away and it doesn't notice the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:45'>clownfish and the clownfish doesn't notice it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:53'>here's some more acclamation closer into the tentacles this time</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:09'>now this lucky clownfish is been doing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:13'>it often enough so it is actually acclimated to the anenih me so when the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:19'>shark sees it and starts pursuing its</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:28'>able to run back to the enemy and the shark can only get so close to the enemy</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:32'>report backs off but of course it wants</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:37'>to come back again</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:46'>so computers are media to think with as</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:50'>Seymour said so eloquently a long time ago in Nicholas's book 20 years ago he</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:56'>said he dedicated it to the first machine who can appreciate the gesture</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:02'>and I think he meant not the gesture like this but the gesture of having a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:06'>book dedicated to it he also said in the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:11'>preface of it that it was all beginnings in no end well I think that's the perfect definition of a research lab a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:16'>my answer to the question of what is the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:21'>next computer revolution it's the one in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:25'>which happens in the context of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:29'>whole person and in the whole person's world that it's not just something that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:33'>we apply in isolation to solve small problems but it's one that like media</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:37'>surrounds us as we've tried to do with the children thank you very much and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:42'>happy 5th birthday ok</subtitle>
<subtitle id='4308'>you </subtitle>

Alan Kay at MIT Media Lab 5th Anniversary Event (1990)

2017-12-31T05:24:05Z

MrSteve: Corrected spelling for Aldus Manutius

{{#evt:
service=youtubeIA
|id=6Ysu1mDxxbc
|alignment=left
|autoresize=true
}}

<subtitle id='00:00:00'> never know what Nicholas was going to say actually the turned out that the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:08'>bearnaise on the hot dog didn't sell well if I remember we're no longer on</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:13'>that board anniversaries get people to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:22'>think of other anniversaries there lots</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:26'>of them happening this year one of them is the 50th anniversary of Fantasia and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:33'>Fantasia I think for many of us in this audience and at MIT and elsewhere was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:40'>something we grew up on as a kind of a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:44'>dream of bringing our ideas to life and a lot of us saw the computer is a way of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:50'>more quickly with more depth more</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:54'>dimension more meaning to be able to project ideas that we had within within</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:00'>ourselves into this magic new medium and have them come to life just as the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:07'>disney people did with great art but much more laboriously many years ago I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:12'>think a good way to start this this lecture is to think 40 years ago not 50</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:19'>the 40 years ago was the when two very</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:26'>diverse very at opposite poles machines</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:31'>were introduced to the to the world and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:35'>one of them of course was the UNIVAC one the first commercial digital computer</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:42'>thing that a digital computer its people's minds it had whirling tape</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:47'>drives the first whirling tape drives and it predicted an election not long</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:53'>after that on television and so it became in the public's mind what a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:59'>computer was all about now in the other</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:05'>machine that was at the farthest pole of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:09'>thinking from the univac one also came about 19</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:13'>50 and I actually spent quite a bit with some assistance this summer trying to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:18'>find some film footage of it because I was sure that some must exist and after</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:24'>much scurrying around in England then looking at old newsreels and so forth we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:29'>finally found what i think is the earliest footage of this machine which I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:33'>think symbolizes the transition from the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:38'>UNIVAC 1 to what's going to happen over the next 10 years and i think i need the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:42'>the slides off because i'm going to show some video thank you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:59'>in a simple Ville on the outskirts of Bristol lives Dr. Grey Walter a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:04'>neurologist who makes robots as a hobby they are small and he doesn't dress them</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:09'>up to look like men he calls them tortoises and so cunningly have their</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:13'>insides being designed that they respond to the stimuli of light and touch in a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:18'>completely lifelike manner</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:38'>this model is named Elsie and she sees out of a photoelectric cell which</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:43'>rotates above her body when light strikes the cell driving and steering</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:48'>mechanism sends her hurrying towards it if she brushes against any object in her</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:52'>path contacts are operated that turn the steering away and so automatically she</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:58'>takes avoiding action</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:34'>Mrs. Walters pet his Elma, Elsie's brother in the darker vest he works in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:39'>exactly the same way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:49'>Dr. Walter says that his electronic toys work exactly as though they have a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:53'>simple two cell nervous system and that with more cells they will be able to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:58'>do many more tricks already Elsie has one up on Elmer when her batteries begin to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:03'>fail she automatically runs home to her kennel but charging up and in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:07'>consequence can live a much gayer life</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:17'>so I officially present this footage to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:21'>Nicholas Seymour Papert and Marvin Minsky for it means something to each</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:27'>one of this this is the original tortoise that inspired the logo turtle</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:33'>and it also inspired a lot of early work</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:37'>in artificial intelligence and what's interesting about the way the last 40</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:41'>years have transpired is that digital computers have taken over but in fact</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:46'>where things are going now are much more towards the kinds of control systems</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:53'>kinds of what you might call wet mentalities that device like the great</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:00'>Walter turtle has well the biggest</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:04'>problem with with computers is that they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:09'>were larger than than human scale and the mechanisms we have in our mind for</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:14'>dealing with things are larger than human scale are those of religions so of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:18'>course we had a priesthood and special</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:22'>time special rituals all of that stuff and a lot of what has happened in the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:27'>last 40 years has been to try and find ways to bring the machine into human</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:32'>scale without losing any of its promise</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:36'>what I'd like to do is give you a couple</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:40'>of ways that I think about this stuff and one of them is thinking in general</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:46'>terms about the way humans have extended themselves over the last several hundred</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:52'>thousand years and of course the first one that we think of is that we extend</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:56'>ourselves through tools levers screwdrivers wheels and so forth less</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:03'>often we think of language and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:07'>mathematics as tools but they also are ways of creating objects for things that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:15'>we want to deal with and we manipulate them and all of these tools allow us to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:21'>extend various of our senses and for a long time we thought of the computer as</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:26'>a kind of a tool and one of the ways that we've grappled with it is to try and make it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:30'>act more like the kinds of tools that were used to now less often thought of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:35'>extension is one that was identified many years ago by mumford who said for</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:42'>most of the history of human beings most of the machines that we've built have</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:47'>had other humans as moving parts he called these mega machines and societies</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:52'>groups an organization like this the media lab all of these are a consequence</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:57'>of our ability to take on other people's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:02'>goals our interest in taking on people's goals and our interest in getting people</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:06'>to take on our goals of course agents</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:10'>can take on a goal and can manipulate tools to carry out our wishes while</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:14'>we're doing things but more importantly an agent can deal with other agents and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:20'>I think of the the M word here for</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:24'>agents as being management so to me a tool is something that we look at and we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:29'>manipulate and an agent is something that looks at us and we manage the agent</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:35'>and of course the mainframes were neither and so the struggle was started</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:41'>in the 1950s in 1962 try and find a way of bringing this into some sort of human</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:46'>scale now I like to show you a couple of early efforts</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:04'>here's a picture that could have been taken in somebody's office here at MIT</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:08'>but actually it was taken in 1965 this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:15'>is Douglas Engelbart sitting at his</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:20'>first version of a what you might call not a personal computer but personal</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:25'>computing he has a mouse he has a black on white 19 inch screen and here's the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:32'>kind of media that he dealt back sat</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:44'>exactly branch on me and let me look just that low and I see it oh I can say</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:51'>I'd like to see one line only I can see</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:55'>but there's another thing I can do theres a route I said i have here</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:04'>so here I'm it i'll need a different pictures of you so here's what i do with</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:09'>a picture drawing capability here so slight and lamp if i start from work and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:13'>here's the route i seem to have to go to pick up all the materials and that's my</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:17'>plan for getting home tonight but if I want to I can say the library what am I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:22'>supposed to pick up there I can just point to that you know oh I see overdue</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:27'>books and all while there was a statement there with that name go back what if I once my supposed to pick up</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:32'>the drugstore hmm I see you interesting all right market can do things if I want</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:40'>to just say I'd like to interchange projects and can materials bingo and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:46'>they're all numbered right if I care to look interchanging them very quickly</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:50'>cans are going to get interchange with products they do it and all gets me</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:56'>numbered so that's a very tool based way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:01'>of thinking about things you're indicating things on the screen moving</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:05'>them around Engelbart was one of the of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:09'>a number of people in the 50s and 60s that realize that although you could</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:13'>drop a computer and break it just like you can drop a book into a fire and burn</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:19'>it that the contents of the computer or</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:23'>of the book can be a story or a description of things that can't exist</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:28'>physically in the world you can have a story in a book about a place that has an inverse cube law doesn't seem to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:33'>exist in in this world the computer can</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:37'>add more dimensions than this world has to a way of looking at data and so that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:41'>if you have a 15 dimensional space of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:46'>interesting things the computer can give you 16 dimensions and bring all of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:50'>interesting points together at one one place and that led to a number of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:55'>different ways of thinking about the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:00'>computer Engelbart's metaphor was the computer as a vehicle he thought of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:06'>big mainframes as being like railroads that were owned by institutions and the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:11'>institutions decided when you could use them and decided what you could use them</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:15'>for and Engelbart wanted to be Henry Ford he</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:19'>wanted everybody to have their own vehicle used to say phrases like we need</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:24'>to deal with thought vectors and concept space I don't think he knew what that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:28'>meant we certainly didn't but it sounded</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:32'>great and it gave rise to this notion that in order to bring the computer down</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:38'>into our world we have to have some way of interacting with it in a closer</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:44'>fashion and so the the urge was to bring the computer cycles closer to the user</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:50'>and that's what gave rise to machines like this and this is one that I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:54'>designed it's a picture of it on its own display back in the late 60s and it even</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:03'>had a user interface on it although back</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:07'>then there's a wonderful phrase about user interface user interfaces was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:12'>called it's when the flesh hits the steel and that phrase is very much about</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:20'>because there's really no notion of there being an intermediary between you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:25'>and the hardness of the machine and this this machine have multiple windows and a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:31'>number of other ideas on it but it was a little bit like trying to make an apple</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:36'>pie from random ingredients found in the kitchen you don't have any apples so you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:41'>decide to use bananas you don't have any flour so you grind up Cheerios and so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:47'>forth I randomly substituting for all of the ingredients in a typical pie you can</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:51'>make something but in this case this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:55'>turned out to be a bit of a mess only</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:59'>graduate students liked it sort of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:03'>kiss of death for any computer system</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:09'>reason of course as graduate students are going through a rite of passage when they're trying to prove how smart they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:14'>are and how many amazing things that they can remember and so they turn out</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:18'>to be pretty much the world's worst user interface design right I was a graduate</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:22'>student when I designed this so I'm speaking with authority now right about</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:28'>the same time that this was going on there is a whole different way of looking at interaction and one of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:35'>ways that I used to illustrate that is some film footage taken at rand</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:40'>corporation on a system that they made</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:44'>for Rand economists and other non computer types The Economist's of course</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:51'>are that group of people that if you lay them end to end they still won't be able</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:55'>to reach a conclusion and the Economist</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:00'>didn't even like to type they like to write things on legal pads and they said</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:06'>the RAM people can't you do something about that so here's an example of something that was adapted from some</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:13'>early work here at MIT by Marvin Minsky and war entitlement to do a system that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:20'>would interpret gestures as expressed on</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:24'>a data tablet so here's what that looks like</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:38'>first we erase a flow arrow then move</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:42'>the connector out of the way so that we may draw a box in its place the printing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:51'>in the box is being new commentary only in this case the box is slightly too</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:57'>large so we may change its size where modern day window control came from</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:01'>literally then dry flow from the connector to the box attached a decision</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:08'>element to the box and dry flow from it to scan we then erased the flow arrows</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:15'>attached to the process post new area and move the box to a new position this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:25'>allows us to draw a new box well that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:34'>was a tremendous change in the way we felt about using computers I had a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:42'>chance to use that for half an hour in 1968 and felt like I was thinking my</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:46'>hands right through the glass of the display and touching the information</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:51'>structures directly inside unlike Engelbart's system which I had called a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:55'>personal computer this to me was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:59'>intimate this is an intimate way of interacting and so for me and for a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:05'>bunch of other people in the 60s 1968</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:09'>was my year for thinking about the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:14'>possibility of there being three major ways of interacting with a computer of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:21'>three paradigms three frameworks for thinking about interaction and the thing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:27'>that clinched it for me was seeing going</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:32'>out and visiting Seymour's one of Seymour's first installations in a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:38'>school watching them use the logo turtle</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:42'>the descendant of the great Walter turtle, cause Seymour had this terrific idea that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:47'>wouldn't it be great to let kids actually build the kinds of mechanisms</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:51'>that would animate a turtle around and they would learn a lot about their world and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:56'>a lot about thinking about the world from from doing that and I've never</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:00'>recovered from that because once I saw that to me the computer was no longer a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:05'>vehicle in the nation at risk report the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:11'>recommendation is that every child in the US should have one semester of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:16'>computers in their senior year of high school that's their strong</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:22'>recommendation about computers and that's driver's ed that is treating the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:28'>computer like a vehicle it's not the cars aren't important it's that they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:32'>aren't central the central things to us are the media the intermediaries with</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:38'>how we work with the world and if you can get rid of that slide that'd be</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:42'>great I think everybody has figured that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:48'>out by now thank you the that led to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:57'>thinking of a computer in a completely different way this is a cardboard model</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:01'>I made in 1968 just since become known</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:05'>as the dynabook and we actually loaded</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:10'>this cardboard model up with a variety of lead pellets to try and find out how</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:15'>heavy it could be before people would always take it with them not find an</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:20'>excuse to leave it behind and turns out</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:24'>that the weight that we determined has not yet been reached by any computer company so this machine is still a bit</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:31'>in the future but it expresses a different kind of relationship with the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:35'>machine and something that wants to start much earlier in the life of a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:41'>human being and so one of the ways of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:47'>thinking of it is if we compare these three</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:53'>ways of looking at it we can say well where is the computer in the past it was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:58'>in the glasshouse today in personal computing it's on our desk and in the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:04'>future it's going to be with us all the time in California will weave it into</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:09'>our t-shirts Nicholas said 10 years ago</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:15'>that will know in the future appears when our cufflinks committed communicate</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:21'>with our watched by means of satellite</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:26'>it's when such hyperbole is not outrageous that you know a paradigm</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:31'>shift has actually happened and as an interesting analogy here to the history</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:37'>of publishing in 1400 AD there are three</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:41'>hundred ninety two books in the Vatican Library one of the largest libraries in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:46'>Europe and in 1452 or thereabouts--</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:51'>Gutenberg printed his first Bible and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:55'>that Bible the 42 line Bible was as big as the hand-written manuscripts that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:02'>have been so laboriously copied by monks during the Middle Ages and the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:07'>reason it was that big is that that was what books were if you look at pictures</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:14'>woodcuts or you visit the modern</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:18'>recreation of what a library was like then they didn't shelve the books most</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:23'>libraries back then had so few books that each book had its own reading table</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:28'>and the books were chained to it you look at this table table book with</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:34'>chains the thing that comes to mind inescapably is a time-sharing bullpen</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:40'>because these are institutionally owned items and Gutenberg didn't know what</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:47'>else to do but to make them that size and much more interesting revolution</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:53'>happened a few years later when Aldus now has a company named after him Aldus</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:59'>Manutius who was a Venetian publisher did two remarkable things first he was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:05'>one of the major driving force behind publishing things other than</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:09'>Bibles and he isn't he and his sons over the next century published 40,000</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:15'>different books most of them from gathering up Greek and Roman writings</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:21'>spreading them all over Europe he did one other thing that will forever endear</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:25'>himself to me he decided that book should be this big and he decided they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:31'>should be this big because that was the size that saddle bags were in Venice in the 1490s in other words eldest realized</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:39'>something very important and that is the books could now be lost and because they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:46'>could now be lost they could now be taken with they now could go out and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:51'>become a mass medium now again we're in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:55'>this interesting stage because we're not in a place where r we're willing to have our computers be lost watches their $10</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:04'>swatch watches or something like that willing to have them be lost maybe a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:09'>pocket calculator it's not a tragedy if it gets lost paper and pencil it's not a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:13'>tragedy but still with our multi-thousand dollar computers sitting</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:19'>on our desks we're actually still in the Gutenberg era and the interesting thing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:24'>about history is that nothing that happened between Gutenberg and Aldus</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:28'>counted none of those behavior patterns</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:32'>had anything to do with what happened in the post Aldus area as we went into the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:36'>16th century so drawing curves as a way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:40'>of predicting the puter doesn't work very well when you're in these interesting transition periods well</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:45'>another way of looking at these three</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:50'>paradigms is to ask what kinds of information do we use letter and numbers</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:55'>with institutional computing fonts and graphics on modern personal computing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:01'>and as Nicholas likes the show with his imploding his teething rings for the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:07'>media lab as he likes to call them that it's going to be all media coming together because the computer is a meta</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:12'>media its content is all media all</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:16'>intermediaries that one is pretty much of a no-brainer but it's amazing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:20'>how long it has taken for that to even that simple idea to sink in how do we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:26'>print impact printing big laser printing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:30'>personal laser printers with personal computing and no printing as we move on</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:37'>into the next ten years because the information is going to be too</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:41'>interesting to destroy by printing it out right now is an index of how paltry</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:48'>our use of the computer is that we can actually print it out and feel good about it we actually haven't heard</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:54'>anything because our information for the most part is not in dimensionally</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:59'>intertwined it's not in the form of a dynamic simulation it's not any of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:04'>things that the computer is really about</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:08'>field of interaction feels like line editing on institutional computing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:15'>layout on computers like the Macintosh</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:19'>moving things around but in the new</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:28'>paradigm it's going to feel more like conducting because we're going to move from passive information to active</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:34'>information we're going to move from objects to ages and so it's going to be</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:38'>a little bit more like summoning forth lots of assistance at different times</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:43'>and checking out what their goals are and our they're checking out what our</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:48'>goals are and and so forth so each one of these is a completely different way of thinking about it and one of the ways</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:54'>of thinking about the differentiation between the institutional and the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:00'>personal here is that even when graphical interfaces were done in the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:04'>60s for the most part all interfaces were thought of their main task was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:09'>accessed to function so this notion that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:13'>inside the computer is sort of something like a big nuclear reactor or a power station there's all that function and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:19'>what we need to have is a way of getting to each of these pieces of function will</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:23'>map them into control keys and and double control meta y keys and that way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:29'>of thinking about things and the revolution that made the second</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:35'>paradigm the personal computer paradigm is going from that stance to realizing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:40'>that the main job of the user interface is to make the user aware of what the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:44'>possibilities are in other words the user interface now goes from being</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:49'>control of function to a learning environment and of course I should</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:56'>mention that the the main job of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:00'>intimate computer user interface is to do a lot of learning itself so we go</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:05'>from no learning or learning of the most back-breaking kind to making it easier</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:12'>for the user to learn and then finally we want the system to learn how do we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:17'>give commands we have to remember everything and type C in point where we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:23'>are now and in the future is going to be asked and gesture because the computer</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:28'>is going to be watching us not us just watching it what kind of languages do we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:33'>program it in weekly modular data</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:37'>structured procedures cobol one of the surest predictions that we can make</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:42'>about the future is that 10 years from now there will still be a lot of COBOL programmers this personal computing way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:54'>of doing things is pretty much object-oriented after right far fewer</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:59'>lines of code and there's a new kind of programming that people are starting to do called agent oriented programming and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:07'>one way of thinking about all of these paradigms is to compare them with</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:11'>architecture of taking a civilization like the Greeks whose main way of making</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:18'>big buildings was post and lintel pilot block box like that and you get</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:24'>buildings about this size and if you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:28'>want to make a building a lot bigger and let in more light this architecture doesn't work you have to change to a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:33'>different kind of architecture like the gothic arch and if you do that you can make</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:38'>buildings much larger with about the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:43'>same amount of material and when they say just about somebody he doesn't have</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:49'>enough bricks to make a wall that might not be a slam because you might have</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:57'>enough bricks to make an arch he's got enough bricks to make an arch she's a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:01'>lot better off than people who only have enough bricks to make walls and of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:06'>course the big change in the last several hundred years is going from structures that just push against each</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:11'>other to this notion of the higher</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:15'>strength of materials under tension if you get materials that you can tense as</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:20'>well as compressed you can make structures like geodesic domes that will</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:25'>fit over all of the cathedrals that have ever been made in the world and these are completely separate ways of thinking</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:31'>about things and one of the answers to the question that's the title of my</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:35'>lecture is what is the next computer</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:39'>revolution going to be like well it's going to be technologically it's going to be like what I just told you that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:44'>we're going to intimate machines they'll always be networked there will be</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:49'>information utilities the systems will</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:53'>learn and so forth now for many people this is big news but in fact if you go</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:58'>back in the history of computer science you find people like Marvin Minsky and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:03'>John McCarthy writing papers in the late 50s and early 60s about this this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:09'>happens to be not just the fifth anniversary of the media lab but it's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:14'>also the 20th anniversary of Nicholas's book called the architecture machine</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:18'>which is all about this third way of looking at things now for my standpoint</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:24'>since I am not particularly enamored of technology this is a very incomplete</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:30'>answer and I would like to try and go to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:34'>a different way of thinking about things that involves people much more strongly</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:40'>and to do that we have to have some sense</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:45'>of how people's minds work this is for</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:49'>many years and in engineering is where the rubber met the sky because engineers</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:56'>tend to like controllable elements and people aren't all that controllable and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:01'>as a behavioral mechanism we are exasperating and so there's been a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:07'>tendency of actually trying to get people to be more like machines rather</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:11'>than the other way around and give you an example of why this is difficult to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:16'>deal with take a look at one of my favorite pictures here and what you see</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:24'>here let's pretend we're in school because actually we are in school we're in a university let me give you an</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:30'>English sentence about this picture what we've done with this picture is to take</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:35'>a picture of a young girl extracted her eyes and mouth turn them upside down and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:41'>put them back into the picture and then turn the entire picture upside down that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:46'>sound reasonable to everybody okay so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:50'>having said that you should be completely prepared than for what it looks like right side up I'm going to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:58'>turn this back because I've discovered nobody will listen to me when it's on the other way so this is one of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:09'>flaws of trying to give lectures in English because a nation is actually not</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:16'>convertible except outside of the human</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:22'>domain within the human domain we actually have different parts of our</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:26'>brain that respond the things in different ways and this is one of the reasons why McDonald's doesn't run print</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:31'>ads saying if you eat a McDonald's hamburger you'll become a better looking</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:35'>person because in English it's absurd so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:39'>instead what they do is to run an ad showing pictures of really good-looking people eating McDonald's hamburgers and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:44'>a different part of your mind takes that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:48'>information and makes a different kind of inference the kind of inference that the ad people want you in fact we have a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:54'>part of our mind that thinks things are more true if they rhyme so if I were to say to you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:00'>a big mac and fries will slender your thighs down more convincing the whole</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:10'>idea here is that as people started to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:15'>suspect about starting about a hundred years ago with Freud Piaget Brunner</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:21'>Minsky and Papert that what we don't have inside of our head is the oneness a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:29'>vast beautiful seamless fabric of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:33'>mentality but instead what we have is something much more like a patchwork quilt and in fact the patchwork quilt</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:38'>has little mechanisms that pop us from one part of the quilt to another</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:43'>whenever we get too close to one of the boundaries and it's you have to do things like this to show that there is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:48'>an actual patchwork quilt there so we have this idea of multiple mentalities</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:55'>and Piaget was one of the first to study</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:00'>the very different ways that children have of dealing with the world as they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:05'>move through stages of development early in a child's life an object is to grab</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:10'>it a hole is to dig it thinking is doing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:14'>in many ways later on the child is more</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:18'>visually centered child says there's more water in the tall glass when you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:23'>pour from the squat class the tall one because it looks that way and then</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:28'>finally it around 11 or 12 there's a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:32'>facts and logic stage where logical operations are carried out and the child</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:38'>can make deductions based on facts like there can't be more water because where</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:42'>would it go where would it come from so forth now of course at least this was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:48'>true in 11 and 12 year old Swiss French kids in America there's a lot of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:53'>evidence that American kids never get to this facts and logic stage</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:01'>now brunner in the 50s and 60s we did</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:07'>some of pjs experiments but he added some twists so he took the water pouring</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:11'>experiment and after the kids said there's more water in the tall glass</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:16'>runner put a cardboard so the kid couldn't see the tall glass anymore and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:20'>the kid would change his mind back say oh there can't be more and then Brenda</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:24'>would take whip Brenda would take the cardboard away and the kid would say oh</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:29'>but look there's more water Brenda would put the cardboard back and the kid would</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:33'>change his mind again so if you have any six-year-olds you'd like to torment and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:40'>what runner was in his way was getting</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:45'>closer to this idea of multiple mentalities as well that it isn't just a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:53'>metamorphosis like a caterpillar into a butterfly which is pretty much the way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:57'>Piaget thought of it but actually different modules being able to deal</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:02'>with it within different ways and a change in dominance to express the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:06'>piaget expression now there are many things that you can do with this suppose</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:11'>you wanted to design a user interface for a computer that was like a tool and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:16'>we have to think about what each of these mentalities actually does so an</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:21'>example the body-centered one is the one that knows where we are in space we can</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:25'>close our eyes and touch our nose when in touch our hands behind our back if</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:30'>you blind us we can still orient ourselves but if we aren't as</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:34'>unfortunate enough to suffer a brain lesion that takes part of a limb out of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:39'>our body map then even though it's physically attached to us it's like</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:43'>somebody else's so this orienting</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:47'>centering groundedness is something that the body mentality brings to us the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:53'>visually sent mentality is wonderfully</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:58'>adept at dealing with various kinds of tricks for instance if we were to put a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:02'>hundred images of animals on a wall you'd be able to find the elephant</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:07'>almost four times as fast as you could the word elephant if the images were</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:12'>replaced words now let me try and experiment this I realize that this is a very academic</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:17'>body here but let me ask how many people</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:21'>here watch television be honest okay how</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:26'>many people flip channels all right how</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:32'>many people have ever flipped a channel randomly into a movie they haven't seen</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:37'>for 18 years how long did it take you to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:41'>recognize that you'd seen that movie before how long yeah somewhere between a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:48'>half a second and a couple of seconds think about what that meant 18 years ago</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:53'>you saw a movie you didn't know you're</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:57'>going to be tested on it you randomly</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:03'>without any preparation pop into the middle of it and all of a sudden in 30</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:10'>frames or so of seeing that movie you suddenly recognize what it is think of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:15'>what that means in the context of your entire life most people can remember</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:19'>what's going to happen next if you stop the movie after they've recognized that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:23'>they know what the next scene is going to be so that is a mentality that begged</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:29'>to be exploited and what it says is that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:33'>we should always be able to present about a hundred things in the visual</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:37'>field because the user can be aware of them subliminally and if we present them</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:42'>in recognizable scenes the user can store hundreds thousands millions of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:47'>different scenes and remember that they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:51'>were there before then finally the symbolically centered mentality is much</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:55'>more interested in changing things so if</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:59'>its biggest problem is finding the right context because it is not a context</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:04'>chooser so if your visual mentality work</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:08'>the way your symbolic one the first thing you opened your eyes and saw in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:12'>the morning would be what you'd be staring at several hours later that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:16'>doesn't work so well so we have a grounding mentality we have a flitting</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:21'>around mentality that's aware of lots of things and we have one</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:25'>likes to make chains and somehow we should be able to put all of those things together here's one of the ways</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:31'>whoops sorry can you turn that off please that's the end of the slides we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:40'>want to be able to put these things together and if we do we'll find</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:44'>ourselves fitting much more closely to the way human mentalities work</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:06'>so this is a 22 month old little girl and she has never lived in a world not</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:13'>densely populated by Macintoshes her</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:18'>mother is my accountant both her mother and father work at home each of them has</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:22'>a mac this is back five years ago in 1985 and when I found out the little</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:27'>girl was interested in computers I gave</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:31'>her an apple to which she rejected she</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:39'>wanted what her folks had now I have to warn you hear that not to be impressed</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:44'>because this is not her first time on the machine she's been using the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:49'>computer for about six months so she's actually a fairly experienced user and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:56'>long time ago we designed this user interface for children but never any of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:03'>this young so it's really interesting to see a child used the machine that was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:08'>actually designed for them and so here</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:12'>she's using the visible menus of mac paint and I saw it I thought all right</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:18'>this is impressed i've i've never seen a child this young is this machine before but ok I it should work but then what</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:25'>happened next really amazed me she wants a fresh sheet of paper so she goes to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:30'>the closed box on the window she saves her old drawing with a pop-up and she</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:37'>goes to the pulldown to get a new one</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:48'>well that was pretty and that was a home movie made by her father and we did</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:54'>about another 10 hours of testing this child on various Macintosh applications</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:00'>and we discovered it across applications she was about seventy percent literate</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:06'>that is she could take a really complicated application like aldus pagemaker a desktop publishing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:10'>application started up make marks and it print the marks out save the marks away</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:16'>get the marks back about seventy percent of the things that Macintosh users</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:21'>expect from application to application she in her horizon already by age 22</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:30'>months okay so that answers one question</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:35'>about this notion a computer ously see</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:39'>one when we're talking about situations</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:43'>like literacy and illiteracy they don't really obtain when the object in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:48'>question is a professional that we don't</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:52'>have a term called health orosi and ill-health orosi because medicine is a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:58'>profession there wasn't a term called literacy and illiteracy back in the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:02'>Middle Ages when writing was a profession as soon as you spread it out to the public you start getting</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:07'>interested in these notions of can people access things made for them by</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:11'>others that's like reading but what about the more important thing can</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:15'>people make things that are like the things that other people make so here's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:20'>an example of something that we did about 15 years ago</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:33'>and this is the logo turtle with a different architecture and it's a little</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:41'>application like Mac draw object oriented illustration system designed</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:47'>and built by 12 year old so this is an</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:51'>end-user program not a program that you'd buy in a store for ninety-nine</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:55'>dollars from egghead software has lots of features you can change size and move</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:00'>things around because of the change in architecture of going from normal data</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:08'>structure and procedure programming to object-oriented programming the amount</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:12'>of code she had the right to do this application was only about a page long so this is not a large program and one</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:18'>of the things that you have to do when you're working with any kind of novice user is make sure the programs they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:23'>write are not terribly long well so that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:27'>was an attempt to get kids and users to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:31'>be both able to access and able to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:36'>generate the same kinds of things that we're going to run on their paradigm of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:40'>computing but now we have a new paradigm of computing it's going to involve</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:44'>agents and artificial intelligence so a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:48'>few years ago I got interested in the idea of trying to set up a design a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:56'>system that would allow children to do artificial intelligence kind of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:00'>programming in other words they would be making things now much less like robots</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:05'>and much more like the gray Walter turtle things that mimic life in a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:12'>number of different ways I like to show you a bit of that project this project</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:16'>is done in a rather large scale we have an entire school it has now 375 children</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:22'>12 teachers and we've been working there for about five years and one of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:28'>things that we found is that technology is not something that you can put in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:33'>like raisins and upon pudding there's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:37'>all this other stuff is the entire life of the child that you have to consider</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:41'>and the framework of the school we're lucky to find a terrific school</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:46'>to Los Angeles bussing school so it's a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:50'>public school and the children are all shapes sizes colors Creed's ethnic</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:56'>backgrounds bust in most of them for more than an hour to get to the school</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:00'>those of demographers paradise and we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:04'>found it very interesting to introduce ideas into the school in a gradual</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:09'>fashion I'd like to show you some of those</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:39'>so that the kids are all kinds of kids</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:44'>and one of the things they've done here is to tear up part of their asphalt</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:50'>playground and build a garden this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:54'>garden was actually designed by the children you'll see a little bit you'll get an idea of how children could design</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:59'>something like this in in just a minute</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:05'>and because we're studying animals as</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:09'>well as plants they have a pond that has</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:13'>all kinds of life forms and the children actually built this garden themselves</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:21'>now I'm not going to explain to you what's going on here see if you can</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:26'>imagine what it is now I'll tell you in a bit what are they doing with these</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:31'>balloons well what they were doing is designing a city and one of the reasons</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:37'>we do some of the design work with balloons is because urban renewal is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:42'>really easy the idea of to know the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:50'>world one was constructed because is strongly tied into designing a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:56'>programming environment for children because what we wanted to do is not so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:01'>much experience things that other people have set up to be more like experiencing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:07'>a television program or maybe an interactive video disc we want them to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:12'>actually make the simulations themselves because it's in making the simulations</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:17'>that the active design is most powerful</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:22'>now next few minutes I'm going to show you three large-scale projects that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:29'>we've been doing at the school one of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:33'>the things we tried to do here was to both challenge the kids and to go much</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:39'>deeper than they ordinarily are asked to go by the state educational board this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:47'>first one is a year-long project in city building and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:52'>the kids that participate in it our third and fourth graders so there are</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:56'>seven and eight and nine years old in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:00'>this project starts in September and runs through the entire year and this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:04'>will give you an idea of it I think this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:11'>is all almost all no no mrs. hansal tool</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:15'>I know but they still are everything explored of it everybody say I know but</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:20'>they're already something you should make something is already Salinas joris</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:26'>the penis is already something every single after everything this is only</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:31'>styrofoam nobody lady out of something I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:35'>know every as late as something accident</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:39'>from a balloon doesn't mean we don't have a design knowledge now to make</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:44'>buildings exactly like they would have to make it a hundred years we're making</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:48'>models ideas for what buildings could be</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:52'>like in a hundred years we don't have the materials we're going to happen 100 years I did red stripes right</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:50:37'>okay did you get that color name red red</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:03'>what do you belviq i'm doing a factory</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:35'>wait do it again and stay here and do</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:40'>the character park you'll be the building y'all be the building yes why</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:45'>on the prison and he's the building these the buildings okay welcome to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:59'>fantasy mall we have lots of stuff the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:52:20'>building collapsed he was trying to see the moon and there nothing collapsed my</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:52:27'>apartment building and on the top is a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:52:31'>swimming pool never got this is a cold day in rainier so you can have an indoor</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:52:36'>central and it's a hot you open it up and you can I here down here tomorrow</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:14'>he'll be our future city is opening as you can see i'll transfer k our monorail</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:20'>has just been strong</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:24'>and all the buildings are beginning to look like buildings all the buildings</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:30'>are being checked and painting now our</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:34'>he cannot pick up the site husband useful because of the monorail and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:39'>transportation we now have these things on our site everybody that wants bad air</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:47'>transportation land on your site must cabinet right Iggy foxes out</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:52'>Commissioner tova cats design this whole</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:57'>monorail see what household monorail and monorail station the Commissioner of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:03'>lands who doesn't exhaust you all for helping us with sidewalks these are my</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:09'>sidewalks my bold earthquake tested and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:17'>alarming teleporting man he puts ebook</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:22'>paper towel rolls on our site static patella to have it be a teleporting</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:27'>station their cities he's getting to look like a real City try getting to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:31'>look like Judy Landers on the monorail calvada getting to Los Angeles cuz of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:36'>the help crowd is starting today less</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:40'>crowded than it was when we were making our study models</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:46'>I level or I level 1 inch tall but will</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:58'>question building so that's a very okay</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:10'>as see more I'm sure will echo when when you actually go into a school and start</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:15'>working with the kids the first reaction is one of shock because the enormity of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:23'>the experience the amount of energy the amount of body learning that the kids</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:28'>need to do completely dominates all the things that you wanted to do with</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:32'>computers and the first thing you realize when you actually go into school</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:36'>and do this stuff for real is that you better worry about curriculum far</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:42'>outside the media that you're going to use because there's so many different</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:47'>dimensions and this is a project in which most of the things that are</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:51'>available on computers now are of almost no use the kids do a little bit of work</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:56'>with Macintoshes in doing this but 99%</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:01'>of it is this huge experience with doing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:05'>things with their hands and their bodies and crawling over the thing and so forth</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:09'>so one of the objectives in this project</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:13'>was to develop I don't want to say the word peach but develop every child as a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:18'>designer and it takes about three years</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:22'>to get a curriculum like this self-sustaining so people who put try to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:27'>put curriculum in a school and measure it after the first year are making a big</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:31'>mistake takes about three years to get something like this going and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:35'>self-sustaining now another thing we started about four years ago was to develop every child in the school as a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:40'>musician you may see some commonality</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:45'>between those two ideas because music is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:49'>another one of these things that has lots of things interacting with itself</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:53'>part of it is in the interest and what each individual thing is doing and part</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:57'>of the interest is and how they interact we want the kids to be able to think about their world in those terms and so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:03'>we did each year we put on a musical</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:08'>this year it was pirates of penzance and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:13'>this was the best one that we've ever ever had i have a few excerpts of it to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:18'>give you an idea the the oldest child in this is 11 the youngest child in it is 6</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:23'>was completely voluntary the pool of children we had to work with for this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:27'>was about 150 children 120 of those 150</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:31'>possible volunteered and appeared in the show they insisted i'm doing the entire</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:37'>Pirates of Penzance line for line we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:41'>started off with one that was broken down they constantly wanted more we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:45'>wanted to go back they insisted in singing in four-part harmony where it was called for this is a perfect example</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:50'>of something that the kids worked like dogs for four months on and put on a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:56'>fantastic show one of the best theatrical presentations I've ever been to hear some of excerpts</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:08'>fishing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:30'>what I know what is it I met along and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:34'>revelry but I can talk site I'm now the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:38'>run home from a shadowy one such affairs are sorties and surprises I more wary ax</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:45'>and when it opens Leslie what is meant</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:49'>by common their progress has been made</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:54'>it modern gunnery on the object another</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:59'>in a nunnery in short one of smattering</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:00:04'>of elemental strategy</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:00:41'>hey</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:01:16'>Oh</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:01:28'>I'm telling a Terry story but it doesn't</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:00'>although our darker rear sometimes involves the crime of stealing squealing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:13'>although my stripe we're always sorry to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:18'>me</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:34'>haha</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:53'>you may go Liberty our pirate rules protecting and kind of remembers our van</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:59'>we do unless you are you x is as useful</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:07'>things to be an orphan boy</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:13'>oh happy days</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:18'>oh happy day</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:32'>oh happy</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:37'>me I you haha</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:42'>bball</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:50'>so Joe Johnson said about thinking on</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:54'>its hind legs well but one is amazed to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:58'>see it done at all and the trick in doing these kinds of things with kids is to get beyond that stage the only way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:03'>you can do it is by having something like music being a part of the child's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:08'>life all the way through their experience this is the first year in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:12'>which we all the children in it had been part of this enrichment now that's the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:18'>second way of dealing with complexity let me show you the third way and this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:22'>is because the computer some good and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:27'>here are we studying animals and we try and get the children to program not</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:32'>robots but things that are much more biologically acceptable</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:56'>now you might wonder where are the computers in this classroom well one of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:01'>the problems with these computers is that they're bulky so we took every</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:05'>horizontal surfaces in the entire school out and replace them with tables that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:09'>have Macintoshes under them so there are hundreds of Macintoshes in the school</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:14'>but they're all underneath the surfaces so the teachers don't want to move them</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:19'>out of the classroom the teachers don't want to shove them around to the side they're just part of the normal working</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:24'>environment of the school and they're on all the time no computer classrooms no</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:28'>shoved against the wall</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:53'>guys these are some animations we did a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:57'>few years ago and HyperCard just as an idea of what things might look like</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:01'>eventually there's no intelligence behind these models hey guys i am going</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:08'>for a swim in the scene</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:25'>hey</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:33'>if you're asking for every player has agent needs food and the whale come up</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:38'>the way I also have some Asian food all right let me tell you why because when</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:45'>the agent looks in his world what we're</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:49'>seeing here is a they have seminars where they talk over different problem</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:54'>solving strategies the teacher this particular teacher happens to like to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:58'>solve problems and she likes to discuss them with the kids then the kids have to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:03'>go off and figure it out for themselves it doesn't look at himself it looks at</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:07'>the world beyond him so that's why it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:11'>only looks at those players who have food but it doesn't count himself but if</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:18'>he asked for every player in the universe it would include himself and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:25'>this is kind of important for you to think about because when he when they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:30'>have to start giving birth to eat to themselves so they won't die off they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:36'>have to be able to count everything in the universe why Dean Cain</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:45'>50 count how many there are like if</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:49'>there was only one left in was himself competative journalist and then he left</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:53'>bar and then he got true protein what's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:58'>my friend it was a whale who lived to know Jay just off the Pacific coast it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:08:03'>is the time of year when the whales migrate down to Mexico to me and to give</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:08:08'>birth to their babies who were conceived the year before I do that you don't want</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:08:20'>emotion thank you okay go to the top</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:08:45'>works with those two on and I move away</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:08:58'>now here's a more complicated one these these models use the Minsky and Papert</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:02'>Society of mind architecture applied in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:07'>a language for children that was developed in part here at the Media Lab by Mike Travers one of the graduate</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:14'>students here's a more complicated one the clownfish in the lower left is just</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:19'>going about its business feeding one of the things that they do is to find a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:23'>favorite see an enemy and acclimate to it that's what it's doing now they spend</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:28'>a little more time in the monks to poison of the enemy and gradually get</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:33'>immune to it so that they can use it as a place to hide when some predator comes</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:40'>a lot the shark right now is quite a distance away and it doesn't notice the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:45'>clownfish and the clownfish doesn't notice it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:53'>here's some more acclamation closer into the tentacles this time</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:09'>now this lucky clownfish is been doing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:13'>it often enough so it is actually acclimated to the anenih me so when the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:19'>shark sees it and starts pursuing its</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:28'>able to run back to the enemy and the shark can only get so close to the enemy</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:32'>report backs off but of course it wants</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:37'>to come back again</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:46'>so computers are media to think with as</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:50'>Seymour said so eloquently a long time ago in Nicholas's book 20 years ago he</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:56'>said he dedicated it to the first machine who can appreciate the gesture</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:02'>and I think he meant not the gesture like this but the gesture of having a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:06'>book dedicated to it he also said in the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:11'>preface of it that it was all beginnings in no end well I think that's the perfect definition of a research lab a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:16'>my answer to the question of what is the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:21'>next computer revolution it's the one in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:25'>which happens in the context of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:29'>whole person and in the whole person's world that it's not just something that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:33'>we apply in isolation to solve small problems but it's one that like media</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:37'>surrounds us as we've tried to do with the children thank you very much and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:42'>happy 5th birthday ok</subtitle>
<subtitle id='4308'>you </subtitle>

Alan Kay at MIT Media Lab 5th Anniversary Event (1990)

2017-12-31T05:20:19Z

MrSteve:

{{#evt:
service=youtubeIA
|id=6Ysu1mDxxbc
|alignment=left
|autoresize=true
}}

<subtitle id='00:00:00'> never know what Nicholas was going to say actually the turned out that the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:08'>bearnaise on the hot dog didn't sell well if I remember we're no longer on</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:13'>that board anniversaries get people to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:22'>think of other anniversaries there lots</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:26'>of them happening this year one of them is the 50th anniversary of Fantasia and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:33'>Fantasia I think for many of us in this audience and at MIT and elsewhere was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:40'>something we grew up on as a kind of a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:44'>dream of bringing our ideas to life and a lot of us saw the computer is a way of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:50'>more quickly with more depth more</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:54'>dimension more meaning to be able to project ideas that we had within within</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:00'>ourselves into this magic new medium and have them come to life just as the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:07'>disney people did with great art but much more laboriously many years ago I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:12'>think a good way to start this this lecture is to think 40 years ago not 50</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:19'>the 40 years ago was the when two very</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:26'>diverse very at opposite poles machines</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:31'>were introduced to the to the world and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:35'>one of them of course was the UNIVAC one the first commercial digital computer</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:42'>thing that a digital computer its people's minds it had whirling tape</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:47'>drives the first whirling tape drives and it predicted an election not long</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:53'>after that on television and so it became in the public's mind what a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:59'>computer was all about now in the other</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:05'>machine that was at the farthest pole of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:09'>thinking from the univac one also came about 19</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:13'>50 and I actually spent quite a bit with some assistance this summer trying to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:18'>find some film footage of it because I was sure that some must exist and after</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:24'>much scurrying around in England then looking at old newsreels and so forth we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:29'>finally found what i think is the earliest footage of this machine which I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:33'>think symbolizes the transition from the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:38'>UNIVAC 1 to what's going to happen over the next 10 years and i think i need the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:42'>the slides off because i'm going to show some video thank you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:59'>in a simple Ville on the outskirts of Bristol lives Dr. Grey Walter a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:04'>neurologist who makes robots as a hobby they are small and he doesn't dress them</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:09'>up to look like men he calls them tortoises and so cunningly have their</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:13'>insides being designed that they respond to the stimuli of light and touch in a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:18'>completely lifelike manner</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:38'>this model is named Elsie and she sees out of a photoelectric cell which</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:43'>rotates above her body when light strikes the cell driving and steering</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:48'>mechanism sends her hurrying towards it if she brushes against any object in her</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:52'>path contacts are operated that turn the steering away and so automatically she</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:58'>takes avoiding action</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:34'>Mrs. Walters pet his Elma, Elsie's brother in the darker vest he works in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:39'>exactly the same way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:49'>Dr. Walter says that his electronic toys work exactly as though they have a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:53'>simple two cell nervous system and that with more cells they will be able to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:58'>do many more tricks already Elsie has one up on Elmer when her batteries begin to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:03'>fail she automatically runs home to her kennel but charging up and in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:07'>consequence can live a much gayer life</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:17'>so I officially present this footage to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:21'>Nicholas Seymour Papert and Marvin Minsky for it means something to each</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:27'>one of this this is the original tortoise that inspired the logo turtle</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:33'>and it also inspired a lot of early work</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:37'>in artificial intelligence and what's interesting about the way the last 40</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:41'>years have transpired is that digital computers have taken over but in fact</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:46'>where things are going now are much more towards the kinds of control systems</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:53'>kinds of what you might call wet mentalities that device like the great</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:00'>Walter turtle has well the biggest</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:04'>problem with with computers is that they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:09'>were larger than than human scale and the mechanisms we have in our mind for</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:14'>dealing with things are larger than human scale are those of religions so of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:18'>course we had a priesthood and special</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:22'>time special rituals all of that stuff and a lot of what has happened in the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:27'>last 40 years has been to try and find ways to bring the machine into human</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:32'>scale without losing any of its promise</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:36'>what I'd like to do is give you a couple</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:40'>of ways that I think about this stuff and one of them is thinking in general</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:46'>terms about the way humans have extended themselves over the last several hundred</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:52'>thousand years and of course the first one that we think of is that we extend</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:56'>ourselves through tools levers screwdrivers wheels and so forth less</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:03'>often we think of language and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:07'>mathematics as tools but they also are ways of creating objects for things that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:15'>we want to deal with and we manipulate them and all of these tools allow us to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:21'>extend various of our senses and for a long time we thought of the computer as</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:26'>a kind of a tool and one of the ways that we've grappled with it is to try and make it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:30'>act more like the kinds of tools that were used to now less often thought of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:35'>extension is one that was identified many years ago by mumford who said for</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:42'>most of the history of human beings most of the machines that we've built have</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:47'>had other humans as moving parts he called these mega machines and societies</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:52'>groups an organization like this the media lab all of these are a consequence</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:57'>of our ability to take on other people's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:02'>goals our interest in taking on people's goals and our interest in getting people</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:06'>to take on our goals of course agents</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:10'>can take on a goal and can manipulate tools to carry out our wishes while</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:14'>we're doing things but more importantly an agent can deal with other agents and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:20'>I think of the the M word here for</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:24'>agents as being management so to me a tool is something that we look at and we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:29'>manipulate and an agent is something that looks at us and we manage the agent</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:35'>and of course the mainframes were neither and so the struggle was started</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:41'>in the 1950s in 1962 try and find a way of bringing this into some sort of human</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:46'>scale now I like to show you a couple of early efforts</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:04'>here's a picture that could have been taken in somebody's office here at MIT</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:08'>but actually it was taken in 1965 this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:15'>is Douglas Engelbart sitting at his</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:20'>first version of a what you might call not a personal computer but personal</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:25'>computing he has a mouse he has a black on white 19 inch screen and here's the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:32'>kind of media that he dealt back sat</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:44'>exactly branch on me and let me look just that low and I see it oh I can say</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:51'>I'd like to see one line only I can see</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:55'>but there's another thing I can do theres a route I said i have here</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:04'>so here I'm it i'll need a different pictures of you so here's what i do with</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:09'>a picture drawing capability here so slight and lamp if i start from work and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:13'>here's the route i seem to have to go to pick up all the materials and that's my</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:17'>plan for getting home tonight but if I want to I can say the library what am I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:22'>supposed to pick up there I can just point to that you know oh I see overdue</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:27'>books and all while there was a statement there with that name go back what if I once my supposed to pick up</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:32'>the drugstore hmm I see you interesting all right market can do things if I want</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:40'>to just say I'd like to interchange projects and can materials bingo and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:46'>they're all numbered right if I care to look interchanging them very quickly</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:50'>cans are going to get interchange with products they do it and all gets me</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:56'>numbered so that's a very tool based way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:01'>of thinking about things you're indicating things on the screen moving</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:05'>them around Engelbart was one of the of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:09'>a number of people in the 50s and 60s that realize that although you could</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:13'>drop a computer and break it just like you can drop a book into a fire and burn</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:19'>it that the contents of the computer or</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:23'>of the book can be a story or a description of things that can't exist</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:28'>physically in the world you can have a story in a book about a place that has an inverse cube law doesn't seem to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:33'>exist in in this world the computer can</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:37'>add more dimensions than this world has to a way of looking at data and so that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:41'>if you have a 15 dimensional space of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:46'>interesting things the computer can give you 16 dimensions and bring all of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:50'>interesting points together at one one place and that led to a number of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:55'>different ways of thinking about the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:00'>computer Engelbart's metaphor was the computer as a vehicle he thought of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:06'>big mainframes as being like railroads that were owned by institutions and the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:11'>institutions decided when you could use them and decided what you could use them</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:15'>for and Engelbart wanted to be Henry Ford he</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:19'>wanted everybody to have their own vehicle used to say phrases like we need</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:24'>to deal with thought vectors and concept space I don't think he knew what that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:28'>meant we certainly didn't but it sounded</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:32'>great and it gave rise to this notion that in order to bring the computer down</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:38'>into our world we have to have some way of interacting with it in a closer</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:44'>fashion and so the the urge was to bring the computer cycles closer to the user</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:50'>and that's what gave rise to machines like this and this is one that I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:54'>designed it's a picture of it on its own display back in the late 60s and it even</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:03'>had a user interface on it although back</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:07'>then there's a wonderful phrase about user interface user interfaces was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:12'>called it's when the flesh hits the steel and that phrase is very much about</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:20'>because there's really no notion of there being an intermediary between you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:25'>and the hardness of the machine and this this machine have multiple windows and a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:31'>number of other ideas on it but it was a little bit like trying to make an apple</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:36'>pie from random ingredients found in the kitchen you don't have any apples so you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:41'>decide to use bananas you don't have any flour so you grind up Cheerios and so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:47'>forth I randomly substituting for all of the ingredients in a typical pie you can</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:51'>make something but in this case this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:55'>turned out to be a bit of a mess only</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:59'>graduate students liked it sort of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:03'>kiss of death for any computer system</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:09'>reason of course as graduate students are going through a rite of passage when they're trying to prove how smart they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:14'>are and how many amazing things that they can remember and so they turn out</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:18'>to be pretty much the world's worst user interface design right I was a graduate</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:22'>student when I designed this so I'm speaking with authority now right about</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:28'>the same time that this was going on there is a whole different way of looking at interaction and one of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:35'>ways that I used to illustrate that is some film footage taken at rand</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:40'>corporation on a system that they made</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:44'>for Rand economists and other non computer types The Economist's of course</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:51'>are that group of people that if you lay them end to end they still won't be able</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:55'>to reach a conclusion and the Economist</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:00'>didn't even like to type they like to write things on legal pads and they said</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:06'>the RAM people can't you do something about that so here's an example of something that was adapted from some</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:13'>early work here at MIT by Marvin Minsky and war entitlement to do a system that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:20'>would interpret gestures as expressed on</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:24'>a data tablet so here's what that looks like</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:38'>first we erase a flow arrow then move</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:42'>the connector out of the way so that we may draw a box in its place the printing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:51'>in the box is being new commentary only in this case the box is slightly too</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:57'>large so we may change its size where modern day window control came from</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:01'>literally then dry flow from the connector to the box attached a decision</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:08'>element to the box and dry flow from it to scan we then erased the flow arrows</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:15'>attached to the process post new area and move the box to a new position this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:25'>allows us to draw a new box well that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:34'>was a tremendous change in the way we felt about using computers I had a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:42'>chance to use that for half an hour in 1968 and felt like I was thinking my</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:46'>hands right through the glass of the display and touching the information</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:51'>structures directly inside unlike Engelbart's system which I had called a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:55'>personal computer this to me was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:59'>intimate this is an intimate way of interacting and so for me and for a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:05'>bunch of other people in the 60s 1968</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:09'>was my year for thinking about the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:14'>possibility of there being three major ways of interacting with a computer of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:21'>three paradigms three frameworks for thinking about interaction and the thing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:27'>that clinched it for me was seeing going</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:32'>out and visiting Seymour's one of Seymour's first installations in a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:38'>school watching them use the logo turtle</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:42'>the descendant of the great Walter turtle, cause Seymour had this terrific idea that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:47'>wouldn't it be great to let kids actually build the kinds of mechanisms</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:51'>that would animate a turtle around and they would learn a lot about their world and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:56'>a lot about thinking about the world from from doing that and I've never</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:00'>recovered from that because once I saw that to me the computer was no longer a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:05'>vehicle in the nation at risk report the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:11'>recommendation is that every child in the US should have one semester of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:16'>computers in their senior year of high school that's their strong</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:22'>recommendation about computers and that's driver's ed that is treating the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:28'>computer like a vehicle it's not the cars aren't important it's that they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:32'>aren't central the central things to us are the media the intermediaries with</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:38'>how we work with the world and if you can get rid of that slide that'd be</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:42'>great I think everybody has figured that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:48'>out by now thank you the that led to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:57'>thinking of a computer in a completely different way this is a cardboard model</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:01'>I made in 1968 just since become known</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:05'>as the dynabook and we actually loaded</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:10'>this cardboard model up with a variety of lead pellets to try and find out how</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:15'>heavy it could be before people would always take it with them not find an</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:20'>excuse to leave it behind and turns out</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:24'>that the weight that we determined has not yet been reached by any computer company so this machine is still a bit</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:31'>in the future but it expresses a different kind of relationship with the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:35'>machine and something that wants to start much earlier in the life of a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:41'>human being and so one of the ways of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:47'>thinking of it is if we compare these three</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:53'>ways of looking at it we can say well where is the computer in the past it was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:58'>in the glasshouse today in personal computing it's on our desk and in the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:04'>future it's going to be with us all the time in California will weave it into</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:09'>our t-shirts Nicholas said 10 years ago</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:15'>that will know in the future appears when our cufflinks committed communicate</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:21'>with our watched by means of satellite</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:26'>it's when such hyperbole is not outrageous that you know a paradigm</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:31'>shift has actually happened and as an interesting analogy here to the history</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:37'>of publishing in 1400 AD there are three</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:41'>hundred ninety two books in the Vatican Library one of the largest libraries in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:46'>Europe and in 1452 or thereabouts--</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:51'>Gutenberg printed his first Bible and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:55'>that Bible the 42 line Bible was as big as the hand-written manuscripts that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:02'>have been so laboriously copied by monks during the Middle Ages and the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:07'>reason it was that big is that that was what books were if you look at pictures</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:14'>woodcuts or you visit the modern</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:18'>recreation of what a library was like then they didn't shelve the books most</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:23'>libraries back then had so few books that each book had its own reading table</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:28'>and the books were chained to it you look at this table table book with</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:34'>chains the thing that comes to mind inescapably is a time-sharing bullpen</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:40'>because these are institutionally owned items and Gutenberg didn't know what</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:47'>else to do but to make them that size and much more interesting revolution</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:53'>happened a few years later when Aldous now has a company named after him Aldous</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:59'>minus dias who was a Venetian publisher did two remarkable things first he was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:05'>one of the major driving force behind publishing things other than</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:09'>Bibles and he isn't he and his sons over the next century published 40,000</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:15'>different books most of them from gathering up Greek and Roman writings</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:21'>spreading them all over Europe he did one other thing that will forever endear</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:25'>himself to me he decided that book should be this big and he decided they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:31'>should be this big because that was the size that saddle bags were in Venice in the 1490s in other words eldest realized</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:39'>something very important and that is the books could now be lost and because they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:46'>could now be lost they could now be taken with they now could go out and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:51'>become a mass medium now again we're in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:55'>this interesting stage because we're not in a place where r we're willing to have our computers be lost watches their $10</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:04'>swatch watches or something like that willing to have them be lost maybe a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:09'>pocket calculator it's not a tragedy if it gets lost paper and pencil it's not a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:13'>tragedy but still with our multi-thousand dollar computers sitting</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:19'>on our desks we're actually still in the Gutenberg era and the interesting thing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:24'>about history is that nothing that happened between Gutenberg and Aldous</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:28'>counted none of those behavior patterns</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:32'>had anything to do with what happened in the post aldous area as we went into the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:36'>16th century so drawing curves as a way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:40'>of predicting the puter doesn't work very well when you're in these interesting transition periods well</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:45'>another way of looking at these three</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:50'>paradigms is to ask what kinds of information do we use letter and numbers</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:55'>with institutional computing fonts and graphics on modern personal computing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:01'>and as Nicholas likes the show with his imploding his teething rings for the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:07'>media lab as he likes to call them that it's going to be all media coming together because the computer is a meta</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:12'>media its content is all media all</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:16'>intermediaries that one is pretty much of a no-brainer but it's amazing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:20'>how long it has taken for that to even that simple idea to sink in how do we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:26'>print impact printing big laser printing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:30'>personal laser printers with personal computing and no printing as we move on</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:37'>into the next ten years because the information is going to be too</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:41'>interesting to destroy by printing it out right now is an index of how paltry</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:48'>our use of the computer is that we can actually print it out and feel good about it we actually haven't heard</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:54'>anything because our information for the most part is not in dimensionally</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:59'>intertwined it's not in the form of a dynamic simulation it's not any of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:04'>things that the computer is really about</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:08'>field of interaction feels like line editing on institutional computing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:15'>layout on computers like the Macintosh</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:19'>moving things around but in the new</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:28'>paradigm it's going to feel more like conducting because we're going to move from passive information to active</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:34'>information we're going to move from objects to ages and so it's going to be</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:38'>a little bit more like summoning forth lots of assistance at different times</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:43'>and checking out what their goals are and our they're checking out what our</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:48'>goals are and and so forth so each one of these is a completely different way of thinking about it and one of the ways</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:54'>of thinking about the differentiation between the institutional and the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:00'>personal here is that even when graphical interfaces were done in the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:04'>60s for the most part all interfaces were thought of their main task was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:09'>accessed to function so this notion that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:13'>inside the computer is sort of something like a big nuclear reactor or a power station there's all that function and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:19'>what we need to have is a way of getting to each of these pieces of function will</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:23'>map them into control keys and and double control meta y keys and that way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:29'>of thinking about things and the revolution that made the second</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:35'>paradigm the personal computer paradigm is going from that stance to realizing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:40'>that the main job of the user interface is to make the user aware of what the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:44'>possibilities are in other words the user interface now goes from being</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:49'>control of function to a learning environment and of course I should</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:56'>mention that the the main job of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:00'>intimate computer user interface is to do a lot of learning itself so we go</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:05'>from no learning or learning of the most back-breaking kind to making it easier</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:12'>for the user to learn and then finally we want the system to learn how do we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:17'>give commands we have to remember everything and type C in point where we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:23'>are now and in the future is going to be asked and gesture because the computer</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:28'>is going to be watching us not us just watching it what kind of languages do we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:33'>program it in weekly modular data</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:37'>structured procedures cobol one of the surest predictions that we can make</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:42'>about the future is that 10 years from now there will still be a lot of COBOL programmers this personal computing way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:54'>of doing things is pretty much object-oriented after right far fewer</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:59'>lines of code and there's a new kind of programming that people are starting to do called agent oriented programming and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:07'>one way of thinking about all of these paradigms is to compare them with</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:11'>architecture of taking a civilization like the Greeks whose main way of making</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:18'>big buildings was post and lintel pilot block box like that and you get</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:24'>buildings about this size and if you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:28'>want to make a building a lot bigger and let in more light this architecture doesn't work you have to change to a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:33'>different kind of architecture like the gothic arch and if you do that you can make</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:38'>buildings much larger with about the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:43'>same amount of material and when they say just about somebody he doesn't have</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:49'>enough bricks to make a wall that might not be a slam because you might have</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:57'>enough bricks to make an arch he's got enough bricks to make an arch she's a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:01'>lot better off than people who only have enough bricks to make walls and of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:06'>course the big change in the last several hundred years is going from structures that just push against each</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:11'>other to this notion of the higher</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:15'>strength of materials under tension if you get materials that you can tense as</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:20'>well as compressed you can make structures like geodesic domes that will</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:25'>fit over all of the cathedrals that have ever been made in the world and these are completely separate ways of thinking</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:31'>about things and one of the answers to the question that's the title of my</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:35'>lecture is what is the next computer</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:39'>revolution going to be like well it's going to be technologically it's going to be like what I just told you that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:44'>we're going to intimate machines they'll always be networked there will be</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:49'>information utilities the systems will</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:53'>learn and so forth now for many people this is big news but in fact if you go</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:58'>back in the history of computer science you find people like Marvin Minsky and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:03'>John McCarthy writing papers in the late 50s and early 60s about this this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:09'>happens to be not just the fifth anniversary of the media lab but it's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:14'>also the 20th anniversary of Nicholas's book called the architecture machine</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:18'>which is all about this third way of looking at things now for my standpoint</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:24'>since I am not particularly enamored of technology this is a very incomplete</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:30'>answer and I would like to try and go to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:34'>a different way of thinking about things that involves people much more strongly</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:40'>and to do that we have to have some sense</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:45'>of how people's minds work this is for</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:49'>many years and in engineering is where the rubber met the sky because engineers</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:56'>tend to like controllable elements and people aren't all that controllable and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:01'>as a behavioral mechanism we are exasperating and so there's been a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:07'>tendency of actually trying to get people to be more like machines rather</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:11'>than the other way around and give you an example of why this is difficult to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:16'>deal with take a look at one of my favorite pictures here and what you see</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:24'>here let's pretend we're in school because actually we are in school we're in a university let me give you an</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:30'>English sentence about this picture what we've done with this picture is to take</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:35'>a picture of a young girl extracted her eyes and mouth turn them upside down and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:41'>put them back into the picture and then turn the entire picture upside down that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:46'>sound reasonable to everybody okay so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:50'>having said that you should be completely prepared than for what it looks like right side up I'm going to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:58'>turn this back because I've discovered nobody will listen to me when it's on the other way so this is one of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:09'>flaws of trying to give lectures in English because a nation is actually not</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:16'>convertible except outside of the human</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:22'>domain within the human domain we actually have different parts of our</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:26'>brain that respond the things in different ways and this is one of the reasons why McDonald's doesn't run print</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:31'>ads saying if you eat a McDonald's hamburger you'll become a better looking</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:35'>person because in English it's absurd so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:39'>instead what they do is to run an ad showing pictures of really good-looking people eating McDonald's hamburgers and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:44'>a different part of your mind takes that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:48'>information and makes a different kind of inference the kind of inference that the ad people want you in fact we have a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:54'>part of our mind that thinks things are more true if they rhyme so if I were to say to you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:00'>a big mac and fries will slender your thighs down more convincing the whole</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:10'>idea here is that as people started to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:15'>suspect about starting about a hundred years ago with Freud Piaget Brunner</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:21'>Minsky and Papert that what we don't have inside of our head is the oneness a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:29'>vast beautiful seamless fabric of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:33'>mentality but instead what we have is something much more like a patchwork quilt and in fact the patchwork quilt</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:38'>has little mechanisms that pop us from one part of the quilt to another</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:43'>whenever we get too close to one of the boundaries and it's you have to do things like this to show that there is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:48'>an actual patchwork quilt there so we have this idea of multiple mentalities</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:55'>and Piaget was one of the first to study</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:00'>the very different ways that children have of dealing with the world as they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:05'>move through stages of development early in a child's life an object is to grab</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:10'>it a hole is to dig it thinking is doing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:14'>in many ways later on the child is more</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:18'>visually centered child says there's more water in the tall glass when you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:23'>pour from the squat class the tall one because it looks that way and then</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:28'>finally it around 11 or 12 there's a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:32'>facts and logic stage where logical operations are carried out and the child</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:38'>can make deductions based on facts like there can't be more water because where</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:42'>would it go where would it come from so forth now of course at least this was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:48'>true in 11 and 12 year old Swiss French kids in America there's a lot of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:53'>evidence that American kids never get to this facts and logic stage</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:01'>now brunner in the 50s and 60s we did</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:07'>some of pjs experiments but he added some twists so he took the water pouring</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:11'>experiment and after the kids said there's more water in the tall glass</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:16'>runner put a cardboard so the kid couldn't see the tall glass anymore and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:20'>the kid would change his mind back say oh there can't be more and then Brenda</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:24'>would take whip Brenda would take the cardboard away and the kid would say oh</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:29'>but look there's more water Brenda would put the cardboard back and the kid would</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:33'>change his mind again so if you have any six-year-olds you'd like to torment and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:40'>what runner was in his way was getting</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:45'>closer to this idea of multiple mentalities as well that it isn't just a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:53'>metamorphosis like a caterpillar into a butterfly which is pretty much the way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:57'>Piaget thought of it but actually different modules being able to deal</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:02'>with it within different ways and a change in dominance to express the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:06'>piaget expression now there are many things that you can do with this suppose</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:11'>you wanted to design a user interface for a computer that was like a tool and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:16'>we have to think about what each of these mentalities actually does so an</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:21'>example the body-centered one is the one that knows where we are in space we can</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:25'>close our eyes and touch our nose when in touch our hands behind our back if</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:30'>you blind us we can still orient ourselves but if we aren't as</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:34'>unfortunate enough to suffer a brain lesion that takes part of a limb out of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:39'>our body map then even though it's physically attached to us it's like</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:43'>somebody else's so this orienting</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:47'>centering groundedness is something that the body mentality brings to us the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:53'>visually sent mentality is wonderfully</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:58'>adept at dealing with various kinds of tricks for instance if we were to put a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:02'>hundred images of animals on a wall you'd be able to find the elephant</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:07'>almost four times as fast as you could the word elephant if the images were</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:12'>replaced words now let me try and experiment this I realize that this is a very academic</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:17'>body here but let me ask how many people</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:21'>here watch television be honest okay how</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:26'>many people flip channels all right how</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:32'>many people have ever flipped a channel randomly into a movie they haven't seen</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:37'>for 18 years how long did it take you to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:41'>recognize that you'd seen that movie before how long yeah somewhere between a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:48'>half a second and a couple of seconds think about what that meant 18 years ago</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:53'>you saw a movie you didn't know you're</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:57'>going to be tested on it you randomly</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:03'>without any preparation pop into the middle of it and all of a sudden in 30</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:10'>frames or so of seeing that movie you suddenly recognize what it is think of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:15'>what that means in the context of your entire life most people can remember</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:19'>what's going to happen next if you stop the movie after they've recognized that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:23'>they know what the next scene is going to be so that is a mentality that begged</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:29'>to be exploited and what it says is that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:33'>we should always be able to present about a hundred things in the visual</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:37'>field because the user can be aware of them subliminally and if we present them</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:42'>in recognizable scenes the user can store hundreds thousands millions of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:47'>different scenes and remember that they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:51'>were there before then finally the symbolically centered mentality is much</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:55'>more interested in changing things so if</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:59'>its biggest problem is finding the right context because it is not a context</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:04'>chooser so if your visual mentality work</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:08'>the way your symbolic one the first thing you opened your eyes and saw in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:12'>the morning would be what you'd be staring at several hours later that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:16'>doesn't work so well so we have a grounding mentality we have a flitting</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:21'>around mentality that's aware of lots of things and we have one</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:25'>likes to make chains and somehow we should be able to put all of those things together here's one of the ways</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:31'>whoops sorry can you turn that off please that's the end of the slides we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:40'>want to be able to put these things together and if we do we'll find</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:44'>ourselves fitting much more closely to the way human mentalities work</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:06'>so this is a 22 month old little girl and she has never lived in a world not</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:13'>densely populated by Macintoshes her</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:18'>mother is my accountant both her mother and father work at home each of them has</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:22'>a mac this is back five years ago in 1985 and when I found out the little</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:27'>girl was interested in computers I gave</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:31'>her an apple to which she rejected she</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:39'>wanted what her folks had now I have to warn you hear that not to be impressed</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:44'>because this is not her first time on the machine she's been using the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:49'>computer for about six months so she's actually a fairly experienced user and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:56'>long time ago we designed this user interface for children but never any of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:03'>this young so it's really interesting to see a child used the machine that was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:08'>actually designed for them and so here</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:12'>she's using the visible menus of mac paint and I saw it I thought all right</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:18'>this is impressed i've i've never seen a child this young is this machine before but ok I it should work but then what</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:25'>happened next really amazed me she wants a fresh sheet of paper so she goes to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:30'>the closed box on the window she saves her old drawing with a pop-up and she</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:37'>goes to the pulldown to get a new one</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:48'>well that was pretty and that was a home movie made by her father and we did</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:54'>about another 10 hours of testing this child on various Macintosh applications</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:00'>and we discovered it across applications she was about seventy percent literate</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:06'>that is she could take a really complicated application like aldus pagemaker a desktop publishing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:10'>application started up make marks and it print the marks out save the marks away</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:16'>get the marks back about seventy percent of the things that Macintosh users</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:21'>expect from application to application she in her horizon already by age 22</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:30'>months okay so that answers one question</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:35'>about this notion a computer ously see</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:39'>one when we're talking about situations</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:43'>like literacy and illiteracy they don't really obtain when the object in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:48'>question is a professional that we don't</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:52'>have a term called health orosi and ill-health orosi because medicine is a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:58'>profession there wasn't a term called literacy and illiteracy back in the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:02'>Middle Ages when writing was a profession as soon as you spread it out to the public you start getting</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:07'>interested in these notions of can people access things made for them by</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:11'>others that's like reading but what about the more important thing can</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:15'>people make things that are like the things that other people make so here's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:20'>an example of something that we did about 15 years ago</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:33'>and this is the logo turtle with a different architecture and it's a little</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:41'>application like Mac draw object oriented illustration system designed</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:47'>and built by 12 year old so this is an</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:51'>end-user program not a program that you'd buy in a store for ninety-nine</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:55'>dollars from egghead software has lots of features you can change size and move</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:00'>things around because of the change in architecture of going from normal data</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:08'>structure and procedure programming to object-oriented programming the amount</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:12'>of code she had the right to do this application was only about a page long so this is not a large program and one</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:18'>of the things that you have to do when you're working with any kind of novice user is make sure the programs they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:23'>write are not terribly long well so that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:27'>was an attempt to get kids and users to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:31'>be both able to access and able to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:36'>generate the same kinds of things that we're going to run on their paradigm of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:40'>computing but now we have a new paradigm of computing it's going to involve</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:44'>agents and artificial intelligence so a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:48'>few years ago I got interested in the idea of trying to set up a design a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:56'>system that would allow children to do artificial intelligence kind of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:00'>programming in other words they would be making things now much less like robots</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:05'>and much more like the gray Walter turtle things that mimic life in a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:12'>number of different ways I like to show you a bit of that project this project</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:16'>is done in a rather large scale we have an entire school it has now 375 children</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:22'>12 teachers and we've been working there for about five years and one of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:28'>things that we found is that technology is not something that you can put in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:33'>like raisins and upon pudding there's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:37'>all this other stuff is the entire life of the child that you have to consider</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:41'>and the framework of the school we're lucky to find a terrific school</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:46'>to Los Angeles bussing school so it's a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:50'>public school and the children are all shapes sizes colors Creed's ethnic</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:56'>backgrounds bust in most of them for more than an hour to get to the school</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:00'>those of demographers paradise and we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:04'>found it very interesting to introduce ideas into the school in a gradual</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:09'>fashion I'd like to show you some of those</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:39'>so that the kids are all kinds of kids</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:44'>and one of the things they've done here is to tear up part of their asphalt</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:50'>playground and build a garden this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:54'>garden was actually designed by the children you'll see a little bit you'll get an idea of how children could design</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:59'>something like this in in just a minute</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:05'>and because we're studying animals as</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:09'>well as plants they have a pond that has</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:13'>all kinds of life forms and the children actually built this garden themselves</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:21'>now I'm not going to explain to you what's going on here see if you can</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:26'>imagine what it is now I'll tell you in a bit what are they doing with these</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:31'>balloons well what they were doing is designing a city and one of the reasons</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:37'>we do some of the design work with balloons is because urban renewal is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:42'>really easy the idea of to know the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:50'>world one was constructed because is strongly tied into designing a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:56'>programming environment for children because what we wanted to do is not so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:01'>much experience things that other people have set up to be more like experiencing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:07'>a television program or maybe an interactive video disc we want them to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:12'>actually make the simulations themselves because it's in making the simulations</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:17'>that the active design is most powerful</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:22'>now next few minutes I'm going to show you three large-scale projects that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:29'>we've been doing at the school one of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:33'>the things we tried to do here was to both challenge the kids and to go much</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:39'>deeper than they ordinarily are asked to go by the state educational board this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:47'>first one is a year-long project in city building and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:52'>the kids that participate in it our third and fourth graders so there are</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:56'>seven and eight and nine years old in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:00'>this project starts in September and runs through the entire year and this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:04'>will give you an idea of it I think this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:11'>is all almost all no no mrs. hansal tool</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:15'>I know but they still are everything explored of it everybody say I know but</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:20'>they're already something you should make something is already Salinas joris</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:26'>the penis is already something every single after everything this is only</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:31'>styrofoam nobody lady out of something I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:35'>know every as late as something accident</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:39'>from a balloon doesn't mean we don't have a design knowledge now to make</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:44'>buildings exactly like they would have to make it a hundred years we're making</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:48'>models ideas for what buildings could be</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:52'>like in a hundred years we don't have the materials we're going to happen 100 years I did red stripes right</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:50:37'>okay did you get that color name red red</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:03'>what do you belviq i'm doing a factory</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:35'>wait do it again and stay here and do</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:40'>the character park you'll be the building y'all be the building yes why</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:45'>on the prison and he's the building these the buildings okay welcome to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:59'>fantasy mall we have lots of stuff the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:52:20'>building collapsed he was trying to see the moon and there nothing collapsed my</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:52:27'>apartment building and on the top is a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:52:31'>swimming pool never got this is a cold day in rainier so you can have an indoor</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:52:36'>central and it's a hot you open it up and you can I here down here tomorrow</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:14'>he'll be our future city is opening as you can see i'll transfer k our monorail</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:20'>has just been strong</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:24'>and all the buildings are beginning to look like buildings all the buildings</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:30'>are being checked and painting now our</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:34'>he cannot pick up the site husband useful because of the monorail and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:39'>transportation we now have these things on our site everybody that wants bad air</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:47'>transportation land on your site must cabinet right Iggy foxes out</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:52'>Commissioner tova cats design this whole</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:57'>monorail see what household monorail and monorail station the Commissioner of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:03'>lands who doesn't exhaust you all for helping us with sidewalks these are my</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:09'>sidewalks my bold earthquake tested and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:17'>alarming teleporting man he puts ebook</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:22'>paper towel rolls on our site static patella to have it be a teleporting</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:27'>station their cities he's getting to look like a real City try getting to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:31'>look like Judy Landers on the monorail calvada getting to Los Angeles cuz of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:36'>the help crowd is starting today less</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:40'>crowded than it was when we were making our study models</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:46'>I level or I level 1 inch tall but will</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:58'>question building so that's a very okay</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:10'>as see more I'm sure will echo when when you actually go into a school and start</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:15'>working with the kids the first reaction is one of shock because the enormity of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:23'>the experience the amount of energy the amount of body learning that the kids</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:28'>need to do completely dominates all the things that you wanted to do with</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:32'>computers and the first thing you realize when you actually go into school</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:36'>and do this stuff for real is that you better worry about curriculum far</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:42'>outside the media that you're going to use because there's so many different</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:47'>dimensions and this is a project in which most of the things that are</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:51'>available on computers now are of almost no use the kids do a little bit of work</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:56'>with Macintoshes in doing this but 99%</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:01'>of it is this huge experience with doing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:05'>things with their hands and their bodies and crawling over the thing and so forth</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:09'>so one of the objectives in this project</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:13'>was to develop I don't want to say the word peach but develop every child as a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:18'>designer and it takes about three years</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:22'>to get a curriculum like this self-sustaining so people who put try to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:27'>put curriculum in a school and measure it after the first year are making a big</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:31'>mistake takes about three years to get something like this going and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:35'>self-sustaining now another thing we started about four years ago was to develop every child in the school as a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:40'>musician you may see some commonality</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:45'>between those two ideas because music is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:49'>another one of these things that has lots of things interacting with itself</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:53'>part of it is in the interest and what each individual thing is doing and part</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:57'>of the interest is and how they interact we want the kids to be able to think about their world in those terms and so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:03'>we did each year we put on a musical</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:08'>this year it was pirates of penzance and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:13'>this was the best one that we've ever ever had i have a few excerpts of it to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:18'>give you an idea the the oldest child in this is 11 the youngest child in it is 6</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:23'>was completely voluntary the pool of children we had to work with for this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:27'>was about 150 children 120 of those 150</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:31'>possible volunteered and appeared in the show they insisted i'm doing the entire</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:37'>Pirates of Penzance line for line we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:41'>started off with one that was broken down they constantly wanted more we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:45'>wanted to go back they insisted in singing in four-part harmony where it was called for this is a perfect example</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:50'>of something that the kids worked like dogs for four months on and put on a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:56'>fantastic show one of the best theatrical presentations I've ever been to hear some of excerpts</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:08'>fishing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:30'>what I know what is it I met along and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:34'>revelry but I can talk site I'm now the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:38'>run home from a shadowy one such affairs are sorties and surprises I more wary ax</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:45'>and when it opens Leslie what is meant</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:49'>by common their progress has been made</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:54'>it modern gunnery on the object another</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:59'>in a nunnery in short one of smattering</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:00:04'>of elemental strategy</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:00:41'>hey</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:01:16'>Oh</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:01:28'>I'm telling a Terry story but it doesn't</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:00'>although our darker rear sometimes involves the crime of stealing squealing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:13'>although my stripe we're always sorry to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:18'>me</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:34'>haha</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:53'>you may go Liberty our pirate rules protecting and kind of remembers our van</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:59'>we do unless you are you x is as useful</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:07'>things to be an orphan boy</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:13'>oh happy days</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:18'>oh happy day</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:32'>oh happy</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:37'>me I you haha</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:42'>bball</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:50'>so Joe Johnson said about thinking on</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:54'>its hind legs well but one is amazed to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:58'>see it done at all and the trick in doing these kinds of things with kids is to get beyond that stage the only way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:03'>you can do it is by having something like music being a part of the child's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:08'>life all the way through their experience this is the first year in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:12'>which we all the children in it had been part of this enrichment now that's the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:18'>second way of dealing with complexity let me show you the third way and this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:22'>is because the computer some good and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:27'>here are we studying animals and we try and get the children to program not</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:32'>robots but things that are much more biologically acceptable</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:56'>now you might wonder where are the computers in this classroom well one of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:01'>the problems with these computers is that they're bulky so we took every</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:05'>horizontal surfaces in the entire school out and replace them with tables that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:09'>have Macintoshes under them so there are hundreds of Macintoshes in the school</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:14'>but they're all underneath the surfaces so the teachers don't want to move them</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:19'>out of the classroom the teachers don't want to shove them around to the side they're just part of the normal working</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:24'>environment of the school and they're on all the time no computer classrooms no</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:28'>shoved against the wall</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:53'>guys these are some animations we did a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:57'>few years ago and HyperCard just as an idea of what things might look like</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:01'>eventually there's no intelligence behind these models hey guys i am going</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:08'>for a swim in the scene</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:25'>hey</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:33'>if you're asking for every player has agent needs food and the whale come up</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:38'>the way I also have some Asian food all right let me tell you why because when</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:45'>the agent looks in his world what we're</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:49'>seeing here is a they have seminars where they talk over different problem</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:54'>solving strategies the teacher this particular teacher happens to like to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:58'>solve problems and she likes to discuss them with the kids then the kids have to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:03'>go off and figure it out for themselves it doesn't look at himself it looks at</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:07'>the world beyond him so that's why it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:11'>only looks at those players who have food but it doesn't count himself but if</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:18'>he asked for every player in the universe it would include himself and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:25'>this is kind of important for you to think about because when he when they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:30'>have to start giving birth to eat to themselves so they won't die off they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:36'>have to be able to count everything in the universe why Dean Cain</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:45'>50 count how many there are like if</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:49'>there was only one left in was himself competative journalist and then he left</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:53'>bar and then he got true protein what's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:58'>my friend it was a whale who lived to know Jay just off the Pacific coast it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:08:03'>is the time of year when the whales migrate down to Mexico to me and to give</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:08:08'>birth to their babies who were conceived the year before I do that you don't want</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:08:20'>emotion thank you okay go to the top</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:08:45'>works with those two on and I move away</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:08:58'>now here's a more complicated one these these models use the Minsky and Papert</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:02'>Society of mind architecture applied in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:07'>a language for children that was developed in part here at the Media Lab by Mike Travers one of the graduate</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:14'>students here's a more complicated one the clownfish in the lower left is just</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:19'>going about its business feeding one of the things that they do is to find a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:23'>favorite see an enemy and acclimate to it that's what it's doing now they spend</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:28'>a little more time in the monks to poison of the enemy and gradually get</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:33'>immune to it so that they can use it as a place to hide when some predator comes</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:40'>a lot the shark right now is quite a distance away and it doesn't notice the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:45'>clownfish and the clownfish doesn't notice it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:53'>here's some more acclamation closer into the tentacles this time</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:09'>now this lucky clownfish is been doing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:13'>it often enough so it is actually acclimated to the anenih me so when the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:19'>shark sees it and starts pursuing its</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:28'>able to run back to the enemy and the shark can only get so close to the enemy</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:32'>report backs off but of course it wants</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:37'>to come back again</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:46'>so computers are media to think with as</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:50'>Seymour said so eloquently a long time ago in Nicholas's book 20 years ago he</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:56'>said he dedicated it to the first machine who can appreciate the gesture</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:02'>and I think he meant not the gesture like this but the gesture of having a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:06'>book dedicated to it he also said in the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:11'>preface of it that it was all beginnings in no end well I think that's the perfect definition of a research lab a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:16'>my answer to the question of what is the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:21'>next computer revolution it's the one in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:25'>which happens in the context of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:29'>whole person and in the whole person's world that it's not just something that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:33'>we apply in isolation to solve small problems but it's one that like media</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:37'>surrounds us as we've tried to do with the children thank you very much and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:42'>happy 5th birthday ok</subtitle>
<subtitle id='4308'>you </subtitle>

Alan Kay at MIT Media Lab 5th Anniversary Event (1990)

2017-12-31T05:18:52Z

MrSteve:

{{#evt:
service=youtubeIA
|id=6Ysu1mDxxbc
|alignment=left
|autoresize=true
}}

<subtitle id='00:00:00'> never know what Nicholas was going to say actually the turned out that the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:08'>bearnaise on the hot dog didn't sell well if I remember we're no longer on</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:13'>that board anniversaries get people to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:22'>think of other anniversaries there lots</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:26'>of them happening this year one of them is the 50th anniversary of Fantasia and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:33'>Fantasia I think for many of us in this audience and at MIT and elsewhere was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:40'>something we grew up on as a kind of a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:44'>dream of bringing our ideas to life and a lot of us saw the computer is a way of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:50'>more quickly with more depth more</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:54'>dimension more meaning to be able to project ideas that we had within within</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:00'>ourselves into this magic new medium and have them come to life just as the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:07'>disney people did with great art but much more laboriously many years ago I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:12'>think a good way to start this this lecture is to think 40 years ago not 50</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:19'>the 40 years ago was the when two very</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:26'>diverse very at opposite poles machines</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:31'>were introduced to the to the world and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:35'>one of them of course was the UNIVAC one the first commercial digital computer</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:42'>thing that a digital computer its people's minds it had whirling tape</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:47'>drives the first whirling tape drives and it predicted an election not long</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:53'>after that on television and so it became in the public's mind what a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:59'>computer was all about now in the other</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:05'>machine that was at the farthest pole of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:09'>thinking from the univac one also came about 19</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:13'>50 and I actually spent quite a bit with some assistance this summer trying to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:18'>find some film footage of it because I was sure that some must exist and after</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:24'>much scurrying around in England then looking at old newsreels and so forth we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:29'>finally found what i think is the earliest footage of this machine which I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:33'>think symbolizes the transition from the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:38'>UNIVAC 1 to what's going to happen over the next 10 years and i think i need the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:42'>the slides off because i'm going to show some video thank you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:59'>in a simple Ville on the outskirts of Bristol lives Dr. Grey Walter a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:04'>neurologist who makes robots as a hobby they are small and he doesn't dress them</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:09'>up to look like men he calls them tortoises and so cunningly have their</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:13'>insides being designed that they respond to the stimuli of light and touch in a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:18'>completely lifelike manner</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:38'>this model is named Elsie and she sees out of a photoelectric cell which</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:43'>rotates above her body when light strikes the cell driving and steering</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:48'>mechanism sends her hurrying towards it if she brushes against any object in her</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:52'>path contacts are operated that turn the steering away and so automatically she</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:58'>takes avoiding action</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:34'>Mrs. Walters pet his Elma, Elsie's brother in the darker vest he works in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:39'>exactly the same way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:49'>Dr. Walter says that his electronic toys work exactly as though they have a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:53'>simple two cell nervous system and that with more cells they will be able to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:58'>do many more tricks already Elsie has one up on Elmer when her batteries begin to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:03'>fail she automatically runs home to her kennel but charging up and in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:07'>consequence can live a much gayer life</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:17'>so I officially present this footage to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:21'>Nicholas Seymour Papert and Marvin Minsky for it means something to each</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:27'>one of this this is the original tortoise that inspired the logo turtle</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:33'>and it also inspired a lot of early work</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:37'>in artificial intelligence and what's interesting about the way the last 40</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:41'>years have transpired is that digital computers have taken over but in fact</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:46'>where things are going now are much more towards the kinds of control systems</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:53'>kinds of what you might call wet mentalities that device like the great</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:00'>Walter turtle has well the biggest</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:04'>problem with with computers is that they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:09'>were larger than than human scale and the mechanisms we have in our mind for</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:14'>dealing with things are larger than human scale are those of religions so of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:18'>course we had a priesthood and special</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:22'>time special rituals all of that stuff and a lot of what has happened in the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:27'>last 40 years has been to try and find ways to bring the machine into human</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:32'>scale without losing any of its promise</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:36'>what I'd like to do is give you a couple</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:40'>of ways that I think about this stuff and one of them is thinking in general</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:46'>terms about the way humans have extended themselves over the last several hundred</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:52'>thousand years and of course the first one that we think of is that we extend</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:56'>ourselves through tools levers screwdrivers wheels and so forth less</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:03'>often we think of language and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:07'>mathematics as tools but they also are ways of creating objects for things that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:15'>we want to deal with and we manipulate them and all of these tools allow us to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:21'>extend various of our senses and for a long time we thought of the computer as</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:26'>a kind of a tool and one of the ways that we've grappled with it is to try and make it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:30'>act more like the kinds of tools that were used to now less often thought of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:35'>extension is one that was identified many years ago by mumford who said for</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:42'>most of the history of human beings most of the machines that we've built have</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:47'>had other humans as moving parts he called these mega machines and societies</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:52'>groups an organization like this the media lab all of these are a consequence</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:57'>of our ability to take on other people's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:02'>goals our interest in taking on people's goals and our interest in getting people</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:06'>to take on our goals of course agents</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:10'>can take on a goal and can manipulate tools to carry out our wishes while</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:14'>we're doing things but more importantly an agent can deal with other agents and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:20'>I think of the the M word here for</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:24'>agents as being management so to me a tool is something that we look at and we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:29'>manipulate and an agent is something that looks at us and we manage the agent</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:35'>and of course the mainframes were neither and so the struggle was started</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:41'>in the 1950s in 1962 try and find a way of bringing this into some sort of human</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:46'>scale now I like to show you a couple of early efforts</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:04'>here's a picture that could have been taken in somebody's office here at MIT</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:08'>but actually it was taken in 1965 this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:15'>is Douglas Engelbart sitting at his</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:20'>first version of a what you might call not a personal computer but personal</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:25'>computing he has a mouse he has a black on white 19 inch screen and here's the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:32'>kind of media that he dealt back sat</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:44'>exactly branch on me and let me look just that low and I see it oh I can say</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:51'>I'd like to see one line only I can see</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:55'>but there's another thing I can do theres a route I said i have here</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:04'>so here I'm it i'll need a different pictures of you so here's what i do with</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:09'>a picture drawing capability here so slight and lamp if i start from work and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:13'>here's the route i seem to have to go to pick up all the materials and that's my</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:17'>plan for getting home tonight but if I want to I can say the library what am I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:22'>supposed to pick up there I can just point to that you know oh I see overdue</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:27'>books and all while there was a statement there with that name go back what if I once my supposed to pick up</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:32'>the drugstore hmm I see you interesting all right market can do things if I want</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:40'>to just say I'd like to interchange projects and can materials bingo and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:46'>they're all numbered right if I care to look interchanging them very quickly</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:50'>cans are going to get interchange with products they do it and all gets me</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:56'>numbered so that's a very tool based way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:01'>of thinking about things you're indicating things on the screen moving</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:05'>them around Engelbart was one of the of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:09'>a number of people in the 50s and 60s that realize that although you could</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:13'>drop a computer and break it just like you can drop a book into a fire and burn</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:19'>it that the contents of the computer or</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:23'>of the book can be a story or a description of things that can't exist</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:28'>physically in the world you can have a story in a book about a place that has an inverse cube law doesn't seem to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:33'>exist in in this world the computer can</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:37'>add more dimensions than this world has to a way of looking at data and so that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:41'>if you have a 15 dimensional space of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:46'>interesting things the computer can give you 16 dimensions and bring all of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:50'>interesting points together at one one place and that led to a number of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:55'>different ways of thinking about the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:00'>computer Engelbart's metaphor was the computer as a vehicle he thought of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:06'>big mainframes as being like railroads that were owned by institutions and the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:11'>institutions decided when you could use them and decided what you could use them</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:15'>for and Engelbart wanted to be Henry Ford he</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:19'>wanted everybody to have their own vehicle used to say phrases like we need</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:24'>to deal with thought vectors and concept space I don't think he knew what that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:28'>meant we certainly didn't but it sounded</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:32'>great and it gave rise to this notion that in order to bring the computer down</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:38'>into our world we have to have some way of interacting with it in a closer</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:44'>fashion and so the the urge was to bring the computer cycles closer to the user</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:50'>and that's what gave rise to machines like this and this is one that I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:54'>designed it's a picture of it on its own display back in the late 60s and it even</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:03'>had a user interface on it although back</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:07'>then there's a wonderful phrase about user interface user interfaces was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:12'>called it's when the flesh hits the steel and that phrase is very much about</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:20'>because there's really no notion of there being an intermediary between you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:25'>and the hardness of the machine and this this machine have multiple windows and a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:31'>number of other ideas on it but it was a little bit like trying to make an apple</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:36'>pie from random ingredients found in the kitchen you don't have any apples so you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:41'>decide to use bananas you don't have any flour so you grind up Cheerios and so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:47'>forth I randomly substituting for all of the ingredients in a typical pie you can</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:51'>make something but in this case this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:55'>turned out to be a bit of a mess only</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:59'>graduate students liked it sort of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:03'>kiss of death for any computer system</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:09'>reason of course as graduate students are going through a rite of passage when they're trying to prove how smart they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:14'>are and how many amazing things that they can remember and so they turn out</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:18'>to be pretty much the world's worst user interface design right I was a graduate</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:22'>student when I designed this so I'm speaking with authority now right about</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:28'>the same time that this was going on there is a whole different way of looking at interaction and one of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:35'>ways that I used to illustrate that is some film footage taken at rand</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:40'>corporation on a system that they made</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:44'>for Rand economists and other non computer types The Economist's of course</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:51'>are that group of people that if you lay them end to end they still won't be able</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:55'>to reach a conclusion and the Economist</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:00'>didn't even like to type they like to write things on legal pads and they said</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:06'>the RAM people can't you do something about that so here's an example of something that was adapted from some</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:13'>early work here at MIT by Marvin Minsky and war entitlement to do a system that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:20'>would interpret gestures as expressed on</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:24'>a data tablet so here's what that looks like</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:38'>first we erase a flow arrow then move</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:42'>the connector out of the way so that we may draw a box in its place the printing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:51'>in the box is being new commentary only in this case the box is slightly too</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:57'>large so we may change its size where modern day window control came from</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:01'>literally then dry flow from the connector to the box attached a decision</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:08'>element to the box and dry flow from it to scan we then erased the flow arrows</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:15'>attached to the process post new area and move the box to a new position this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:25'>allows us to draw a new box well that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:34'>was a tremendous change in the way we felt about using computers I had a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:42'>chance to use that for half an hour in 1968 and felt like I was thinking my</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:46'>hands right through the glass of the display and touching the information</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:51'>structures directly inside unlike Engelbart's system which I had called a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:55'>personal computer this to me was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:59'>intimate this is an intimate way of interacting and so for me and for a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:05'>bunch of other people in the 60s 1968</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:09'>was my year for thinking about the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:14'>possibility of there being three major ways of interacting with a computer of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:21'>three paradigms three frameworks for thinking about interaction and the thing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:27'>that clinched it for me was seeing going</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:32'>out and visiting Seymour's one of Seymour's first installations in a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:38'>school watching them use the logo turtle</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:42'>the descendant of the great Walter turtle, cause Seymour had this terrific idea that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:47'>wouldn't it be great to let kids actually build the kinds of mechanisms</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:51'>that would animate a turtle around and they would learn a lot about their world and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:56'>a lot about thinking about the world from from doing that and I've never</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:00'>recovered from that because once I saw that to me the computer was no longer a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:05'>vehicle in the nation at risk report the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:11'>recommendation is that every child in the US should have one semester of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:16'>computers in their senior year of high school that's their strong</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:22'>recommendation about computers and that's driver's ed that is treating the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:28'>computer like a vehicle it's not the cars aren't important it's that they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:32'>aren't central the central things to us are the media the intermediaries with</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:38'>how we work with the world and if you can get rid of that slide that'd be</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:42'>great I think everybody has figured that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:48'>out by now thank you the that led to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:57'>thinking of a computer in a completely different way this is a cardboard model</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:01'>I made in 1968 just since become known</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:05'>as the dynabook and we actually loaded</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:10'>this cardboard model up with a variety of lead pellets to try and find out how</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:15'>heavy it could be before people would always take it with them not find an</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:20'>excuse to leave it behind and turns out</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:24'>that the weight that we determined has not yet been reached by any computer company so this machine is still a bit</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:31'>in the future but it expresses a different kind of relationship with the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:35'>machine and something that wants to start much earlier in the life of a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:41'>human being and so one of the ways of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:47'>thinking of it is if we compare these three</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:53'>ways of looking at it we can say well where is the computer in the past it was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:58'>in the glasshouse today in personal computing it's on our desk and in the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:04'>future it's going to be with us all the time in California will weave it into</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:09'>our t-shirts Nicholas said 10 years ago</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:15'>that will know in the future appears when our cufflinks committed communicate</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:21'>with our watched by means of satellite</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:26'>it's when such hyperbole is not outrageous that you know a paradigm</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:31'>shift has actually happened and as an interesting analogy here to the history</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:37'>of publishing in 1400 AD there are three</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:41'>hundred ninety two books in the Vatican Library one of the largest libraries in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:46'>Europe and in 1452 or thereabouts--</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:51'>Gutenberg printed his first Bible and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:55'>that Bible the 42 line Bible was as big as the hand-written manuscripts that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:02'>have been so laboriously copied by monks during the Middle Ages and the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:07'>reason it was that big is that that was what books were if you look at pictures</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:14'>woodcuts or you visit the modern</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:18'>recreation of what a library was like then they didn't shelve the books most</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:23'>libraries back then had so few books that each book had its own reading table</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:28'>and the books were chained to it you look at this table table book with</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:34'>chains the thing that comes to mind inescapably is a time-sharing bullpen</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:40'>because these are institutionally owned items and Gutenberg didn't know what</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:47'>else to do but to make them that size and much more interesting revolution</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:53'>happened a few years later when Aldous now has a company named after him Elvis</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:59'>minus dias who was a Venetian publisher did two remarkable things first he was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:05'>one of the major driving force behind publishing things other than</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:09'>Bibles and he isn't he and his sons over the next century published 40,000</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:15'>different books most of them from gathering up Greek and Roman writings</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:21'>spreading them all over Europe he did one other thing that will forever endear</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:25'>himself to me he decided that book should be this big and he decided they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:31'>should be this big because that was the size that saddle bags were in Venice in the 1490s in other words eldest realized</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:39'>something very important and that is the books could now be lost and because they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:46'>could now be lost they could now be taken with they now could go out and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:51'>become a mass medium now again we're in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:55'>this interesting stage because we're not in a place where r we're willing to have our computers be lost watches their $10</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:04'>swatch watches or something like that willing to have them be lost maybe a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:09'>pocket calculator it's not a tragedy if it gets lost paper and pencil it's not a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:13'>tragedy but still with our multi-thousand dollar computers sitting</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:19'>on our desks we're actually still in the Gutenberg era and the interesting thing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:24'>about history is that nothing that happened between Gutenberg and Aldous</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:28'>counted none of those behavior patterns</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:32'>had anything to do with what happened in the post aldous area as we went into the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:36'>16th century so drawing curves as a way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:40'>of predicting the puter doesn't work very well when you're in these interesting transition periods well</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:45'>another way of looking at these three</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:50'>paradigms is to ask what kinds of information do we use letter and numbers</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:55'>with institutional computing fonts and graphics on modern personal computing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:01'>and as Nicholas likes the show with his imploding his teething rings for the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:07'>media lab as he likes to call them that it's going to be all media coming together because the computer is a meta</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:12'>media its content is all media all</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:16'>intermediaries that one is pretty much of a no-brainer but it's amazing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:20'>how long it has taken for that to even that simple idea to sink in how do we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:26'>print impact printing big laser printing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:30'>personal laser printers with personal computing and no printing as we move on</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:37'>into the next ten years because the information is going to be too</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:41'>interesting to destroy by printing it out right now is an index of how paltry</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:48'>our use of the computer is that we can actually print it out and feel good about it we actually haven't heard</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:54'>anything because our information for the most part is not in dimensionally</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:59'>intertwined it's not in the form of a dynamic simulation it's not any of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:04'>things that the computer is really about</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:08'>field of interaction feels like line editing on institutional computing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:15'>layout on computers like the Macintosh</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:19'>moving things around but in the new</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:28'>paradigm it's going to feel more like conducting because we're going to move from passive information to active</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:34'>information we're going to move from objects to ages and so it's going to be</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:38'>a little bit more like summoning forth lots of assistance at different times</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:43'>and checking out what their goals are and our they're checking out what our</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:48'>goals are and and so forth so each one of these is a completely different way of thinking about it and one of the ways</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:54'>of thinking about the differentiation between the institutional and the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:00'>personal here is that even when graphical interfaces were done in the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:04'>60s for the most part all interfaces were thought of their main task was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:09'>accessed to function so this notion that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:13'>inside the computer is sort of something like a big nuclear reactor or a power station there's all that function and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:19'>what we need to have is a way of getting to each of these pieces of function will</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:23'>map them into control keys and and double control meta y keys and that way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:29'>of thinking about things and the revolution that made the second</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:35'>paradigm the personal computer paradigm is going from that stance to realizing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:40'>that the main job of the user interface is to make the user aware of what the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:44'>possibilities are in other words the user interface now goes from being</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:49'>control of function to a learning environment and of course I should</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:56'>mention that the the main job of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:00'>intimate computer user interface is to do a lot of learning itself so we go</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:05'>from no learning or learning of the most back-breaking kind to making it easier</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:12'>for the user to learn and then finally we want the system to learn how do we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:17'>give commands we have to remember everything and type C in point where we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:23'>are now and in the future is going to be asked and gesture because the computer</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:28'>is going to be watching us not us just watching it what kind of languages do we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:33'>program it in weekly modular data</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:37'>structured procedures cobol one of the surest predictions that we can make</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:42'>about the future is that 10 years from now there will still be a lot of COBOL programmers this personal computing way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:54'>of doing things is pretty much object-oriented after right far fewer</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:59'>lines of code and there's a new kind of programming that people are starting to do called agent oriented programming and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:07'>one way of thinking about all of these paradigms is to compare them with</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:11'>architecture of taking a civilization like the Greeks whose main way of making</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:18'>big buildings was post and lintel pilot block box like that and you get</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:24'>buildings about this size and if you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:28'>want to make a building a lot bigger and let in more light this architecture doesn't work you have to change to a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:33'>different kind of architecture like the gothic arch and if you do that you can make</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:38'>buildings much larger with about the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:43'>same amount of material and when they say just about somebody he doesn't have</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:49'>enough bricks to make a wall that might not be a slam because you might have</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:57'>enough bricks to make an arch he's got enough bricks to make an arch she's a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:01'>lot better off than people who only have enough bricks to make walls and of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:06'>course the big change in the last several hundred years is going from structures that just push against each</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:11'>other to this notion of the higher</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:15'>strength of materials under tension if you get materials that you can tense as</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:20'>well as compressed you can make structures like geodesic domes that will</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:25'>fit over all of the cathedrals that have ever been made in the world and these are completely separate ways of thinking</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:31'>about things and one of the answers to the question that's the title of my</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:35'>lecture is what is the next computer</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:39'>revolution going to be like well it's going to be technologically it's going to be like what I just told you that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:44'>we're going to intimate machines they'll always be networked there will be</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:49'>information utilities the systems will</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:53'>learn and so forth now for many people this is big news but in fact if you go</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:58'>back in the history of computer science you find people like Marvin Minsky and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:03'>John McCarthy writing papers in the late 50s and early 60s about this this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:09'>happens to be not just the fifth anniversary of the media lab but it's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:14'>also the 20th anniversary of Nicholas's book called the architecture machine</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:18'>which is all about this third way of looking at things now for my standpoint</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:24'>since I am not particularly enamored of technology this is a very incomplete</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:30'>answer and I would like to try and go to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:34'>a different way of thinking about things that involves people much more strongly</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:40'>and to do that we have to have some sense</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:45'>of how people's minds work this is for</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:49'>many years and in engineering is where the rubber met the sky because engineers</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:56'>tend to like controllable elements and people aren't all that controllable and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:01'>as a behavioral mechanism we are exasperating and so there's been a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:07'>tendency of actually trying to get people to be more like machines rather</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:11'>than the other way around and give you an example of why this is difficult to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:16'>deal with take a look at one of my favorite pictures here and what you see</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:24'>here let's pretend we're in school because actually we are in school we're in a university let me give you an</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:30'>English sentence about this picture what we've done with this picture is to take</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:35'>a picture of a young girl extracted her eyes and mouth turn them upside down and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:41'>put them back into the picture and then turn the entire picture upside down that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:46'>sound reasonable to everybody okay so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:50'>having said that you should be completely prepared than for what it looks like right side up I'm going to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:58'>turn this back because I've discovered nobody will listen to me when it's on the other way so this is one of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:09'>flaws of trying to give lectures in English because a nation is actually not</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:16'>convertible except outside of the human</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:22'>domain within the human domain we actually have different parts of our</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:26'>brain that respond the things in different ways and this is one of the reasons why McDonald's doesn't run print</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:31'>ads saying if you eat a McDonald's hamburger you'll become a better looking</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:35'>person because in English it's absurd so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:39'>instead what they do is to run an ad showing pictures of really good-looking people eating McDonald's hamburgers and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:44'>a different part of your mind takes that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:48'>information and makes a different kind of inference the kind of inference that the ad people want you in fact we have a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:54'>part of our mind that thinks things are more true if they rhyme so if I were to say to you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:00'>a big mac and fries will slender your thighs down more convincing the whole</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:10'>idea here is that as people started to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:15'>suspect about starting about a hundred years ago with Freud Piaget Brunner</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:21'>Minsky and Papert that what we don't have inside of our head is the oneness a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:29'>vast beautiful seamless fabric of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:33'>mentality but instead what we have is something much more like a patchwork quilt and in fact the patchwork quilt</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:38'>has little mechanisms that pop us from one part of the quilt to another</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:43'>whenever we get too close to one of the boundaries and it's you have to do things like this to show that there is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:48'>an actual patchwork quilt there so we have this idea of multiple mentalities</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:55'>and Piaget was one of the first to study</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:00'>the very different ways that children have of dealing with the world as they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:05'>move through stages of development early in a child's life an object is to grab</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:10'>it a hole is to dig it thinking is doing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:14'>in many ways later on the child is more</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:18'>visually centered child says there's more water in the tall glass when you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:23'>pour from the squat class the tall one because it looks that way and then</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:28'>finally it around 11 or 12 there's a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:32'>facts and logic stage where logical operations are carried out and the child</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:38'>can make deductions based on facts like there can't be more water because where</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:42'>would it go where would it come from so forth now of course at least this was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:48'>true in 11 and 12 year old Swiss French kids in America there's a lot of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:53'>evidence that American kids never get to this facts and logic stage</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:01'>now brunner in the 50s and 60s we did</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:07'>some of pjs experiments but he added some twists so he took the water pouring</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:11'>experiment and after the kids said there's more water in the tall glass</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:16'>runner put a cardboard so the kid couldn't see the tall glass anymore and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:20'>the kid would change his mind back say oh there can't be more and then Brenda</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:24'>would take whip Brenda would take the cardboard away and the kid would say oh</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:29'>but look there's more water Brenda would put the cardboard back and the kid would</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:33'>change his mind again so if you have any six-year-olds you'd like to torment and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:40'>what runner was in his way was getting</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:45'>closer to this idea of multiple mentalities as well that it isn't just a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:53'>metamorphosis like a caterpillar into a butterfly which is pretty much the way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:57'>Piaget thought of it but actually different modules being able to deal</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:02'>with it within different ways and a change in dominance to express the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:06'>piaget expression now there are many things that you can do with this suppose</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:11'>you wanted to design a user interface for a computer that was like a tool and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:16'>we have to think about what each of these mentalities actually does so an</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:21'>example the body-centered one is the one that knows where we are in space we can</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:25'>close our eyes and touch our nose when in touch our hands behind our back if</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:30'>you blind us we can still orient ourselves but if we aren't as</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:34'>unfortunate enough to suffer a brain lesion that takes part of a limb out of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:39'>our body map then even though it's physically attached to us it's like</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:43'>somebody else's so this orienting</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:47'>centering groundedness is something that the body mentality brings to us the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:53'>visually sent mentality is wonderfully</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:58'>adept at dealing with various kinds of tricks for instance if we were to put a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:02'>hundred images of animals on a wall you'd be able to find the elephant</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:07'>almost four times as fast as you could the word elephant if the images were</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:12'>replaced words now let me try and experiment this I realize that this is a very academic</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:17'>body here but let me ask how many people</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:21'>here watch television be honest okay how</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:26'>many people flip channels all right how</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:32'>many people have ever flipped a channel randomly into a movie they haven't seen</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:37'>for 18 years how long did it take you to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:41'>recognize that you'd seen that movie before how long yeah somewhere between a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:48'>half a second and a couple of seconds think about what that meant 18 years ago</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:53'>you saw a movie you didn't know you're</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:57'>going to be tested on it you randomly</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:03'>without any preparation pop into the middle of it and all of a sudden in 30</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:10'>frames or so of seeing that movie you suddenly recognize what it is think of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:15'>what that means in the context of your entire life most people can remember</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:19'>what's going to happen next if you stop the movie after they've recognized that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:23'>they know what the next scene is going to be so that is a mentality that begged</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:29'>to be exploited and what it says is that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:33'>we should always be able to present about a hundred things in the visual</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:37'>field because the user can be aware of them subliminally and if we present them</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:42'>in recognizable scenes the user can store hundreds thousands millions of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:47'>different scenes and remember that they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:51'>were there before then finally the symbolically centered mentality is much</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:55'>more interested in changing things so if</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:59'>its biggest problem is finding the right context because it is not a context</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:04'>chooser so if your visual mentality work</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:08'>the way your symbolic one the first thing you opened your eyes and saw in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:12'>the morning would be what you'd be staring at several hours later that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:16'>doesn't work so well so we have a grounding mentality we have a flitting</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:21'>around mentality that's aware of lots of things and we have one</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:25'>likes to make chains and somehow we should be able to put all of those things together here's one of the ways</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:31'>whoops sorry can you turn that off please that's the end of the slides we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:40'>want to be able to put these things together and if we do we'll find</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:44'>ourselves fitting much more closely to the way human mentalities work</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:06'>so this is a 22 month old little girl and she has never lived in a world not</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:13'>densely populated by Macintoshes her</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:18'>mother is my accountant both her mother and father work at home each of them has</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:22'>a mac this is back five years ago in 1985 and when I found out the little</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:27'>girl was interested in computers I gave</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:31'>her an apple to which she rejected she</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:39'>wanted what her folks had now I have to warn you hear that not to be impressed</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:44'>because this is not her first time on the machine she's been using the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:49'>computer for about six months so she's actually a fairly experienced user and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:56'>long time ago we designed this user interface for children but never any of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:03'>this young so it's really interesting to see a child used the machine that was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:08'>actually designed for them and so here</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:12'>she's using the visible menus of mac paint and I saw it I thought all right</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:18'>this is impressed i've i've never seen a child this young is this machine before but ok I it should work but then what</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:25'>happened next really amazed me she wants a fresh sheet of paper so she goes to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:30'>the closed box on the window she saves her old drawing with a pop-up and she</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:37'>goes to the pulldown to get a new one</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:48'>well that was pretty and that was a home movie made by her father and we did</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:54'>about another 10 hours of testing this child on various Macintosh applications</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:00'>and we discovered it across applications she was about seventy percent literate</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:06'>that is she could take a really complicated application like aldus pagemaker a desktop publishing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:10'>application started up make marks and it print the marks out save the marks away</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:16'>get the marks back about seventy percent of the things that Macintosh users</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:21'>expect from application to application she in her horizon already by age 22</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:30'>months okay so that answers one question</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:35'>about this notion a computer ously see</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:39'>one when we're talking about situations</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:43'>like literacy and illiteracy they don't really obtain when the object in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:48'>question is a professional that we don't</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:52'>have a term called health orosi and ill-health orosi because medicine is a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:58'>profession there wasn't a term called literacy and illiteracy back in the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:02'>Middle Ages when writing was a profession as soon as you spread it out to the public you start getting</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:07'>interested in these notions of can people access things made for them by</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:11'>others that's like reading but what about the more important thing can</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:15'>people make things that are like the things that other people make so here's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:20'>an example of something that we did about 15 years ago</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:33'>and this is the logo turtle with a different architecture and it's a little</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:41'>application like Mac draw object oriented illustration system designed</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:47'>and built by 12 year old so this is an</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:51'>end-user program not a program that you'd buy in a store for ninety-nine</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:55'>dollars from egghead software has lots of features you can change size and move</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:00'>things around because of the change in architecture of going from normal data</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:08'>structure and procedure programming to object-oriented programming the amount</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:12'>of code she had the right to do this application was only about a page long so this is not a large program and one</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:18'>of the things that you have to do when you're working with any kind of novice user is make sure the programs they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:23'>write are not terribly long well so that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:27'>was an attempt to get kids and users to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:31'>be both able to access and able to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:36'>generate the same kinds of things that we're going to run on their paradigm of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:40'>computing but now we have a new paradigm of computing it's going to involve</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:44'>agents and artificial intelligence so a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:48'>few years ago I got interested in the idea of trying to set up a design a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:56'>system that would allow children to do artificial intelligence kind of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:00'>programming in other words they would be making things now much less like robots</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:05'>and much more like the gray Walter turtle things that mimic life in a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:12'>number of different ways I like to show you a bit of that project this project</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:16'>is done in a rather large scale we have an entire school it has now 375 children</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:22'>12 teachers and we've been working there for about five years and one of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:28'>things that we found is that technology is not something that you can put in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:33'>like raisins and upon pudding there's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:37'>all this other stuff is the entire life of the child that you have to consider</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:41'>and the framework of the school we're lucky to find a terrific school</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:46'>to Los Angeles bussing school so it's a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:50'>public school and the children are all shapes sizes colors Creed's ethnic</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:56'>backgrounds bust in most of them for more than an hour to get to the school</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:00'>those of demographers paradise and we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:04'>found it very interesting to introduce ideas into the school in a gradual</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:09'>fashion I'd like to show you some of those</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:39'>so that the kids are all kinds of kids</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:44'>and one of the things they've done here is to tear up part of their asphalt</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:50'>playground and build a garden this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:54'>garden was actually designed by the children you'll see a little bit you'll get an idea of how children could design</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:59'>something like this in in just a minute</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:05'>and because we're studying animals as</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:09'>well as plants they have a pond that has</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:13'>all kinds of life forms and the children actually built this garden themselves</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:21'>now I'm not going to explain to you what's going on here see if you can</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:26'>imagine what it is now I'll tell you in a bit what are they doing with these</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:31'>balloons well what they were doing is designing a city and one of the reasons</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:37'>we do some of the design work with balloons is because urban renewal is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:42'>really easy the idea of to know the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:50'>world one was constructed because is strongly tied into designing a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:56'>programming environment for children because what we wanted to do is not so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:01'>much experience things that other people have set up to be more like experiencing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:07'>a television program or maybe an interactive video disc we want them to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:12'>actually make the simulations themselves because it's in making the simulations</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:17'>that the active design is most powerful</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:22'>now next few minutes I'm going to show you three large-scale projects that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:29'>we've been doing at the school one of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:33'>the things we tried to do here was to both challenge the kids and to go much</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:39'>deeper than they ordinarily are asked to go by the state educational board this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:47'>first one is a year-long project in city building and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:52'>the kids that participate in it our third and fourth graders so there are</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:56'>seven and eight and nine years old in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:00'>this project starts in September and runs through the entire year and this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:04'>will give you an idea of it I think this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:11'>is all almost all no no mrs. hansal tool</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:15'>I know but they still are everything explored of it everybody say I know but</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:20'>they're already something you should make something is already Salinas joris</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:26'>the penis is already something every single after everything this is only</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:31'>styrofoam nobody lady out of something I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:35'>know every as late as something accident</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:39'>from a balloon doesn't mean we don't have a design knowledge now to make</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:44'>buildings exactly like they would have to make it a hundred years we're making</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:48'>models ideas for what buildings could be</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:52'>like in a hundred years we don't have the materials we're going to happen 100 years I did red stripes right</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:50:37'>okay did you get that color name red red</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:03'>what do you belviq i'm doing a factory</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:35'>wait do it again and stay here and do</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:40'>the character park you'll be the building y'all be the building yes why</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:45'>on the prison and he's the building these the buildings okay welcome to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:59'>fantasy mall we have lots of stuff the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:52:20'>building collapsed he was trying to see the moon and there nothing collapsed my</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:52:27'>apartment building and on the top is a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:52:31'>swimming pool never got this is a cold day in rainier so you can have an indoor</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:52:36'>central and it's a hot you open it up and you can I here down here tomorrow</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:14'>he'll be our future city is opening as you can see i'll transfer k our monorail</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:20'>has just been strong</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:24'>and all the buildings are beginning to look like buildings all the buildings</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:30'>are being checked and painting now our</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:34'>he cannot pick up the site husband useful because of the monorail and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:39'>transportation we now have these things on our site everybody that wants bad air</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:47'>transportation land on your site must cabinet right Iggy foxes out</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:52'>Commissioner tova cats design this whole</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:57'>monorail see what household monorail and monorail station the Commissioner of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:03'>lands who doesn't exhaust you all for helping us with sidewalks these are my</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:09'>sidewalks my bold earthquake tested and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:17'>alarming teleporting man he puts ebook</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:22'>paper towel rolls on our site static patella to have it be a teleporting</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:27'>station their cities he's getting to look like a real City try getting to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:31'>look like Judy Landers on the monorail calvada getting to Los Angeles cuz of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:36'>the help crowd is starting today less</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:40'>crowded than it was when we were making our study models</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:46'>I level or I level 1 inch tall but will</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:58'>question building so that's a very okay</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:10'>as see more I'm sure will echo when when you actually go into a school and start</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:15'>working with the kids the first reaction is one of shock because the enormity of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:23'>the experience the amount of energy the amount of body learning that the kids</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:28'>need to do completely dominates all the things that you wanted to do with</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:32'>computers and the first thing you realize when you actually go into school</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:36'>and do this stuff for real is that you better worry about curriculum far</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:42'>outside the media that you're going to use because there's so many different</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:47'>dimensions and this is a project in which most of the things that are</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:51'>available on computers now are of almost no use the kids do a little bit of work</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:56'>with Macintoshes in doing this but 99%</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:01'>of it is this huge experience with doing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:05'>things with their hands and their bodies and crawling over the thing and so forth</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:09'>so one of the objectives in this project</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:13'>was to develop I don't want to say the word peach but develop every child as a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:18'>designer and it takes about three years</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:22'>to get a curriculum like this self-sustaining so people who put try to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:27'>put curriculum in a school and measure it after the first year are making a big</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:31'>mistake takes about three years to get something like this going and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:35'>self-sustaining now another thing we started about four years ago was to develop every child in the school as a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:40'>musician you may see some commonality</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:45'>between those two ideas because music is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:49'>another one of these things that has lots of things interacting with itself</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:53'>part of it is in the interest and what each individual thing is doing and part</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:57'>of the interest is and how they interact we want the kids to be able to think about their world in those terms and so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:03'>we did each year we put on a musical</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:08'>this year it was pirates of penzance and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:13'>this was the best one that we've ever ever had i have a few excerpts of it to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:18'>give you an idea the the oldest child in this is 11 the youngest child in it is 6</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:23'>was completely voluntary the pool of children we had to work with for this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:27'>was about 150 children 120 of those 150</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:31'>possible volunteered and appeared in the show they insisted i'm doing the entire</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:37'>Pirates of Penzance line for line we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:41'>started off with one that was broken down they constantly wanted more we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:45'>wanted to go back they insisted in singing in four-part harmony where it was called for this is a perfect example</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:50'>of something that the kids worked like dogs for four months on and put on a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:56'>fantastic show one of the best theatrical presentations I've ever been to hear some of excerpts</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:08'>fishing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:30'>what I know what is it I met along and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:34'>revelry but I can talk site I'm now the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:38'>run home from a shadowy one such affairs are sorties and surprises I more wary ax</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:45'>and when it opens Leslie what is meant</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:49'>by common their progress has been made</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:54'>it modern gunnery on the object another</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:59'>in a nunnery in short one of smattering</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:00:04'>of elemental strategy</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:00:41'>hey</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:01:16'>Oh</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:01:28'>I'm telling a Terry story but it doesn't</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:00'>although our darker rear sometimes involves the crime of stealing squealing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:13'>although my stripe we're always sorry to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:18'>me</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:34'>haha</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:53'>you may go Liberty our pirate rules protecting and kind of remembers our van</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:59'>we do unless you are you x is as useful</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:07'>things to be an orphan boy</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:13'>oh happy days</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:18'>oh happy day</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:32'>oh happy</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:37'>me I you haha</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:42'>bball</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:50'>so Joe Johnson said about thinking on</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:54'>its hind legs well but one is amazed to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:58'>see it done at all and the trick in doing these kinds of things with kids is to get beyond that stage the only way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:03'>you can do it is by having something like music being a part of the child's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:08'>life all the way through their experience this is the first year in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:12'>which we all the children in it had been part of this enrichment now that's the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:18'>second way of dealing with complexity let me show you the third way and this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:22'>is because the computer some good and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:27'>here are we studying animals and we try and get the children to program not</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:32'>robots but things that are much more biologically acceptable</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:56'>now you might wonder where are the computers in this classroom well one of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:01'>the problems with these computers is that they're bulky so we took every</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:05'>horizontal surfaces in the entire school out and replace them with tables that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:09'>have Macintoshes under them so there are hundreds of Macintoshes in the school</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:14'>but they're all underneath the surfaces so the teachers don't want to move them</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:19'>out of the classroom the teachers don't want to shove them around to the side they're just part of the normal working</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:24'>environment of the school and they're on all the time no computer classrooms no</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:28'>shoved against the wall</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:53'>guys these are some animations we did a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:57'>few years ago and HyperCard just as an idea of what things might look like</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:01'>eventually there's no intelligence behind these models hey guys i am going</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:08'>for a swim in the scene</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:25'>hey</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:33'>if you're asking for every player has agent needs food and the whale come up</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:38'>the way I also have some Asian food all right let me tell you why because when</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:45'>the agent looks in his world what we're</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:49'>seeing here is a they have seminars where they talk over different problem</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:54'>solving strategies the teacher this particular teacher happens to like to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:58'>solve problems and she likes to discuss them with the kids then the kids have to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:03'>go off and figure it out for themselves it doesn't look at himself it looks at</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:07'>the world beyond him so that's why it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:11'>only looks at those players who have food but it doesn't count himself but if</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:18'>he asked for every player in the universe it would include himself and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:25'>this is kind of important for you to think about because when he when they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:30'>have to start giving birth to eat to themselves so they won't die off they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:36'>have to be able to count everything in the universe why Dean Cain</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:45'>50 count how many there are like if</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:49'>there was only one left in was himself competative journalist and then he left</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:53'>bar and then he got true protein what's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:58'>my friend it was a whale who lived to know Jay just off the Pacific coast it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:08:03'>is the time of year when the whales migrate down to Mexico to me and to give</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:08:08'>birth to their babies who were conceived the year before I do that you don't want</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:08:20'>emotion thank you okay go to the top</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:08:45'>works with those two on and I move away</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:08:58'>now here's a more complicated one these these models use the Minsky and Papert</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:02'>Society of mind architecture applied in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:07'>a language for children that was developed in part here at the Media Lab by Mike Travers one of the graduate</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:14'>students here's a more complicated one the clownfish in the lower left is just</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:19'>going about its business feeding one of the things that they do is to find a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:23'>favorite see an enemy and acclimate to it that's what it's doing now they spend</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:28'>a little more time in the monks to poison of the enemy and gradually get</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:33'>immune to it so that they can use it as a place to hide when some predator comes</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:40'>a lot the shark right now is quite a distance away and it doesn't notice the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:45'>clownfish and the clownfish doesn't notice it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:53'>here's some more acclamation closer into the tentacles this time</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:09'>now this lucky clownfish is been doing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:13'>it often enough so it is actually acclimated to the anenih me so when the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:19'>shark sees it and starts pursuing its</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:28'>able to run back to the enemy and the shark can only get so close to the enemy</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:32'>report backs off but of course it wants</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:37'>to come back again</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:46'>so computers are media to think with as</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:50'>Seymour said so eloquently a long time ago in Nicholas's book 20 years ago he</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:56'>said he dedicated it to the first machine who can appreciate the gesture</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:02'>and I think he meant not the gesture like this but the gesture of having a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:06'>book dedicated to it he also said in the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:11'>preface of it that it was all beginnings in no end well I think that's the perfect definition of a research lab a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:16'>my answer to the question of what is the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:21'>next computer revolution it's the one in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:25'>which happens in the context of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:29'>whole person and in the whole person's world that it's not just something that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:33'>we apply in isolation to solve small problems but it's one that like media</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:37'>surrounds us as we've tried to do with the children thank you very much and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:42'>happy 5th birthday ok</subtitle>
<subtitle id='4308'>you </subtitle>

Alan Kay at MIT Media Lab 5th Anniversary Event (1990)

2017-12-31T05:18:02Z

MrSteve: Twice "laboriesly" to "laborious Lee", hmm perhaps Curious Lee wrote with transcriber :)

{{#evt:
service=youtubeIA
|id=6Ysu1mDxxbc
|alignment=left
|autoresize=true
}}

<subtitle id='00:00:00'> never know what Nicholas was going to say actually the turned out that the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:08'>bearnaise on the hot dog didn't sell well if I remember we're no longer on</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:13'>that board anniversaries get people to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:22'>think of other anniversaries there lots</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:26'>of them happening this year one of them is the 50th anniversary of Fantasia and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:33'>Fantasia I think for many of us in this audience and at MIT and elsewhere was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:40'>something we grew up on as a kind of a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:44'>dream of bringing our ideas to life and a lot of us saw the computer is a way of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:50'>more quickly with more depth more</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:54'>dimension more meaning to be able to project ideas that we had within within</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:00'>ourselves into this magic new medium and have them come to life just as the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:07'>disney people did with great art but much more laboriously many years ago I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:12'>think a good way to start this this lecture is to think 40 years ago not 50</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:19'>the 40 years ago was the when two very</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:26'>diverse very at opposite poles machines</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:31'>were introduced to the to the world and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:35'>one of them of course was the UNIVAC one the first commercial digital computer</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:42'>thing that a digital computer its people's minds it had whirling tape</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:47'>drives the first whirling tape drives and it predicted an election not long</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:53'>after that on television and so it became in the public's mind what a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:59'>computer was all about now in the other</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:05'>machine that was at the farthest pole of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:09'>thinking from the univac one also came about 19</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:13'>50 and I actually spent quite a bit with some assistance this summer trying to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:18'>find some film footage of it because I was sure that some must exist and after</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:24'>much scurrying around in England then looking at old newsreels and so forth we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:29'>finally found what i think is the earliest footage of this machine which I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:33'>think symbolizes the transition from the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:38'>UNIVAC 1 to what's going to happen over the next 10 years and i think i need the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:42'>the slides off because i'm going to show some video thank you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:59'>in a simple Ville on the outskirts of Bristol lives Dr. Grey Walter a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:04'>neurologist who makes robots as a hobby they are small and he doesn't dress them</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:09'>up to look like men he calls them tortoises and so cunningly have their</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:13'>insides being designed that they respond to the stimuli of light and touch in a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:18'>completely lifelike manner</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:38'>this model is named Elsie and she sees out of a photoelectric cell which</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:43'>rotates above her body when light strikes the cell driving and steering</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:48'>mechanism sends her hurrying towards it if she brushes against any object in her</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:52'>path contacts are operated that turn the steering away and so automatically she</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:58'>takes avoiding action</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:34'>Mrs. Walters pet his Elma, Elsie's brother in the darker vest he works in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:39'>exactly the same way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:49'>Dr. Walter says that his electronic toys work exactly as though they have a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:53'>simple two cell nervous system and that with more cells they will be able to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:58'>do many more tricks already Elsie has one up on Elmer when her batteries begin to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:03'>fail she automatically runs home to her kennel but charging up and in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:07'>consequence can live a much gayer life</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:17'>so I officially present this footage to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:21'>Nicholas Seymour Papert and Marvin Minsky for it means something to each</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:27'>one of this this is the original tortoise that inspired the logo turtle</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:33'>and it also inspired a lot of early work</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:37'>in artificial intelligence and what's interesting about the way the last 40</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:41'>years have transpired is that digital computers have taken over but in fact</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:46'>where things are going now are much more towards the kinds of control systems</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:53'>kinds of what you might call wet mentalities that device like the great</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:00'>Walter turtle has well the biggest</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:04'>problem with with computers is that they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:09'>were larger than than human scale and the mechanisms we have in our mind for</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:14'>dealing with things are larger than human scale are those of religions so of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:18'>course we had a priesthood and special</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:22'>time special rituals all of that stuff and a lot of what has happened in the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:27'>last 40 years has been to try and find ways to bring the machine into human</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:32'>scale without losing any of its promise</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:36'>what I'd like to do is give you a couple</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:40'>of ways that I think about this stuff and one of them is thinking in general</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:46'>terms about the way humans have extended themselves over the last several hundred</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:52'>thousand years and of course the first one that we think of is that we extend</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:56'>ourselves through tools levers screwdrivers wheels and so forth less</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:03'>often we think of language and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:07'>mathematics as tools but they also are ways of creating objects for things that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:15'>we want to deal with and we manipulate them and all of these tools allow us to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:21'>extend various of our senses and for a long time we thought of the computer as</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:26'>a kind of a tool and one of the ways that we've grappled with it is to try and make it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:30'>act more like the kinds of tools that were used to now less often thought of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:35'>extension is one that was identified many years ago by mumford who said for</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:42'>most of the history of human beings most of the machines that we've built have</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:47'>had other humans as moving parts he called these mega machines and societies</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:52'>groups an organization like this the media lab all of these are a consequence</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:57'>of our ability to take on other people's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:02'>goals our interest in taking on people's goals and our interest in getting people</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:06'>to take on our goals of course agents</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:10'>can take on a goal and can manipulate tools to carry out our wishes while</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:14'>we're doing things but more importantly an agent can deal with other agents and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:20'>I think of the the M word here for</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:24'>agents as being management so to me a tool is something that we look at and we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:29'>manipulate and an agent is something that looks at us and we manage the agent</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:35'>and of course the mainframes were neither and so the struggle was started</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:41'>in the 1950s in 1962 try and find a way of bringing this into some sort of human</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:46'>scale now I like to show you a couple of early efforts</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:04'>here's a picture that could have been taken in somebody's office here at MIT</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:08'>but actually it was taken in 1965 this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:15'>is Douglas Engelbart sitting at his</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:20'>first version of a what you might call not a personal computer but personal</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:25'>computing he has a mouse he has a black on white 19 inch screen and here's the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:32'>kind of media that he dealt back sat</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:44'>exactly branch on me and let me look just that low and I see it oh I can say</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:51'>I'd like to see one line only I can see</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:55'>but there's another thing I can do theres a route I said i have here</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:04'>so here I'm it i'll need a different pictures of you so here's what i do with</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:09'>a picture drawing capability here so slight and lamp if i start from work and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:13'>here's the route i seem to have to go to pick up all the materials and that's my</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:17'>plan for getting home tonight but if I want to I can say the library what am I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:22'>supposed to pick up there I can just point to that you know oh I see overdue</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:27'>books and all while there was a statement there with that name go back what if I once my supposed to pick up</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:32'>the drugstore hmm I see you interesting all right market can do things if I want</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:40'>to just say I'd like to interchange projects and can materials bingo and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:46'>they're all numbered right if I care to look interchanging them very quickly</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:50'>cans are going to get interchange with products they do it and all gets me</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:56'>numbered so that's a very tool based way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:01'>of thinking about things you're indicating things on the screen moving</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:05'>them around Engelbart was one of the of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:09'>a number of people in the 50s and 60s that realize that although you could</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:13'>drop a computer and break it just like you can drop a book into a fire and burn</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:19'>it that the contents of the computer or</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:23'>of the book can be a story or a description of things that can't exist</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:28'>physically in the world you can have a story in a book about a place that has an inverse cube law doesn't seem to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:33'>exist in in this world the computer can</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:37'>add more dimensions than this world has to a way of looking at data and so that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:41'>if you have a 15 dimensional space of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:46'>interesting things the computer can give you 16 dimensions and bring all of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:50'>interesting points together at one one place and that led to a number of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:55'>different ways of thinking about the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:00'>computer Engelbart's metaphor was the computer as a vehicle he thought of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:06'>big mainframes as being like railroads that were owned by institutions and the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:11'>institutions decided when you could use them and decided what you could use them</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:15'>for and Engelbart wanted to be Henry Ford he</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:19'>wanted everybody to have their own vehicle used to say phrases like we need</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:24'>to deal with thought vectors and concept space I don't think he knew what that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:28'>meant we certainly didn't but it sounded</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:32'>great and it gave rise to this notion that in order to bring the computer down</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:38'>into our world we have to have some way of interacting with it in a closer</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:44'>fashion and so the the urge was to bring the computer cycles closer to the user</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:50'>and that's what gave rise to machines like this and this is one that I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:54'>designed it's a picture of it on its own display back in the late 60s and it even</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:03'>had a user interface on it although back</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:07'>then there's a wonderful phrase about user interface user interfaces was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:12'>called it's when the flesh hits the steel and that phrase is very much about</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:20'>because there's really no notion of there being an intermediary between you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:25'>and the hardness of the machine and this this machine have multiple windows and a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:31'>number of other ideas on it but it was a little bit like trying to make an apple</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:36'>pie from random ingredients found in the kitchen you don't have any apples so you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:41'>decide to use bananas you don't have any flour so you grind up Cheerios and so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:47'>forth I randomly substituting for all of the ingredients in a typical pie you can</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:51'>make something but in this case this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:55'>turned out to be a bit of a mess only</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:59'>graduate students liked it sort of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:03'>kiss of death for any computer system</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:09'>reason of course as graduate students are going through a rite of passage when they're trying to prove how smart they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:14'>are and how many amazing things that they can remember and so they turn out</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:18'>to be pretty much the world's worst user interface design right I was a graduate</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:22'>student when I designed this so I'm speaking with authority now right about</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:28'>the same time that this was going on there is a whole different way of looking at interaction and one of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:35'>ways that I used to illustrate that is some film footage taken at rand</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:40'>corporation on a system that they made</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:44'>for Rand economists and other non computer types The Economist's of course</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:51'>are that group of people that if you lay them end to end they still won't be able</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:55'>to reach a conclusion and the Economist</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:00'>didn't even like to type they like to write things on legal pads and they said</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:06'>the RAM people can't you do something about that so here's an example of something that was adapted from some</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:13'>early work here at MIT by Marvin Minsky and war entitlement to do a system that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:20'>would interpret gestures as expressed on</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:24'>a data tablet so here's what that looks like</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:38'>first we erase a flow arrow then move</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:42'>the connector out of the way so that we may draw a box in its place the printing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:51'>in the box is being new commentary only in this case the box is slightly too</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:57'>large so we may change its size where modern day window control came from</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:01'>literally then dry flow from the connector to the box attached a decision</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:08'>element to the box and dry flow from it to scan we then erased the flow arrows</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:15'>attached to the process post new area and move the box to a new position this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:25'>allows us to draw a new box well that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:34'>was a tremendous change in the way we felt about using computers I had a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:42'>chance to use that for half an hour in 1968 and felt like I was thinking my</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:46'>hands right through the glass of the display and touching the information</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:51'>structures directly inside unlike Engelbart's system which I had called a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:55'>personal computer this to me was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:59'>intimate this is an intimate way of interacting and so for me and for a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:05'>bunch of other people in the 60s 1968</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:09'>was my year for thinking about the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:14'>possibility of there being three major ways of interacting with a computer of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:21'>three paradigms three frameworks for thinking about interaction and the thing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:27'>that clinched it for me was seeing going</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:32'>out and visiting Seymour's one of Seymour's first installations in a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:38'>school watching them use the logo turtle</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:42'>the descendant of the great Walter turtle, cause Seymour had this terrific idea that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:47'>wouldn't it be great to let kids actually build the kinds of mechanisms</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:51'>that would animate a turtle around and they would learn a lot about their world and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:56'>a lot about thinking about the world from from doing that and I've never</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:00'>recovered from that because once I saw that to me the computer was no longer a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:05'>vehicle in the nation at risk report the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:11'>recommendation is that every child in the US should have one semester of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:16'>computers in their senior year of high school that's their strong</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:22'>recommendation about computers and that's driver's ed that is treating the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:28'>computer like a vehicle it's not the cars aren't important it's that they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:32'>aren't central the central things to us are the media the intermediaries with</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:38'>how we work with the world and if you can get rid of that slide that'd be</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:42'>great I think everybody has figured that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:48'>out by now thank you the that led to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:57'>thinking of a computer in a completely different way this is a cardboard model</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:01'>I made in 1968 just since become known</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:05'>as the dynabook and we actually loaded</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:10'>this cardboard model up with a variety of lead pellets to try and find out how</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:15'>heavy it could be before people would always take it with them not find an</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:20'>excuse to leave it behind and turns out</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:24'>that the weight that we determined has not yet been reached by any computer company so this machine is still a bit</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:31'>in the future but it expresses a different kind of relationship with the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:35'>machine and something that wants to start much earlier in the life of a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:41'>human being and so one of the ways of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:47'>thinking of it is if we compare these three</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:53'>ways of looking at it we can say well where is the computer in the past it was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:58'>in the glasshouse today in personal computing it's on our desk and in the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:04'>future it's going to be with us all the time in California will weave it into</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:09'>our t-shirts Nicholas said 10 years ago</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:15'>that will know in the future appears when our cufflinks committed communicate</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:21'>with our watched by means of satellite</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:26'>it's when such hyperbole is not outrageous that you know a paradigm</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:31'>shift has actually happened and as an interesting analogy here to the history</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:37'>of publishing in 1400 AD there are three</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:41'>hundred ninety two books in the Vatican Library one of the largest libraries in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:46'>Europe and in 1452 or thereabouts--</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:51'>Gutenberg printed his first Bible and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:55'>that Bible the 42 line Bible was as big as the hand-written manuscripts that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:02'>have been so laboriously copied by monks during the Middle Ages and the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:07'>reason it was that big is that that was what books worth if you look at pictures</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:14'>woodcuts or you visit the modern</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:18'>recreation of what a library was like then they didn't shelve the books most</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:23'>libraries back then had so few books that each book had its own reading table</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:28'>and the books were chained to it you look at this table table book with</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:34'>chains the thing that comes to mind inescapably is a time-sharing bullpen</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:40'>because these are institutionally owned items and Gutenberg didn't know what</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:47'>else to do but to make them that size and much more interesting revolution</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:53'>happened a few years later when Aldous now has a company named after him Elvis</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:59'>minus dias who was a Venetian publisher did two remarkable things first he was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:05'>one of the major driving force behind publishing things other than</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:09'>Bibles and he isn't he and his sons over the next century published 40,000</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:15'>different books most of them from gathering up Greek and Roman writings</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:21'>spreading them all over Europe he did one other thing that will forever endear</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:25'>himself to me he decided that book should be this big and he decided they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:31'>should be this big because that was the size that saddle bags were in Venice in the 1490s in other words eldest realized</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:39'>something very important and that is the books could now be lost and because they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:46'>could now be lost they could now be taken with they now could go out and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:51'>become a mass medium now again we're in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:55'>this interesting stage because we're not in a place where r we're willing to have our computers be lost watches their $10</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:04'>swatch watches or something like that willing to have them be lost maybe a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:09'>pocket calculator it's not a tragedy if it gets lost paper and pencil it's not a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:13'>tragedy but still with our multi-thousand dollar computers sitting</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:19'>on our desks we're actually still in the Gutenberg era and the interesting thing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:24'>about history is that nothing that happened between Gutenberg and Aldous</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:28'>counted none of those behavior patterns</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:32'>had anything to do with what happened in the post aldous area as we went into the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:36'>16th century so drawing curves as a way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:40'>of predicting the puter doesn't work very well when you're in these interesting transition periods well</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:45'>another way of looking at these three</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:50'>paradigms is to ask what kinds of information do we use letter and numbers</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:55'>with institutional computing fonts and graphics on modern personal computing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:01'>and as Nicholas likes the show with his imploding his teething rings for the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:07'>media lab as he likes to call them that it's going to be all media coming together because the computer is a meta</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:12'>media its content is all media all</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:16'>intermediaries that one is pretty much of a no-brainer but it's amazing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:20'>how long it has taken for that to even that simple idea to sink in how do we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:26'>print impact printing big laser printing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:30'>personal laser printers with personal computing and no printing as we move on</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:37'>into the next ten years because the information is going to be too</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:41'>interesting to destroy by printing it out right now is an index of how paltry</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:48'>our use of the computer is that we can actually print it out and feel good about it we actually haven't heard</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:54'>anything because our information for the most part is not in dimensionally</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:59'>intertwined it's not in the form of a dynamic simulation it's not any of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:04'>things that the computer is really about</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:08'>field of interaction feels like line editing on institutional computing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:15'>layout on computers like the Macintosh</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:19'>moving things around but in the new</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:28'>paradigm it's going to feel more like conducting because we're going to move from passive information to active</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:34'>information we're going to move from objects to ages and so it's going to be</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:38'>a little bit more like summoning forth lots of assistance at different times</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:43'>and checking out what their goals are and our they're checking out what our</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:48'>goals are and and so forth so each one of these is a completely different way of thinking about it and one of the ways</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:54'>of thinking about the differentiation between the institutional and the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:00'>personal here is that even when graphical interfaces were done in the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:04'>60s for the most part all interfaces were thought of their main task was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:09'>accessed to function so this notion that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:13'>inside the computer is sort of something like a big nuclear reactor or a power station there's all that function and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:19'>what we need to have is a way of getting to each of these pieces of function will</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:23'>map them into control keys and and double control meta y keys and that way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:29'>of thinking about things and the revolution that made the second</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:35'>paradigm the personal computer paradigm is going from that stance to realizing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:40'>that the main job of the user interface is to make the user aware of what the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:44'>possibilities are in other words the user interface now goes from being</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:49'>control of function to a learning environment and of course I should</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:56'>mention that the the main job of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:00'>intimate computer user interface is to do a lot of learning itself so we go</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:05'>from no learning or learning of the most back-breaking kind to making it easier</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:12'>for the user to learn and then finally we want the system to learn how do we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:17'>give commands we have to remember everything and type C in point where we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:23'>are now and in the future is going to be asked and gesture because the computer</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:28'>is going to be watching us not us just watching it what kind of languages do we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:33'>program it in weekly modular data</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:37'>structured procedures cobol one of the surest predictions that we can make</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:42'>about the future is that 10 years from now there will still be a lot of COBOL programmers this personal computing way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:54'>of doing things is pretty much object-oriented after right far fewer</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:59'>lines of code and there's a new kind of programming that people are starting to do called agent oriented programming and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:07'>one way of thinking about all of these paradigms is to compare them with</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:11'>architecture of taking a civilization like the Greeks whose main way of making</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:18'>big buildings was post and lintel pilot block box like that and you get</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:24'>buildings about this size and if you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:28'>want to make a building a lot bigger and let in more light this architecture doesn't work you have to change to a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:33'>different kind of architecture like the gothic arch and if you do that you can make</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:38'>buildings much larger with about the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:43'>same amount of material and when they say just about somebody he doesn't have</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:49'>enough bricks to make a wall that might not be a slam because you might have</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:57'>enough bricks to make an arch he's got enough bricks to make an arch she's a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:01'>lot better off than people who only have enough bricks to make walls and of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:06'>course the big change in the last several hundred years is going from structures that just push against each</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:11'>other to this notion of the higher</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:15'>strength of materials under tension if you get materials that you can tense as</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:20'>well as compressed you can make structures like geodesic domes that will</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:25'>fit over all of the cathedrals that have ever been made in the world and these are completely separate ways of thinking</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:31'>about things and one of the answers to the question that's the title of my</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:35'>lecture is what is the next computer</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:39'>revolution going to be like well it's going to be technologically it's going to be like what I just told you that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:44'>we're going to intimate machines they'll always be networked there will be</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:49'>information utilities the systems will</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:53'>learn and so forth now for many people this is big news but in fact if you go</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:58'>back in the history of computer science you find people like Marvin Minsky and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:03'>John McCarthy writing papers in the late 50s and early 60s about this this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:09'>happens to be not just the fifth anniversary of the media lab but it's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:14'>also the 20th anniversary of Nicholas's book called the architecture machine</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:18'>which is all about this third way of looking at things now for my standpoint</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:24'>since I am not particularly enamored of technology this is a very incomplete</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:30'>answer and I would like to try and go to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:34'>a different way of thinking about things that involves people much more strongly</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:40'>and to do that we have to have some sense</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:45'>of how people's minds work this is for</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:49'>many years and in engineering is where the rubber met the sky because engineers</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:56'>tend to like controllable elements and people aren't all that controllable and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:01'>as a behavioral mechanism we are exasperating and so there's been a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:07'>tendency of actually trying to get people to be more like machines rather</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:11'>than the other way around and give you an example of why this is difficult to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:16'>deal with take a look at one of my favorite pictures here and what you see</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:24'>here let's pretend we're in school because actually we are in school we're in a university let me give you an</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:30'>English sentence about this picture what we've done with this picture is to take</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:35'>a picture of a young girl extracted her eyes and mouth turn them upside down and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:41'>put them back into the picture and then turn the entire picture upside down that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:46'>sound reasonable to everybody okay so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:50'>having said that you should be completely prepared than for what it looks like right side up I'm going to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:58'>turn this back because I've discovered nobody will listen to me when it's on the other way so this is one of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:09'>flaws of trying to give lectures in English because a nation is actually not</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:16'>convertible except outside of the human</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:22'>domain within the human domain we actually have different parts of our</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:26'>brain that respond the things in different ways and this is one of the reasons why McDonald's doesn't run print</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:31'>ads saying if you eat a McDonald's hamburger you'll become a better looking</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:35'>person because in English it's absurd so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:39'>instead what they do is to run an ad showing pictures of really good-looking people eating McDonald's hamburgers and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:44'>a different part of your mind takes that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:48'>information and makes a different kind of inference the kind of inference that the ad people want you in fact we have a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:54'>part of our mind that thinks things are more true if they rhyme so if I were to say to you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:00'>a big mac and fries will slender your thighs down more convincing the whole</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:10'>idea here is that as people started to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:15'>suspect about starting about a hundred years ago with Freud Piaget Brunner</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:21'>Minsky and Papert that what we don't have inside of our head is the oneness a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:29'>vast beautiful seamless fabric of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:33'>mentality but instead what we have is something much more like a patchwork quilt and in fact the patchwork quilt</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:38'>has little mechanisms that pop us from one part of the quilt to another</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:43'>whenever we get too close to one of the boundaries and it's you have to do things like this to show that there is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:48'>an actual patchwork quilt there so we have this idea of multiple mentalities</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:55'>and Piaget was one of the first to study</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:00'>the very different ways that children have of dealing with the world as they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:05'>move through stages of development early in a child's life an object is to grab</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:10'>it a hole is to dig it thinking is doing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:14'>in many ways later on the child is more</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:18'>visually centered child says there's more water in the tall glass when you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:23'>pour from the squat class the tall one because it looks that way and then</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:28'>finally it around 11 or 12 there's a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:32'>facts and logic stage where logical operations are carried out and the child</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:38'>can make deductions based on facts like there can't be more water because where</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:42'>would it go where would it come from so forth now of course at least this was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:48'>true in 11 and 12 year old Swiss French kids in America there's a lot of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:53'>evidence that American kids never get to this facts and logic stage</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:01'>now brunner in the 50s and 60s we did</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:07'>some of pjs experiments but he added some twists so he took the water pouring</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:11'>experiment and after the kids said there's more water in the tall glass</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:16'>runner put a cardboard so the kid couldn't see the tall glass anymore and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:20'>the kid would change his mind back say oh there can't be more and then Brenda</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:24'>would take whip Brenda would take the cardboard away and the kid would say oh</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:29'>but look there's more water Brenda would put the cardboard back and the kid would</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:33'>change his mind again so if you have any six-year-olds you'd like to torment and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:40'>what runner was in his way was getting</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:45'>closer to this idea of multiple mentalities as well that it isn't just a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:53'>metamorphosis like a caterpillar into a butterfly which is pretty much the way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:57'>Piaget thought of it but actually different modules being able to deal</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:02'>with it within different ways and a change in dominance to express the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:06'>piaget expression now there are many things that you can do with this suppose</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:11'>you wanted to design a user interface for a computer that was like a tool and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:16'>we have to think about what each of these mentalities actually does so an</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:21'>example the body-centered one is the one that knows where we are in space we can</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:25'>close our eyes and touch our nose when in touch our hands behind our back if</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:30'>you blind us we can still orient ourselves but if we aren't as</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:34'>unfortunate enough to suffer a brain lesion that takes part of a limb out of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:39'>our body map then even though it's physically attached to us it's like</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:43'>somebody else's so this orienting</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:47'>centering groundedness is something that the body mentality brings to us the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:53'>visually sent mentality is wonderfully</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:58'>adept at dealing with various kinds of tricks for instance if we were to put a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:02'>hundred images of animals on a wall you'd be able to find the elephant</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:07'>almost four times as fast as you could the word elephant if the images were</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:12'>replaced words now let me try and experiment this I realize that this is a very academic</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:17'>body here but let me ask how many people</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:21'>here watch television be honest okay how</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:26'>many people flip channels all right how</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:32'>many people have ever flipped a channel randomly into a movie they haven't seen</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:37'>for 18 years how long did it take you to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:41'>recognize that you'd seen that movie before how long yeah somewhere between a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:48'>half a second and a couple of seconds think about what that meant 18 years ago</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:53'>you saw a movie you didn't know you're</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:57'>going to be tested on it you randomly</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:03'>without any preparation pop into the middle of it and all of a sudden in 30</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:10'>frames or so of seeing that movie you suddenly recognize what it is think of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:15'>what that means in the context of your entire life most people can remember</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:19'>what's going to happen next if you stop the movie after they've recognized that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:23'>they know what the next scene is going to be so that is a mentality that begged</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:29'>to be exploited and what it says is that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:33'>we should always be able to present about a hundred things in the visual</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:37'>field because the user can be aware of them subliminally and if we present them</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:42'>in recognizable scenes the user can store hundreds thousands millions of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:47'>different scenes and remember that they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:51'>were there before then finally the symbolically centered mentality is much</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:55'>more interested in changing things so if</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:59'>its biggest problem is finding the right context because it is not a context</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:04'>chooser so if your visual mentality work</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:08'>the way your symbolic one the first thing you opened your eyes and saw in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:12'>the morning would be what you'd be staring at several hours later that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:16'>doesn't work so well so we have a grounding mentality we have a flitting</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:21'>around mentality that's aware of lots of things and we have one</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:25'>likes to make chains and somehow we should be able to put all of those things together here's one of the ways</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:31'>whoops sorry can you turn that off please that's the end of the slides we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:40'>want to be able to put these things together and if we do we'll find</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:44'>ourselves fitting much more closely to the way human mentalities work</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:06'>so this is a 22 month old little girl and she has never lived in a world not</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:13'>densely populated by Macintoshes her</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:18'>mother is my accountant both her mother and father work at home each of them has</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:22'>a mac this is back five years ago in 1985 and when I found out the little</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:27'>girl was interested in computers I gave</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:31'>her an apple to which she rejected she</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:39'>wanted what her folks had now I have to warn you hear that not to be impressed</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:44'>because this is not her first time on the machine she's been using the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:49'>computer for about six months so she's actually a fairly experienced user and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:56'>long time ago we designed this user interface for children but never any of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:03'>this young so it's really interesting to see a child used the machine that was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:08'>actually designed for them and so here</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:12'>she's using the visible menus of mac paint and I saw it I thought all right</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:18'>this is impressed i've i've never seen a child this young is this machine before but ok I it should work but then what</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:25'>happened next really amazed me she wants a fresh sheet of paper so she goes to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:30'>the closed box on the window she saves her old drawing with a pop-up and she</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:37'>goes to the pulldown to get a new one</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:48'>well that was pretty and that was a home movie made by her father and we did</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:54'>about another 10 hours of testing this child on various Macintosh applications</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:00'>and we discovered it across applications she was about seventy percent literate</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:06'>that is she could take a really complicated application like aldus pagemaker a desktop publishing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:10'>application started up make marks and it print the marks out save the marks away</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:16'>get the marks back about seventy percent of the things that Macintosh users</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:21'>expect from application to application she in her horizon already by age 22</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:30'>months okay so that answers one question</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:35'>about this notion a computer ously see</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:39'>one when we're talking about situations</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:43'>like literacy and illiteracy they don't really obtain when the object in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:48'>question is a professional that we don't</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:52'>have a term called health orosi and ill-health orosi because medicine is a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:58'>profession there wasn't a term called literacy and illiteracy back in the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:02'>Middle Ages when writing was a profession as soon as you spread it out to the public you start getting</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:07'>interested in these notions of can people access things made for them by</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:11'>others that's like reading but what about the more important thing can</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:15'>people make things that are like the things that other people make so here's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:20'>an example of something that we did about 15 years ago</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:33'>and this is the logo turtle with a different architecture and it's a little</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:41'>application like Mac draw object oriented illustration system designed</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:47'>and built by 12 year old so this is an</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:51'>end-user program not a program that you'd buy in a store for ninety-nine</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:55'>dollars from egghead software has lots of features you can change size and move</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:00'>things around because of the change in architecture of going from normal data</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:08'>structure and procedure programming to object-oriented programming the amount</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:12'>of code she had the right to do this application was only about a page long so this is not a large program and one</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:18'>of the things that you have to do when you're working with any kind of novice user is make sure the programs they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:23'>write are not terribly long well so that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:27'>was an attempt to get kids and users to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:31'>be both able to access and able to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:36'>generate the same kinds of things that we're going to run on their paradigm of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:40'>computing but now we have a new paradigm of computing it's going to involve</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:44'>agents and artificial intelligence so a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:48'>few years ago I got interested in the idea of trying to set up a design a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:56'>system that would allow children to do artificial intelligence kind of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:00'>programming in other words they would be making things now much less like robots</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:05'>and much more like the gray Walter turtle things that mimic life in a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:12'>number of different ways I like to show you a bit of that project this project</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:16'>is done in a rather large scale we have an entire school it has now 375 children</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:22'>12 teachers and we've been working there for about five years and one of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:28'>things that we found is that technology is not something that you can put in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:33'>like raisins and upon pudding there's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:37'>all this other stuff is the entire life of the child that you have to consider</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:41'>and the framework of the school we're lucky to find a terrific school</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:46'>to Los Angeles bussing school so it's a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:50'>public school and the children are all shapes sizes colors Creed's ethnic</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:56'>backgrounds bust in most of them for more than an hour to get to the school</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:00'>those of demographers paradise and we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:04'>found it very interesting to introduce ideas into the school in a gradual</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:09'>fashion I'd like to show you some of those</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:39'>so that the kids are all kinds of kids</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:44'>and one of the things they've done here is to tear up part of their asphalt</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:50'>playground and build a garden this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:54'>garden was actually designed by the children you'll see a little bit you'll get an idea of how children could design</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:59'>something like this in in just a minute</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:05'>and because we're studying animals as</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:09'>well as plants they have a pond that has</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:13'>all kinds of life forms and the children actually built this garden themselves</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:21'>now I'm not going to explain to you what's going on here see if you can</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:26'>imagine what it is now I'll tell you in a bit what are they doing with these</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:31'>balloons well what they were doing is designing a city and one of the reasons</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:37'>we do some of the design work with balloons is because urban renewal is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:42'>really easy the idea of to know the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:50'>world one was constructed because is strongly tied into designing a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:56'>programming environment for children because what we wanted to do is not so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:01'>much experience things that other people have set up to be more like experiencing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:07'>a television program or maybe an interactive video disc we want them to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:12'>actually make the simulations themselves because it's in making the simulations</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:17'>that the active design is most powerful</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:22'>now next few minutes I'm going to show you three large-scale projects that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:29'>we've been doing at the school one of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:33'>the things we tried to do here was to both challenge the kids and to go much</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:39'>deeper than they ordinarily are asked to go by the state educational board this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:47'>first one is a year-long project in city building and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:52'>the kids that participate in it our third and fourth graders so there are</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:56'>seven and eight and nine years old in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:00'>this project starts in September and runs through the entire year and this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:04'>will give you an idea of it I think this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:11'>is all almost all no no mrs. hansal tool</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:15'>I know but they still are everything explored of it everybody say I know but</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:20'>they're already something you should make something is already Salinas joris</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:26'>the penis is already something every single after everything this is only</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:31'>styrofoam nobody lady out of something I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:35'>know every as late as something accident</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:39'>from a balloon doesn't mean we don't have a design knowledge now to make</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:44'>buildings exactly like they would have to make it a hundred years we're making</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:48'>models ideas for what buildings could be</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:52'>like in a hundred years we don't have the materials we're going to happen 100 years I did red stripes right</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:50:37'>okay did you get that color name red red</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:03'>what do you belviq i'm doing a factory</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:35'>wait do it again and stay here and do</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:40'>the character park you'll be the building y'all be the building yes why</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:45'>on the prison and he's the building these the buildings okay welcome to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:59'>fantasy mall we have lots of stuff the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:52:20'>building collapsed he was trying to see the moon and there nothing collapsed my</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:52:27'>apartment building and on the top is a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:52:31'>swimming pool never got this is a cold day in rainier so you can have an indoor</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:52:36'>central and it's a hot you open it up and you can I here down here tomorrow</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:14'>he'll be our future city is opening as you can see i'll transfer k our monorail</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:20'>has just been strong</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:24'>and all the buildings are beginning to look like buildings all the buildings</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:30'>are being checked and painting now our</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:34'>he cannot pick up the site husband useful because of the monorail and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:39'>transportation we now have these things on our site everybody that wants bad air</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:47'>transportation land on your site must cabinet right Iggy foxes out</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:52'>Commissioner tova cats design this whole</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:57'>monorail see what household monorail and monorail station the Commissioner of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:03'>lands who doesn't exhaust you all for helping us with sidewalks these are my</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:09'>sidewalks my bold earthquake tested and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:17'>alarming teleporting man he puts ebook</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:22'>paper towel rolls on our site static patella to have it be a teleporting</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:27'>station their cities he's getting to look like a real City try getting to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:31'>look like Judy Landers on the monorail calvada getting to Los Angeles cuz of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:36'>the help crowd is starting today less</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:40'>crowded than it was when we were making our study models</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:46'>I level or I level 1 inch tall but will</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:58'>question building so that's a very okay</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:10'>as see more I'm sure will echo when when you actually go into a school and start</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:15'>working with the kids the first reaction is one of shock because the enormity of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:23'>the experience the amount of energy the amount of body learning that the kids</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:28'>need to do completely dominates all the things that you wanted to do with</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:32'>computers and the first thing you realize when you actually go into school</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:36'>and do this stuff for real is that you better worry about curriculum far</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:42'>outside the media that you're going to use because there's so many different</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:47'>dimensions and this is a project in which most of the things that are</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:51'>available on computers now are of almost no use the kids do a little bit of work</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:56'>with Macintoshes in doing this but 99%</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:01'>of it is this huge experience with doing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:05'>things with their hands and their bodies and crawling over the thing and so forth</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:09'>so one of the objectives in this project</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:13'>was to develop I don't want to say the word peach but develop every child as a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:18'>designer and it takes about three years</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:22'>to get a curriculum like this self-sustaining so people who put try to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:27'>put curriculum in a school and measure it after the first year are making a big</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:31'>mistake takes about three years to get something like this going and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:35'>self-sustaining now another thing we started about four years ago was to develop every child in the school as a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:40'>musician you may see some commonality</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:45'>between those two ideas because music is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:49'>another one of these things that has lots of things interacting with itself</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:53'>part of it is in the interest and what each individual thing is doing and part</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:57'>of the interest is and how they interact we want the kids to be able to think about their world in those terms and so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:03'>we did each year we put on a musical</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:08'>this year it was pirates of penzance and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:13'>this was the best one that we've ever ever had i have a few excerpts of it to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:18'>give you an idea the the oldest child in this is 11 the youngest child in it is 6</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:23'>was completely voluntary the pool of children we had to work with for this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:27'>was about 150 children 120 of those 150</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:31'>possible volunteered and appeared in the show they insisted i'm doing the entire</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:37'>Pirates of Penzance line for line we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:41'>started off with one that was broken down they constantly wanted more we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:45'>wanted to go back they insisted in singing in four-part harmony where it was called for this is a perfect example</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:50'>of something that the kids worked like dogs for four months on and put on a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:56'>fantastic show one of the best theatrical presentations I've ever been to hear some of excerpts</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:08'>fishing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:30'>what I know what is it I met along and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:34'>revelry but I can talk site I'm now the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:38'>run home from a shadowy one such affairs are sorties and surprises I more wary ax</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:45'>and when it opens Leslie what is meant</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:49'>by common their progress has been made</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:54'>it modern gunnery on the object another</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:59'>in a nunnery in short one of smattering</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:00:04'>of elemental strategy</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:00:41'>hey</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:01:16'>Oh</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:01:28'>I'm telling a Terry story but it doesn't</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:00'>although our darker rear sometimes involves the crime of stealing squealing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:13'>although my stripe we're always sorry to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:18'>me</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:34'>haha</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:53'>you may go Liberty our pirate rules protecting and kind of remembers our van</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:59'>we do unless you are you x is as useful</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:07'>things to be an orphan boy</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:13'>oh happy days</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:18'>oh happy day</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:32'>oh happy</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:37'>me I you haha</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:42'>bball</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:50'>so Joe Johnson said about thinking on</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:54'>its hind legs well but one is amazed to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:58'>see it done at all and the trick in doing these kinds of things with kids is to get beyond that stage the only way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:03'>you can do it is by having something like music being a part of the child's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:08'>life all the way through their experience this is the first year in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:12'>which we all the children in it had been part of this enrichment now that's the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:18'>second way of dealing with complexity let me show you the third way and this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:22'>is because the computer some good and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:27'>here are we studying animals and we try and get the children to program not</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:32'>robots but things that are much more biologically acceptable</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:56'>now you might wonder where are the computers in this classroom well one of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:01'>the problems with these computers is that they're bulky so we took every</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:05'>horizontal surfaces in the entire school out and replace them with tables that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:09'>have Macintoshes under them so there are hundreds of Macintoshes in the school</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:14'>but they're all underneath the surfaces so the teachers don't want to move them</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:19'>out of the classroom the teachers don't want to shove them around to the side they're just part of the normal working</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:24'>environment of the school and they're on all the time no computer classrooms no</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:28'>shoved against the wall</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:53'>guys these are some animations we did a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:57'>few years ago and HyperCard just as an idea of what things might look like</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:01'>eventually there's no intelligence behind these models hey guys i am going</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:08'>for a swim in the scene</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:25'>hey</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:33'>if you're asking for every player has agent needs food and the whale come up</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:38'>the way I also have some Asian food all right let me tell you why because when</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:45'>the agent looks in his world what we're</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:49'>seeing here is a they have seminars where they talk over different problem</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:54'>solving strategies the teacher this particular teacher happens to like to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:58'>solve problems and she likes to discuss them with the kids then the kids have to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:03'>go off and figure it out for themselves it doesn't look at himself it looks at</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:07'>the world beyond him so that's why it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:11'>only looks at those players who have food but it doesn't count himself but if</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:18'>he asked for every player in the universe it would include himself and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:25'>this is kind of important for you to think about because when he when they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:30'>have to start giving birth to eat to themselves so they won't die off they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:36'>have to be able to count everything in the universe why Dean Cain</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:45'>50 count how many there are like if</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:49'>there was only one left in was himself competative journalist and then he left</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:53'>bar and then he got true protein what's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:58'>my friend it was a whale who lived to know Jay just off the Pacific coast it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:08:03'>is the time of year when the whales migrate down to Mexico to me and to give</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:08:08'>birth to their babies who were conceived the year before I do that you don't want</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:08:20'>emotion thank you okay go to the top</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:08:45'>works with those two on and I move away</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:08:58'>now here's a more complicated one these these models use the Minsky and Papert</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:02'>Society of mind architecture applied in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:07'>a language for children that was developed in part here at the Media Lab by Mike Travers one of the graduate</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:14'>students here's a more complicated one the clownfish in the lower left is just</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:19'>going about its business feeding one of the things that they do is to find a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:23'>favorite see an enemy and acclimate to it that's what it's doing now they spend</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:28'>a little more time in the monks to poison of the enemy and gradually get</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:33'>immune to it so that they can use it as a place to hide when some predator comes</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:40'>a lot the shark right now is quite a distance away and it doesn't notice the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:45'>clownfish and the clownfish doesn't notice it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:53'>here's some more acclamation closer into the tentacles this time</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:09'>now this lucky clownfish is been doing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:13'>it often enough so it is actually acclimated to the anenih me so when the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:19'>shark sees it and starts pursuing its</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:28'>able to run back to the enemy and the shark can only get so close to the enemy</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:32'>report backs off but of course it wants</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:37'>to come back again</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:46'>so computers are media to think with as</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:50'>Seymour said so eloquently a long time ago in Nicholas's book 20 years ago he</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:56'>said he dedicated it to the first machine who can appreciate the gesture</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:02'>and I think he meant not the gesture like this but the gesture of having a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:06'>book dedicated to it he also said in the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:11'>preface of it that it was all beginnings in no end well I think that's the perfect definition of a research lab a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:16'>my answer to the question of what is the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:21'>next computer revolution it's the one in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:25'>which happens in the context of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:29'>whole person and in the whole person's world that it's not just something that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:33'>we apply in isolation to solve small problems but it's one that like media</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:37'>surrounds us as we've tried to do with the children thank you very much and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:42'>happy 5th birthday ok</subtitle>
<subtitle id='4308'>you </subtitle>

Alan Kay at MIT Media Lab 5th Anniversary Event (1990)

2017-12-31T05:13:50Z

MrSteve: minor word correction

{{#evt:
service=youtubeIA
|id=6Ysu1mDxxbc
|alignment=left
|autoresize=true
}}

<subtitle id='00:00:00'> never know what Nicholas was going to say actually the turned out that the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:08'>bearnaise on the hot dog didn't sell well if I remember we're no longer on</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:13'>that board anniversaries get people to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:22'>think of other anniversaries there lots</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:26'>of them happening this year one of them is the 50th anniversary of Fantasia and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:33'>Fantasia I think for many of us in this audience and at MIT and elsewhere was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:40'>something we grew up on as a kind of a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:44'>dream of bringing our ideas to life and a lot of us saw the computer is a way of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:50'>more quickly with more depth more</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:54'>dimension more meaning to be able to project ideas that we had within within</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:00'>ourselves into this magic new medium and have them come to life just as the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:07'>disney people did with great art but much more laborious lee many years ago I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:12'>think a good way to start this this lecture is to think 40 years ago not 50</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:19'>the 40 years ago was the when two very</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:26'>diverse very at opposite poles machines</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:31'>were introduced to the to the world and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:35'>one of them of course was the UNIVAC one the first commercial digital computer</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:42'>thing that a digital computer its people's minds it had whirling tape</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:47'>drives the first whirling tape drives and it predicted an election not long</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:53'>after that on television and so it became in the public's mind what a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:59'>computer was all about now in the other</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:05'>machine that was at the farthest pole of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:09'>thinking from the univac one also came about 19</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:13'>50 and I actually spent quite a bit with some assistance this summer trying to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:18'>find some film footage of it because I was sure that some must exist and after</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:24'>much scurrying around in England then looking at old newsreels and so forth we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:29'>finally found what i think is the earliest footage of this machine which I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:33'>think symbolizes the transition from the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:38'>UNIVAC 1 to what's going to happen over the next 10 years and i think i need the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:42'>the slides off because i'm going to show some video thank you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:59'>in a simple Ville on the outskirts of Bristol lives Dr. Grey Walter a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:04'>neurologist who makes robots as a hobby they are small and he doesn't dress them</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:09'>up to look like men he calls them tortoises and so cunningly have their</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:13'>insides being designed that they respond to the stimuli of light and touch in a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:18'>completely lifelike manner</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:38'>this model is named Elsie and she sees out of a photoelectric cell which</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:43'>rotates above her body when light strikes the cell driving and steering</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:48'>mechanism sends her hurrying towards it if she brushes against any object in her</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:52'>path contacts are operated that turn the steering away and so automatically she</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:58'>takes avoiding action</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:34'>Mrs. Walters pet his Elma, Elsie's brother in the darker vest he works in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:39'>exactly the same way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:49'>Dr. Walter says that his electronic toys work exactly as though they have a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:53'>simple two cell nervous system and that with more cells they will be able to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:58'>do many more tricks already Elsie has one up on Elmer when her batteries begin to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:03'>fail she automatically runs home to her kennel but charging up and in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:07'>consequence can live a much gayer life</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:17'>so I officially present this footage to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:21'>Nicholas Seymour Papert and Marvin Minsky for it means something to each</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:27'>one of this this is the original tortoise that inspired the logo turtle</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:33'>and it also inspired a lot of early work</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:37'>in artificial intelligence and what's interesting about the way the last 40</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:41'>years have transpired is that digital computers have taken over but in fact</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:46'>where things are going now are much more towards the kinds of control systems</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:53'>kinds of what you might call wet mentalities that device like the great</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:00'>Walter turtle has well the biggest</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:04'>problem with with computers is that they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:09'>were larger than than human scale and the mechanisms we have in our mind for</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:14'>dealing with things are larger than human scale are those of religions so of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:18'>course we had a priesthood and special</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:22'>time special rituals all of that stuff and a lot of what has happened in the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:27'>last 40 years has been to try and find ways to bring the machine into human</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:32'>scale without losing any of its promise</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:36'>what I'd like to do is give you a couple</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:40'>of ways that I think about this stuff and one of them is thinking in general</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:46'>terms about the way humans have extended themselves over the last several hundred</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:52'>thousand years and of course the first one that we think of is that we extend</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:56'>ourselves through tools levers screwdrivers wheels and so forth less</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:03'>often we think of language and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:07'>mathematics as tools but they also are ways of creating objects for things that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:15'>we want to deal with and we manipulate them and all of these tools allow us to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:21'>extend various of our senses and for a long time we thought of the computer as</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:26'>a kind of a tool and one of the ways that we've grappled with it is to try and make it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:30'>act more like the kinds of tools that were used to now less often thought of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:35'>extension is one that was identified many years ago by mumford who said for</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:42'>most of the history of human beings most of the machines that we've built have</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:47'>had other humans as moving parts he called these mega machines and societies</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:52'>groups an organization like this the media lab all of these are a consequence</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:57'>of our ability to take on other people's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:02'>goals our interest in taking on people's goals and our interest in getting people</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:06'>to take on our goals of course agents</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:10'>can take on a goal and can manipulate tools to carry out our wishes while</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:14'>we're doing things but more importantly an agent can deal with other agents and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:20'>I think of the the M word here for</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:24'>agents as being management so to me a tool is something that we look at and we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:29'>manipulate and an agent is something that looks at us and we manage the agent</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:35'>and of course the mainframes were neither and so the struggle was started</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:41'>in the 1950s in 1962 try and find a way of bringing this into some sort of human</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:46'>scale now I like to show you a couple of early efforts</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:04'>here's a picture that could have been taken in somebody's office here at MIT</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:08'>but actually it was taken in 1965 this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:15'>is Douglas Engelbart sitting at his</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:20'>first version of a what you might call not a personal computer but personal</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:25'>computing he has a mouse he has a black on white 19 inch screen and here's the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:32'>kind of media that he dealt back sat</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:44'>exactly branch on me and let me look just that low and I see it oh I can say</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:51'>I'd like to see one line only I can see</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:55'>but there's another thing I can do theres a route I said i have here</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:04'>so here I'm it i'll need a different pictures of you so here's what i do with</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:09'>a picture drawing capability here so slight and lamp if i start from work and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:13'>here's the route i seem to have to go to pick up all the materials and that's my</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:17'>plan for getting home tonight but if I want to I can say the library what am I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:22'>supposed to pick up there I can just point to that you know oh I see overdue</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:27'>books and all while there was a statement there with that name go back what if I once my supposed to pick up</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:32'>the drugstore hmm I see you interesting all right market can do things if I want</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:40'>to just say I'd like to interchange projects and can materials bingo and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:46'>they're all numbered right if I care to look interchanging them very quickly</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:50'>cans are going to get interchange with products they do it and all gets me</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:56'>numbered so that's a very tool based way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:01'>of thinking about things you're indicating things on the screen moving</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:05'>them around Engelbart was one of the of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:09'>a number of people in the 50s and 60s that realize that although you could</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:13'>drop a computer and break it just like you can drop a book into a fire and burn</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:19'>it that the contents of the computer or</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:23'>of the book can be a story or a description of things that can't exist</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:28'>physically in the world you can have a story in a book about a place that has an inverse cube law doesn't seem to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:33'>exist in in this world the computer can</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:37'>add more dimensions than this world has to a way of looking at data and so that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:41'>if you have a 15 dimensional space of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:46'>interesting things the computer can give you 16 dimensions and bring all of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:50'>interesting points together at one one place and that led to a number of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:55'>different ways of thinking about the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:00'>computer Engelbart's metaphor was the computer as a vehicle he thought of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:06'>big mainframes as being like railroads that were owned by institutions and the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:11'>institutions decided when you could use them and decided what you could use them</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:15'>for and Engelbart wanted to be Henry Ford he</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:19'>wanted everybody to have their own vehicle used to say phrases like we need</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:24'>to deal with thought vectors and concept space I don't think he knew what that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:28'>meant we certainly didn't but it sounded</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:32'>great and it gave rise to this notion that in order to bring the computer down</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:38'>into our world we have to have some way of interacting with it in a closer</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:44'>fashion and so the the urge was to bring the computer cycles closer to the user</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:50'>and that's what gave rise to machines like this and this is one that I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:54'>designed it's a picture of it on its own display back in the late 60s and it even</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:03'>had a user interface on it although back</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:07'>then there's a wonderful phrase about user interface user interfaces was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:12'>called it's when the flesh hits the steel and that phrase is very much about</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:20'>because there's really no notion of there being an intermediary between you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:25'>and the hardness of the machine and this this machine have multiple windows and a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:31'>number of other ideas on it but it was a little bit like trying to make an apple</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:36'>pie from random ingredients found in the kitchen you don't have any apples so you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:41'>decide to use bananas you don't have any flour so you grind up Cheerios and so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:47'>forth I randomly substituting for all of the ingredients in a typical pie you can</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:51'>make something but in this case this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:55'>turned out to be a bit of a mess only</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:59'>graduate students liked it sort of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:03'>kiss of death for any computer system</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:09'>reason of course as graduate students are going through a rite of passage when they're trying to prove how smart they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:14'>are and how many amazing things that they can remember and so they turn out</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:18'>to be pretty much the world's worst user interface design right I was a graduate</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:22'>student when I designed this so I'm speaking with authority now right about</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:28'>the same time that this was going on there is a whole different way of looking at interaction and one of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:35'>ways that I used to illustrate that is some film footage taken at rand</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:40'>corporation on a system that they made</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:44'>for Rand economists and other non computer types The Economist's of course</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:51'>are that group of people that if you lay them end to end they still won't be able</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:55'>to reach a conclusion and the Economist</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:00'>didn't even like to type they like to write things on legal pads and they said</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:06'>the RAM people can't you do something about that so here's an example of something that was adapted from some</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:13'>early work here at MIT by Marvin Minsky and war entitlement to do a system that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:20'>would interpret gestures as expressed on</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:24'>a data tablet so here's what that looks like</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:38'>first we erase a flow arrow then move</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:42'>the connector out of the way so that we may draw a box in its place the printing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:51'>in the box is being new commentary only in this case the box is slightly too</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:57'>large so we may change its size where modern day window control came from</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:01'>literally then dry flow from the connector to the box attached a decision</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:08'>element to the box and dry flow from it to scan we then erased the flow arrows</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:15'>attached to the process post new area and move the box to a new position this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:25'>allows us to draw a new box well that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:34'>was a tremendous change in the way we felt about using computers I had a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:42'>chance to use that for half an hour in 1968 and felt like I was thinking my</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:46'>hands right through the glass of the display and touching the information</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:51'>structures directly inside unlike Engelbart's system which I had called a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:55'>personal computer this to me was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:59'>intimate this is an intimate way of interacting and so for me and for a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:05'>bunch of other people in the 60s 1968</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:09'>was my year for thinking about the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:14'>possibility of there being three major ways of interacting with a computer of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:21'>three paradigms three frameworks for thinking about interaction and the thing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:27'>that clinched it for me was seeing going</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:32'>out and visiting Seymour's one of Seymour's first installations in a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:38'>school watching them use the logo turtle</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:42'>the descendant of the great Walter turtle, cause Seymour had this terrific idea that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:47'>wouldn't it be great to let kids actually build the kinds of mechanisms</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:51'>that would animate a turtle around and they would learn a lot about their world and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:56'>a lot about thinking about the world from from doing that and I've never</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:00'>recovered from that because once I saw that to me the computer was no longer a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:05'>vehicle in the nation at risk report the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:11'>recommendation is that every child in the US should have one semester of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:16'>computers in their senior year of high school that's their strong</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:22'>recommendation about computers and that's driver's ed that is treating the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:28'>computer like a vehicle it's not the cars aren't important it's that they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:32'>aren't central the central things to us are the media the intermediaries with</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:38'>how we work with the world and if you can get rid of that slide that'd be</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:42'>great I think everybody has figured that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:48'>out by now thank you the that led to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:57'>thinking of a computer in a completely different way this is a cardboard model</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:01'>I made in 1968 just since become known</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:05'>as the dynabook and we actually loaded</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:10'>this cardboard model up with a variety of lead pellets to try and find out how</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:15'>heavy it could be before people would always take it with them not find an</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:20'>excuse to leave it behind and turns out</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:24'>that the weight that we determined has not yet been reached by any computer company so this machine is still a bit</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:31'>in the future but it expresses a different kind of relationship with the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:35'>machine and something that wants to start much earlier in the life of a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:41'>human being and so one of the ways of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:47'>thinking of it is if we compare these three</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:53'>ways of looking at it we can say well where is the computer in the past it was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:58'>in the glasshouse today in personal computing it's on our desk and in the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:04'>future it's going to be with us all the time in California will weave it into</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:09'>our t-shirts Nicholas said 10 years ago</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:15'>that will know in the future appears when our cufflinks committed communicate</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:21'>with our watched by means of satellite</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:26'>it's when such hyperbole is not outrageous that you know a paradigm</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:31'>shift has actually happened and as an interesting analogy here to the history</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:37'>of publishing in 1400 AD there are three</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:41'>hundred ninety two books in the Vatican Library one of the largest libraries in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:46'>Europe and in 1452 or thereabouts--</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:51'>Gutenberg printed his first Bible and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:55'>that Bible the 42 line Bible was as big as the hand-written manuscripts that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:02'>have been so laborious Lee copied by monks during the Middle Ages and the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:07'>reason it was that big is that that was what books worth if you look at pictures</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:14'>woodcuts or you visit the modern</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:18'>recreation of what a library was like then they didn't shelve the books most</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:23'>libraries back then had so few books that each book had its own reading table</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:28'>and the books were chained to it you look at this table table book with</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:34'>chains the thing that comes to mind inescapably is a time-sharing bullpen</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:40'>because these are institutionally owned items and Gutenberg didn't know what</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:47'>else to do but to make them that size and much more interesting revolution</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:53'>happened a few years later when Aldous now has a company named after him Elvis</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:59'>minus dias who was a Venetian publisher did two remarkable things first he was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:05'>one of the major driving force behind publishing things other than</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:09'>Bibles and he isn't he and his sons over the next century published 40,000</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:15'>different books most of them from gathering up Greek and Roman writings</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:21'>spreading them all over Europe he did one other thing that will forever endear</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:25'>himself to me he decided that book should be this big and he decided they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:31'>should be this big because that was the size that saddle bags were in Venice in the 1490s in other words eldest realized</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:39'>something very important and that is the books could now be lost and because they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:46'>could now be lost they could now be taken with they now could go out and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:51'>become a mass medium now again we're in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:55'>this interesting stage because we're not in a place where r we're willing to have our computers be lost watches their $10</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:04'>swatch watches or something like that willing to have them be lost maybe a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:09'>pocket calculator it's not a tragedy if it gets lost paper and pencil it's not a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:13'>tragedy but still with our multi-thousand dollar computers sitting</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:19'>on our desks we're actually still in the Gutenberg era and the interesting thing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:24'>about history is that nothing that happened between Gutenberg and Aldous</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:28'>counted none of those behavior patterns</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:32'>had anything to do with what happened in the post aldous area as we went into the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:36'>16th century so drawing curves as a way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:40'>of predicting the puter doesn't work very well when you're in these interesting transition periods well</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:45'>another way of looking at these three</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:50'>paradigms is to ask what kinds of information do we use letter and numbers</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:55'>with institutional computing fonts and graphics on modern personal computing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:01'>and as Nicholas likes the show with his imploding his teething rings for the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:07'>media lab as he likes to call them that it's going to be all media coming together because the computer is a meta</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:12'>media its content is all media all</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:16'>intermediaries that one is pretty much of a no-brainer but it's amazing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:20'>how long it has taken for that to even that simple idea to sink in how do we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:26'>print impact printing big laser printing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:30'>personal laser printers with personal computing and no printing as we move on</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:37'>into the next ten years because the information is going to be too</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:41'>interesting to destroy by printing it out right now is an index of how paltry</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:48'>our use of the computer is that we can actually print it out and feel good about it we actually haven't heard</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:54'>anything because our information for the most part is not in dimensionally</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:59'>intertwined it's not in the form of a dynamic simulation it's not any of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:04'>things that the computer is really about</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:08'>field of interaction feels like line editing on institutional computing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:15'>layout on computers like the Macintosh</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:19'>moving things around but in the new</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:28'>paradigm it's going to feel more like conducting because we're going to move from passive information to active</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:34'>information we're going to move from objects to ages and so it's going to be</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:38'>a little bit more like summoning forth lots of assistance at different times</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:43'>and checking out what their goals are and our they're checking out what our</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:48'>goals are and and so forth so each one of these is a completely different way of thinking about it and one of the ways</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:54'>of thinking about the differentiation between the institutional and the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:00'>personal here is that even when graphical interfaces were done in the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:04'>60s for the most part all interfaces were thought of their main task was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:09'>accessed to function so this notion that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:13'>inside the computer is sort of something like a big nuclear reactor or a power station there's all that function and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:19'>what we need to have is a way of getting to each of these pieces of function will</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:23'>map them into control keys and and double control meta y keys and that way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:29'>of thinking about things and the revolution that made the second</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:35'>paradigm the personal computer paradigm is going from that stance to realizing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:40'>that the main job of the user interface is to make the user aware of what the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:44'>possibilities are in other words the user interface now goes from being</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:49'>control of function to a learning environment and of course I should</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:56'>mention that the the main job of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:00'>intimate computer user interface is to do a lot of learning itself so we go</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:05'>from no learning or learning of the most back-breaking kind to making it easier</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:12'>for the user to learn and then finally we want the system to learn how do we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:17'>give commands we have to remember everything and type C in point where we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:23'>are now and in the future is going to be asked and gesture because the computer</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:28'>is going to be watching us not us just watching it what kind of languages do we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:33'>program it in weekly modular data</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:37'>structured procedures cobol one of the surest predictions that we can make</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:42'>about the future is that 10 years from now there will still be a lot of COBOL programmers this personal computing way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:54'>of doing things is pretty much object-oriented after right far fewer</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:59'>lines of code and there's a new kind of programming that people are starting to do called agent oriented programming and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:07'>one way of thinking about all of these paradigms is to compare them with</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:11'>architecture of taking a civilization like the Greeks whose main way of making</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:18'>big buildings was post and lintel pilot block box like that and you get</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:24'>buildings about this size and if you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:28'>want to make a building a lot bigger and let in more light this architecture doesn't work you have to change to a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:33'>different kind of architecture like the gothic arch and if you do that you can make</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:38'>buildings much larger with about the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:43'>same amount of material and when they say just about somebody he doesn't have</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:49'>enough bricks to make a wall that might not be a slam because you might have</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:57'>enough bricks to make an arch he's got enough bricks to make an arch she's a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:01'>lot better off than people who only have enough bricks to make walls and of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:06'>course the big change in the last several hundred years is going from structures that just push against each</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:11'>other to this notion of the higher</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:15'>strength of materials under tension if you get materials that you can tense as</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:20'>well as compressed you can make structures like geodesic domes that will</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:25'>fit over all of the cathedrals that have ever been made in the world and these are completely separate ways of thinking</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:31'>about things and one of the answers to the question that's the title of my</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:35'>lecture is what is the next computer</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:39'>revolution going to be like well it's going to be technologically it's going to be like what I just told you that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:44'>we're going to intimate machines they'll always be networked there will be</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:49'>information utilities the systems will</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:53'>learn and so forth now for many people this is big news but in fact if you go</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:58'>back in the history of computer science you find people like Marvin Minsky and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:03'>John McCarthy writing papers in the late 50s and early 60s about this this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:09'>happens to be not just the fifth anniversary of the media lab but it's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:14'>also the 20th anniversary of Nicholas's book called the architecture machine</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:18'>which is all about this third way of looking at things now for my standpoint</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:24'>since I am not particularly enamored of technology this is a very incomplete</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:30'>answer and I would like to try and go to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:34'>a different way of thinking about things that involves people much more strongly</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:40'>and to do that we have to have some sense</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:45'>of how people's minds work this is for</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:49'>many years and in engineering is where the rubber met the sky because engineers</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:56'>tend to like controllable elements and people aren't all that controllable and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:01'>as a behavioral mechanism we are exasperating and so there's been a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:07'>tendency of actually trying to get people to be more like machines rather</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:11'>than the other way around and give you an example of why this is difficult to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:16'>deal with take a look at one of my favorite pictures here and what you see</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:24'>here let's pretend we're in school because actually we are in school we're in a university let me give you an</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:30'>English sentence about this picture what we've done with this picture is to take</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:35'>a picture of a young girl extracted her eyes and mouth turn them upside down and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:41'>put them back into the picture and then turn the entire picture upside down that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:46'>sound reasonable to everybody okay so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:50'>having said that you should be completely prepared than for what it looks like right side up I'm going to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:58'>turn this back because I've discovered nobody will listen to me when it's on the other way so this is one of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:09'>flaws of trying to give lectures in English because a nation is actually not</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:16'>convertible except outside of the human</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:22'>domain within the human domain we actually have different parts of our</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:26'>brain that respond the things in different ways and this is one of the reasons why McDonald's doesn't run print</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:31'>ads saying if you eat a McDonald's hamburger you'll become a better looking</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:35'>person because in English it's absurd so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:39'>instead what they do is to run an ad showing pictures of really good-looking people eating McDonald's hamburgers and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:44'>a different part of your mind takes that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:48'>information and makes a different kind of inference the kind of inference that the ad people want you in fact we have a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:54'>part of our mind that thinks things are more true if they rhyme so if I were to say to you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:00'>a big mac and fries will slender your thighs down more convincing the whole</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:10'>idea here is that as people started to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:15'>suspect about starting about a hundred years ago with Freud Piaget Brunner</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:21'>Minsky and Papert that what we don't have inside of our head is the oneness a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:29'>vast beautiful seamless fabric of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:33'>mentality but instead what we have is something much more like a patchwork quilt and in fact the patchwork quilt</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:38'>has little mechanisms that pop us from one part of the quilt to another</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:43'>whenever we get too close to one of the boundaries and it's you have to do things like this to show that there is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:48'>an actual patchwork quilt there so we have this idea of multiple mentalities</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:55'>and Piaget was one of the first to study</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:00'>the very different ways that children have of dealing with the world as they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:05'>move through stages of development early in a child's life an object is to grab</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:10'>it a hole is to dig it thinking is doing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:14'>in many ways later on the child is more</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:18'>visually centered child says there's more water in the tall glass when you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:23'>pour from the squat class the tall one because it looks that way and then</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:28'>finally it around 11 or 12 there's a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:32'>facts and logic stage where logical operations are carried out and the child</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:38'>can make deductions based on facts like there can't be more water because where</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:42'>would it go where would it come from so forth now of course at least this was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:48'>true in 11 and 12 year old Swiss French kids in America there's a lot of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:53'>evidence that American kids never get to this facts and logic stage</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:01'>now brunner in the 50s and 60s we did</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:07'>some of pjs experiments but he added some twists so he took the water pouring</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:11'>experiment and after the kids said there's more water in the tall glass</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:16'>runner put a cardboard so the kid couldn't see the tall glass anymore and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:20'>the kid would change his mind back say oh there can't be more and then Brenda</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:24'>would take whip Brenda would take the cardboard away and the kid would say oh</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:29'>but look there's more water Brenda would put the cardboard back and the kid would</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:33'>change his mind again so if you have any six-year-olds you'd like to torment and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:40'>what runner was in his way was getting</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:45'>closer to this idea of multiple mentalities as well that it isn't just a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:53'>metamorphosis like a caterpillar into a butterfly which is pretty much the way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:57'>Piaget thought of it but actually different modules being able to deal</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:02'>with it within different ways and a change in dominance to express the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:06'>piaget expression now there are many things that you can do with this suppose</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:11'>you wanted to design a user interface for a computer that was like a tool and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:16'>we have to think about what each of these mentalities actually does so an</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:21'>example the body-centered one is the one that knows where we are in space we can</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:25'>close our eyes and touch our nose when in touch our hands behind our back if</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:30'>you blind us we can still orient ourselves but if we aren't as</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:34'>unfortunate enough to suffer a brain lesion that takes part of a limb out of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:39'>our body map then even though it's physically attached to us it's like</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:43'>somebody else's so this orienting</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:47'>centering groundedness is something that the body mentality brings to us the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:53'>visually sent mentality is wonderfully</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:58'>adept at dealing with various kinds of tricks for instance if we were to put a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:02'>hundred images of animals on a wall you'd be able to find the elephant</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:07'>almost four times as fast as you could the word elephant if the images were</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:12'>replaced words now let me try and experiment this I realize that this is a very academic</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:17'>body here but let me ask how many people</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:21'>here watch television be honest okay how</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:26'>many people flip channels all right how</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:32'>many people have ever flipped a channel randomly into a movie they haven't seen</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:37'>for 18 years how long did it take you to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:41'>recognize that you'd seen that movie before how long yeah somewhere between a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:48'>half a second and a couple of seconds think about what that meant 18 years ago</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:53'>you saw a movie you didn't know you're</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:57'>going to be tested on it you randomly</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:03'>without any preparation pop into the middle of it and all of a sudden in 30</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:10'>frames or so of seeing that movie you suddenly recognize what it is think of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:15'>what that means in the context of your entire life most people can remember</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:19'>what's going to happen next if you stop the movie after they've recognized that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:23'>they know what the next scene is going to be so that is a mentality that begged</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:29'>to be exploited and what it says is that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:33'>we should always be able to present about a hundred things in the visual</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:37'>field because the user can be aware of them subliminally and if we present them</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:42'>in recognizable scenes the user can store hundreds thousands millions of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:47'>different scenes and remember that they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:51'>were there before then finally the symbolically centered mentality is much</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:55'>more interested in changing things so if</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:59'>its biggest problem is finding the right context because it is not a context</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:04'>chooser so if your visual mentality work</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:08'>the way your symbolic one the first thing you opened your eyes and saw in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:12'>the morning would be what you'd be staring at several hours later that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:16'>doesn't work so well so we have a grounding mentality we have a flitting</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:21'>around mentality that's aware of lots of things and we have one</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:25'>likes to make chains and somehow we should be able to put all of those things together here's one of the ways</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:31'>whoops sorry can you turn that off please that's the end of the slides we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:40'>want to be able to put these things together and if we do we'll find</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:44'>ourselves fitting much more closely to the way human mentalities work</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:06'>so this is a 22 month old little girl and she has never lived in a world not</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:13'>densely populated by Macintoshes her</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:18'>mother is my accountant both her mother and father work at home each of them has</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:22'>a mac this is back five years ago in 1985 and when I found out the little</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:27'>girl was interested in computers I gave</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:31'>her an apple to which she rejected she</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:39'>wanted what her folks had now I have to warn you hear that not to be impressed</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:44'>because this is not her first time on the machine she's been using the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:49'>computer for about six months so she's actually a fairly experienced user and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:56'>long time ago we designed this user interface for children but never any of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:03'>this young so it's really interesting to see a child used the machine that was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:08'>actually designed for them and so here</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:12'>she's using the visible menus of mac paint and I saw it I thought all right</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:18'>this is impressed i've i've never seen a child this young is this machine before but ok I it should work but then what</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:25'>happened next really amazed me she wants a fresh sheet of paper so she goes to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:30'>the closed box on the window she saves her old drawing with a pop-up and she</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:37'>goes to the pulldown to get a new one</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:48'>well that was pretty and that was a home movie made by her father and we did</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:54'>about another 10 hours of testing this child on various Macintosh applications</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:00'>and we discovered it across applications she was about seventy percent literate</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:06'>that is she could take a really complicated application like aldus pagemaker a desktop publishing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:10'>application started up make marks and it print the marks out save the marks away</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:16'>get the marks back about seventy percent of the things that Macintosh users</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:21'>expect from application to application she in her horizon already by age 22</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:30'>months okay so that answers one question</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:35'>about this notion a computer ously see</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:39'>one when we're talking about situations</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:43'>like literacy and illiteracy they don't really obtain when the object in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:48'>question is a professional that we don't</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:52'>have a term called health orosi and ill-health orosi because medicine is a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:58'>profession there wasn't a term called literacy and illiteracy back in the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:02'>Middle Ages when writing was a profession as soon as you spread it out to the public you start getting</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:07'>interested in these notions of can people access things made for them by</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:11'>others that's like reading but what about the more important thing can</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:15'>people make things that are like the things that other people make so here's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:20'>an example of something that we did about 15 years ago</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:33'>and this is the logo turtle with a different architecture and it's a little</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:41'>application like Mac draw object oriented illustration system designed</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:47'>and built by 12 year old so this is an</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:51'>end-user program not a program that you'd buy in a store for ninety-nine</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:55'>dollars from egghead software has lots of features you can change size and move</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:00'>things around because of the change in architecture of going from normal data</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:08'>structure and procedure programming to object-oriented programming the amount</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:12'>of code she had the right to do this application was only about a page long so this is not a large program and one</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:18'>of the things that you have to do when you're working with any kind of novice user is make sure the programs they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:23'>write are not terribly long well so that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:27'>was an attempt to get kids and users to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:31'>be both able to access and able to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:36'>generate the same kinds of things that we're going to run on their paradigm of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:40'>computing but now we have a new paradigm of computing it's going to involve</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:44'>agents and artificial intelligence so a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:48'>few years ago I got interested in the idea of trying to set up a design a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:56'>system that would allow children to do artificial intelligence kind of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:00'>programming in other words they would be making things now much less like robots</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:05'>and much more like the gray Walter turtle things that mimic life in a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:12'>number of different ways I like to show you a bit of that project this project</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:16'>is done in a rather large scale we have an entire school it has now 375 children</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:22'>12 teachers and we've been working there for about five years and one of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:28'>things that we found is that technology is not something that you can put in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:33'>like raisins and upon pudding there's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:37'>all this other stuff is the entire life of the child that you have to consider</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:41'>and the framework of the school we're lucky to find a terrific school</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:46'>to Los Angeles bussing school so it's a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:50'>public school and the children are all shapes sizes colors Creed's ethnic</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:56'>backgrounds bust in most of them for more than an hour to get to the school</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:00'>those of demographers paradise and we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:04'>found it very interesting to introduce ideas into the school in a gradual</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:09'>fashion I'd like to show you some of those</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:39'>so that the kids are all kinds of kids</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:44'>and one of the things they've done here is to tear up part of their asphalt</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:50'>playground and build a garden this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:54'>garden was actually designed by the children you'll see a little bit you'll get an idea of how children could design</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:59'>something like this in in just a minute</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:05'>and because we're studying animals as</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:09'>well as plants they have a pond that has</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:13'>all kinds of life forms and the children actually built this garden themselves</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:21'>now I'm not going to explain to you what's going on here see if you can</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:26'>imagine what it is now I'll tell you in a bit what are they doing with these</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:31'>balloons well what they were doing is designing a city and one of the reasons</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:37'>we do some of the design work with balloons is because urban renewal is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:42'>really easy the idea of to know the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:50'>world one was constructed because is strongly tied into designing a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:56'>programming environment for children because what we wanted to do is not so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:01'>much experience things that other people have set up to be more like experiencing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:07'>a television program or maybe an interactive video disc we want them to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:12'>actually make the simulations themselves because it's in making the simulations</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:17'>that the active design is most powerful</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:22'>now next few minutes I'm going to show you three large-scale projects that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:29'>we've been doing at the school one of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:33'>the things we tried to do here was to both challenge the kids and to go much</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:39'>deeper than they ordinarily are asked to go by the state educational board this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:47'>first one is a year-long project in city building and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:52'>the kids that participate in it our third and fourth graders so there are</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:56'>seven and eight and nine years old in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:00'>this project starts in September and runs through the entire year and this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:04'>will give you an idea of it I think this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:11'>is all almost all no no mrs. hansal tool</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:15'>I know but they still are everything explored of it everybody say I know but</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:20'>they're already something you should make something is already Salinas joris</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:26'>the penis is already something every single after everything this is only</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:31'>styrofoam nobody lady out of something I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:35'>know every as late as something accident</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:39'>from a balloon doesn't mean we don't have a design knowledge now to make</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:44'>buildings exactly like they would have to make it a hundred years we're making</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:48'>models ideas for what buildings could be</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:52'>like in a hundred years we don't have the materials we're going to happen 100 years I did red stripes right</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:50:37'>okay did you get that color name red red</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:03'>what do you belviq i'm doing a factory</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:35'>wait do it again and stay here and do</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:40'>the character park you'll be the building y'all be the building yes why</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:45'>on the prison and he's the building these the buildings okay welcome to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:59'>fantasy mall we have lots of stuff the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:52:20'>building collapsed he was trying to see the moon and there nothing collapsed my</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:52:27'>apartment building and on the top is a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:52:31'>swimming pool never got this is a cold day in rainier so you can have an indoor</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:52:36'>central and it's a hot you open it up and you can I here down here tomorrow</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:14'>he'll be our future city is opening as you can see i'll transfer k our monorail</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:20'>has just been strong</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:24'>and all the buildings are beginning to look like buildings all the buildings</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:30'>are being checked and painting now our</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:34'>he cannot pick up the site husband useful because of the monorail and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:39'>transportation we now have these things on our site everybody that wants bad air</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:47'>transportation land on your site must cabinet right Iggy foxes out</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:52'>Commissioner tova cats design this whole</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:57'>monorail see what household monorail and monorail station the Commissioner of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:03'>lands who doesn't exhaust you all for helping us with sidewalks these are my</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:09'>sidewalks my bold earthquake tested and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:17'>alarming teleporting man he puts ebook</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:22'>paper towel rolls on our site static patella to have it be a teleporting</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:27'>station their cities he's getting to look like a real City try getting to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:31'>look like Judy Landers on the monorail calvada getting to Los Angeles cuz of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:36'>the help crowd is starting today less</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:40'>crowded than it was when we were making our study models</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:46'>I level or I level 1 inch tall but will</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:58'>question building so that's a very okay</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:10'>as see more I'm sure will echo when when you actually go into a school and start</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:15'>working with the kids the first reaction is one of shock because the enormity of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:23'>the experience the amount of energy the amount of body learning that the kids</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:28'>need to do completely dominates all the things that you wanted to do with</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:32'>computers and the first thing you realize when you actually go into school</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:36'>and do this stuff for real is that you better worry about curriculum far</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:42'>outside the media that you're going to use because there's so many different</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:47'>dimensions and this is a project in which most of the things that are</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:51'>available on computers now are of almost no use the kids do a little bit of work</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:56'>with Macintoshes in doing this but 99%</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:01'>of it is this huge experience with doing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:05'>things with their hands and their bodies and crawling over the thing and so forth</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:09'>so one of the objectives in this project</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:13'>was to develop I don't want to say the word peach but develop every child as a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:18'>designer and it takes about three years</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:22'>to get a curriculum like this self-sustaining so people who put try to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:27'>put curriculum in a school and measure it after the first year are making a big</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:31'>mistake takes about three years to get something like this going and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:35'>self-sustaining now another thing we started about four years ago was to develop every child in the school as a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:40'>musician you may see some commonality</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:45'>between those two ideas because music is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:49'>another one of these things that has lots of things interacting with itself</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:53'>part of it is in the interest and what each individual thing is doing and part</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:57'>of the interest is and how they interact we want the kids to be able to think about their world in those terms and so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:03'>we did each year we put on a musical</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:08'>this year it was pirates of penzance and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:13'>this was the best one that we've ever ever had i have a few excerpts of it to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:18'>give you an idea the the oldest child in this is 11 the youngest child in it is 6</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:23'>was completely voluntary the pool of children we had to work with for this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:27'>was about 150 children 120 of those 150</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:31'>possible volunteered and appeared in the show they insisted i'm doing the entire</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:37'>Pirates of Penzance line for line we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:41'>started off with one that was broken down they constantly wanted more we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:45'>wanted to go back they insisted in singing in four-part harmony where it was called for this is a perfect example</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:50'>of something that the kids worked like dogs for four months on and put on a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:56'>fantastic show one of the best theatrical presentations I've ever been to hear some of excerpts</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:08'>fishing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:30'>what I know what is it I met along and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:34'>revelry but I can talk site I'm now the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:38'>run home from a shadowy one such affairs are sorties and surprises I more wary ax</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:45'>and when it opens Leslie what is meant</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:49'>by common their progress has been made</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:54'>it modern gunnery on the object another</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:59'>in a nunnery in short one of smattering</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:00:04'>of elemental strategy</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:00:41'>hey</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:01:16'>Oh</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:01:28'>I'm telling a Terry story but it doesn't</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:00'>although our darker rear sometimes involves the crime of stealing squealing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:13'>although my stripe we're always sorry to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:18'>me</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:34'>haha</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:53'>you may go Liberty our pirate rules protecting and kind of remembers our van</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:59'>we do unless you are you x is as useful</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:07'>things to be an orphan boy</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:13'>oh happy days</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:18'>oh happy day</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:32'>oh happy</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:37'>me I you haha</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:42'>bball</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:50'>so Joe Johnson said about thinking on</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:54'>its hind legs well but one is amazed to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:58'>see it done at all and the trick in doing these kinds of things with kids is to get beyond that stage the only way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:03'>you can do it is by having something like music being a part of the child's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:08'>life all the way through their experience this is the first year in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:12'>which we all the children in it had been part of this enrichment now that's the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:18'>second way of dealing with complexity let me show you the third way and this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:22'>is because the computer some good and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:27'>here are we studying animals and we try and get the children to program not</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:32'>robots but things that are much more biologically acceptable</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:56'>now you might wonder where are the computers in this classroom well one of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:01'>the problems with these computers is that they're bulky so we took every</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:05'>horizontal surfaces in the entire school out and replace them with tables that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:09'>have Macintoshes under them so there are hundreds of Macintoshes in the school</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:14'>but they're all underneath the surfaces so the teachers don't want to move them</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:19'>out of the classroom the teachers don't want to shove them around to the side they're just part of the normal working</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:24'>environment of the school and they're on all the time no computer classrooms no</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:28'>shoved against the wall</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:53'>guys these are some animations we did a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:57'>few years ago and HyperCard just as an idea of what things might look like</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:01'>eventually there's no intelligence behind these models hey guys i am going</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:08'>for a swim in the scene</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:25'>hey</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:33'>if you're asking for every player has agent needs food and the whale come up</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:38'>the way I also have some Asian food all right let me tell you why because when</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:45'>the agent looks in his world what we're</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:49'>seeing here is a they have seminars where they talk over different problem</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:54'>solving strategies the teacher this particular teacher happens to like to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:58'>solve problems and she likes to discuss them with the kids then the kids have to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:03'>go off and figure it out for themselves it doesn't look at himself it looks at</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:07'>the world beyond him so that's why it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:11'>only looks at those players who have food but it doesn't count himself but if</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:18'>he asked for every player in the universe it would include himself and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:25'>this is kind of important for you to think about because when he when they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:30'>have to start giving birth to eat to themselves so they won't die off they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:36'>have to be able to count everything in the universe why Dean Cain</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:45'>50 count how many there are like if</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:49'>there was only one left in was himself competative journalist and then he left</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:53'>bar and then he got true protein what's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:58'>my friend it was a whale who lived to know Jay just off the Pacific coast it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:08:03'>is the time of year when the whales migrate down to Mexico to me and to give</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:08:08'>birth to their babies who were conceived the year before I do that you don't want</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:08:20'>emotion thank you okay go to the top</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:08:45'>works with those two on and I move away</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:08:58'>now here's a more complicated one these these models use the Minsky and Papert</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:02'>Society of mind architecture applied in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:07'>a language for children that was developed in part here at the Media Lab by Mike Travers one of the graduate</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:14'>students here's a more complicated one the clownfish in the lower left is just</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:19'>going about its business feeding one of the things that they do is to find a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:23'>favorite see an enemy and acclimate to it that's what it's doing now they spend</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:28'>a little more time in the monks to poison of the enemy and gradually get</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:33'>immune to it so that they can use it as a place to hide when some predator comes</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:40'>a lot the shark right now is quite a distance away and it doesn't notice the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:45'>clownfish and the clownfish doesn't notice it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:53'>here's some more acclamation closer into the tentacles this time</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:09'>now this lucky clownfish is been doing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:13'>it often enough so it is actually acclimated to the anenih me so when the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:19'>shark sees it and starts pursuing its</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:28'>able to run back to the enemy and the shark can only get so close to the enemy</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:32'>report backs off but of course it wants</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:37'>to come back again</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:46'>so computers are media to think with as</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:50'>Seymour said so eloquently a long time ago in Nicholas's book 20 years ago he</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:56'>said he dedicated it to the first machine who can appreciate the gesture</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:02'>and I think he meant not the gesture like this but the gesture of having a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:06'>book dedicated to it he also said in the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:11'>preface of it that it was all beginnings in no end well I think that's the perfect definition of a research lab a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:16'>my answer to the question of what is the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:21'>next computer revolution it's the one in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:25'>which happens in the context of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:29'>whole person and in the whole person's world that it's not just something that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:33'>we apply in isolation to solve small problems but it's one that like media</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:37'>surrounds us as we've tried to do with the children thank you very much and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:42'>happy 5th birthday ok</subtitle>
<subtitle id='4308'>you </subtitle>

Alan Kay at MIT Media Lab 5th Anniversary Event (1990)

2017-12-31T05:07:33Z

MrSteve: So this is the turtle's origin story!!!

{{#evt:
service=youtubeIA
|id=6Ysu1mDxxbc
|alignment=left
|autoresize=true
}}

<subtitle id='00:00:00'> never know what Nicholas was going to say actually the turned out that the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:08'>bearnaise on the hot dog didn't sell well if I remember we're no longer on</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:13'>that board anniversaries get people to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:22'>think of other anniversaries there lots</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:26'>of them happening this year one of them is the 50th anniversary of Fantasia and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:33'>Fantasia I think for many of us in this audience and at MIT and elsewhere was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:40'>something we grew up on as a kind of a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:44'>dream of bringing our ideas to life and a lot of us saw the computer is a way of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:50'>more quickly with more depth more</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:54'>dimension more meaning to be able to project ideas that we had within within</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:00'>ourselves into this magic new medium and have them come to life just as the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:07'>disney people did with great art but much more laborious lee many years ago I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:12'>think a good way to start this this lecture is to think 40 years ago not 50</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:19'>the 40 years ago was the when two very</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:26'>diverse very at opposite poles machines</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:31'>were introduced to the to the world and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:35'>one of them of course was the UNIVAC one the first commercial digital computer</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:42'>thing that a digital computer its people's minds it had whirling tape</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:47'>drives the first whirling tape drives and it predicted an election not long</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:53'>after that on television and so it became in the public's mind what a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:59'>computer was all about now in the other</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:05'>machine that was at the farthest pole of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:09'>thinking from the univac one also came about 19</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:13'>50 and I actually spent quite a bit with some assistance this summer trying to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:18'>find some film footage of it because I was sure that some must exist and after</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:24'>much scurrying around in England then looking at old newsreels and so forth we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:29'>finally found what i think is the earliest footage of this machine which I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:33'>think symbolizes the transition from the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:38'>UNIVAC 1 to what's going to happen over the next 10 years and i think i need the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:42'>the slides off because i'm going to show some video thank you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:59'>in a simple Ville on the outskirts of Bristol lives Dr. Grey Walter a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:04'>neurologist who makes robots as a hobby they are small and he doesn't dress them</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:09'>up to look like men he calls them tortoises and so cunningly have their</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:13'>insides being designed that they respond to the stimuli of light and touch in a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:18'>completely lifelike manner</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:38'>this model is named Elsie and she sees out of a photoelectric cell which</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:43'>rotates above her body when light strikes the cell driving and steering</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:48'>mechanism sends her hurrying towards it if she brushes against any object in her</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:52'>path contacts are operated that turn the steering away and so automatically she</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:58'>takes avoiding action</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:34'>Mrs. Walters pet his Elma, Elsie's brother in the darker vest he works in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:39'>exactly the same way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:49'>Dr. Walter says that his electronic toys work exactly as though they have a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:53'>simple two cell nervous system and that with more cells they will be able to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:58'>do many more tricks already Elsie has one up on Elmer when her batteries begin to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:03'>fail she automatically runs home to her kennel but charging up and in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:07'>consequence can live a much gayer life</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:17'>so I officially present this footage to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:21'>Nicholas Seymour Papert and Marvin Minsky for it means something to each</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:27'>one of this this is the original tortoise that inspired the logo turtle</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:33'>and it also inspired a lot of early work</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:37'>in artificial intelligence and what's interesting about the way the last 40</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:41'>years have transpired is that digital computers have taken over but in fact</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:46'>where things are going now are much more towards the kinds of control systems</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:53'>kinds of what you might call wet mentalities that device like the great</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:00'>Walter turtle has well the biggest</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:04'>problem with with computers is that they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:09'>were larger than than human scale and the mechanisms we have in our mind for</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:14'>dealing with things are larger than human scale are those of religions so of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:18'>course we had a priesthood and special</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:22'>time special rituals all of that stuff and a lot of what has happened in the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:27'>last 40 years has been to try and find ways to bring the machine into human</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:32'>scale without losing any of its promise</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:36'>what I'd like to do is give you a couple</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:40'>of ways that I think about this stuff and one of them is thinking in general</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:46'>terms about the way humans have extended themselves over the last several hundred</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:52'>thousand years and of course the first one that we think of is that we extend</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:56'>ourselves through tools levers screwdrivers wheels and so forth less</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:03'>often we think of language and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:07'>mathematics as tools but they also are ways of creating objects for things that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:15'>we want to deal with and we manipulate them and all of these tools allow us to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:21'>extend various of our senses and for a long time we thought of the computer as</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:26'>a kind of a tool and one of the ways that we've grappled with it is to try and make it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:30'>act more like the kinds of tools that were used to now less often thought of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:35'>extension is one that was identified many years ago by mumford who said for</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:42'>most of the history of human beings most of the machines that we've built have</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:47'>had other humans as moving parts he called these mega machines and societies</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:52'>groups an organization like this the media lab all of these are a consequence</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:57'>of our ability to take on other people's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:02'>goals our interest in taking on people's goals and our interest in getting people</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:06'>to take on our goals of course agents</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:10'>can take on a goal and can manipulate tools to carry out our wishes while</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:14'>we're doing things but more importantly an agent can deal with other agents and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:20'>I think of the the M word here for</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:24'>agents as being management so to me a tool is something that we look at and we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:29'>manipulate and an agent is something that looks at us and we manage the agent</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:35'>and of course the mainframes were neither and so the struggle was started</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:41'>in the 1950s in 1962 try and find a way of bringing this into some sort of human</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:46'>scale now I like to show you a couple of early efforts</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:04'>here's a picture that could have been taken in somebody's office here at MIT</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:08'>but actually it was taken in 1965 this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:15'>is Douglas Engelbart sitting at his</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:20'>first version of a what you might call not a personal computer but personal</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:25'>computing he has a mouse he has a black on white 19 inch screen and here's the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:32'>kind of media that he dealt back sat</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:44'>exactly branch on me and let me look just that low and I see it oh I can say</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:51'>I'd like to see one line only I can see</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:55'>but there's another thing I can do theres a route I said i have here</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:04'>so here I'm it i'll need a different pictures of you so here's what i do with</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:09'>a picture drawing capability here so slight and lamp if i start from work and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:13'>here's the route i seem to have to go to pick up all the materials and that's my</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:17'>plan for getting home tonight but if I want to I can say the library what am I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:22'>supposed to pick up there I can just point to that you know oh I see overdue</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:27'>books and all while there was a statement there with that name go back what if I once my supposed to pick up</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:32'>the drugstore hmm I see you interesting all right market can do things if I want</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:40'>to just say I'd like to interchange projects and can materials bingo and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:46'>they're all numbered right if I care to look interchanging them very quickly</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:50'>cans are going to get interchange with products they do it and all gets me</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:56'>numbered so that's a very tool based way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:01'>of thinking about things you're indicating things on the screen moving</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:05'>them around Engelbart was one of the of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:09'>a number of people in the 50s and 60s that realize that although you could</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:13'>drop a computer and break it just like you can drop a book into a fire and burn</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:19'>it that the contents of the computer or</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:23'>of the book can be a story or a description of things that can't exist</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:28'>physically in the world you can have a story in a book about a place that has an inverse cube law doesn't seem to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:33'>exist in in this world the computer can</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:37'>add more dimensions than this world has to a way of looking at data and so that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:41'>if you have a 15 dimensional space of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:46'>interesting things the computer can give you 16 dimensions and bring all of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:50'>interesting points together at one one place and that led to a number of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:55'>different ways of thinking about the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:00'>computer Engelbart's metaphor was the computer as a vehicle he thought of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:06'>big mainframes as being like railroads that were owned by institutions and the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:11'>institutions decided when you could use them and decided what you could use them</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:15'>for and Engelbart wanted to be Henry Ford he</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:19'>wanted everybody to have their own vehicle used to say phrases like we need</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:24'>to deal with thought vectors and concept space I don't think he knew what that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:28'>meant we certainly didn't but it sounded</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:32'>great and it gave rise to this notion that in order to bring the computer down</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:38'>into our world we have to have some way of interacting with it in a closer</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:44'>fashion and so the the urge was to bring the computer cycles closer to the user</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:50'>and that's what gave rise to machines like this and this is one that I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:54'>designed it's a picture of it on its own display back in the late 60s and it even</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:03'>had a user interface on it although back</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:07'>then there's a wonderful phrase about user interface user interfaces was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:12'>called it's when the flesh hits the steel and that phrase is very much about</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:20'>because there's really no notion of there being an intermediary between you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:25'>and the hardness of the machine and this this machine have multiple windows and a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:31'>number of other ideas on it but it was a little bit like trying to make an apple</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:36'>pie from random ingredients found in the kitchen you don't have any apples so you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:41'>decide to use bananas you don't have any flour so you grind up Cheerios and so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:47'>forth I randomly substituting for all of the ingredients in a typical pie you can</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:51'>make something but in this case this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:55'>turned out to be a bit of a mess only</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:59'>graduate students liked it sort of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:03'>kiss of death for any computer system</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:09'>reason of course as graduate students are going through a rite of passage when they're trying to prove how smart they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:14'>are and how many amazing things that they can remember and so they turn out</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:18'>to be pretty much the world's worst user interface design right I was a graduate</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:22'>student when I designed this so I'm speaking with authority now right about</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:28'>the same time that this was going on there is a whole different way of looking at interaction and one of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:35'>ways that I used to illustrate that is some film footage taken at rand</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:40'>corporation on a system that they made</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:44'>for Rand economists and other non computer types The Economist's of course</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:51'>are that group of people that if you lay them end to end they still won't be able</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:55'>to reach a conclusion and the Economist</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:00'>didn't even like to type they like to write things on legal pads and they said</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:06'>the RAM people can't you do something about that so here's an example of something that was adapted from some</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:13'>early work here at MIT by Marvin Minsky and war entitlement to do a system that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:20'>would interpret gestures as expressed on</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:24'>a data tablet so here's what that looks like</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:38'>first we erase a flow arrow then move</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:42'>the connector out of the way so that we may draw a box in its place the printing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:51'>in the box is being new commentary only in this case the box is slightly too</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:57'>large so we may change its size where modern day window control came from</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:01'>literally then dry flow from the connector to the box attached a decision</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:08'>element to the box and dry flow from it to scan we then erased the flow arrows</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:15'>attached to the process post new area and move the box to a new position this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:25'>allows us to draw a new box well that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:34'>was a tremendous change in the way we felt about using computers I had a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:42'>chance to use that for half an hour in 1968 and felt like I was thinking my</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:46'>hands right through the glass of the display and touching the information</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:51'>structures directly inside unlike Engelbart's system which I had called a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:55'>personal computer this to me was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:59'>intimate this is an intimate way of interacting and so for me and for a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:05'>bunch of other people in the 60s 1968</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:09'>was my year for thinking about the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:14'>possibility of there being three major ways of interacting with a computer of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:21'>three paradigms three frameworks for thinking about interaction and the thing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:27'>that clinched it for me was seeing going</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:32'>out and visiting Seymour's one of Seymour's first installations in a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:38'>school watching them use the logo turtle</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:42'>the descendant of the great Walter turtle, cause Seymour had this terrific idea that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:47'>wouldn't it be great to let kids actually build the kinds of mechanisms</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:51'>that would animate a turtle around and they would learn a lot about their world and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:56'>a lot about thinking about the world from from doing that and I've never</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:00'>recovered from that because once I saw that to me the computer was no longer a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:05'>vehicle in the nation at risk report the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:11'>recommendation is that every child in the US should have one semester of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:16'>computers in their senior year of high school that's their strong</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:22'>recommendation about computers and that's driver's ed that is treating the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:28'>computer like a vehicle it's not the cars aren't important it's that they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:32'>aren't central the central things to us are the media the intermediaries with</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:38'>how we work with the world and if you can get rid of that slide that'd be</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:42'>great I think everybody has figured that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:48'>out by now thank you the that led to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:57'>thinking of a computer in a completely different way this is a cardboard model</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:01'>I made in 1968 just since become known</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:05'>as the dynabook and we actually loaded</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:10'>this cardboard model luck with a variety of lead pellets to try and find out how</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:15'>heavy it could be before people would always take it with them not find an</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:20'>excuse to leave it behind and turns out</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:24'>that the weight that we determined has not yet been reached by any computer company so this machine is still a bit</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:31'>in the future but it expresses a different kind of relationship with the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:35'>machine and something that wants to start much earlier in the life of a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:41'>human being and so one of the ways of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:47'>thinking of it is if we compare these three</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:53'>ways of looking at it we can say well where is the computer in the past it was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:58'>in the glasshouse today in personal computing it's on our desk and in the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:04'>future it's going to be with us all the time in California will weave it into</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:09'>our t-shirts Nicholas said 10 years ago</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:15'>that will know in the future appears when our cufflinks committed communicate</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:21'>with our watched by means of satellite</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:26'>it's when such hyperbole is not outrageous that you know a paradigm</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:31'>shift has actually happened and as an interesting analogy here to the history</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:37'>of publishing in 1400 AD there are three</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:41'>hundred ninety two books in the Vatican Library one of the largest libraries in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:46'>Europe and in 1452 or thereabouts--</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:51'>Gutenberg printed his first Bible and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:55'>that Bible the 42 line Bible was as big as the hand-written manuscripts that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:02'>have been so laborious Lee copied by monks during the Middle Ages and the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:07'>reason it was that big is that that was what books worth if you look at pictures</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:14'>woodcuts or you visit the modern</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:18'>recreation of what a library was like then they didn't shelve the books most</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:23'>libraries back then had so few books that each book had its own reading table</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:28'>and the books were chained to it you look at this table table book with</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:34'>chains the thing that comes to mind inescapably is a time-sharing bullpen</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:40'>because these are institutionally owned items and Gutenberg didn't know what</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:47'>else to do but to make them that size and much more interesting revolution</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:53'>happened a few years later when Aldous now has a company named after him Elvis</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:59'>minus dias who was a Venetian publisher did two remarkable things first he was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:05'>one of the major driving force behind publishing things other than</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:09'>Bibles and he isn't he and his sons over the next century published 40,000</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:15'>different books most of them from gathering up Greek and Roman writings</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:21'>spreading them all over Europe he did one other thing that will forever endear</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:25'>himself to me he decided that book should be this big and he decided they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:31'>should be this big because that was the size that saddle bags were in Venice in the 1490s in other words eldest realized</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:39'>something very important and that is the books could now be lost and because they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:46'>could now be lost they could now be taken with they now could go out and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:51'>become a mass medium now again we're in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:55'>this interesting stage because we're not in a place where r we're willing to have our computers be lost watches their $10</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:04'>swatch watches or something like that willing to have them be lost maybe a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:09'>pocket calculator it's not a tragedy if it gets lost paper and pencil it's not a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:13'>tragedy but still with our multi-thousand dollar computers sitting</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:19'>on our desks we're actually still in the Gutenberg era and the interesting thing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:24'>about history is that nothing that happened between Gutenberg and Aldous</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:28'>counted none of those behavior patterns</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:32'>had anything to do with what happened in the post aldous area as we went into the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:36'>16th century so drawing curves as a way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:40'>of predicting the puter doesn't work very well when you're in these interesting transition periods well</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:45'>another way of looking at these three</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:50'>paradigms is to ask what kinds of information do we use letter and numbers</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:55'>with institutional computing fonts and graphics on modern personal computing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:01'>and as Nicholas likes the show with his imploding his teething rings for the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:07'>media lab as he likes to call them that it's going to be all media coming together because the computer is a meta</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:12'>media its content is all media all</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:16'>intermediaries that one is pretty much of a no-brainer but it's amazing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:20'>how long it has taken for that to even that simple idea to sink in how do we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:26'>print impact printing big laser printing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:30'>personal laser printers with personal computing and no printing as we move on</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:37'>into the next ten years because the information is going to be too</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:41'>interesting to destroy by printing it out right now is an index of how paltry</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:48'>our use of the computer is that we can actually print it out and feel good about it we actually haven't heard</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:54'>anything because our information for the most part is not in dimensionally</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:59'>intertwined it's not in the form of a dynamic simulation it's not any of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:04'>things that the computer is really about</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:08'>field of interaction feels like line editing on institutional computing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:15'>layout on computers like the Macintosh</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:19'>moving things around but in the new</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:28'>paradigm it's going to feel more like conducting because we're going to move from passive information to active</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:34'>information we're going to move from objects to ages and so it's going to be</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:38'>a little bit more like summoning forth lots of assistance at different times</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:43'>and checking out what their goals are and our they're checking out what our</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:48'>goals are and and so forth so each one of these is a completely different way of thinking about it and one of the ways</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:54'>of thinking about the differentiation between the institutional and the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:00'>personal here is that even when graphical interfaces were done in the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:04'>60s for the most part all interfaces were thought of their main task was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:09'>accessed to function so this notion that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:13'>inside the computer is sort of something like a big nuclear reactor or a power station there's all that function and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:19'>what we need to have is a way of getting to each of these pieces of function will</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:23'>map them into control keys and and double control meta y keys and that way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:29'>of thinking about things and the revolution that made the second</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:35'>paradigm the personal computer paradigm is going from that stance to realizing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:40'>that the main job of the user interface is to make the user aware of what the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:44'>possibilities are in other words the user interface now goes from being</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:49'>control of function to a learning environment and of course I should</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:56'>mention that the the main job of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:00'>intimate computer user interface is to do a lot of learning itself so we go</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:05'>from no learning or learning of the most back-breaking kind to making it easier</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:12'>for the user to learn and then finally we want the system to learn how do we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:17'>give commands we have to remember everything and type C in point where we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:23'>are now and in the future is going to be asked and gesture because the computer</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:28'>is going to be watching us not us just watching it what kind of languages do we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:33'>program it in weekly modular data</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:37'>structured procedures cobol one of the surest predictions that we can make</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:42'>about the future is that 10 years from now there will still be a lot of COBOL programmers this personal computing way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:54'>of doing things is pretty much object-oriented after right far fewer</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:59'>lines of code and there's a new kind of programming that people are starting to do called agent oriented programming and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:07'>one way of thinking about all of these paradigms is to compare them with</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:11'>architecture of taking a civilization like the Greeks whose main way of making</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:18'>big buildings was post and lintel pilot block box like that and you get</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:24'>buildings about this size and if you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:28'>want to make a building a lot bigger and let in more light this architecture doesn't work you have to change to a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:33'>different kind of architecture like the gothic arch and if you do that you can make</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:38'>buildings much larger with about the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:43'>same amount of material and when they say just about somebody he doesn't have</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:49'>enough bricks to make a wall that might not be a slam because you might have</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:57'>enough bricks to make an arch he's got enough bricks to make an arch she's a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:01'>lot better off than people who only have enough bricks to make walls and of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:06'>course the big change in the last several hundred years is going from structures that just push against each</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:11'>other to this notion of the higher</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:15'>strength of materials under tension if you get materials that you can tense as</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:20'>well as compressed you can make structures like geodesic domes that will</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:25'>fit over all of the cathedrals that have ever been made in the world and these are completely separate ways of thinking</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:31'>about things and one of the answers to the question that's the title of my</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:35'>lecture is what is the next computer</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:39'>revolution going to be like well it's going to be technologically it's going to be like what I just told you that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:44'>we're going to intimate machines they'll always be networked there will be</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:49'>information utilities the systems will</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:53'>learn and so forth now for many people this is big news but in fact if you go</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:58'>back in the history of computer science you find people like Marvin Minsky and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:03'>John McCarthy writing papers in the late 50s and early 60s about this this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:09'>happens to be not just the fifth anniversary of the media lab but it's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:14'>also the 20th anniversary of Nicholas's book called the architecture machine</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:18'>which is all about this third way of looking at things now for my standpoint</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:24'>since I am not particularly enamored of technology this is a very incomplete</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:30'>answer and I would like to try and go to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:34'>a different way of thinking about things that involves people much more strongly</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:40'>and to do that we have to have some sense</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:45'>of how people's minds work this is for</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:49'>many years and in engineering is where the rubber met the sky because engineers</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:56'>tend to like controllable elements and people aren't all that controllable and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:01'>as a behavioral mechanism we are exasperating and so there's been a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:07'>tendency of actually trying to get people to be more like machines rather</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:11'>than the other way around and give you an example of why this is difficult to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:16'>deal with take a look at one of my favorite pictures here and what you see</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:24'>here let's pretend we're in school because actually we are in school we're in a university let me give you an</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:30'>English sentence about this picture what we've done with this picture is to take</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:35'>a picture of a young girl extracted her eyes and mouth turn them upside down and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:41'>put them back into the picture and then turn the entire picture upside down that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:46'>sound reasonable to everybody okay so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:50'>having said that you should be completely prepared than for what it looks like right side up I'm going to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:58'>turn this back because I've discovered nobody will listen to me when it's on the other way so this is one of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:09'>flaws of trying to give lectures in English because a nation is actually not</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:16'>convertible except outside of the human</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:22'>domain within the human domain we actually have different parts of our</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:26'>brain that respond the things in different ways and this is one of the reasons why McDonald's doesn't run print</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:31'>ads saying if you eat a McDonald's hamburger you'll become a better looking</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:35'>person because in English it's absurd so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:39'>instead what they do is to run an ad showing pictures of really good-looking people eating McDonald's hamburgers and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:44'>a different part of your mind takes that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:48'>information and makes a different kind of inference the kind of inference that the ad people want you in fact we have a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:54'>part of our mind that thinks things are more true if they rhyme so if I were to say to you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:00'>a big mac and fries will slender your thighs down more convincing the whole</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:10'>idea here is that as people started to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:15'>suspect about starting about a hundred years ago with Freud Piaget Brunner</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:21'>Minsky and Papert that what we don't have inside of our head is the oneness a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:29'>vast beautiful seamless fabric of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:33'>mentality but instead what we have is something much more like a patchwork quilt and in fact the patchwork quilt</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:38'>has little mechanisms that pop us from one part of the quilt to another</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:43'>whenever we get too close to one of the boundaries and it's you have to do things like this to show that there is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:48'>an actual patchwork quilt there so we have this idea of multiple mentalities</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:55'>and Piaget was one of the first to study</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:00'>the very different ways that children have of dealing with the world as they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:05'>move through stages of development early in a child's life an object is to grab</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:10'>it a hole is to dig it thinking is doing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:14'>in many ways later on the child is more</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:18'>visually centered child says there's more water in the tall glass when you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:23'>pour from the squat class the tall one because it looks that way and then</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:28'>finally it around 11 or 12 there's a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:32'>facts and logic stage where logical operations are carried out and the child</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:38'>can make deductions based on facts like there can't be more water because where</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:42'>would it go where would it come from so forth now of course at least this was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:48'>true in 11 and 12 year old Swiss French kids in America there's a lot of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:53'>evidence that American kids never get to this facts and logic stage</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:01'>now brunner in the 50s and 60s we did</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:07'>some of pjs experiments but he added some twists so he took the water pouring</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:11'>experiment and after the kids said there's more water in the tall glass</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:16'>runner put a cardboard so the kid couldn't see the tall glass anymore and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:20'>the kid would change his mind back say oh there can't be more and then Brenda</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:24'>would take whip Brenda would take the cardboard away and the kid would say oh</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:29'>but look there's more water Brenda would put the cardboard back and the kid would</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:33'>change his mind again so if you have any six-year-olds you'd like to torment and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:40'>what runner was in his way was getting</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:45'>closer to this idea of multiple mentalities as well that it isn't just a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:53'>metamorphosis like a caterpillar into a butterfly which is pretty much the way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:57'>Piaget thought of it but actually different modules being able to deal</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:02'>with it within different ways and a change in dominance to express the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:06'>piaget expression now there are many things that you can do with this suppose</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:11'>you wanted to design a user interface for a computer that was like a tool and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:16'>we have to think about what each of these mentalities actually does so an</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:21'>example the body-centered one is the one that knows where we are in space we can</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:25'>close our eyes and touch our nose when in touch our hands behind our back if</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:30'>you blind us we can still orient ourselves but if we aren't as</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:34'>unfortunate enough to suffer a brain lesion that takes part of a limb out of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:39'>our body map then even though it's physically attached to us it's like</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:43'>somebody else's so this orienting</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:47'>centering groundedness is something that the body mentality brings to us the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:53'>visually sent mentality is wonderfully</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:58'>adept at dealing with various kinds of tricks for instance if we were to put a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:02'>hundred images of animals on a wall you'd be able to find the elephant</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:07'>almost four times as fast as you could the word elephant if the images were</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:12'>replaced words now let me try and experiment this I realize that this is a very academic</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:17'>body here but let me ask how many people</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:21'>here watch television be honest okay how</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:26'>many people flip channels all right how</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:32'>many people have ever flipped a channel randomly into a movie they haven't seen</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:37'>for 18 years how long did it take you to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:41'>recognize that you'd seen that movie before how long yeah somewhere between a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:48'>half a second and a couple of seconds think about what that meant 18 years ago</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:53'>you saw a movie you didn't know you're</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:57'>going to be tested on it you randomly</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:03'>without any preparation pop into the middle of it and all of a sudden in 30</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:10'>frames or so of seeing that movie you suddenly recognize what it is think of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:15'>what that means in the context of your entire life most people can remember</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:19'>what's going to happen next if you stop the movie after they've recognized that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:23'>they know what the next scene is going to be so that is a mentality that begged</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:29'>to be exploited and what it says is that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:33'>we should always be able to present about a hundred things in the visual</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:37'>field because the user can be aware of them subliminally and if we present them</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:42'>in recognizable scenes the user can store hundreds thousands millions of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:47'>different scenes and remember that they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:51'>were there before then finally the symbolically centered mentality is much</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:55'>more interested in changing things so if</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:59'>its biggest problem is finding the right context because it is not a context</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:04'>chooser so if your visual mentality work</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:08'>the way your symbolic one the first thing you opened your eyes and saw in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:12'>the morning would be what you'd be staring at several hours later that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:16'>doesn't work so well so we have a grounding mentality we have a flitting</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:21'>around mentality that's aware of lots of things and we have one</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:25'>likes to make chains and somehow we should be able to put all of those things together here's one of the ways</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:31'>whoops sorry can you turn that off please that's the end of the slides we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:40'>want to be able to put these things together and if we do we'll find</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:44'>ourselves fitting much more closely to the way human mentalities work</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:06'>so this is a 22 month old little girl and she has never lived in a world not</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:13'>densely populated by Macintoshes her</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:18'>mother is my accountant both her mother and father work at home each of them has</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:22'>a mac this is back five years ago in 1985 and when I found out the little</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:27'>girl was interested in computers I gave</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:31'>her an apple to which she rejected she</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:39'>wanted what her folks had now I have to warn you hear that not to be impressed</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:44'>because this is not her first time on the machine she's been using the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:49'>computer for about six months so she's actually a fairly experienced user and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:56'>long time ago we designed this user interface for children but never any of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:03'>this young so it's really interesting to see a child used the machine that was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:08'>actually designed for them and so here</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:12'>she's using the visible menus of mac paint and I saw it I thought all right</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:18'>this is impressed i've i've never seen a child this young is this machine before but ok I it should work but then what</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:25'>happened next really amazed me she wants a fresh sheet of paper so she goes to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:30'>the closed box on the window she saves her old drawing with a pop-up and she</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:37'>goes to the pulldown to get a new one</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:48'>well that was pretty and that was a home movie made by her father and we did</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:54'>about another 10 hours of testing this child on various Macintosh applications</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:00'>and we discovered it across applications she was about seventy percent literate</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:06'>that is she could take a really complicated application like aldus pagemaker a desktop publishing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:10'>application started up make marks and it print the marks out save the marks away</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:16'>get the marks back about seventy percent of the things that Macintosh users</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:21'>expect from application to application she in her horizon already by age 22</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:30'>months okay so that answers one question</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:35'>about this notion a computer ously see</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:39'>one when we're talking about situations</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:43'>like literacy and illiteracy they don't really obtain when the object in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:48'>question is a professional that we don't</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:52'>have a term called health orosi and ill-health orosi because medicine is a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:58'>profession there wasn't a term called literacy and illiteracy back in the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:02'>Middle Ages when writing was a profession as soon as you spread it out to the public you start getting</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:07'>interested in these notions of can people access things made for them by</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:11'>others that's like reading but what about the more important thing can</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:15'>people make things that are like the things that other people make so here's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:20'>an example of something that we did about 15 years ago</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:33'>and this is the logo turtle with a different architecture and it's a little</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:41'>application like Mac draw object oriented illustration system designed</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:47'>and built by 12 year old so this is an</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:51'>end-user program not a program that you'd buy in a store for ninety-nine</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:55'>dollars from egghead software has lots of features you can change size and move</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:00'>things around because of the change in architecture of going from normal data</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:08'>structure and procedure programming to object-oriented programming the amount</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:12'>of code she had the right to do this application was only about a page long so this is not a large program and one</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:18'>of the things that you have to do when you're working with any kind of novice user is make sure the programs they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:23'>write are not terribly long well so that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:27'>was an attempt to get kids and users to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:31'>be both able to access and able to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:36'>generate the same kinds of things that we're going to run on their paradigm of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:40'>computing but now we have a new paradigm of computing it's going to involve</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:44'>agents and artificial intelligence so a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:48'>few years ago I got interested in the idea of trying to set up a design a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:56'>system that would allow children to do artificial intelligence kind of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:00'>programming in other words they would be making things now much less like robots</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:05'>and much more like the gray Walter turtle things that mimic life in a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:12'>number of different ways I like to show you a bit of that project this project</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:16'>is done in a rather large scale we have an entire school it has now 375 children</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:22'>12 teachers and we've been working there for about five years and one of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:28'>things that we found is that technology is not something that you can put in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:33'>like raisins and upon pudding there's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:37'>all this other stuff is the entire life of the child that you have to consider</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:41'>and the framework of the school we're lucky to find a terrific school</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:46'>to Los Angeles bussing school so it's a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:50'>public school and the children are all shapes sizes colors Creed's ethnic</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:56'>backgrounds bust in most of them for more than an hour to get to the school</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:00'>those of demographers paradise and we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:04'>found it very interesting to introduce ideas into the school in a gradual</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:09'>fashion I'd like to show you some of those</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:39'>so that the kids are all kinds of kids</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:44'>and one of the things they've done here is to tear up part of their asphalt</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:50'>playground and build a garden this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:54'>garden was actually designed by the children you'll see a little bit you'll get an idea of how children could design</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:59'>something like this in in just a minute</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:05'>and because we're studying animals as</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:09'>well as plants they have a pond that has</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:13'>all kinds of life forms and the children actually built this garden themselves</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:21'>now I'm not going to explain to you what's going on here see if you can</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:26'>imagine what it is now I'll tell you in a bit what are they doing with these</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:31'>balloons well what they were doing is designing a city and one of the reasons</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:37'>we do some of the design work with balloons is because urban renewal is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:42'>really easy the idea of to know the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:50'>world one was constructed because is strongly tied into designing a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:56'>programming environment for children because what we wanted to do is not so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:01'>much experience things that other people have set up to be more like experiencing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:07'>a television program or maybe an interactive video disc we want them to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:12'>actually make the simulations themselves because it's in making the simulations</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:17'>that the active design is most powerful</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:22'>now next few minutes I'm going to show you three large-scale projects that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:29'>we've been doing at the school one of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:33'>the things we tried to do here was to both challenge the kids and to go much</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:39'>deeper than they ordinarily are asked to go by the state educational board this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:47'>first one is a year-long project in city building and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:52'>the kids that participate in it our third and fourth graders so there are</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:56'>seven and eight and nine years old in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:00'>this project starts in September and runs through the entire year and this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:04'>will give you an idea of it I think this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:11'>is all almost all no no mrs. hansal tool</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:15'>I know but they still are everything explored of it everybody say I know but</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:20'>they're already something you should make something is already Salinas joris</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:26'>the penis is already something every single after everything this is only</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:31'>styrofoam nobody lady out of something I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:35'>know every as late as something accident</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:39'>from a balloon doesn't mean we don't have a design knowledge now to make</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:44'>buildings exactly like they would have to make it a hundred years we're making</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:48'>models ideas for what buildings could be</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:52'>like in a hundred years we don't have the materials we're going to happen 100 years I did red stripes right</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:50:37'>okay did you get that color name red red</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:03'>what do you belviq i'm doing a factory</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:35'>wait do it again and stay here and do</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:40'>the character park you'll be the building y'all be the building yes why</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:45'>on the prison and he's the building these the buildings okay welcome to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:59'>fantasy mall we have lots of stuff the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:52:20'>building collapsed he was trying to see the moon and there nothing collapsed my</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:52:27'>apartment building and on the top is a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:52:31'>swimming pool never got this is a cold day in rainier so you can have an indoor</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:52:36'>central and it's a hot you open it up and you can I here down here tomorrow</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:14'>he'll be our future city is opening as you can see i'll transfer k our monorail</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:20'>has just been strong</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:24'>and all the buildings are beginning to look like buildings all the buildings</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:30'>are being checked and painting now our</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:34'>he cannot pick up the site husband useful because of the monorail and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:39'>transportation we now have these things on our site everybody that wants bad air</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:47'>transportation land on your site must cabinet right Iggy foxes out</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:52'>Commissioner tova cats design this whole</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:57'>monorail see what household monorail and monorail station the Commissioner of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:03'>lands who doesn't exhaust you all for helping us with sidewalks these are my</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:09'>sidewalks my bold earthquake tested and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:17'>alarming teleporting man he puts ebook</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:22'>paper towel rolls on our site static patella to have it be a teleporting</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:27'>station their cities he's getting to look like a real City try getting to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:31'>look like Judy Landers on the monorail calvada getting to Los Angeles cuz of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:36'>the help crowd is starting today less</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:40'>crowded than it was when we were making our study models</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:46'>I level or I level 1 inch tall but will</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:58'>question building so that's a very okay</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:10'>as see more I'm sure will echo when when you actually go into a school and start</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:15'>working with the kids the first reaction is one of shock because the enormity of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:23'>the experience the amount of energy the amount of body learning that the kids</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:28'>need to do completely dominates all the things that you wanted to do with</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:32'>computers and the first thing you realize when you actually go into school</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:36'>and do this stuff for real is that you better worry about curriculum far</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:42'>outside the media that you're going to use because there's so many different</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:47'>dimensions and this is a project in which most of the things that are</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:51'>available on computers now are of almost no use the kids do a little bit of work</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:56'>with Macintoshes in doing this but 99%</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:01'>of it is this huge experience with doing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:05'>things with their hands and their bodies and crawling over the thing and so forth</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:09'>so one of the objectives in this project</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:13'>was to develop I don't want to say the word peach but develop every child as a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:18'>designer and it takes about three years</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:22'>to get a curriculum like this self-sustaining so people who put try to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:27'>put curriculum in a school and measure it after the first year are making a big</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:31'>mistake takes about three years to get something like this going and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:35'>self-sustaining now another thing we started about four years ago was to develop every child in the school as a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:40'>musician you may see some commonality</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:45'>between those two ideas because music is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:49'>another one of these things that has lots of things interacting with itself</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:53'>part of it is in the interest and what each individual thing is doing and part</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:57'>of the interest is and how they interact we want the kids to be able to think about their world in those terms and so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:03'>we did each year we put on a musical</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:08'>this year it was pirates of penzance and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:13'>this was the best one that we've ever ever had i have a few excerpts of it to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:18'>give you an idea the the oldest child in this is 11 the youngest child in it is 6</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:23'>was completely voluntary the pool of children we had to work with for this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:27'>was about 150 children 120 of those 150</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:31'>possible volunteered and appeared in the show they insisted i'm doing the entire</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:37'>Pirates of Penzance line for line we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:41'>started off with one that was broken down they constantly wanted more we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:45'>wanted to go back they insisted in singing in four-part harmony where it was called for this is a perfect example</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:50'>of something that the kids worked like dogs for four months on and put on a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:56'>fantastic show one of the best theatrical presentations I've ever been to hear some of excerpts</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:08'>fishing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:30'>what I know what is it I met along and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:34'>revelry but I can talk site I'm now the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:38'>run home from a shadowy one such affairs are sorties and surprises I more wary ax</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:45'>and when it opens Leslie what is meant</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:49'>by common their progress has been made</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:54'>it modern gunnery on the object another</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:59'>in a nunnery in short one of smattering</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:00:04'>of elemental strategy</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:00:41'>hey</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:01:16'>Oh</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:01:28'>I'm telling a Terry story but it doesn't</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:00'>although our darker rear sometimes involves the crime of stealing squealing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:13'>although my stripe we're always sorry to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:18'>me</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:34'>haha</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:53'>you may go Liberty our pirate rules protecting and kind of remembers our van</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:59'>we do unless you are you x is as useful</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:07'>things to be an orphan boy</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:13'>oh happy days</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:18'>oh happy day</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:32'>oh happy</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:37'>me I you haha</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:42'>bball</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:50'>so Joe Johnson said about thinking on</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:54'>its hind legs well but one is amazed to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:58'>see it done at all and the trick in doing these kinds of things with kids is to get beyond that stage the only way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:03'>you can do it is by having something like music being a part of the child's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:08'>life all the way through their experience this is the first year in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:12'>which we all the children in it had been part of this enrichment now that's the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:18'>second way of dealing with complexity let me show you the third way and this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:22'>is because the computer some good and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:27'>here are we studying animals and we try and get the children to program not</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:32'>robots but things that are much more biologically acceptable</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:56'>now you might wonder where are the computers in this classroom well one of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:01'>the problems with these computers is that they're bulky so we took every</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:05'>horizontal surfaces in the entire school out and replace them with tables that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:09'>have Macintoshes under them so there are hundreds of Macintoshes in the school</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:14'>but they're all underneath the surfaces so the teachers don't want to move them</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:19'>out of the classroom the teachers don't want to shove them around to the side they're just part of the normal working</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:24'>environment of the school and they're on all the time no computer classrooms no</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:28'>shoved against the wall</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:53'>guys these are some animations we did a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:57'>few years ago and HyperCard just as an idea of what things might look like</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:01'>eventually there's no intelligence behind these models hey guys i am going</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:08'>for a swim in the scene</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:25'>hey</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:33'>if you're asking for every player has agent needs food and the whale come up</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:38'>the way I also have some Asian food all right let me tell you why because when</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:45'>the agent looks in his world what we're</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:49'>seeing here is a they have seminars where they talk over different problem</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:54'>solving strategies the teacher this particular teacher happens to like to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:06:58'>solve problems and she likes to discuss them with the kids then the kids have to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:03'>go off and figure it out for themselves it doesn't look at himself it looks at</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:07'>the world beyond him so that's why it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:11'>only looks at those players who have food but it doesn't count himself but if</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:18'>he asked for every player in the universe it would include himself and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:25'>this is kind of important for you to think about because when he when they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:30'>have to start giving birth to eat to themselves so they won't die off they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:36'>have to be able to count everything in the universe why Dean Cain</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:45'>50 count how many there are like if</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:49'>there was only one left in was himself competative journalist and then he left</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:53'>bar and then he got true protein what's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:07:58'>my friend it was a whale who lived to know Jay just off the Pacific coast it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:08:03'>is the time of year when the whales migrate down to Mexico to me and to give</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:08:08'>birth to their babies who were conceived the year before I do that you don't want</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:08:20'>emotion thank you okay go to the top</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:08:45'>works with those two on and I move away</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:08:58'>now here's a more complicated one these these models use the Minsky and Papert</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:02'>Society of mind architecture applied in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:07'>a language for children that was developed in part here at the Media Lab by Mike Travers one of the graduate</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:14'>students here's a more complicated one the clownfish in the lower left is just</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:19'>going about its business feeding one of the things that they do is to find a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:23'>favorite see an enemy and acclimate to it that's what it's doing now they spend</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:28'>a little more time in the monks to poison of the enemy and gradually get</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:33'>immune to it so that they can use it as a place to hide when some predator comes</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:40'>a lot the shark right now is quite a distance away and it doesn't notice the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:45'>clownfish and the clownfish doesn't notice it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:09:53'>here's some more acclamation closer into the tentacles this time</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:09'>now this lucky clownfish is been doing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:13'>it often enough so it is actually acclimated to the anenih me so when the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:19'>shark sees it and starts pursuing its</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:28'>able to run back to the enemy and the shark can only get so close to the enemy</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:32'>report backs off but of course it wants</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:37'>to come back again</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:46'>so computers are media to think with as</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:50'>Seymour said so eloquently a long time ago in Nicholas's book 20 years ago he</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:10:56'>said he dedicated it to the first machine who can appreciate the gesture</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:02'>and I think he meant not the gesture like this but the gesture of having a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:06'>book dedicated to it he also said in the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:11'>preface of it that it was all beginnings in no end well I think that's the perfect definition of a research lab a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:16'>my answer to the question of what is the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:21'>next computer revolution it's the one in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:25'>which happens in the context of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:29'>whole person and in the whole person's world that it's not just something that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:33'>we apply in isolation to solve small problems but it's one that like media</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:37'>surrounds us as we've tried to do with the children thank you very much and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:11:42'>happy 5th birthday ok</subtitle>
<subtitle id='4308'>you </subtitle>