Viewpoints Intelligent Archive - User contributions [en]

Alan Kay at TED (1984)

2025-01-17T20:52:23Z

Lucas:

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<subtitle id='00:00:00'>[Applause] I forgot to say something about Russel before he came up here...</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:15'>[...]</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:32'>Alan Kay is a former illustrator and professional musician - Just listen to this one dossier:</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:36'>Alan Kay is a professional is a former illustrator and professional</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:41'>musician he somehow received bachelor's degrees in mathematics and molecular</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:45'>biology while working his way through school as a systems programmer for the National</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:49'>Center for Atmospheric Research and spending most of his time composing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:53'>music for local theatrical productions. I mean that is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:57'>amazing.</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:01'>Alan has been involved with the development of the first personal computers from their very early</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:10'>inception and after a short stint at Stanford artificial intelligence project</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:15'>he was one of the founders of Xerox Palo Alto Research Center (PARC) where</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:20'>he was head of the Learning Research Group and the original designer of a Dynabook</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:24'>personal computer and the SmallTalk programming system and those of you that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:29'>don't know this - SmallTalk is really where this came from, this this type of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:35'>screen: the overlapping windows and he</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:40'>really was, I guess you could call him one of the fathers of the first modern personal</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:45'>computer. After a decade at Xerox PARC he</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:49'>left and became chief scientist at Atari, where he is now. He is still an avid</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:54'>amateur musician with the classical</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:58'>pipe organ, is a member of the International Society of organ builders who to paraphrase Dr. Johnson "he does not</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:04'>play tennis well, but one is surprised to see him play at all"</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:08'>Alan [Applause]</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:16'>Thank you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:21'>A while ago when I was proselytizing about</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:26'>the personal computer which I must</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:30'>confess to you I had a slightly different image than these boxes that have been</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:35'>sold today, I made a serious error which</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:39'>was to talk more about some concrete</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:44'>examples of what a personal computer might do, rather than to try and convey</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:52'>the spirit of what I felt personal computing was about and let people make</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:56'>up their own ideas, and what we've come to after about 15 years now is some</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:04'>interesting but rather slavish adherence</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:08'>to some silly old ideas and so what I'd</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:12'>like to do today is to briefly go through some thought processes that a designer</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:17'>of these systems might have and get you to try and fill in the blank.</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:23'>The personal computer is not personal if it isn't what you want it to be. It's not</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:28'>what Apple wants it to be, it's not what Xerox wants it to be - if it isn't what you want it to be then it isn't your personal</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:34'>computer. I think Bruce Damer from ?MDC</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:40'>talking about the Intellivision as the new America, and kinds of things how are</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:48'>they there's main audience this is middle America and I, I thought how</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:52'>interesting it would be [...]</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:11'>because you happen to be from middle America and there's certain</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:15'>things you might like, it might disturb you and wouldn't allow you to feel</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:19'>comfortable anymore. I think that restricting content in that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:23'>way is not the way to deal with a medium. The medium is the thing that has</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:29'>zillions of degrees of freedom and to be shaped in ways that the inventors of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:34'>medium didn't anticipate. so there's that it's no better than a tool and community</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:40'>computer is not a tool the program to run on at our schools because they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:45'>directed degrees experience I mean the computer is a container for the newest</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:51'>kind of kinetic art art that needs to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:55'>time like music and ballet and so forth it's a little more abstract but it is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:01'>that kind of material we call it a meta</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:06'>medium because it's content there's other media you can see when you looked</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:11'>at Macintosh that what it was doing was simulating some of the aspects of paper</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:16'>that's trying to do some of the big things about paper like readability and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:21'>remove some of the bad things about paper like difficult to erase and hard</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:26'>to insert and so forth but if you do lots of other things I know you all all</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:30'>realize that computers can simulate music they continue like graphics we've</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:34'>seen lots of that the most important thing about computers film does not read</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:40'>or hear simulate but the possibility that you might be able to tailor the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:46'>things that are on there to your own use that is a reflective notion Rason and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:52'>aspect of notion I'm gonna talk that's really the theme of my talk is that if I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:58'>had to sum up my main complaint about 20th century especially the time that we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:04'>live in now that it's almost in tow almost totally devoted to access to hit things</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:12'>that get the glands going but which lesion was almost nothing to reflect on</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:17'>even in the next minute let alone the next day I was on they says a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:22'>blue-ribbon panel that was convened by Disney to go down and evaluate F tot he</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:30'>did in high style for three days or so and these people who actually from the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:35'>same kind of background as the people in this content had many opinions about</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:40'>Epcot but there was one unanimous one and that was that none of the exhibits</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:45'>that Escott had any follow-up so he's a suspension to a quite a wonderful</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:50'>exhibit called lands where you could go through the standard Disney</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:54'>[Music]</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:13'>almost an almost totally devoted key</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:17'>access to his hip things that get the glands going but which we she was almost</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:23'>nothing to reflect on even in the next minute let alone the next day I was on</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:29'>they says a blue-ribbon panel that was convened by Disney to go down and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:35'>evaluate F Scott he did in high style</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:39'>for three days or so and these people who actually from the same kind of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:44'>Batman as the people in this conference had many opinions about Escott but there</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:48'>was one unanimous one and that was that none of the exhibits at Ascot had any</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:53'>follow-up so these are instance a quite</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:57'>a wonderful exhibit called the land where you should go through the standard Disney</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:02'>[Music]</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:03'>well after you got off that ride there wasn't even a stencil on the wall telling you where to find out anything</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:08'>more he wanted to learn something there wasn't a pamphlet it wasn't a bookstore</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:13'>there wasn't a any graffiti done with</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:17'>spray paint there was nothing and so they brought you up this place where</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:22'>you're now interested like the Road Dogg and the commercial who heard the name of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:28'>the Bao and started juggling balls and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:32'>balancing tears and stuff and then they just drop you came up with something</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:38'>like water or American beer or something</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:42'>like that so I think that if we think</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:47'>we're in the media business and if he</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:51'>thinks that we're designers and we have to think of something different than the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:56'>computer as a box maybe using something different than the computers as a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:00'>vehicle</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:07'>the interesting that though IBM hasn't worried about interaction in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:14'>geologic time in the auto community</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:19'>starting around 1961 or so the whole</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:24'>focus and interest of that community has been to develop the computer as a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:30'>symbiotic Asian an amplifier for human read this is not a new idea was not</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:36'>invented by Apple was not invented by Xerox goes back long ways and it's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:41'>actually intellectual precursor of this is a wonderful article which is called</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:47'>as we may think written by Vannevar Bush</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:51'>in 1945 as we published in Atlantic Monthly and he's produced a number of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:56'>things including Drive photography but the major part of the article was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:00'>devoted to a machine he calls mimics which is thought of as a small desk</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:06'>light thing with two or three screens on it and a way of pointing that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:10'>information and in here by using various optical storage techniques we do the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:14'>contents of a small town library five or</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:18'>eight thousand volumes and the principal thing he did with this was to be able to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:24'>lay down your own information trails there were already built trails with the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:28'>idea is that you could lay down your own trails and these became new information</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:32'>in that system that article was the inspiration for the ARPA funding in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:38'>interactive computing in 1961 that led to the first time sharing system that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:43'>led to the first computer graphics led to the first pointing devices the first</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:47'>truly higher-level languages to artificial intelligence and all of those things came from that idea and in fact</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:54'>in many ways the third of the sixties was much more adventurous than the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:59'>seventies or even the eighties back then the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:04'>good million dollars but the kinds of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:09'>things that we're done on them were not fettered by any theory of making them into a product they're done solely to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:15'>try and amplify some aspects of human reach so I thought what I would do is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:23'>since we're talking about the future is to give you four way to think about it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:31'>to help predict the future and the first one is when we started up jirachi</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:37'>had jocks executives coming out of our ears the first couple of years being</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:42'>very anxious saying what is the future going to be like what if a Japanese</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:47'>gonna do what is gonna happen to us and everything else and I finally says</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:51'>what's the best way to predict the future is to invent it it is not</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:55'>something that's going to happen to us it's something we're gonna make happen that's what research teams are all about</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:00'>we will have a vision of the future we will make a division vision if you can</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:04'>as long as that doesn't violate too many of Newton's laws we can probably make it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:08'>work now there's a difference between a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:12'>clear vision and a good vision I think</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:16'>the hardest thing to get is a good vision we heard about a clear one last</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:21'>night about Kennedy's clear vision that we should put a man on the moon in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:26'>before the end of the of the decade I think to me that was a fairly terrible</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:31'>vision and I'll tell you why because it set back safe travel 20 years and he</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:38'>didn't say let's invent space travel said let basically let us show us the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:43'>Russians what we got out of that was everything except space that we did get lots of good technology we got even more</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:49'>management techniques for managing 300 thousand people and twenty four billion</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:54'>dollars the NASA people say themselves if that was the greatest single fallout</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:59'>was learning how to do really large projects but what we couldn't get is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:03'>space travel and we don't have it today there's no travel to the moon</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:08'>travel to Mars there's no travel to anywhere in space were going up in orbit</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:12'>like he did in 1963 so an important idea</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:17'>I think is when revision is formed it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:21'>has to have several characteristics one is it has to be a rather long range vision because it unfortunately it's a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:26'>very long time to get things done and out the door in our business this is the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:32'>second point it takes 10 years to get something out into commercial life from</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:39'>a new idea in the laboratory the first personal computer actually wasn't the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:44'>the ENIAC it was done in 1963 and I just</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:48'>went to the 20th anniversary of it a few months ago with John sponsored by NIH as</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:53'>a machine called the wink took 10 years ago from that machine does a marvelous</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:58'>little device $10,000 in 1963 was own</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:04'>virtual memory its own display screen its own into a certain budget several</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:08'>thousand of them were built it took ten years to go from that to the Xerox Alto</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:12'>which is the first practical personal computer in 1973 first video game was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:18'>done in 1962 on the TV one called space war Andy Nolan Bushnell his first game</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:25'>was called computer space and it came out in 1972 so you see the 10-year time</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:30'>constants and in those 10 years are usually two or three very long very</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:36'>bloody implementation efforts and it is almost unheard of for those 10 years to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:42'>take place in a single company almost always we find a disillusionment</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:49'>cherry-picking people moving on and so forth and what happened at jerash Park is no</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:55'>exception for 10 years that's the time constant I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:59'>couldn't afford to believe in long ago but I'm afraid it's really true third</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:05'>thing is when you're dealing in media instead of tools we have to face up to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:10'>the kind of cycle that media John who over the last thousand years</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:16'>four main parts to it is a hardware intensive phase where most of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:22'>profits are made by margins on the hardware whose as to in publishing as it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:28'>has been in the computer business then</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:32'>we as people learn to build Hardware the margins go down to zero because the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:36'>hardware is always the easiest thing to build have an industrial revolution you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:40'>can build paper like crazy and all of a sudden you go into a software stage</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:44'>which completely changes everything around why because software is always been a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:49'>cottaging industry basically something</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:53'>that unless there is a power structure in control almost anybody can make up</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:58'>software for the medium and usually what happens is a really smart hardware</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:05'>company will go into distribution in order to control that because no</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:09'>software publishing house has ever been able to control all of its known authors</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:13'>and stay in business you have to go in and distribute other people's things the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:19'>software part has a novelty phase and a value say what happened to atari last</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:24'>year was a an abrupt switch from a novelty stage to a value phase for the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:31'>cartridges that they were making a substantial part of their income on it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:35'>happened about a year earlier than I thought it was going to happen can</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:40'>happen abruptly as soon as the users have sophisticated all of a sudden it's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:44'>not a citizen band radio anymore that they want to sell us they don't know</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:49'>it's cellular but they have realized that they this new gadget has only 40</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:53'>channels and they can't call their friend across town even if he has one</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:57'>it's not a real communication system all of a sudden want something real</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:02'>and the citizens band radio goes in the back of the closet and wait for that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:08'>value agent piece of technology to come along now the most important phase I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:13'>think is the next one this is the one that is absolutely critical to thinking</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:18'>about this new field that we're in and that is the service safe I think that's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:26'>actually the big revolution in my own thinking about personal computer which happens in 1968-69 really came about by</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:35'>understanding that the computer was not a piece of hardware it was not effusive</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:39'>software I thought I was being very adventurous back then in from bundling</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:43'>the tea together designing the hardware and the software at the same time so I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:48'>finally realized what the computer is is a gadget that delivers service that's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:55'>what people want and want service from this is a service concept it's not a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:59'>hardware as a software concept service is a bundling of attributes to satisfy a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:07'>person for teach me the Japanese sell</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:11'>their cars more like transportation services than they do but as p.m. did</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:17'>for so many years as a menu ICICI that you could buy and having 300 horsepower</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:22'>or 400 horsepower or a suite or Chrome or x2 tail fin</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:28'>service and that service area is the one in which medium development is most</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:35'>critical it's the one that tells you what to do my main bit about the way personal</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:41'>computers have done over the last decade is that it has been very far away from</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:46'>that idea since we're selling the hardware system on the live stage that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:50'>we're talking about now software is all over the place software delivers for service an</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:56'>integrated concept that we see in Macintosh is wonderful I'm glad that Apple is doing that but we have to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:01'>realize that those ideas go back to 1972 and so what we must ask is where are the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:09'>things that we actually need to the 1980s now the final stage and this four</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:15'>part thing is when a service becomes a way of life like this like a telephone</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:21'>telephone a way of life is that gadget</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:25'>that you only notice when it isn't there we immediately notice if they weren't</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:30'>telephones in our hotel room we knew we know that if we didn't have one of these</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:34'>things and I think that's the destiny of communications media to be pushed</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:39'>towards being a way of life providing they fit in to all the crevices and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:46'>mundane ADIZ and amplification needs that people actually want now last we're</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:51'>bringing to the fourth idea for predicting the future I think everybody</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:56'>has realized by now that market analysis doesn't work very well it's not clear</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:01'>that even worse over a two-year period and they absolutely has been disastrous over anything longer than a senior</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:06'>experience the Xerox machine is a perfect ation point guess our writes in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:12'>his book about how they took the ID Xerox 914 to eidm he said we don't have</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:17'>enough money to build factories for this why don't you build it and just give loyalty an IBM went to Arthur B little</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:23'>in Cambridge and said should we and our Sydney little after an 18-month market</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:29'>survey came back and said no nobody will pay a nickel a copyist to expense that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:34'>nobody copies like that is not enough copy volume that was many billions of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:38'>dollars ago des hours Brooks was called my years with Xerox the billions nobody</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:43'>wanted and Jacqueline the two scientists</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:49'>who asked just retired and he's writing the book I said Jackie should call it me</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:55'>Roxanne the personal computer the billions they didn't want because again</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:59'>we have this recognition problem you ought to give it to itself you may not</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:04'>know this but these jobs worked for Atari and in fact the Apple one was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:10'>taken to Nolan Bushnell Lee who then president of Atari and was turned down</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:14'>there's not being a valid concept this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:18'>is after Nolan had left Ampex because antics wouldn't believe in the idea of a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:23'>video game so all of these things led to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:28'>a saying that I made up with his point of view is worth 80 IQ points the reason</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:38'>is that after Xerox turned down all the stuff that had been built apart</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:43'>I met after a year if I'd met him the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:47'>next day I would have killed him but after a year I met the person who</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:51'>made that decision and realized to my great surprise that he was not a dodo as</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:57'>Ayakashi is just a perfectly reasonable rather intelligent who asked executives</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:01'>who had no possible way of evaluating the decision that he had to make he made</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:06'>the wrong one and that changed the face of computing in America but he himself</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:11'>was a copier executive and he had no way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:15'>of telling whether what we were doing was just something interesting in the lab was something fundamental and I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:21'>believe that is the number one problem in doing something interesting with</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:26'>technology the tendency is to cater to the marketing people to basically not</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:32'>into the value systems that the really good technologies and bring about so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:38'>there's a real tendency towards building the trivial and leaving out the Olympian</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:42'>gestures which I think are what we need many more of all right I guess the one</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:53'>thing I should say about the de Buono IV I never like that when I read the Bono's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:57'>but because who wants to be in a hole even if it's a new one I think it's much</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:02'>better to find a hill and climb up on it you can see a lot farther in a hole all</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:08'>you see is dirt maybe you're dirt but it's still only dirt that's easy to a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:16'>good quote by Heinlein which says the strongest weapon you have is the one</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:21'>between your ears providing that's loaded</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:27'>I'm very close to being a Luddite and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:31'>reason I am is because the this is a technique crazy century we've finally</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:39'>found out how to make technique work for us and there's led to enormous</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:43'>technologies we've been talking about over the next days that has led in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:47'>musical conservatories to the faster</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:51'>Chopin major third F has s leads been Val the phenomenon of piano players and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:58'>stuff it is basically an age that is extremely interested in the quantitative</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:03'>and has extreme difficulties we're dealing with any value system and this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:09'>is disastrous so what I'd like to do is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:13'>just show you a couple of quick slides</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:17'>and give you an idea what a vision was like back in the early 70s and then in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:24'>the few moments remaining get you to think about along with me about what</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:29'>could this thing be so that is a place where you always start off we have to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:33'>start off with values saying what could this be don't worry about the technology</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:38'>honestly if not us than the Japanese can</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:44'>probably make a display out of this wooden floor if they wanted to it's not</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:48'>really that difficult glorifying</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:52'>technology is is is like deciding that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:56'>the layout of an ad is good but the message of it is bad and therefore it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:00'>stores it ads I don't think that's the way to think about it okay</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:11'>if you could focus out a little bit that'll do</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:19'>well this is just memory lane this is a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:23'>machine that I was the co.design arose in 1968 and it was not the first</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:29'>personal computer as I mention it's always a second one as you see it had</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:33'>all of the things that we have come to recognize have a high-resolution display</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:37'>stream that had windows it had a tablet</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:41'>for pointing and had a keyboard and this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:45'>machine ran a little hotter than the Macintosh it had almost 700 ICS in it so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:52'>you could we have a little perch on the top of it for heating our coffee pots</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:01'>but the nonetheless if it ran a higher</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:05'>level language that was almost an almost a pure object-oriented language so it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:10'>had all of the things that people are writing about now in Time magazine the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:14'>unfortunate thing about this was that it was a total disaster when we tried it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:18'>out on our users now users were people were supposed to be doctors and lawyers</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:23'>and engineers professional people who needed to wield a tool on their own</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:29'>behalf and in fact I discovered that I'd done a terrible job even with Windows</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:34'>and all of these things in doing the human factors of interaction now that's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:38'>the first time I ever thought that the human factors of interaction was really</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:42'>important now it's come sense to believe that it is the employee saying because</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:46'>it's the only thing that user ever sees no other thing in the computer is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:50'>important and it led to the idea of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:54'>Box not being very important to look at that system and you realize that there</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:00'>are only a few square inches not cubic inches that are important that's the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:04'>face of the display string and almost everything else is superfluous so we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:12'>turn the slides off for one second</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:38'>after working my wounds for a couple years over there cuz it's really painful</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:43'>to put blood into something over a period of some years and haven't turned out to be a disaster and so I went on to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:50'>get other things for a while but thinking about it in 1958 I had also</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:55'>seen the first flat panel display at the University of Illinois and I realized it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:59'>was not going to be too long before we could do away with all those cubic inches and start worrying about the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:04'>square inches account and also at Utah</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:08'>Ivan Sutherland had done his head mounted display when he played to put on</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:12'>like glasses and actually walk around in their display area so when I went to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:18'>Xerox with our lure of 10 10 year blank check funding these were the two</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:24'>physical ideas for what a machine in the 1980 to be and of course why were we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:29'>thinking the 1980s because we had 10 years and so we just exploited the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:34'>hardware out and decided yes machines like the Dynabook are definitely</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:39'>possible these are to form now I put that big green question mark here</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:44'>because I don't believe that these are the only forms in fact I believe</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:48'>something more like what niche means Oh Ponty talks about in the first lecture</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:54'>maybe even more appropriate now the glass is one I think is going to work</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:59'>out for a variety of reasons it is the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:03'>only thing in which you do not have to worry about how large you display is the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:08'>entire world and the glasses at Utah</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:13'>measured where your head was looking so as you looked around the display would</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:18'>change so you'd have something over here and something over here and used to walk</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:22'>through the display we even did a thing where we made the speed of light 1 foot</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:27'>per second those runs that things you were acting like a photon and the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:32'>display would collapse away from you using the relativistic transforms so you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:37'>could experience different physics specific experience what it was like to get close to a black hole without</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:42'>getting not</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:46'>now the problem was almost all displays is officially small that is where the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:53'>overlapping windows came in from it's not a feature it is a bug saying they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:01'>have it turned into a religion now really makes me worried a little bit because you realize about what you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:07'>really like to do is have everything spread out so you could see it the overlapping window saying was done</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:12'>because you don't have that much room you still would like to be reminded what's on the street I don't see that is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:17'>the display that is suitable for thinking about now and should not be</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:21'>doing that okay back to the slide</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:36'>citizen machine we built in the 1973 eventually build about 2,000 of these</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:42'>the pledge we took at Xerox very</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:46'>different from the way we've done things before that we've never build a system there was not engineered for 100 users</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:52'>so all of a sudden before I was totally bubblegum together and it barely works</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:56'>for the designer here we decided we're going to have to set up a community hook</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:01'>together with the network and work with it for several years so the screen there</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:07'>was that tape because the DynaVox was that shape the dots are on and off</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:12'>because we thought liquid crystal would be on an R now why would anybody in the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:17'>right mind use a video display that can do great GL modulation and just do on</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:23'>arras docks especially when you saw what</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:27'>mission kapaa need to do with saucepot you can get much higher subjective</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:32'>resolution by using grayscale modulation</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:36'>bitmap displays today are slavish adherence to something that was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:41'>originally done to simulate a liquid crystal display in fact I still have a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:45'>bleep marks on my back from Xerox management when they were doing the star</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:49'>and I tried to talk him out of going with a bitmap but it was too late what</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:54'>they understood was that bitmaps were good that was their their take on it and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:59'>he didn't want to think about what it meant for human being to sit in front of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:03'>a display the infamous now well we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:08'>didn't invent it Mouse was actually invented in 1965 at Fri why did we use</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:16'>it well because we didn't have a good touch sensitive display</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:20'>why are people using it now I don't know</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:26'>there must be a reason but in fact for</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:30'>immediacy and contact he is possible to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:36'>use it a touch-sensitive display much better in fact the Dynabook was designed so that you only displayed the keyboard</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:42'>when you need it don't really want a keyboard for hardly anything except</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:47'>certain times of Tyson and the rest of the stuff you want to be as close and immediate as possible original jiying</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:52'>the books did have a stylus in it for doing high-resolution kinds of things so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:58'>what we have what we have here today are several technology that was therefore</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:03'>expedient reasons back in 1972 when hardware is very expensive and for</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:09'>purposes of simulating a flat screen display that have no relevance today and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:15'>it is no good saying that this is better than the IBM PC because those are</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:20'>judgments have no place in art we don't care whether a Beethoven symphony is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:26'>better than a bronze seems to me what we care is is it good users or not and I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:30'>think that is the design ideal that we should need to grow it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:37'>so here's the first KT system this is John in 1972 this is the pictures of men</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:42'>and this is a system that Stuart brand used that year I might mention here that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:48'>the Whole Earth Catalog was a tremendous influence on the Dynabook design because</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:55'>the Dynabook was always thought to be a network system not a standalone system</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:59'>that's another bug in the personal computer market a computer computer is a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:04'>communications device first second and third that is what it is for because you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:11'>communicate with yourself through it like he do his paper and you should be</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:15'>able to communicate with other people and other resources critically important</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:23'>so here's I thought you'd be interested in a pictures from 1972 the LTL had</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:31'>about 30 or 40% more dots than the Apple Lisa and those dots were half the number</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:38'>of dots we thought when necessary had 500,000 dots to camp we had thought to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:43'>the million necessary again the ability to do things that the human eye can read</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:49'>and appreciate are incredibly important</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:53'>in old pictures in the dating text and drive the pencil was one of our favorite</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:59'>metaphors remember portability is not point-five herniation per block really</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:09'>isn't the phrase I made up back then was something so portable you can carry</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:14'>other things too</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:19'>like two sacks of groceries the idea on a personal communications medium is you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:26'>don't want to ever give the person the opportunity for deciding to leave it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:30'>behind or you missed it you've missed</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:34'>the service aspects of it and you've totally missed its possibilities for</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:38'>becoming a way of life absolutely critical is one of the earliest window</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:47'>things Windows as I think everybody knows that actually the back end of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:52'>telescopes that look into different information systems the ones with the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:58'>multiple panes they were designed by Larry Tesler who is now at at Apple and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:03'>they're used for browsing one of the earliest of the innovative text and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:09'>graphics editors where the token</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:14'>astrak-- is being created they're just</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:18'>going blurry more and more blurry and you can see that the painting system in this on the alto is integrated into the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:23'>document so that you didn't go out to some separate system but it was just one</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:28'>of the many times of Paris so you can think of a paragraph as a window can't</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:32'>you sort of a rectangular saying and some paragraphs can have pictures in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:36'>them some might want to have draft and then some might want to have animations in them some might want to have text in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:41'>them and the document is really the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:45'>system concept that unifies these this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:49'>is an interesting program so that was the first time that real time note</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:54'>capture was done was done by a 15 year old child not I usually travel I didn't</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:00'>wasn't planning on talking here I had the slides long because I'm working on a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:04'>a talk in a couple of months from now I usually travel with movies and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:08'>videotapes reason is is that as we Harrison said long ago he says the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:14'>picture may be worth a thousand words but if it moves</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:21'>and it's no good talking about a kinetic art like I am and show you static</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:25'>pictures but that's the best we can do today so this you could just play in and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:29'>it would capture the notes and one of the earliest programs is this is a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:34'>musical notation that we use for teaching children there is much easier</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:38'>for them to use than the standard one and this system was its own synthesized</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:45'>he didn't have to hook one on to it the system was simply fast enough to do</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:50'>essentially what the synclavier does were 12 real-time parallel voices and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:55'>you could just walk and you could be define all of the time which by simply</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:59'>drawing in on the screen this is a an</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:04'>animation system that was originally designed by Eric Martin who is here has</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:10'>done in 1974 and this is as modified by</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:14'>a child to add feature to and this to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:18'>deal with about any objects that large in multiple claims in real time early</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:26'>planning system showing a resource</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:31'>allocation this is a non procedural</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:36'>advantage system particularly like visicalc except we construct diagrams which automatic ones so the system for</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:42'>instance does not know anything that electrical circuits as we visit cows you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:46'>may bind hearing drawings and tell one what they need so if you're used as a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:52'>calcio tell the resistors your your rulers on law but mother complications</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:57'>visicalc if they have a deal with very complex apologies and so just the edge cooking a circuit gather will make run</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:03'>and build a variety of simulates that way we worked without six or seven</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:09'>hundred children done before 1976 by the way here's a set up in a classroom in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:17'>one of the terrazzo school worked with several hundred adults which is good you see the adults to a lot</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:23'>denser than the and the kids I this is the tea scientist of Xerox Jack Goldman</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:31'>now what do you say thank you talking of the technology doesn't help</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:36'>you so much in fact he's out in a managed I'm is not as cool as last night</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:42'>we're talking about EEG and I see the letters CPR test and coming to my little</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:48'>she'll be doing something I'd rather have you all on exercycle Tom Lehrer</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:53'>said that Brinkley and humbly discussing contrapuntal II okay that's enough</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:59'>housewife that's great the kind of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:03'>questions that would be interesting for you as well as us I think would be he's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:09'>been getting reflective hips for three</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:13'>four days and some of them presumably are still festering if the good ones are</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:19'>and maybe raise questions that come out</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:25'>of that process the things that you're puzzling about that you would like to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:30'>keep puzzling about and you wouldn't mind either both of us puzzling at with</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:35'>you question right here</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:55'>[Music] you don't like the expanded challenge</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:00'>the reinforcement procedure bloody life</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:10'>a problem that you solved and here's the solution congratulations and the screen</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:14'>flashes on an off little music plays and then what</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:40'>well I think the the question is does it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:44'>get you close to the Mississippi to remember that poor person that was to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:51'>move the big ball up the hill and then down again every day I think that is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:56'>that is a metaphor that's been used for a to title loop in the challenge but if</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:02'>you think of the rewards for learning how to drive a car is not just the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:06'>gratification of getting to where you want to go but the challenge of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:10'>exploring I think it's a very dull person indeed that just uses their car</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:15'>to go down to the grocery store they eventually get the idea that they can go</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:19'>to places that they haven't thought of before and do it and I think that what</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:24'>Stewart was referring to is something more like what I was saying in the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:29'>secondary the effective hit is this reward thing and the reflective thing is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:33'>the thing that may not happen in the first few seconds but that as the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:40'>emotions start to drain away they'll go very quickly if there isn't something to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:45'>hang on they're not hanging on is usually thinking more about it which is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:50'>illuminating the challenge a little bit further sure I think it's you can</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:54'>imagine you know taking Stuart Sasson analogies and imagine me the horrors of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:00'>a video game designed to challenge you but you know they they say the Highland</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:06'>Fling was invented by putting a Scotsman in front of a pay toilet</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:11'>the typical conflict of interest there I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:16'>think that kind of a challenge is not a it's not a good idea how many people</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:24'>have tried taking shooters one two or three if you're messing with keyboards</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:30'>at all it's one of the quickest change</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:35'>your life programs you can hang out with because they have some interesting</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:39'>elements if not only knows immediately</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:44'>if you're hitting the right key very</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:49'>easily you begin and we easy to get into exercises but and notices how quickly</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:53'>you hit feet and gives you a little chart that your left little finger is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:59'>still lagging behind the rest doesn't punish you for that in just indication</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:04'>you know the charge they just call my fingers and it gives you more of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:10'>keys for that finger it knows where</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:14'>you're slow and in pick you up and my</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:18'>job you can become a quick typist quick with these programs or circles and I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:23'>think so far taking shooters today let's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:27'>attack you on the butt no but as soon as</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:33'>you turn off that program and put in anything else you're typing like a bastard and back patting you on the butt</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:40'>maybe the question is whether you're the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:44'>successful program is challenging you without realizing it the experience of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:50'>learning to play tennis can be extremely painful or fairly rewarding and it often</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:57'>has to do with how judgmental you are as you're going through the thing so the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:02'>talents may be something that you're simply looking forward to I thinking and I sort of run music into two classes</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:09'>there's music that the more you understand about it the more mundane</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:14'>and there's other musics that the more you understand about it the better</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:19'>things that opens up it's like learning about the molecular biology of the cell</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:23'>which is one of the most beautiful stories of all time the more people find</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:27'>out about the more wonderful it is to experience this and it's that opening up</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:32'>thing so I think that the media shouldn't be that we shouldn't be</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:36'>sending the message that this or that is good but the message system that the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:42'>media could present is that there's more than one way and it gets better and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:47'>those these little ramp functions so I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:51'>think let people choose their own tabs and I think it's those little ramp functions that we as designers should be</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:57'>trying to understand what they are we shouldn't be packaging religions so I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:03'>don't think a ramp function is religion it's excitement</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:12'>[Music]</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:20'>Marvin denna coxswain said you can get through your 40s without a plan but you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:24'>have to have a plan for 50 and I will be</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:28'>53 in 10 years so I guess I should start</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:32'>making a plan so I think the I see the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:38'>trick on all of this for I think design</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:42'>is simply finding a way of reentering</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:46'>yourself as though you hadn't done</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:50'>anything before but all that stuff that you've learned is an arsenal that you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:55'>can bring to bear after you've gotten the next idea and going out the other</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:00'>way it's really difficult because the tendency is to use those old ideas as</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:04'>the form of the new design that's disaster you get trapped into a very</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:08'>narrow genre so I think that's something that everybody who works creatively and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:15'>I think that's most people have to say is how to find those vintage music is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:22'>wonderful because you can't run out of it Truman said about Bach's music system or</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:26'>you understand that the better it is you cannot you cannot die unhappy having</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:32'>experienced by and that's surely one of the great experiences of the universe</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:37'>that we live in one that has that kind of richness in it and I think everybody</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:42'>has a love like that knows what I mean their personal laws that are the most</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:47'>important things about humanity I think</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:52'>and yes the hackers made space for</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:56'>enough for planners [Music]</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:02'>I'll be 55 and not the snail was getting</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:21'>larger and larger with a burden of one's own tasks riding around a certain extent</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:26'>success and this is this either success</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:30'>or soon to be successful bunch it's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:36'>mostly all reward that and I think it's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:42'>one of the one of the peculiarities that we see with the personal computer realm</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:47'>right now and maybe this is true of other aspects of Technology and entertainment is that people like us are</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:54'>so enormous ly rewarded for being about a half inch in front of what everybody</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:58'>else is doing that why ever would we be</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:50:02'>interested in what's two or three feet in front of what everybody else is doing and so this successful bunch of people</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:50:09'>may be more inclined to meteorite and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:50:15'>others who have more commentary or that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:50:19'>we're way out there out of sight not able to know about or come to gatherings</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:50:26'>like this and will come through and make a hell of a tale and then you know do it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:50:35'>again I don't know the metaphor may break down but I am aware very much it's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:50:42'>only saying of how much what I have done gets in the way of what I want to do I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:50:47'>had a wonderful afternoon once was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:50:51'>Milton Friedman who I didn't expect to like as much as I did completely coming</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:50:59'>in and I asked what was the effect of Nobel prizes not a very original</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:03'>question on the Nobel Prize winners and he said well you know I wasn't going to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:07'>take it but they just given it what's his name the year before who was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:11'>a conservative economist and if I hadn't taken it it would have been in the same</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:16'>salt to him and I didn't want to do that so I took the Nobel Prize and I said</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:24'>well to get in your way he says I don't know yet but I can tell you generally</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:28'>that people should change their professions a couple of times and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:33'>there's a couple of break points and they said the yours is probably coming</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:37'>up question</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:50'>[Music]</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:52:09'>[Music]</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:52:17'>[Music]</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:04'>well one of the things I was gonna say</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:08'>this morning I left it out for time purposes is that there's an interesting progression drawn from source three or</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:15'>four different sources one one is Piaget who points out that the three major</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:20'>stages in his development for children</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:25'>are a bodily conscious phase the hole is too big a visual phase and a symbolic</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:32'>phase has finally gotten into around 12 each one of them has its own rules of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:37'>logic Bruner the psychologist at Harvard showed that those phases are not</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:42'>sequential but are all going on at the same time and there's a dominant change</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:47'>because you can switch people who are on the boundary from one to the other and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:51'>back again very easily had a large there was a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:55'>great mathematician french mathematician that ramp right after World War two did</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:00'>a famous study called psychologic psychology of invention in the mathematical fields we took the hundred</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:06'>people he thought were the greatest mathematicians on earth and interviewed</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:10'>all of them this is when he was about 85 when he did this and of those 100 only</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:16'>to claim to use mathematical symbology for doing this thing all of them used</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:21'>visual and about 30 percent of them used muscular sensations Einstein particular</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:27'>had kinesthetic sensations as he said of the muscular type and so one hand ways</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:34'>of thinking about that is that creativity is a way of reaching back</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:39'>maybe back to other evolutionary brains if you believe the three vain idea that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:45'>going back through the visual certainly through a loosened set of rules and back</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:50'>all the way to body knowledge when we teach children how to program and logo</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:55'>we can get them to draw new things like drawing circles which high schoolers</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:59'>can't do in basic because their body knows how to draw a circle providing you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:03'>in the right coordinate system circles x squared plus y squared equals</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:08'>R squared which is a bitch for anybody nobody remembers it and it's hard to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:12'>write the program but in logo which uses child centered coordinates you close</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:17'>your eyes inertial coordinate that is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:36'>exactly what a circle is the differential equation of the circle is constant curvature just going a little</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:41'>and turning a little the same than that and so kids body</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:45'>you can teach five-year-olds a lot of mathematics ask that level you're not</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:51'>teaching them differential calculus ask the level of mathematical symbols but</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:56'>you can teach them calculus at the level of their body knowledge if you have a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:00'>language that can deal with that and that's why that's in logo it was put in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:04'>there specifically for that purpose and again you have these three ways you can</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:09'>tell somebody you can show them and you can get them to do it I think we all</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:14'>agree that getting them getting to do it involves you in a much more visceral</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:18'>fashions like Stewart is saying was a big guy with the pulling the paper out</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:24'>of the slot there that the I think that the way of approaching this is to try</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:30'>and teach all three of these cognitive systems and to realize that the oldest</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:36'>one is the is the one that at least understood and has the most varied</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:40'>knowledge which is the muscular one it is the one that really deals with navigating around the world we can be</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:47'>blind and we can still find their way around there's a whole set of body</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:51'>knowledge and this is really where as benoit mandelbrot said yesterday one of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:56'>the one of the things that he did was with there was most critical is to bring</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:00'>back the visual and I would say even bring back the body in mathematics that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:06'>is where all as euler was one of the greatest mathematicians who ever lived</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:12'>said science is what you use after you guess well and in fact he was a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:18'>notorious guesser because almost none of his spirit the proof that he supplied</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:22'>for his feelings were valid but almost all of the theorems were true his PhD</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:27'>theses for generations exaggerate students of finding the real proofs were</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:32'>one of Euler's feeling when I don't know</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:37'>how to answer a question which they don't know how to answer you I generally pointed something I just now pointed at</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:43'>Alan but something else I would point out is the video disc Emin stration</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:47'>that's a group on ahead of the talking he has the four faces that were maybe</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:54'>not all of you heard the discussion after that where someone asked what was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:58'>that work done for and he said I thought everybody knew it was done for the top</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:58:05'>of the American chain of command cabinet officers who would succeed each other in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:58:10'>the event of nuclear war and all this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:58:14'>because you can't have all the most people in one place it was him all at once the speaker the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:58:18'>house is somebody will be in charge and they don't want that so you know the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:58:23'>secretary of this match those two different locations underground but they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:58:27'>wanted to be able to communicate each other with each other in a way to preserve that nuance assuming that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:58:33'>nuance might be of the essence if somebody was saying mr. president I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:58:38'>don't think we should bomb them just yet you know not not not really want to sort</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:58:42'>of get across as informations you can</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:58:48'>indeed be though that then the president</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:58:52'>turns is interrupted and looks that the person who's interrupting the acknowledges the interruption and here's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:58:57'>a mouth that's visual it's kinesthetic</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:02'>it's a lot of things it's pretty important to communication that's been</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:06'>important question</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:11'>[Music]</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:20'>[Music]</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:28'>the secret to whatever success I've had is that by circumstance I've always</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:34'>treated computer science as a hobby and so I've never you should see me when I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:40'>get at the console of an organ I go absolutely rigid was right and yeah I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:46'>don't want to fail at that and I've never cared about the computer science</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:53'>stuff it's always been great fun it's the ideal unification of all the things</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:00:00'>I've been interested in all my life and I think that the the question of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:00:06'>intuition is largely two things one it's just less letting them happen because</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:00:10'>everybody has them the other one is throwing away almost all of them because</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:00:15'>the a good project takes as long as a great wonder and after the I think the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:00:21'>trick is to pick pick and choose ones where the ideas will still be</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:00:26'>interesting after you've done those horrible implementations to try them out</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:00:31'>and no I don't I think that the I think</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:00:36'>everybody a lot when when I was at Parc we had lots of heavy-duty thinkers there</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:00:43'>and they really fell into four or five different classes there completely</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:00:47'>different ways of looking at there are people there who were unbelievably brilliant so we just deal with</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:00:52'>complexity directly Butler Lampson is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:00:56'>certainly one of the smartest people I've ever met in my entire life he talked twice as fast as mine works twice</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:01:01'>as fast he remembers twice as much in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:01:05'>just a remarkable remarkable person I'm exact almost exactly the opposite from</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:01:11'>from that I like metaphor I like longer</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:01:15'>problems like shorter ones so I I think</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:01:19'>that I've always thought of our profession as being more like a theatrical repertory company where you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:01:24'>have 20 or 30 people who ultimately get together and do all of the things</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:01:29'>there's some people behind the scenes you know obviously the small talk stuff</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:01:33'>was not done by find the I thought of the original ideas but I'm</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:01:38'>a starter not a finisher I had some fabulous finishers and a lot of the stuff that was done were were original</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:01:44'>contribution Larry Tesler for instance who was one of the injectors of the park</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:01:49'>culture at Apple is one of the best software designers I know and you could</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:01:55'>not in a few words acknowledge his contribution to that or any other five</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:01:59'>people so I think of these I don't think of these things there's so much a group</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:03'>I don't think this is democracy there is no such thing as democracy when you're</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:07'>doing design don't sit around and take a vote anymore than you do in the theater</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:12'>but what you have is different contributions that eventually come down</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:17'>to some kind of image I made the original Dynabook model solely to avoid</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:21'>having meetings and what it was that we're trying to do and went out and got</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:25'>a picture frame it was about the right size and I faked what the display would</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:29'>look like and I just put it up on the wall and whenever anybody wanted to know</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:33'>what we're doing I just pointed at it that whatever no just go for it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:39'>and I only hired people that absolutely went nuts when I would wave this thing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:44'>in front of a meeting they come up with stars in their eyes and we've invited him for the summer and because we didn't</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:51'>have a strong definition of it except that this wasn't a computer this was a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:55'>channel an amplifier there's all these things and we knew how we were going to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:01'>preliminary deal with it but not ultimately see one of the thing about</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:06'>paper fact we even tested out the dining bus to see you could hit a ball with it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:11'>one of the things about pay for all these wonderful things like paper airplanes you could do and we even</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:18'>thought of an edible Dynabook there's one of the great ways of getting rid of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:22'>this technology if they just make it edible you could eat your IBM PC before</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:28'>it got stale [Music]</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:32'>yeah the that question I'll attempt up how do</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:37'>you inspire instruct improve intuition if it's at all possible one way if you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:43'>don't have it is to hire it if you know doing something the person I use most in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:49'>this regard is character named Gregory Bateson who was a scientist sort of but</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:57'>he had a intuition of an elephant I just</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:01'>completely larger than the man and wrote largely from that intuition in the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:05'>interview I did with him once I asked how he did a paper this again comes to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:14'>the planning question he said I take a subject that I don't understand and why</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:21'>it is that way and I wrestle with it and that wrestling is the paper</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:25'>he always had a enormous respect</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:49'>you know it comes up how do you inspire and struck improve intuition at all cost</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:53'>but one way if you don't have it as a higher risk if you're you know doing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:57'>something the person I use most in this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:02'>regard is a character named Gregory Bateson who was a scientist sort of but</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:10'>he had a the intuition of an elephant I just completely larger than the man and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:16'>wrote largely from that intuition and interview I did with him once I asked</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:20'>how he did a paper this again comes to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:26'>the planning question he said I take a subject that I don't understand and why</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:33'>it is that way and I wrestle with it and that wrestling is the paper</subtitle>
<subtitle id='3938'>yaagh had a enormous respect </subtitle>

Alan Kay at TED (1984)

2025-01-17T20:51:09Z

Lucas: up to 4:34... not sure if its bruce Damer from what company.

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<subtitle id='00:00:00'>[Applause] I forgot to say something about Russel before he came up here...</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:15'>[...]</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:32'>Alan Kay is a former illustrator and professional musician - Just listen to this one dossier:</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:36'>Joseph Alan Kay is a professional is a former illustrator and professional</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:41'>musician he somehow received bachelor's degrees in mathematics and molecular</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:45'>biology while working his way through school as a systems programmer for the National</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:49'>Center for Atmospheric Research and spending most of his time composing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:53'>music for local theatrical productions. I mean that is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:57'>amazing.</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:01'>Alan has been involved with the development of the first personal computers from their very early</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:10'>inception and after a short stint at Stanford artificial intelligence project</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:15'>he was one of the founders of Xerox Palo Alto Research Center (PARC) where</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:20'>he was head of the Learning Research Group and the original designer of a Dynabook</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:24'>personal computer and the SmallTalk programming system and those of you that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:29'>don't know this - SmallTalk is really where this came from, this this type of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:35'>screen: the overlapping windows and he</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:40'>really was, I guess you could call him one of the fathers of the first modern personal</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:45'>computer. After a decade at Xerox PARC he</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:49'>left and became chief scientist at Atari, where he is now. He is still an avid</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:54'>amateur musician with the classical</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:58'>pipe organ, is a member of the International Society of organ builders who to paraphrase Dr. Johnson "he does not</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:04'>play tennis well, but one is surprised to see him play at all"</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:08'>Alan [Applause]</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:16'>Thank you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:21'>A while ago when I was proselytizing about</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:26'>the personal computer which I must</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:30'>confess to you I had a slightly different image than these boxes that have been</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:35'>sold today, I made a serious error which</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:39'>was to talk more about some concrete</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:44'>examples of what a personal computer might do, rather than to try and convey</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:52'>the spirit of what I felt personal computing was about and let people make</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:56'>up their own ideas, and what we've come to after about 15 years now is some</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:04'>interesting but rather slavish adherence</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:08'>to some silly old ideas and so what I'd</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:12'>like to do today is to briefly go through some thought processes that a designer</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:17'>of these systems might have and get you to try and fill in the blank.</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:23'>The personal computer is not personal if it isn't what you want it to be. It's not</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:28'>what Apple wants it to be, it's not what Xerox wants it to be - if it isn't what you want it to be then it isn't your personal</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:34'>computer. I think Bruce Damer from ?MDC</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:40'>talking about the Intellivision as the new America, and kinds of things how are</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:48'>they there's main audience this is middle America and I, I thought how</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:52'>interesting it would be [...]</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:11'>because you happen to be from middle America and there's certain</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:15'>things you might like, it might disturb you and wouldn't allow you to feel</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:19'>comfortable anymore. I think that restricting content in that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:23'>way is not the way to deal with a medium. The medium is the thing that has</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:29'>zillions of degrees of freedom and to be shaped in ways that the inventors of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:34'>medium didn't anticipate. so there's that it's no better than a tool and community</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:40'>computer is not a tool the program to run on at our schools because they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:45'>directed degrees experience I mean the computer is a container for the newest</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:51'>kind of kinetic art art that needs to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:55'>time like music and ballet and so forth it's a little more abstract but it is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:01'>that kind of material we call it a meta</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:06'>medium because it's content there's other media you can see when you looked</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:11'>at Macintosh that what it was doing was simulating some of the aspects of paper</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:16'>that's trying to do some of the big things about paper like readability and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:21'>remove some of the bad things about paper like difficult to erase and hard</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:26'>to insert and so forth but if you do lots of other things I know you all all</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:30'>realize that computers can simulate music they continue like graphics we've</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:34'>seen lots of that the most important thing about computers film does not read</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:40'>or hear simulate but the possibility that you might be able to tailor the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:46'>things that are on there to your own use that is a reflective notion Rason and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:52'>aspect of notion I'm gonna talk that's really the theme of my talk is that if I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:58'>had to sum up my main complaint about 20th century especially the time that we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:04'>live in now that it's almost in tow almost totally devoted to access to hit things</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:12'>that get the glands going but which lesion was almost nothing to reflect on</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:17'>even in the next minute let alone the next day I was on they says a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:22'>blue-ribbon panel that was convened by Disney to go down and evaluate F tot he</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:30'>did in high style for three days or so and these people who actually from the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:35'>same kind of background as the people in this content had many opinions about</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:40'>Epcot but there was one unanimous one and that was that none of the exhibits</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:45'>that Escott had any follow-up so he's a suspension to a quite a wonderful</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:50'>exhibit called lands where you could go through the standard Disney</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:54'>[Music]</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:13'>almost an almost totally devoted key</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:17'>access to his hip things that get the glands going but which we she was almost</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:23'>nothing to reflect on even in the next minute let alone the next day I was on</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:29'>they says a blue-ribbon panel that was convened by Disney to go down and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:35'>evaluate F Scott he did in high style</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:39'>for three days or so and these people who actually from the same kind of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:44'>Batman as the people in this conference had many opinions about Escott but there</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:48'>was one unanimous one and that was that none of the exhibits at Ascot had any</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:53'>follow-up so these are instance a quite</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:57'>a wonderful exhibit called the land where you should go through the standard Disney</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:02'>[Music]</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:03'>well after you got off that ride there wasn't even a stencil on the wall telling you where to find out anything</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:08'>more he wanted to learn something there wasn't a pamphlet it wasn't a bookstore</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:13'>there wasn't a any graffiti done with</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:17'>spray paint there was nothing and so they brought you up this place where</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:22'>you're now interested like the Road Dogg and the commercial who heard the name of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:28'>the Bao and started juggling balls and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:32'>balancing tears and stuff and then they just drop you came up with something</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:38'>like water or American beer or something</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:42'>like that so I think that if we think</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:47'>we're in the media business and if he</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:51'>thinks that we're designers and we have to think of something different than the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:56'>computer as a box maybe using something different than the computers as a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:00'>vehicle</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:07'>the interesting that though IBM hasn't worried about interaction in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:14'>geologic time in the auto community</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:19'>starting around 1961 or so the whole</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:24'>focus and interest of that community has been to develop the computer as a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:30'>symbiotic Asian an amplifier for human read this is not a new idea was not</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:36'>invented by Apple was not invented by Xerox goes back long ways and it's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:41'>actually intellectual precursor of this is a wonderful article which is called</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:47'>as we may think written by Vannevar Bush</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:51'>in 1945 as we published in Atlantic Monthly and he's produced a number of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:56'>things including Drive photography but the major part of the article was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:00'>devoted to a machine he calls mimics which is thought of as a small desk</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:06'>light thing with two or three screens on it and a way of pointing that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:10'>information and in here by using various optical storage techniques we do the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:14'>contents of a small town library five or</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:18'>eight thousand volumes and the principal thing he did with this was to be able to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:24'>lay down your own information trails there were already built trails with the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:28'>idea is that you could lay down your own trails and these became new information</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:32'>in that system that article was the inspiration for the ARPA funding in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:38'>interactive computing in 1961 that led to the first time sharing system that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:43'>led to the first computer graphics led to the first pointing devices the first</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:47'>truly higher-level languages to artificial intelligence and all of those things came from that idea and in fact</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:54'>in many ways the third of the sixties was much more adventurous than the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:59'>seventies or even the eighties back then the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:04'>good million dollars but the kinds of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:09'>things that we're done on them were not fettered by any theory of making them into a product they're done solely to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:15'>try and amplify some aspects of human reach so I thought what I would do is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:23'>since we're talking about the future is to give you four way to think about it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:31'>to help predict the future and the first one is when we started up jirachi</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:37'>had jocks executives coming out of our ears the first couple of years being</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:42'>very anxious saying what is the future going to be like what if a Japanese</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:47'>gonna do what is gonna happen to us and everything else and I finally says</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:51'>what's the best way to predict the future is to invent it it is not</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:55'>something that's going to happen to us it's something we're gonna make happen that's what research teams are all about</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:00'>we will have a vision of the future we will make a division vision if you can</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:04'>as long as that doesn't violate too many of Newton's laws we can probably make it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:08'>work now there's a difference between a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:12'>clear vision and a good vision I think</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:16'>the hardest thing to get is a good vision we heard about a clear one last</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:21'>night about Kennedy's clear vision that we should put a man on the moon in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:26'>before the end of the of the decade I think to me that was a fairly terrible</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:31'>vision and I'll tell you why because it set back safe travel 20 years and he</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:38'>didn't say let's invent space travel said let basically let us show us the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:43'>Russians what we got out of that was everything except space that we did get lots of good technology we got even more</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:49'>management techniques for managing 300 thousand people and twenty four billion</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:54'>dollars the NASA people say themselves if that was the greatest single fallout</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:59'>was learning how to do really large projects but what we couldn't get is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:03'>space travel and we don't have it today there's no travel to the moon</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:08'>travel to Mars there's no travel to anywhere in space were going up in orbit</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:12'>like he did in 1963 so an important idea</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:17'>I think is when revision is formed it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:21'>has to have several characteristics one is it has to be a rather long range vision because it unfortunately it's a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:26'>very long time to get things done and out the door in our business this is the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:32'>second point it takes 10 years to get something out into commercial life from</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:39'>a new idea in the laboratory the first personal computer actually wasn't the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:44'>the ENIAC it was done in 1963 and I just</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:48'>went to the 20th anniversary of it a few months ago with John sponsored by NIH as</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:53'>a machine called the wink took 10 years ago from that machine does a marvelous</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:58'>little device $10,000 in 1963 was own</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:04'>virtual memory its own display screen its own into a certain budget several</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:08'>thousand of them were built it took ten years to go from that to the Xerox Alto</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:12'>which is the first practical personal computer in 1973 first video game was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:18'>done in 1962 on the TV one called space war Andy Nolan Bushnell his first game</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:25'>was called computer space and it came out in 1972 so you see the 10-year time</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:30'>constants and in those 10 years are usually two or three very long very</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:36'>bloody implementation efforts and it is almost unheard of for those 10 years to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:42'>take place in a single company almost always we find a disillusionment</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:49'>cherry-picking people moving on and so forth and what happened at jerash Park is no</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:55'>exception for 10 years that's the time constant I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:59'>couldn't afford to believe in long ago but I'm afraid it's really true third</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:05'>thing is when you're dealing in media instead of tools we have to face up to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:10'>the kind of cycle that media John who over the last thousand years</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:16'>four main parts to it is a hardware intensive phase where most of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:22'>profits are made by margins on the hardware whose as to in publishing as it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:28'>has been in the computer business then</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:32'>we as people learn to build Hardware the margins go down to zero because the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:36'>hardware is always the easiest thing to build have an industrial revolution you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:40'>can build paper like crazy and all of a sudden you go into a software stage</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:44'>which completely changes everything around why because software is always been a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:49'>cottaging industry basically something</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:53'>that unless there is a power structure in control almost anybody can make up</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:58'>software for the medium and usually what happens is a really smart hardware</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:05'>company will go into distribution in order to control that because no</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:09'>software publishing house has ever been able to control all of its known authors</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:13'>and stay in business you have to go in and distribute other people's things the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:19'>software part has a novelty phase and a value say what happened to atari last</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:24'>year was a an abrupt switch from a novelty stage to a value phase for the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:31'>cartridges that they were making a substantial part of their income on it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:35'>happened about a year earlier than I thought it was going to happen can</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:40'>happen abruptly as soon as the users have sophisticated all of a sudden it's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:44'>not a citizen band radio anymore that they want to sell us they don't know</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:49'>it's cellular but they have realized that they this new gadget has only 40</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:53'>channels and they can't call their friend across town even if he has one</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:57'>it's not a real communication system all of a sudden want something real</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:02'>and the citizens band radio goes in the back of the closet and wait for that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:08'>value agent piece of technology to come along now the most important phase I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:13'>think is the next one this is the one that is absolutely critical to thinking</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:18'>about this new field that we're in and that is the service safe I think that's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:26'>actually the big revolution in my own thinking about personal computer which happens in 1968-69 really came about by</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:35'>understanding that the computer was not a piece of hardware it was not effusive</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:39'>software I thought I was being very adventurous back then in from bundling</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:43'>the tea together designing the hardware and the software at the same time so I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:48'>finally realized what the computer is is a gadget that delivers service that's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:55'>what people want and want service from this is a service concept it's not a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:59'>hardware as a software concept service is a bundling of attributes to satisfy a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:07'>person for teach me the Japanese sell</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:11'>their cars more like transportation services than they do but as p.m. did</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:17'>for so many years as a menu ICICI that you could buy and having 300 horsepower</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:22'>or 400 horsepower or a suite or Chrome or x2 tail fin</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:28'>service and that service area is the one in which medium development is most</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:35'>critical it's the one that tells you what to do my main bit about the way personal</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:41'>computers have done over the last decade is that it has been very far away from</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:46'>that idea since we're selling the hardware system on the live stage that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:50'>we're talking about now software is all over the place software delivers for service an</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:56'>integrated concept that we see in Macintosh is wonderful I'm glad that Apple is doing that but we have to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:01'>realize that those ideas go back to 1972 and so what we must ask is where are the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:09'>things that we actually need to the 1980s now the final stage and this four</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:15'>part thing is when a service becomes a way of life like this like a telephone</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:21'>telephone a way of life is that gadget</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:25'>that you only notice when it isn't there we immediately notice if they weren't</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:30'>telephones in our hotel room we knew we know that if we didn't have one of these</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:34'>things and I think that's the destiny of communications media to be pushed</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:39'>towards being a way of life providing they fit in to all the crevices and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:46'>mundane ADIZ and amplification needs that people actually want now last we're</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:51'>bringing to the fourth idea for predicting the future I think everybody</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:56'>has realized by now that market analysis doesn't work very well it's not clear</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:01'>that even worse over a two-year period and they absolutely has been disastrous over anything longer than a senior</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:06'>experience the Xerox machine is a perfect ation point guess our writes in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:12'>his book about how they took the ID Xerox 914 to eidm he said we don't have</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:17'>enough money to build factories for this why don't you build it and just give loyalty an IBM went to Arthur B little</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:23'>in Cambridge and said should we and our Sydney little after an 18-month market</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:29'>survey came back and said no nobody will pay a nickel a copyist to expense that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:34'>nobody copies like that is not enough copy volume that was many billions of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:38'>dollars ago des hours Brooks was called my years with Xerox the billions nobody</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:43'>wanted and Jacqueline the two scientists</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:49'>who asked just retired and he's writing the book I said Jackie should call it me</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:55'>Roxanne the personal computer the billions they didn't want because again</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:59'>we have this recognition problem you ought to give it to itself you may not</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:04'>know this but these jobs worked for Atari and in fact the Apple one was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:10'>taken to Nolan Bushnell Lee who then president of Atari and was turned down</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:14'>there's not being a valid concept this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:18'>is after Nolan had left Ampex because antics wouldn't believe in the idea of a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:23'>video game so all of these things led to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:28'>a saying that I made up with his point of view is worth 80 IQ points the reason</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:38'>is that after Xerox turned down all the stuff that had been built apart</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:43'>I met after a year if I'd met him the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:47'>next day I would have killed him but after a year I met the person who</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:51'>made that decision and realized to my great surprise that he was not a dodo as</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:57'>Ayakashi is just a perfectly reasonable rather intelligent who asked executives</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:01'>who had no possible way of evaluating the decision that he had to make he made</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:06'>the wrong one and that changed the face of computing in America but he himself</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:11'>was a copier executive and he had no way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:15'>of telling whether what we were doing was just something interesting in the lab was something fundamental and I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:21'>believe that is the number one problem in doing something interesting with</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:26'>technology the tendency is to cater to the marketing people to basically not</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:32'>into the value systems that the really good technologies and bring about so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:38'>there's a real tendency towards building the trivial and leaving out the Olympian</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:42'>gestures which I think are what we need many more of all right I guess the one</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:53'>thing I should say about the de Buono IV I never like that when I read the Bono's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:57'>but because who wants to be in a hole even if it's a new one I think it's much</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:02'>better to find a hill and climb up on it you can see a lot farther in a hole all</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:08'>you see is dirt maybe you're dirt but it's still only dirt that's easy to a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:16'>good quote by Heinlein which says the strongest weapon you have is the one</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:21'>between your ears providing that's loaded</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:27'>I'm very close to being a Luddite and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:31'>reason I am is because the this is a technique crazy century we've finally</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:39'>found out how to make technique work for us and there's led to enormous</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:43'>technologies we've been talking about over the next days that has led in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:47'>musical conservatories to the faster</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:51'>Chopin major third F has s leads been Val the phenomenon of piano players and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:58'>stuff it is basically an age that is extremely interested in the quantitative</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:03'>and has extreme difficulties we're dealing with any value system and this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:09'>is disastrous so what I'd like to do is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:13'>just show you a couple of quick slides</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:17'>and give you an idea what a vision was like back in the early 70s and then in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:24'>the few moments remaining get you to think about along with me about what</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:29'>could this thing be so that is a place where you always start off we have to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:33'>start off with values saying what could this be don't worry about the technology</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:38'>honestly if not us than the Japanese can</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:44'>probably make a display out of this wooden floor if they wanted to it's not</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:48'>really that difficult glorifying</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:52'>technology is is is like deciding that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:56'>the layout of an ad is good but the message of it is bad and therefore it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:00'>stores it ads I don't think that's the way to think about it okay</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:11'>if you could focus out a little bit that'll do</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:19'>well this is just memory lane this is a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:23'>machine that I was the co.design arose in 1968 and it was not the first</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:29'>personal computer as I mention it's always a second one as you see it had</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:33'>all of the things that we have come to recognize have a high-resolution display</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:37'>stream that had windows it had a tablet</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:41'>for pointing and had a keyboard and this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:45'>machine ran a little hotter than the Macintosh it had almost 700 ICS in it so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:52'>you could we have a little perch on the top of it for heating our coffee pots</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:01'>but the nonetheless if it ran a higher</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:05'>level language that was almost an almost a pure object-oriented language so it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:10'>had all of the things that people are writing about now in Time magazine the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:14'>unfortunate thing about this was that it was a total disaster when we tried it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:18'>out on our users now users were people were supposed to be doctors and lawyers</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:23'>and engineers professional people who needed to wield a tool on their own</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:29'>behalf and in fact I discovered that I'd done a terrible job even with Windows</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:34'>and all of these things in doing the human factors of interaction now that's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:38'>the first time I ever thought that the human factors of interaction was really</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:42'>important now it's come sense to believe that it is the employee saying because</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:46'>it's the only thing that user ever sees no other thing in the computer is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:50'>important and it led to the idea of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:54'>Box not being very important to look at that system and you realize that there</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:00'>are only a few square inches not cubic inches that are important that's the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:04'>face of the display string and almost everything else is superfluous so we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:12'>turn the slides off for one second</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:38'>after working my wounds for a couple years over there cuz it's really painful</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:43'>to put blood into something over a period of some years and haven't turned out to be a disaster and so I went on to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:50'>get other things for a while but thinking about it in 1958 I had also</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:55'>seen the first flat panel display at the University of Illinois and I realized it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:59'>was not going to be too long before we could do away with all those cubic inches and start worrying about the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:04'>square inches account and also at Utah</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:08'>Ivan Sutherland had done his head mounted display when he played to put on</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:12'>like glasses and actually walk around in their display area so when I went to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:18'>Xerox with our lure of 10 10 year blank check funding these were the two</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:24'>physical ideas for what a machine in the 1980 to be and of course why were we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:29'>thinking the 1980s because we had 10 years and so we just exploited the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:34'>hardware out and decided yes machines like the Dynabook are definitely</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:39'>possible these are to form now I put that big green question mark here</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:44'>because I don't believe that these are the only forms in fact I believe</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:48'>something more like what niche means Oh Ponty talks about in the first lecture</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:54'>maybe even more appropriate now the glass is one I think is going to work</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:59'>out for a variety of reasons it is the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:03'>only thing in which you do not have to worry about how large you display is the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:08'>entire world and the glasses at Utah</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:13'>measured where your head was looking so as you looked around the display would</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:18'>change so you'd have something over here and something over here and used to walk</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:22'>through the display we even did a thing where we made the speed of light 1 foot</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:27'>per second those runs that things you were acting like a photon and the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:32'>display would collapse away from you using the relativistic transforms so you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:37'>could experience different physics specific experience what it was like to get close to a black hole without</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:42'>getting not</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:46'>now the problem was almost all displays is officially small that is where the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:53'>overlapping windows came in from it's not a feature it is a bug saying they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:01'>have it turned into a religion now really makes me worried a little bit because you realize about what you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:07'>really like to do is have everything spread out so you could see it the overlapping window saying was done</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:12'>because you don't have that much room you still would like to be reminded what's on the street I don't see that is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:17'>the display that is suitable for thinking about now and should not be</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:21'>doing that okay back to the slide</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:36'>citizen machine we built in the 1973 eventually build about 2,000 of these</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:42'>the pledge we took at Xerox very</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:46'>different from the way we've done things before that we've never build a system there was not engineered for 100 users</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:52'>so all of a sudden before I was totally bubblegum together and it barely works</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:56'>for the designer here we decided we're going to have to set up a community hook</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:01'>together with the network and work with it for several years so the screen there</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:07'>was that tape because the DynaVox was that shape the dots are on and off</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:12'>because we thought liquid crystal would be on an R now why would anybody in the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:17'>right mind use a video display that can do great GL modulation and just do on</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:23'>arras docks especially when you saw what</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:27'>mission kapaa need to do with saucepot you can get much higher subjective</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:32'>resolution by using grayscale modulation</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:36'>bitmap displays today are slavish adherence to something that was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:41'>originally done to simulate a liquid crystal display in fact I still have a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:45'>bleep marks on my back from Xerox management when they were doing the star</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:49'>and I tried to talk him out of going with a bitmap but it was too late what</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:54'>they understood was that bitmaps were good that was their their take on it and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:59'>he didn't want to think about what it meant for human being to sit in front of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:03'>a display the infamous now well we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:08'>didn't invent it Mouse was actually invented in 1965 at Fri why did we use</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:16'>it well because we didn't have a good touch sensitive display</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:20'>why are people using it now I don't know</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:26'>there must be a reason but in fact for</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:30'>immediacy and contact he is possible to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:36'>use it a touch-sensitive display much better in fact the Dynabook was designed so that you only displayed the keyboard</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:42'>when you need it don't really want a keyboard for hardly anything except</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:47'>certain times of Tyson and the rest of the stuff you want to be as close and immediate as possible original jiying</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:52'>the books did have a stylus in it for doing high-resolution kinds of things so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:58'>what we have what we have here today are several technology that was therefore</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:03'>expedient reasons back in 1972 when hardware is very expensive and for</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:09'>purposes of simulating a flat screen display that have no relevance today and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:15'>it is no good saying that this is better than the IBM PC because those are</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:20'>judgments have no place in art we don't care whether a Beethoven symphony is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:26'>better than a bronze seems to me what we care is is it good users or not and I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:30'>think that is the design ideal that we should need to grow it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:37'>so here's the first KT system this is John in 1972 this is the pictures of men</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:42'>and this is a system that Stuart brand used that year I might mention here that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:48'>the Whole Earth Catalog was a tremendous influence on the Dynabook design because</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:55'>the Dynabook was always thought to be a network system not a standalone system</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:59'>that's another bug in the personal computer market a computer computer is a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:04'>communications device first second and third that is what it is for because you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:11'>communicate with yourself through it like he do his paper and you should be</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:15'>able to communicate with other people and other resources critically important</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:23'>so here's I thought you'd be interested in a pictures from 1972 the LTL had</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:31'>about 30 or 40% more dots than the Apple Lisa and those dots were half the number</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:38'>of dots we thought when necessary had 500,000 dots to camp we had thought to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:43'>the million necessary again the ability to do things that the human eye can read</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:49'>and appreciate are incredibly important</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:53'>in old pictures in the dating text and drive the pencil was one of our favorite</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:59'>metaphors remember portability is not point-five herniation per block really</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:09'>isn't the phrase I made up back then was something so portable you can carry</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:14'>other things too</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:19'>like two sacks of groceries the idea on a personal communications medium is you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:26'>don't want to ever give the person the opportunity for deciding to leave it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:30'>behind or you missed it you've missed</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:34'>the service aspects of it and you've totally missed its possibilities for</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:38'>becoming a way of life absolutely critical is one of the earliest window</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:47'>things Windows as I think everybody knows that actually the back end of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:52'>telescopes that look into different information systems the ones with the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:58'>multiple panes they were designed by Larry Tesler who is now at at Apple and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:03'>they're used for browsing one of the earliest of the innovative text and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:09'>graphics editors where the token</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:14'>astrak-- is being created they're just</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:18'>going blurry more and more blurry and you can see that the painting system in this on the alto is integrated into the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:23'>document so that you didn't go out to some separate system but it was just one</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:28'>of the many times of Paris so you can think of a paragraph as a window can't</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:32'>you sort of a rectangular saying and some paragraphs can have pictures in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:36'>them some might want to have draft and then some might want to have animations in them some might want to have text in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:41'>them and the document is really the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:45'>system concept that unifies these this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:49'>is an interesting program so that was the first time that real time note</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:54'>capture was done was done by a 15 year old child not I usually travel I didn't</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:00'>wasn't planning on talking here I had the slides long because I'm working on a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:04'>a talk in a couple of months from now I usually travel with movies and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:08'>videotapes reason is is that as we Harrison said long ago he says the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:14'>picture may be worth a thousand words but if it moves</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:21'>and it's no good talking about a kinetic art like I am and show you static</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:25'>pictures but that's the best we can do today so this you could just play in and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:29'>it would capture the notes and one of the earliest programs is this is a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:34'>musical notation that we use for teaching children there is much easier</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:38'>for them to use than the standard one and this system was its own synthesized</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:45'>he didn't have to hook one on to it the system was simply fast enough to do</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:50'>essentially what the synclavier does were 12 real-time parallel voices and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:55'>you could just walk and you could be define all of the time which by simply</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:59'>drawing in on the screen this is a an</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:04'>animation system that was originally designed by Eric Martin who is here has</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:10'>done in 1974 and this is as modified by</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:14'>a child to add feature to and this to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:18'>deal with about any objects that large in multiple claims in real time early</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:26'>planning system showing a resource</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:31'>allocation this is a non procedural</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:36'>advantage system particularly like visicalc except we construct diagrams which automatic ones so the system for</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:42'>instance does not know anything that electrical circuits as we visit cows you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:46'>may bind hearing drawings and tell one what they need so if you're used as a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:52'>calcio tell the resistors your your rulers on law but mother complications</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:57'>visicalc if they have a deal with very complex apologies and so just the edge cooking a circuit gather will make run</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:03'>and build a variety of simulates that way we worked without six or seven</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:09'>hundred children done before 1976 by the way here's a set up in a classroom in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:17'>one of the terrazzo school worked with several hundred adults which is good you see the adults to a lot</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:23'>denser than the and the kids I this is the tea scientist of Xerox Jack Goldman</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:31'>now what do you say thank you talking of the technology doesn't help</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:36'>you so much in fact he's out in a managed I'm is not as cool as last night</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:42'>we're talking about EEG and I see the letters CPR test and coming to my little</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:48'>she'll be doing something I'd rather have you all on exercycle Tom Lehrer</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:53'>said that Brinkley and humbly discussing contrapuntal II okay that's enough</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:59'>housewife that's great the kind of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:03'>questions that would be interesting for you as well as us I think would be he's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:09'>been getting reflective hips for three</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:13'>four days and some of them presumably are still festering if the good ones are</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:19'>and maybe raise questions that come out</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:25'>of that process the things that you're puzzling about that you would like to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:30'>keep puzzling about and you wouldn't mind either both of us puzzling at with</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:35'>you question right here</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:55'>[Music] you don't like the expanded challenge</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:00'>the reinforcement procedure bloody life</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:10'>a problem that you solved and here's the solution congratulations and the screen</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:14'>flashes on an off little music plays and then what</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:40'>well I think the the question is does it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:44'>get you close to the Mississippi to remember that poor person that was to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:51'>move the big ball up the hill and then down again every day I think that is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:56'>that is a metaphor that's been used for a to title loop in the challenge but if</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:02'>you think of the rewards for learning how to drive a car is not just the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:06'>gratification of getting to where you want to go but the challenge of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:10'>exploring I think it's a very dull person indeed that just uses their car</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:15'>to go down to the grocery store they eventually get the idea that they can go</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:19'>to places that they haven't thought of before and do it and I think that what</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:24'>Stewart was referring to is something more like what I was saying in the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:29'>secondary the effective hit is this reward thing and the reflective thing is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:33'>the thing that may not happen in the first few seconds but that as the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:40'>emotions start to drain away they'll go very quickly if there isn't something to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:45'>hang on they're not hanging on is usually thinking more about it which is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:50'>illuminating the challenge a little bit further sure I think it's you can</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:54'>imagine you know taking Stuart Sasson analogies and imagine me the horrors of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:00'>a video game designed to challenge you but you know they they say the Highland</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:06'>Fling was invented by putting a Scotsman in front of a pay toilet</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:11'>the typical conflict of interest there I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:16'>think that kind of a challenge is not a it's not a good idea how many people</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:24'>have tried taking shooters one two or three if you're messing with keyboards</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:30'>at all it's one of the quickest change</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:35'>your life programs you can hang out with because they have some interesting</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:39'>elements if not only knows immediately</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:44'>if you're hitting the right key very</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:49'>easily you begin and we easy to get into exercises but and notices how quickly</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:53'>you hit feet and gives you a little chart that your left little finger is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:59'>still lagging behind the rest doesn't punish you for that in just indication</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:04'>you know the charge they just call my fingers and it gives you more of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:10'>keys for that finger it knows where</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:14'>you're slow and in pick you up and my</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:18'>job you can become a quick typist quick with these programs or circles and I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:23'>think so far taking shooters today let's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:27'>attack you on the butt no but as soon as</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:33'>you turn off that program and put in anything else you're typing like a bastard and back patting you on the butt</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:40'>maybe the question is whether you're the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:44'>successful program is challenging you without realizing it the experience of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:50'>learning to play tennis can be extremely painful or fairly rewarding and it often</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:57'>has to do with how judgmental you are as you're going through the thing so the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:02'>talents may be something that you're simply looking forward to I thinking and I sort of run music into two classes</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:09'>there's music that the more you understand about it the more mundane</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:14'>and there's other musics that the more you understand about it the better</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:19'>things that opens up it's like learning about the molecular biology of the cell</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:23'>which is one of the most beautiful stories of all time the more people find</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:27'>out about the more wonderful it is to experience this and it's that opening up</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:32'>thing so I think that the media shouldn't be that we shouldn't be</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:36'>sending the message that this or that is good but the message system that the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:42'>media could present is that there's more than one way and it gets better and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:47'>those these little ramp functions so I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:51'>think let people choose their own tabs and I think it's those little ramp functions that we as designers should be</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:57'>trying to understand what they are we shouldn't be packaging religions so I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:03'>don't think a ramp function is religion it's excitement</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:12'>[Music]</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:20'>Marvin denna coxswain said you can get through your 40s without a plan but you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:24'>have to have a plan for 50 and I will be</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:28'>53 in 10 years so I guess I should start</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:32'>making a plan so I think the I see the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:38'>trick on all of this for I think design</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:42'>is simply finding a way of reentering</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:46'>yourself as though you hadn't done</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:50'>anything before but all that stuff that you've learned is an arsenal that you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:55'>can bring to bear after you've gotten the next idea and going out the other</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:00'>way it's really difficult because the tendency is to use those old ideas as</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:04'>the form of the new design that's disaster you get trapped into a very</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:08'>narrow genre so I think that's something that everybody who works creatively and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:15'>I think that's most people have to say is how to find those vintage music is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:22'>wonderful because you can't run out of it Truman said about Bach's music system or</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:26'>you understand that the better it is you cannot you cannot die unhappy having</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:32'>experienced by and that's surely one of the great experiences of the universe</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:37'>that we live in one that has that kind of richness in it and I think everybody</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:42'>has a love like that knows what I mean their personal laws that are the most</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:47'>important things about humanity I think</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:52'>and yes the hackers made space for</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:56'>enough for planners [Music]</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:02'>I'll be 55 and not the snail was getting</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:21'>larger and larger with a burden of one's own tasks riding around a certain extent</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:26'>success and this is this either success</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:30'>or soon to be successful bunch it's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:36'>mostly all reward that and I think it's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:42'>one of the one of the peculiarities that we see with the personal computer realm</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:47'>right now and maybe this is true of other aspects of Technology and entertainment is that people like us are</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:54'>so enormous ly rewarded for being about a half inch in front of what everybody</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:58'>else is doing that why ever would we be</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:50:02'>interested in what's two or three feet in front of what everybody else is doing and so this successful bunch of people</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:50:09'>may be more inclined to meteorite and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:50:15'>others who have more commentary or that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:50:19'>we're way out there out of sight not able to know about or come to gatherings</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:50:26'>like this and will come through and make a hell of a tale and then you know do it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:50:35'>again I don't know the metaphor may break down but I am aware very much it's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:50:42'>only saying of how much what I have done gets in the way of what I want to do I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:50:47'>had a wonderful afternoon once was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:50:51'>Milton Friedman who I didn't expect to like as much as I did completely coming</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:50:59'>in and I asked what was the effect of Nobel prizes not a very original</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:03'>question on the Nobel Prize winners and he said well you know I wasn't going to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:07'>take it but they just given it what's his name the year before who was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:11'>a conservative economist and if I hadn't taken it it would have been in the same</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:16'>salt to him and I didn't want to do that so I took the Nobel Prize and I said</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:24'>well to get in your way he says I don't know yet but I can tell you generally</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:28'>that people should change their professions a couple of times and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:33'>there's a couple of break points and they said the yours is probably coming</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:37'>up question</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:50'>[Music]</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:52:09'>[Music]</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:52:17'>[Music]</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:04'>well one of the things I was gonna say</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:08'>this morning I left it out for time purposes is that there's an interesting progression drawn from source three or</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:15'>four different sources one one is Piaget who points out that the three major</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:20'>stages in his development for children</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:25'>are a bodily conscious phase the hole is too big a visual phase and a symbolic</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:32'>phase has finally gotten into around 12 each one of them has its own rules of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:37'>logic Bruner the psychologist at Harvard showed that those phases are not</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:42'>sequential but are all going on at the same time and there's a dominant change</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:47'>because you can switch people who are on the boundary from one to the other and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:51'>back again very easily had a large there was a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:55'>great mathematician french mathematician that ramp right after World War two did</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:00'>a famous study called psychologic psychology of invention in the mathematical fields we took the hundred</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:06'>people he thought were the greatest mathematicians on earth and interviewed</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:10'>all of them this is when he was about 85 when he did this and of those 100 only</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:16'>to claim to use mathematical symbology for doing this thing all of them used</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:21'>visual and about 30 percent of them used muscular sensations Einstein particular</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:27'>had kinesthetic sensations as he said of the muscular type and so one hand ways</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:34'>of thinking about that is that creativity is a way of reaching back</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:39'>maybe back to other evolutionary brains if you believe the three vain idea that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:45'>going back through the visual certainly through a loosened set of rules and back</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:50'>all the way to body knowledge when we teach children how to program and logo</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:55'>we can get them to draw new things like drawing circles which high schoolers</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:59'>can't do in basic because their body knows how to draw a circle providing you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:03'>in the right coordinate system circles x squared plus y squared equals</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:08'>R squared which is a bitch for anybody nobody remembers it and it's hard to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:12'>write the program but in logo which uses child centered coordinates you close</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:17'>your eyes inertial coordinate that is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:36'>exactly what a circle is the differential equation of the circle is constant curvature just going a little</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:41'>and turning a little the same than that and so kids body</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:45'>you can teach five-year-olds a lot of mathematics ask that level you're not</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:51'>teaching them differential calculus ask the level of mathematical symbols but</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:56'>you can teach them calculus at the level of their body knowledge if you have a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:00'>language that can deal with that and that's why that's in logo it was put in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:04'>there specifically for that purpose and again you have these three ways you can</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:09'>tell somebody you can show them and you can get them to do it I think we all</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:14'>agree that getting them getting to do it involves you in a much more visceral</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:18'>fashions like Stewart is saying was a big guy with the pulling the paper out</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:24'>of the slot there that the I think that the way of approaching this is to try</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:30'>and teach all three of these cognitive systems and to realize that the oldest</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:36'>one is the is the one that at least understood and has the most varied</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:40'>knowledge which is the muscular one it is the one that really deals with navigating around the world we can be</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:47'>blind and we can still find their way around there's a whole set of body</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:51'>knowledge and this is really where as benoit mandelbrot said yesterday one of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:56'>the one of the things that he did was with there was most critical is to bring</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:00'>back the visual and I would say even bring back the body in mathematics that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:06'>is where all as euler was one of the greatest mathematicians who ever lived</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:12'>said science is what you use after you guess well and in fact he was a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:18'>notorious guesser because almost none of his spirit the proof that he supplied</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:22'>for his feelings were valid but almost all of the theorems were true his PhD</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:27'>theses for generations exaggerate students of finding the real proofs were</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:32'>one of Euler's feeling when I don't know</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:37'>how to answer a question which they don't know how to answer you I generally pointed something I just now pointed at</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:43'>Alan but something else I would point out is the video disc Emin stration</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:47'>that's a group on ahead of the talking he has the four faces that were maybe</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:54'>not all of you heard the discussion after that where someone asked what was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:58'>that work done for and he said I thought everybody knew it was done for the top</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:58:05'>of the American chain of command cabinet officers who would succeed each other in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:58:10'>the event of nuclear war and all this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:58:14'>because you can't have all the most people in one place it was him all at once the speaker the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:58:18'>house is somebody will be in charge and they don't want that so you know the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:58:23'>secretary of this match those two different locations underground but they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:58:27'>wanted to be able to communicate each other with each other in a way to preserve that nuance assuming that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:58:33'>nuance might be of the essence if somebody was saying mr. president I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:58:38'>don't think we should bomb them just yet you know not not not really want to sort</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:58:42'>of get across as informations you can</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:58:48'>indeed be though that then the president</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:58:52'>turns is interrupted and looks that the person who's interrupting the acknowledges the interruption and here's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:58:57'>a mouth that's visual it's kinesthetic</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:02'>it's a lot of things it's pretty important to communication that's been</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:06'>important question</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:11'>[Music]</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:20'>[Music]</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:28'>the secret to whatever success I've had is that by circumstance I've always</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:34'>treated computer science as a hobby and so I've never you should see me when I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:40'>get at the console of an organ I go absolutely rigid was right and yeah I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:46'>don't want to fail at that and I've never cared about the computer science</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:53'>stuff it's always been great fun it's the ideal unification of all the things</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:00:00'>I've been interested in all my life and I think that the the question of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:00:06'>intuition is largely two things one it's just less letting them happen because</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:00:10'>everybody has them the other one is throwing away almost all of them because</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:00:15'>the a good project takes as long as a great wonder and after the I think the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:00:21'>trick is to pick pick and choose ones where the ideas will still be</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:00:26'>interesting after you've done those horrible implementations to try them out</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:00:31'>and no I don't I think that the I think</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:00:36'>everybody a lot when when I was at Parc we had lots of heavy-duty thinkers there</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:00:43'>and they really fell into four or five different classes there completely</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:00:47'>different ways of looking at there are people there who were unbelievably brilliant so we just deal with</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:00:52'>complexity directly Butler Lampson is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:00:56'>certainly one of the smartest people I've ever met in my entire life he talked twice as fast as mine works twice</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:01:01'>as fast he remembers twice as much in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:01:05'>just a remarkable remarkable person I'm exact almost exactly the opposite from</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:01:11'>from that I like metaphor I like longer</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:01:15'>problems like shorter ones so I I think</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:01:19'>that I've always thought of our profession as being more like a theatrical repertory company where you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:01:24'>have 20 or 30 people who ultimately get together and do all of the things</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:01:29'>there's some people behind the scenes you know obviously the small talk stuff</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:01:33'>was not done by find the I thought of the original ideas but I'm</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:01:38'>a starter not a finisher I had some fabulous finishers and a lot of the stuff that was done were were original</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:01:44'>contribution Larry Tesler for instance who was one of the injectors of the park</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:01:49'>culture at Apple is one of the best software designers I know and you could</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:01:55'>not in a few words acknowledge his contribution to that or any other five</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:01:59'>people so I think of these I don't think of these things there's so much a group</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:03'>I don't think this is democracy there is no such thing as democracy when you're</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:07'>doing design don't sit around and take a vote anymore than you do in the theater</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:12'>but what you have is different contributions that eventually come down</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:17'>to some kind of image I made the original Dynabook model solely to avoid</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:21'>having meetings and what it was that we're trying to do and went out and got</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:25'>a picture frame it was about the right size and I faked what the display would</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:29'>look like and I just put it up on the wall and whenever anybody wanted to know</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:33'>what we're doing I just pointed at it that whatever no just go for it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:39'>and I only hired people that absolutely went nuts when I would wave this thing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:44'>in front of a meeting they come up with stars in their eyes and we've invited him for the summer and because we didn't</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:51'>have a strong definition of it except that this wasn't a computer this was a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:55'>channel an amplifier there's all these things and we knew how we were going to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:01'>preliminary deal with it but not ultimately see one of the thing about</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:06'>paper fact we even tested out the dining bus to see you could hit a ball with it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:11'>one of the things about pay for all these wonderful things like paper airplanes you could do and we even</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:18'>thought of an edible Dynabook there's one of the great ways of getting rid of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:22'>this technology if they just make it edible you could eat your IBM PC before</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:28'>it got stale [Music]</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:32'>yeah the that question I'll attempt up how do</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:37'>you inspire instruct improve intuition if it's at all possible one way if you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:43'>don't have it is to hire it if you know doing something the person I use most in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:49'>this regard is character named Gregory Bateson who was a scientist sort of but</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:57'>he had a intuition of an elephant I just</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:01'>completely larger than the man and wrote largely from that intuition in the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:05'>interview I did with him once I asked how he did a paper this again comes to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:14'>the planning question he said I take a subject that I don't understand and why</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:21'>it is that way and I wrestle with it and that wrestling is the paper</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:25'>he always had a enormous respect</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:49'>you know it comes up how do you inspire and struck improve intuition at all cost</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:53'>but one way if you don't have it as a higher risk if you're you know doing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:57'>something the person I use most in this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:02'>regard is a character named Gregory Bateson who was a scientist sort of but</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:10'>he had a the intuition of an elephant I just completely larger than the man and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:16'>wrote largely from that intuition and interview I did with him once I asked</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:20'>how he did a paper this again comes to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:26'>the planning question he said I take a subject that I don't understand and why</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:33'>it is that way and I wrestle with it and that wrestling is the paper</subtitle>
<subtitle id='3938'>yaagh had a enormous respect </subtitle>

Alan Kay at TED (1984)

2025-01-17T20:31:24Z

Lucas:

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<subtitle id='00:00:00'>[Applause] I forgot to say something Russel before he came up here...</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:14'>it's like [...] </subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:32'>Alan Kay is a former illustrator and professional musician I was just listened this one</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:36'>Joseph Alan Kay is a professional is a former illustrator and professional</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:41'>musician he somehow has a bachelor's degrees in mathematics and molecular</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:45'>biology while working his way through school as a systems programmer for the National</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:49'>Center for Atmospheric Research and spending most of his time composing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:53'>music for local theatrical productions. I mean that is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:57'>amazing. </subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:01'>Alan has been involved with the development of the first personal computers from their very early</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:10'>inception and after a short stint at Stanford artificial intelligence project</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:15'>he was one of the founders of Xerox Palo Alto Research Center (PARC) where</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:20'>he was head of the learning research group and the original designer of a Dynabook</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:24'>personal computer and the SmallTalk programming system and those of you that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:29'>don't know this - SmallTalk is really where this came from, this this type of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:35'>screen: the overlapping windows and he</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:40'>really was, I guess you could call one of the fathers of the first modern personal</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:45'>computer. After a decade at Xerox PARC he</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:49'>left and became chief scientist at Atari, where he is now. He is still an avid</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:54'>amateur musician with the classical</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:58'>pipe organ, is a member of the International Society of organ builders who to paraphrase Dr. Johnson "he does not</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:04'>play tennis well but one is surprised to see him play at all"</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:08'>Alan [Applause]</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:16'>Thank you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:21'>A while ago when I was proselytizing about</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:26'>the personal computer which I must</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:30'>confess to you I had a slightly different image than these boxes that have been</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:35'>sold today, I made a serious error which</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:39'>was to talk more about some concrete</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:44'>examples of what a personal computer might do, rather than to try and convey</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:52'>the spirit of what I felt personal computing was about and let people make</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:56'>up their own ideas, and what we come to after about 15 years now is some</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:04'>interesting but rather slavish adherence</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:08'>to some silly old ideas and so what I'd</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:12'>like to do today is to briefly go through some thought processes that a designer</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:17'>of these systems might have and get you to try and fill in the blank.</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:23'>The personal computer is not personal if it isn't what you want it to be. It's not</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:28'>what Apple wants it to be, it's not what Xerox wants it to be, it isn't what you want it to be - it isn't your personal</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:34'>computer I see so much from industry</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:40'>talking about these the Intellivision as the new America kinds of things how are</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:48'>they there's main audience this is middle America and I I thought how</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:52'>interesting it would be</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:11'>because you happen to do you spent middle America and there's certain</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:15'>things you might write it might disturb you then wouldn't allow you to feel</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:19'>comfortable anymore I think it restricting content in that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:23'>way is not a way to deal with a medium the medium is the thing that has</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:29'>billions of degrees of freedom and to be shaped in ways that the inventors of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:34'>medium didn't anticipate so there's that it's no better than a tool and community</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:40'>computer is not a tool the program to run on at our schools because they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:45'>directed degrees experience I mean the computer is a container for the newest</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:51'>kind of kinetic art art that needs to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:55'>time like music and ballet and so forth it's a little more abstract but it is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:01'>that kind of material we call it a meta</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:06'>medium because it's content there's other media you can see when you looked</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:11'>at Macintosh that what it was doing was simulating some of the aspects of paper</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:16'>that's trying to do some of the big things about paper like readability and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:21'>remove some of the bad things about paper like difficult to erase and hard</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:26'>to insert and so forth but if you do lots of other things I know you all all</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:30'>realize that computers can simulate music they continue like graphics we've</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:34'>seen lots of that the most important thing about computers film does not read</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:40'>or hear simulate but the possibility that you might be able to tailor the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:46'>things that are on there to your own use that is a reflective notion Rason and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:52'>aspect of notion I'm gonna talk that's really the theme of my talk is that if I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:58'>had to sum up my main complaint about 20th century especially the time that we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:04'>live in now that it's almost in tow almost totally devoted to access to hit things</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:12'>that get the glands going but which lesion was almost nothing to reflect on</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:17'>even in the next minute let alone the next day I was on they says a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:22'>blue-ribbon panel that was convened by Disney to go down and evaluate F tot he</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:30'>did in high style for three days or so and these people who actually from the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:35'>same kind of background as the people in this content had many opinions about</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:40'>Epcot but there was one unanimous one and that was that none of the exhibits</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:45'>that Escott had any follow-up so he's a suspension to a quite a wonderful</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:50'>exhibit called lands where you could go through the standard Disney</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:54'>[Music]</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:13'>almost an almost totally devoted key</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:17'>access to his hip things that get the glands going but which we she was almost</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:23'>nothing to reflect on even in the next minute let alone the next day I was on</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:29'>they says a blue-ribbon panel that was convened by Disney to go down and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:35'>evaluate F Scott he did in high style</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:39'>for three days or so and these people who actually from the same kind of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:44'>Batman as the people in this conference had many opinions about Escott but there</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:48'>was one unanimous one and that was that none of the exhibits at Ascot had any</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:53'>follow-up so these are instance a quite</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:57'>a wonderful exhibit called the land where you should go through the standard Disney</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:02'>[Music]</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:03'>well after you got off that ride there wasn't even a stencil on the wall telling you where to find out anything</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:08'>more he wanted to learn something there wasn't a pamphlet it wasn't a bookstore</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:13'>there wasn't a any graffiti done with</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:17'>spray paint there was nothing and so they brought you up this place where</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:22'>you're now interested like the Road Dogg and the commercial who heard the name of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:28'>the Bao and started juggling balls and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:32'>balancing tears and stuff and then they just drop you came up with something</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:38'>like water or American beer or something</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:42'>like that so I think that if we think</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:47'>we're in the media business and if he</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:51'>thinks that we're designers and we have to think of something different than the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:56'>computer as a box maybe using something different than the computers as a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:00'>vehicle</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:07'>the interesting that though IBM hasn't worried about interaction in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:14'>geologic time in the auto community</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:19'>starting around 1961 or so the whole</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:24'>focus and interest of that community has been to develop the computer as a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:30'>symbiotic Asian an amplifier for human read this is not a new idea was not</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:36'>invented by Apple was not invented by Xerox goes back long ways and it's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:41'>actually intellectual precursor of this is a wonderful article which is called</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:47'>as we may think written by Vannevar Bush</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:51'>in 1945 as we published in Atlantic Monthly and he's produced a number of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:56'>things including Drive photography but the major part of the article was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:00'>devoted to a machine he calls mimics which is thought of as a small desk</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:06'>light thing with two or three screens on it and a way of pointing that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:10'>information and in here by using various optical storage techniques we do the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:14'>contents of a small town library five or</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:18'>eight thousand volumes and the principal thing he did with this was to be able to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:24'>lay down your own information trails there were already built trails with the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:28'>idea is that you could lay down your own trails and these became new information</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:32'>in that system that article was the inspiration for the ARPA funding in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:38'>interactive computing in 1961 that led to the first time sharing system that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:43'>led to the first computer graphics led to the first pointing devices the first</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:47'>truly higher-level languages to artificial intelligence and all of those things came from that idea and in fact</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:54'>in many ways the third of the sixties was much more adventurous than the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:59'>seventies or even the eighties back then the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:04'>good million dollars but the kinds of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:09'>things that we're done on them were not fettered by any theory of making them into a product they're done solely to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:15'>try and amplify some aspects of human reach so I thought what I would do is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:23'>since we're talking about the future is to give you four way to think about it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:31'>to help predict the future and the first one is when we started up jirachi</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:37'>had jocks executives coming out of our ears the first couple of years being</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:42'>very anxious saying what is the future going to be like what if a Japanese</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:47'>gonna do what is gonna happen to us and everything else and I finally says</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:51'>what's the best way to predict the future is to invent it it is not</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:55'>something that's going to happen to us it's something we're gonna make happen that's what research teams are all about</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:00'>we will have a vision of the future we will make a division vision if you can</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:04'>as long as that doesn't violate too many of Newton's laws we can probably make it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:08'>work now there's a difference between a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:12'>clear vision and a good vision I think</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:16'>the hardest thing to get is a good vision we heard about a clear one last</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:21'>night about Kennedy's clear vision that we should put a man on the moon in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:26'>before the end of the of the decade I think to me that was a fairly terrible</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:31'>vision and I'll tell you why because it set back safe travel 20 years and he</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:38'>didn't say let's invent space travel said let basically let us show us the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:43'>Russians what we got out of that was everything except space that we did get lots of good technology we got even more</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:49'>management techniques for managing 300 thousand people and twenty four billion</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:54'>dollars the NASA people say themselves if that was the greatest single fallout</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:59'>was learning how to do really large projects but what we couldn't get is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:03'>space travel and we don't have it today there's no travel to the moon</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:08'>travel to Mars there's no travel to anywhere in space were going up in orbit</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:12'>like he did in 1963 so an important idea</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:17'>I think is when revision is formed it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:21'>has to have several characteristics one is it has to be a rather long range vision because it unfortunately it's a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:26'>very long time to get things done and out the door in our business this is the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:32'>second point it takes 10 years to get something out into commercial life from</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:39'>a new idea in the laboratory the first personal computer actually wasn't the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:44'>the ENIAC it was done in 1963 and I just</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:48'>went to the 20th anniversary of it a few months ago with John sponsored by NIH as</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:53'>a machine called the wink took 10 years ago from that machine does a marvelous</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:58'>little device $10,000 in 1963 was own</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:04'>virtual memory its own display screen its own into a certain budget several</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:08'>thousand of them were built it took ten years to go from that to the Xerox Alto</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:12'>which is the first practical personal computer in 1973 first video game was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:18'>done in 1962 on the TV one called space war Andy Nolan Bushnell his first game</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:25'>was called computer space and it came out in 1972 so you see the 10-year time</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:30'>constants and in those 10 years are usually two or three very long very</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:36'>bloody implementation efforts and it is almost unheard of for those 10 years to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:42'>take place in a single company almost always we find a disillusionment</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:49'>cherry-picking people moving on and so forth and what happened at jerash Park is no</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:55'>exception for 10 years that's the time constant I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:59'>couldn't afford to believe in long ago but I'm afraid it's really true third</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:05'>thing is when you're dealing in media instead of tools we have to face up to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:10'>the kind of cycle that media John who over the last thousand years</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:16'>four main parts to it is a hardware intensive phase where most of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:22'>profits are made by margins on the hardware whose as to in publishing as it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:28'>has been in the computer business then</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:32'>we as people learn to build Hardware the margins go down to zero because the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:36'>hardware is always the easiest thing to build have an industrial revolution you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:40'>can build paper like crazy and all of a sudden you go into a software stage</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:44'>which completely changes everything around why because software is always been a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:49'>cottaging industry basically something</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:53'>that unless there is a power structure in control almost anybody can make up</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:58'>software for the medium and usually what happens is a really smart hardware</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:05'>company will go into distribution in order to control that because no</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:09'>software publishing house has ever been able to control all of its known authors</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:13'>and stay in business you have to go in and distribute other people's things the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:19'>software part has a novelty phase and a value say what happened to atari last</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:24'>year was a an abrupt switch from a novelty stage to a value phase for the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:31'>cartridges that they were making a substantial part of their income on it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:35'>happened about a year earlier than I thought it was going to happen can</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:40'>happen abruptly as soon as the users have sophisticated all of a sudden it's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:44'>not a citizen band radio anymore that they want to sell us they don't know</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:49'>it's cellular but they have realized that they this new gadget has only 40</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:53'>channels and they can't call their friend across town even if he has one</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:57'>it's not a real communication system all of a sudden want something real</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:02'>and the citizens band radio goes in the back of the closet and wait for that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:08'>value agent piece of technology to come along now the most important phase I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:13'>think is the next one this is the one that is absolutely critical to thinking</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:18'>about this new field that we're in and that is the service safe I think that's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:26'>actually the big revolution in my own thinking about personal computer which happens in 1968-69 really came about by</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:35'>understanding that the computer was not a piece of hardware it was not effusive</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:39'>software I thought I was being very adventurous back then in from bundling</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:43'>the tea together designing the hardware and the software at the same time so I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:48'>finally realized what the computer is is a gadget that delivers service that's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:55'>what people want and want service from this is a service concept it's not a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:59'>hardware as a software concept service is a bundling of attributes to satisfy a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:07'>person for teach me the Japanese sell</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:11'>their cars more like transportation services than they do but as p.m. did</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:17'>for so many years as a menu ICICI that you could buy and having 300 horsepower</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:22'>or 400 horsepower or a suite or Chrome or x2 tail fin</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:28'>service and that service area is the one in which medium development is most</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:35'>critical it's the one that tells you what to do my main bit about the way personal</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:41'>computers have done over the last decade is that it has been very far away from</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:46'>that idea since we're selling the hardware system on the live stage that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:50'>we're talking about now software is all over the place software delivers for service an</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:56'>integrated concept that we see in Macintosh is wonderful I'm glad that Apple is doing that but we have to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:01'>realize that those ideas go back to 1972 and so what we must ask is where are the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:09'>things that we actually need to the 1980s now the final stage and this four</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:15'>part thing is when a service becomes a way of life like this like a telephone</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:21'>telephone a way of life is that gadget</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:25'>that you only notice when it isn't there we immediately notice if they weren't</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:30'>telephones in our hotel room we knew we know that if we didn't have one of these</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:34'>things and I think that's the destiny of communications media to be pushed</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:39'>towards being a way of life providing they fit in to all the crevices and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:46'>mundane ADIZ and amplification needs that people actually want now last we're</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:51'>bringing to the fourth idea for predicting the future I think everybody</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:56'>has realized by now that market analysis doesn't work very well it's not clear</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:01'>that even worse over a two-year period and they absolutely has been disastrous over anything longer than a senior</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:06'>experience the Xerox machine is a perfect ation point guess our writes in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:12'>his book about how they took the ID Xerox 914 to eidm he said we don't have</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:17'>enough money to build factories for this why don't you build it and just give loyalty an IBM went to Arthur B little</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:23'>in Cambridge and said should we and our Sydney little after an 18-month market</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:29'>survey came back and said no nobody will pay a nickel a copyist to expense that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:34'>nobody copies like that is not enough copy volume that was many billions of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:38'>dollars ago des hours Brooks was called my years with Xerox the billions nobody</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:43'>wanted and Jacqueline the two scientists</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:49'>who asked just retired and he's writing the book I said Jackie should call it me</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:55'>Roxanne the personal computer the billions they didn't want because again</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:59'>we have this recognition problem you ought to give it to itself you may not</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:04'>know this but these jobs worked for Atari and in fact the Apple one was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:10'>taken to Nolan Bushnell Lee who then president of Atari and was turned down</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:14'>there's not being a valid concept this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:18'>is after Nolan had left Ampex because antics wouldn't believe in the idea of a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:23'>video game so all of these things led to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:28'>a saying that I made up with his point of view is worth 80 IQ points the reason</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:38'>is that after Xerox turned down all the stuff that had been built apart</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:43'>I met after a year if I'd met him the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:47'>next day I would have killed him but after a year I met the person who</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:51'>made that decision and realized to my great surprise that he was not a dodo as</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:57'>Ayakashi is just a perfectly reasonable rather intelligent who asked executives</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:01'>who had no possible way of evaluating the decision that he had to make he made</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:06'>the wrong one and that changed the face of computing in America but he himself</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:11'>was a copier executive and he had no way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:15'>of telling whether what we were doing was just something interesting in the lab was something fundamental and I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:21'>believe that is the number one problem in doing something interesting with</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:26'>technology the tendency is to cater to the marketing people to basically not</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:32'>into the value systems that the really good technologies and bring about so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:38'>there's a real tendency towards building the trivial and leaving out the Olympian</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:42'>gestures which I think are what we need many more of all right I guess the one</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:53'>thing I should say about the de Buono IV I never like that when I read the Bono's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:57'>but because who wants to be in a hole even if it's a new one I think it's much</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:02'>better to find a hill and climb up on it you can see a lot farther in a hole all</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:08'>you see is dirt maybe you're dirt but it's still only dirt that's easy to a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:16'>good quote by Heinlein which says the strongest weapon you have is the one</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:21'>between your ears providing that's loaded</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:27'>I'm very close to being a Luddite and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:31'>reason I am is because the this is a technique crazy century we've finally</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:39'>found out how to make technique work for us and there's led to enormous</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:43'>technologies we've been talking about over the next days that has led in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:47'>musical conservatories to the faster</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:51'>Chopin major third F has s leads been Val the phenomenon of piano players and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:58'>stuff it is basically an age that is extremely interested in the quantitative</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:03'>and has extreme difficulties we're dealing with any value system and this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:09'>is disastrous so what I'd like to do is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:13'>just show you a couple of quick slides</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:17'>and give you an idea what a vision was like back in the early 70s and then in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:24'>the few moments remaining get you to think about along with me about what</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:29'>could this thing be so that is a place where you always start off we have to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:33'>start off with values saying what could this be don't worry about the technology</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:38'>honestly if not us than the Japanese can</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:44'>probably make a display out of this wooden floor if they wanted to it's not</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:48'>really that difficult glorifying</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:52'>technology is is is like deciding that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:56'>the layout of an ad is good but the message of it is bad and therefore it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:00'>stores it ads I don't think that's the way to think about it okay</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:11'>if you could focus out a little bit that'll do</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:19'>well this is just memory lane this is a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:23'>machine that I was the co.design arose in 1968 and it was not the first</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:29'>personal computer as I mention it's always a second one as you see it had</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:33'>all of the things that we have come to recognize have a high-resolution display</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:37'>stream that had windows it had a tablet</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:41'>for pointing and had a keyboard and this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:45'>machine ran a little hotter than the Macintosh it had almost 700 ICS in it so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:52'>you could we have a little perch on the top of it for heating our coffee pots</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:01'>but the nonetheless if it ran a higher</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:05'>level language that was almost an almost a pure object-oriented language so it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:10'>had all of the things that people are writing about now in Time magazine the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:14'>unfortunate thing about this was that it was a total disaster when we tried it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:18'>out on our users now users were people were supposed to be doctors and lawyers</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:23'>and engineers professional people who needed to wield a tool on their own</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:29'>behalf and in fact I discovered that I'd done a terrible job even with Windows</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:34'>and all of these things in doing the human factors of interaction now that's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:38'>the first time I ever thought that the human factors of interaction was really</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:42'>important now it's come sense to believe that it is the employee saying because</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:46'>it's the only thing that user ever sees no other thing in the computer is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:50'>important and it led to the idea of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:54'>Box not being very important to look at that system and you realize that there</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:00'>are only a few square inches not cubic inches that are important that's the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:04'>face of the display string and almost everything else is superfluous so we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:12'>turn the slides off for one second</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:38'>after working my wounds for a couple years over there cuz it's really painful</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:43'>to put blood into something over a period of some years and haven't turned out to be a disaster and so I went on to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:50'>get other things for a while but thinking about it in 1958 I had also</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:55'>seen the first flat panel display at the University of Illinois and I realized it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:59'>was not going to be too long before we could do away with all those cubic inches and start worrying about the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:04'>square inches account and also at Utah</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:08'>Ivan Sutherland had done his head mounted display when he played to put on</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:12'>like glasses and actually walk around in their display area so when I went to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:18'>Xerox with our lure of 10 10 year blank check funding these were the two</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:24'>physical ideas for what a machine in the 1980 to be and of course why were we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:29'>thinking the 1980s because we had 10 years and so we just exploited the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:34'>hardware out and decided yes machines like the Dynabook are definitely</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:39'>possible these are to form now I put that big green question mark here</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:44'>because I don't believe that these are the only forms in fact I believe</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:48'>something more like what niche means Oh Ponty talks about in the first lecture</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:54'>maybe even more appropriate now the glass is one I think is going to work</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:59'>out for a variety of reasons it is the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:03'>only thing in which you do not have to worry about how large you display is the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:08'>entire world and the glasses at Utah</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:13'>measured where your head was looking so as you looked around the display would</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:18'>change so you'd have something over here and something over here and used to walk</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:22'>through the display we even did a thing where we made the speed of light 1 foot</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:27'>per second those runs that things you were acting like a photon and the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:32'>display would collapse away from you using the relativistic transforms so you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:37'>could experience different physics specific experience what it was like to get close to a black hole without</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:42'>getting not</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:46'>now the problem was almost all displays is officially small that is where the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:53'>overlapping windows came in from it's not a feature it is a bug saying they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:01'>have it turned into a religion now really makes me worried a little bit because you realize about what you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:07'>really like to do is have everything spread out so you could see it the overlapping window saying was done</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:12'>because you don't have that much room you still would like to be reminded what's on the street I don't see that is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:17'>the display that is suitable for thinking about now and should not be</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:21'>doing that okay back to the slide</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:36'>citizen machine we built in the 1973 eventually build about 2,000 of these</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:42'>the pledge we took at Xerox very</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:46'>different from the way we've done things before that we've never build a system there was not engineered for 100 users</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:52'>so all of a sudden before I was totally bubblegum together and it barely works</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:56'>for the designer here we decided we're going to have to set up a community hook</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:01'>together with the network and work with it for several years so the screen there</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:07'>was that tape because the DynaVox was that shape the dots are on and off</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:12'>because we thought liquid crystal would be on an R now why would anybody in the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:17'>right mind use a video display that can do great GL modulation and just do on</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:23'>arras docks especially when you saw what</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:27'>mission kapaa need to do with saucepot you can get much higher subjective</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:32'>resolution by using grayscale modulation</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:36'>bitmap displays today are slavish adherence to something that was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:41'>originally done to simulate a liquid crystal display in fact I still have a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:45'>bleep marks on my back from Xerox management when they were doing the star</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:49'>and I tried to talk him out of going with a bitmap but it was too late what</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:54'>they understood was that bitmaps were good that was their their take on it and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:59'>he didn't want to think about what it meant for human being to sit in front of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:03'>a display the infamous now well we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:08'>didn't invent it Mouse was actually invented in 1965 at Fri why did we use</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:16'>it well because we didn't have a good touch sensitive display</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:20'>why are people using it now I don't know</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:26'>there must be a reason but in fact for</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:30'>immediacy and contact he is possible to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:36'>use it a touch-sensitive display much better in fact the Dynabook was designed so that you only displayed the keyboard</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:42'>when you need it don't really want a keyboard for hardly anything except</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:47'>certain times of Tyson and the rest of the stuff you want to be as close and immediate as possible original jiying</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:52'>the books did have a stylus in it for doing high-resolution kinds of things so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:58'>what we have what we have here today are several technology that was therefore</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:03'>expedient reasons back in 1972 when hardware is very expensive and for</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:09'>purposes of simulating a flat screen display that have no relevance today and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:15'>it is no good saying that this is better than the IBM PC because those are</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:20'>judgments have no place in art we don't care whether a Beethoven symphony is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:26'>better than a bronze seems to me what we care is is it good users or not and I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:30'>think that is the design ideal that we should need to grow it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:37'>so here's the first KT system this is John in 1972 this is the pictures of men</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:42'>and this is a system that Stuart brand used that year I might mention here that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:48'>the Whole Earth Catalog was a tremendous influence on the Dynabook design because</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:55'>the Dynabook was always thought to be a network system not a standalone system</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:59'>that's another bug in the personal computer market a computer computer is a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:04'>communications device first second and third that is what it is for because you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:11'>communicate with yourself through it like he do his paper and you should be</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:15'>able to communicate with other people and other resources critically important</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:23'>so here's I thought you'd be interested in a pictures from 1972 the LTL had</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:31'>about 30 or 40% more dots than the Apple Lisa and those dots were half the number</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:38'>of dots we thought when necessary had 500,000 dots to camp we had thought to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:43'>the million necessary again the ability to do things that the human eye can read</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:49'>and appreciate are incredibly important</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:53'>in old pictures in the dating text and drive the pencil was one of our favorite</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:59'>metaphors remember portability is not point-five herniation per block really</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:09'>isn't the phrase I made up back then was something so portable you can carry</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:14'>other things too</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:19'>like two sacks of groceries the idea on a personal communications medium is you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:26'>don't want to ever give the person the opportunity for deciding to leave it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:30'>behind or you missed it you've missed</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:34'>the service aspects of it and you've totally missed its possibilities for</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:38'>becoming a way of life absolutely critical is one of the earliest window</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:47'>things Windows as I think everybody knows that actually the back end of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:52'>telescopes that look into different information systems the ones with the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:58'>multiple panes they were designed by Larry Tesler who is now at at Apple and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:03'>they're used for browsing one of the earliest of the innovative text and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:09'>graphics editors where the token</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:14'>astrak-- is being created they're just</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:18'>going blurry more and more blurry and you can see that the painting system in this on the alto is integrated into the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:23'>document so that you didn't go out to some separate system but it was just one</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:28'>of the many times of Paris so you can think of a paragraph as a window can't</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:32'>you sort of a rectangular saying and some paragraphs can have pictures in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:36'>them some might want to have draft and then some might want to have animations in them some might want to have text in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:41'>them and the document is really the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:45'>system concept that unifies these this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:49'>is an interesting program so that was the first time that real time note</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:54'>capture was done was done by a 15 year old child not I usually travel I didn't</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:00'>wasn't planning on talking here I had the slides long because I'm working on a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:04'>a talk in a couple of months from now I usually travel with movies and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:08'>videotapes reason is is that as we Harrison said long ago he says the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:14'>picture may be worth a thousand words but if it moves</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:21'>and it's no good talking about a kinetic art like I am and show you static</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:25'>pictures but that's the best we can do today so this you could just play in and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:29'>it would capture the notes and one of the earliest programs is this is a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:34'>musical notation that we use for teaching children there is much easier</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:38'>for them to use than the standard one and this system was its own synthesized</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:45'>he didn't have to hook one on to it the system was simply fast enough to do</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:50'>essentially what the synclavier does were 12 real-time parallel voices and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:55'>you could just walk and you could be define all of the time which by simply</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:59'>drawing in on the screen this is a an</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:04'>animation system that was originally designed by Eric Martin who is here has</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:10'>done in 1974 and this is as modified by</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:14'>a child to add feature to and this to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:18'>deal with about any objects that large in multiple claims in real time early</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:26'>planning system showing a resource</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:31'>allocation this is a non procedural</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:36'>advantage system particularly like visicalc except we construct diagrams which automatic ones so the system for</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:42'>instance does not know anything that electrical circuits as we visit cows you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:46'>may bind hearing drawings and tell one what they need so if you're used as a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:52'>calcio tell the resistors your your rulers on law but mother complications</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:57'>visicalc if they have a deal with very complex apologies and so just the edge cooking a circuit gather will make run</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:03'>and build a variety of simulates that way we worked without six or seven</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:09'>hundred children done before 1976 by the way here's a set up in a classroom in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:17'>one of the terrazzo school worked with several hundred adults which is good you see the adults to a lot</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:23'>denser than the and the kids I this is the tea scientist of Xerox Jack Goldman</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:31'>now what do you say thank you talking of the technology doesn't help</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:36'>you so much in fact he's out in a managed I'm is not as cool as last night</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:42'>we're talking about EEG and I see the letters CPR test and coming to my little</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:48'>she'll be doing something I'd rather have you all on exercycle Tom Lehrer</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:53'>said that Brinkley and humbly discussing contrapuntal II okay that's enough</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:59'>housewife that's great the kind of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:03'>questions that would be interesting for you as well as us I think would be he's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:09'>been getting reflective hips for three</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:13'>four days and some of them presumably are still festering if the good ones are</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:19'>and maybe raise questions that come out</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:25'>of that process the things that you're puzzling about that you would like to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:30'>keep puzzling about and you wouldn't mind either both of us puzzling at with</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:35'>you question right here</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:55'>[Music] you don't like the expanded challenge</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:00'>the reinforcement procedure bloody life</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:10'>a problem that you solved and here's the solution congratulations and the screen</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:14'>flashes on an off little music plays and then what</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:40'>well I think the the question is does it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:44'>get you close to the Mississippi to remember that poor person that was to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:51'>move the big ball up the hill and then down again every day I think that is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:56'>that is a metaphor that's been used for a to title loop in the challenge but if</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:02'>you think of the rewards for learning how to drive a car is not just the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:06'>gratification of getting to where you want to go but the challenge of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:10'>exploring I think it's a very dull person indeed that just uses their car</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:15'>to go down to the grocery store they eventually get the idea that they can go</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:19'>to places that they haven't thought of before and do it and I think that what</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:24'>Stewart was referring to is something more like what I was saying in the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:29'>secondary the effective hit is this reward thing and the reflective thing is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:33'>the thing that may not happen in the first few seconds but that as the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:40'>emotions start to drain away they'll go very quickly if there isn't something to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:45'>hang on they're not hanging on is usually thinking more about it which is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:50'>illuminating the challenge a little bit further sure I think it's you can</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:54'>imagine you know taking Stuart Sasson analogies and imagine me the horrors of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:00'>a video game designed to challenge you but you know they they say the Highland</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:06'>Fling was invented by putting a Scotsman in front of a pay toilet</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:11'>the typical conflict of interest there I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:16'>think that kind of a challenge is not a it's not a good idea how many people</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:24'>have tried taking shooters one two or three if you're messing with keyboards</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:30'>at all it's one of the quickest change</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:35'>your life programs you can hang out with because they have some interesting</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:39'>elements if not only knows immediately</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:44'>if you're hitting the right key very</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:49'>easily you begin and we easy to get into exercises but and notices how quickly</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:53'>you hit feet and gives you a little chart that your left little finger is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:59'>still lagging behind the rest doesn't punish you for that in just indication</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:04'>you know the charge they just call my fingers and it gives you more of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:10'>keys for that finger it knows where</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:14'>you're slow and in pick you up and my</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:18'>job you can become a quick typist quick with these programs or circles and I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:23'>think so far taking shooters today let's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:27'>attack you on the butt no but as soon as</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:33'>you turn off that program and put in anything else you're typing like a bastard and back patting you on the butt</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:40'>maybe the question is whether you're the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:44'>successful program is challenging you without realizing it the experience of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:50'>learning to play tennis can be extremely painful or fairly rewarding and it often</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:57'>has to do with how judgmental you are as you're going through the thing so the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:02'>talents may be something that you're simply looking forward to I thinking and I sort of run music into two classes</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:09'>there's music that the more you understand about it the more mundane</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:14'>and there's other musics that the more you understand about it the better</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:19'>things that opens up it's like learning about the molecular biology of the cell</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:23'>which is one of the most beautiful stories of all time the more people find</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:27'>out about the more wonderful it is to experience this and it's that opening up</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:32'>thing so I think that the media shouldn't be that we shouldn't be</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:36'>sending the message that this or that is good but the message system that the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:42'>media could present is that there's more than one way and it gets better and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:47'>those these little ramp functions so I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:51'>think let people choose their own tabs and I think it's those little ramp functions that we as designers should be</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:57'>trying to understand what they are we shouldn't be packaging religions so I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:03'>don't think a ramp function is religion it's excitement</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:12'>[Music]</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:20'>Marvin denna coxswain said you can get through your 40s without a plan but you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:24'>have to have a plan for 50 and I will be</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:28'>53 in 10 years so I guess I should start</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:32'>making a plan so I think the I see the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:38'>trick on all of this for I think design</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:42'>is simply finding a way of reentering</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:46'>yourself as though you hadn't done</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:50'>anything before but all that stuff that you've learned is an arsenal that you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:55'>can bring to bear after you've gotten the next idea and going out the other</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:00'>way it's really difficult because the tendency is to use those old ideas as</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:04'>the form of the new design that's disaster you get trapped into a very</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:08'>narrow genre so I think that's something that everybody who works creatively and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:15'>I think that's most people have to say is how to find those vintage music is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:22'>wonderful because you can't run out of it Truman said about Bach's music system or</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:26'>you understand that the better it is you cannot you cannot die unhappy having</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:32'>experienced by and that's surely one of the great experiences of the universe</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:37'>that we live in one that has that kind of richness in it and I think everybody</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:42'>has a love like that knows what I mean their personal laws that are the most</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:47'>important things about humanity I think</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:52'>and yes the hackers made space for</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:56'>enough for planners [Music]</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:02'>I'll be 55 and not the snail was getting</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:21'>larger and larger with a burden of one's own tasks riding around a certain extent</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:26'>success and this is this either success</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:30'>or soon to be successful bunch it's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:36'>mostly all reward that and I think it's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:42'>one of the one of the peculiarities that we see with the personal computer realm</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:47'>right now and maybe this is true of other aspects of Technology and entertainment is that people like us are</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:54'>so enormous ly rewarded for being about a half inch in front of what everybody</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:58'>else is doing that why ever would we be</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:50:02'>interested in what's two or three feet in front of what everybody else is doing and so this successful bunch of people</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:50:09'>may be more inclined to meteorite and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:50:15'>others who have more commentary or that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:50:19'>we're way out there out of sight not able to know about or come to gatherings</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:50:26'>like this and will come through and make a hell of a tale and then you know do it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:50:35'>again I don't know the metaphor may break down but I am aware very much it's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:50:42'>only saying of how much what I have done gets in the way of what I want to do I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:50:47'>had a wonderful afternoon once was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:50:51'>Milton Friedman who I didn't expect to like as much as I did completely coming</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:50:59'>in and I asked what was the effect of Nobel prizes not a very original</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:03'>question on the Nobel Prize winners and he said well you know I wasn't going to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:07'>take it but they just given it what's his name the year before who was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:11'>a conservative economist and if I hadn't taken it it would have been in the same</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:16'>salt to him and I didn't want to do that so I took the Nobel Prize and I said</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:24'>well to get in your way he says I don't know yet but I can tell you generally</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:28'>that people should change their professions a couple of times and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:33'>there's a couple of break points and they said the yours is probably coming</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:37'>up question</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:50'>[Music]</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:52:09'>[Music]</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:52:17'>[Music]</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:04'>well one of the things I was gonna say</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:08'>this morning I left it out for time purposes is that there's an interesting progression drawn from source three or</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:15'>four different sources one one is Piaget who points out that the three major</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:20'>stages in his development for children</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:25'>are a bodily conscious phase the hole is too big a visual phase and a symbolic</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:32'>phase has finally gotten into around 12 each one of them has its own rules of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:37'>logic Bruner the psychologist at Harvard showed that those phases are not</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:42'>sequential but are all going on at the same time and there's a dominant change</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:47'>because you can switch people who are on the boundary from one to the other and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:51'>back again very easily had a large there was a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:55'>great mathematician french mathematician that ramp right after World War two did</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:00'>a famous study called psychologic psychology of invention in the mathematical fields we took the hundred</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:06'>people he thought were the greatest mathematicians on earth and interviewed</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:10'>all of them this is when he was about 85 when he did this and of those 100 only</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:16'>to claim to use mathematical symbology for doing this thing all of them used</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:21'>visual and about 30 percent of them used muscular sensations Einstein particular</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:27'>had kinesthetic sensations as he said of the muscular type and so one hand ways</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:34'>of thinking about that is that creativity is a way of reaching back</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:39'>maybe back to other evolutionary brains if you believe the three vain idea that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:45'>going back through the visual certainly through a loosened set of rules and back</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:50'>all the way to body knowledge when we teach children how to program and logo</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:55'>we can get them to draw new things like drawing circles which high schoolers</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:59'>can't do in basic because their body knows how to draw a circle providing you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:03'>in the right coordinate system circles x squared plus y squared equals</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:08'>R squared which is a bitch for anybody nobody remembers it and it's hard to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:12'>write the program but in logo which uses child centered coordinates you close</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:17'>your eyes inertial coordinate that is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:36'>exactly what a circle is the differential equation of the circle is constant curvature just going a little</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:41'>and turning a little the same than that and so kids body</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:45'>you can teach five-year-olds a lot of mathematics ask that level you're not</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:51'>teaching them differential calculus ask the level of mathematical symbols but</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:56'>you can teach them calculus at the level of their body knowledge if you have a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:00'>language that can deal with that and that's why that's in logo it was put in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:04'>there specifically for that purpose and again you have these three ways you can</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:09'>tell somebody you can show them and you can get them to do it I think we all</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:14'>agree that getting them getting to do it involves you in a much more visceral</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:18'>fashions like Stewart is saying was a big guy with the pulling the paper out</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:24'>of the slot there that the I think that the way of approaching this is to try</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:30'>and teach all three of these cognitive systems and to realize that the oldest</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:36'>one is the is the one that at least understood and has the most varied</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:40'>knowledge which is the muscular one it is the one that really deals with navigating around the world we can be</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:47'>blind and we can still find their way around there's a whole set of body</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:51'>knowledge and this is really where as benoit mandelbrot said yesterday one of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:56'>the one of the things that he did was with there was most critical is to bring</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:00'>back the visual and I would say even bring back the body in mathematics that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:06'>is where all as euler was one of the greatest mathematicians who ever lived</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:12'>said science is what you use after you guess well and in fact he was a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:18'>notorious guesser because almost none of his spirit the proof that he supplied</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:22'>for his feelings were valid but almost all of the theorems were true his PhD</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:27'>theses for generations exaggerate students of finding the real proofs were</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:32'>one of Euler's feeling when I don't know</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:37'>how to answer a question which they don't know how to answer you I generally pointed something I just now pointed at</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:43'>Alan but something else I would point out is the video disc Emin stration</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:47'>that's a group on ahead of the talking he has the four faces that were maybe</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:54'>not all of you heard the discussion after that where someone asked what was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:58'>that work done for and he said I thought everybody knew it was done for the top</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:58:05'>of the American chain of command cabinet officers who would succeed each other in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:58:10'>the event of nuclear war and all this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:58:14'>because you can't have all the most people in one place it was him all at once the speaker the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:58:18'>house is somebody will be in charge and they don't want that so you know the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:58:23'>secretary of this match those two different locations underground but they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:58:27'>wanted to be able to communicate each other with each other in a way to preserve that nuance assuming that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:58:33'>nuance might be of the essence if somebody was saying mr. president I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:58:38'>don't think we should bomb them just yet you know not not not really want to sort</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:58:42'>of get across as informations you can</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:58:48'>indeed be though that then the president</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:58:52'>turns is interrupted and looks that the person who's interrupting the acknowledges the interruption and here's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:58:57'>a mouth that's visual it's kinesthetic</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:02'>it's a lot of things it's pretty important to communication that's been</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:06'>important question</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:11'>[Music]</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:20'>[Music]</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:28'>the secret to whatever success I've had is that by circumstance I've always</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:34'>treated computer science as a hobby and so I've never you should see me when I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:40'>get at the console of an organ I go absolutely rigid was right and yeah I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:46'>don't want to fail at that and I've never cared about the computer science</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:53'>stuff it's always been great fun it's the ideal unification of all the things</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:00:00'>I've been interested in all my life and I think that the the question of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:00:06'>intuition is largely two things one it's just less letting them happen because</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:00:10'>everybody has them the other one is throwing away almost all of them because</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:00:15'>the a good project takes as long as a great wonder and after the I think the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:00:21'>trick is to pick pick and choose ones where the ideas will still be</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:00:26'>interesting after you've done those horrible implementations to try them out</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:00:31'>and no I don't I think that the I think</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:00:36'>everybody a lot when when I was at Parc we had lots of heavy-duty thinkers there</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:00:43'>and they really fell into four or five different classes there completely</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:00:47'>different ways of looking at there are people there who were unbelievably brilliant so we just deal with</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:00:52'>complexity directly Butler Lampson is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:00:56'>certainly one of the smartest people I've ever met in my entire life he talked twice as fast as mine works twice</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:01:01'>as fast he remembers twice as much in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:01:05'>just a remarkable remarkable person I'm exact almost exactly the opposite from</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:01:11'>from that I like metaphor I like longer</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:01:15'>problems like shorter ones so I I think</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:01:19'>that I've always thought of our profession as being more like a theatrical repertory company where you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:01:24'>have 20 or 30 people who ultimately get together and do all of the things</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:01:29'>there's some people behind the scenes you know obviously the small talk stuff</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:01:33'>was not done by find the I thought of the original ideas but I'm</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:01:38'>a starter not a finisher I had some fabulous finishers and a lot of the stuff that was done were were original</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:01:44'>contribution Larry Tesler for instance who was one of the injectors of the park</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:01:49'>culture at Apple is one of the best software designers I know and you could</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:01:55'>not in a few words acknowledge his contribution to that or any other five</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:01:59'>people so I think of these I don't think of these things there's so much a group</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:03'>I don't think this is democracy there is no such thing as democracy when you're</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:07'>doing design don't sit around and take a vote anymore than you do in the theater</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:12'>but what you have is different contributions that eventually come down</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:17'>to some kind of image I made the original Dynabook model solely to avoid</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:21'>having meetings and what it was that we're trying to do and went out and got</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:25'>a picture frame it was about the right size and I faked what the display would</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:29'>look like and I just put it up on the wall and whenever anybody wanted to know</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:33'>what we're doing I just pointed at it that whatever no just go for it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:39'>and I only hired people that absolutely went nuts when I would wave this thing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:44'>in front of a meeting they come up with stars in their eyes and we've invited him for the summer and because we didn't</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:51'>have a strong definition of it except that this wasn't a computer this was a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:55'>channel an amplifier there's all these things and we knew how we were going to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:01'>preliminary deal with it but not ultimately see one of the thing about</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:06'>paper fact we even tested out the dining bus to see you could hit a ball with it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:11'>one of the things about pay for all these wonderful things like paper airplanes you could do and we even</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:18'>thought of an edible Dynabook there's one of the great ways of getting rid of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:22'>this technology if they just make it edible you could eat your IBM PC before</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:28'>it got stale [Music]</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:32'>yeah the that question I'll attempt up how do</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:37'>you inspire instruct improve intuition if it's at all possible one way if you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:43'>don't have it is to hire it if you know doing something the person I use most in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:49'>this regard is character named Gregory Bateson who was a scientist sort of but</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:57'>he had a intuition of an elephant I just</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:01'>completely larger than the man and wrote largely from that intuition in the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:05'>interview I did with him once I asked how he did a paper this again comes to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:14'>the planning question he said I take a subject that I don't understand and why</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:21'>it is that way and I wrestle with it and that wrestling is the paper</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:25'>he always had a enormous respect</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:49'>you know it comes up how do you inspire and struck improve intuition at all cost</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:53'>but one way if you don't have it as a higher risk if you're you know doing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:57'>something the person I use most in this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:02'>regard is a character named Gregory Bateson who was a scientist sort of but</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:10'>he had a the intuition of an elephant I just completely larger than the man and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:16'>wrote largely from that intuition and interview I did with him once I asked</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:20'>how he did a paper this again comes to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:26'>the planning question he said I take a subject that I don't understand and why</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:33'>it is that way and I wrestle with it and that wrestling is the paper</subtitle>
<subtitle id='3938'>yaagh had a enormous respect </subtitle>

Alan Kay at TED (1984)

2025-01-17T20:30:46Z

Lucas:

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<subtitle id='00:00:00'>[Applause] I forgot to say something about what</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:14'>it's like [...] </subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:32'>Alan Kay is a former illustrator and professional musician I was just listened this one</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:36'>Joseph Alan Kay is a professional is a former illustrator and professional</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:41'>musician he somehow has a bachelor's degrees in mathematics and molecular</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:45'>biology while working his way through school as a systems programmer for the National</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:49'>Center for Atmospheric Research and spending most of his time composing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:53'>music for local theatrical productions. I mean that is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:57'>amazing. </subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:01'>Alan has been involved with the development of the first personal computers from their very early</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:10'>inception and after a short stint at Stanford artificial intelligence project</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:15'>he was one of the founders of Xerox Palo Alto Research Center (PARC) where</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:20'>he was head of the learning research group and the original designer of a Dynabook</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:24'>personal computer and the SmallTalk programming system and those of you that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:29'>don't know this - SmallTalk is really where this came from, this this type of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:35'>screen: the overlapping windows and he</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:40'>really was, I guess you could call one of the fathers of the first modern personal</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:45'>computer. After a decade at Xerox PARC he</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:49'>left and became chief scientist at Atari, where he is now. He is still an avid</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:54'>amateur musician with the classical</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:58'>pipe organ, is a member of the International Society of organ builders who to paraphrase Dr. Johnson "he does not</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:04'>play tennis well but one is surprised to see him play at all"</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:08'>Alan [Applause]</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:16'>Thank you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:21'>A while ago when I was proselytizing about</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:26'>the personal computer which I must</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:30'>confess to you I had a slightly different image than these boxes that have been</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:35'>sold today, I made a serious error which</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:39'>was to talk more about some concrete</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:44'>examples of what a personal computer might do, rather than to try and convey</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:52'>the spirit of what I felt personal computing was about and let people make</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:56'>up their own ideas, and what we come to after about 15 years now is some</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:04'>interesting but rather slavish adherence</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:08'>to some silly old ideas and so what I'd</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:12'>like to do today is to briefly go through some thought processes that a designer</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:17'>of these systems might have and get you to try and fill in the blank.</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:23'>The personal computer is not personal if it isn't what you want it to be. It's not</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:28'>what Apple wants it to be, it's not what Xerox wants it to be, it isn't what you want it to be - it isn't your personal</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:34'>computer I see so much from industry</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:40'>talking about these the Intellivision as the new America kinds of things how are</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:48'>they there's main audience this is middle America and I I thought how</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:52'>interesting it would be</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:11'>because you happen to do you spent middle America and there's certain</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:15'>things you might write it might disturb you then wouldn't allow you to feel</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:19'>comfortable anymore I think it restricting content in that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:23'>way is not a way to deal with a medium the medium is the thing that has</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:29'>billions of degrees of freedom and to be shaped in ways that the inventors of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:34'>medium didn't anticipate so there's that it's no better than a tool and community</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:40'>computer is not a tool the program to run on at our schools because they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:45'>directed degrees experience I mean the computer is a container for the newest</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:51'>kind of kinetic art art that needs to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:55'>time like music and ballet and so forth it's a little more abstract but it is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:01'>that kind of material we call it a meta</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:06'>medium because it's content there's other media you can see when you looked</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:11'>at Macintosh that what it was doing was simulating some of the aspects of paper</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:16'>that's trying to do some of the big things about paper like readability and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:21'>remove some of the bad things about paper like difficult to erase and hard</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:26'>to insert and so forth but if you do lots of other things I know you all all</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:30'>realize that computers can simulate music they continue like graphics we've</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:34'>seen lots of that the most important thing about computers film does not read</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:40'>or hear simulate but the possibility that you might be able to tailor the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:46'>things that are on there to your own use that is a reflective notion Rason and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:52'>aspect of notion I'm gonna talk that's really the theme of my talk is that if I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:58'>had to sum up my main complaint about 20th century especially the time that we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:04'>live in now that it's almost in tow almost totally devoted to access to hit things</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:12'>that get the glands going but which lesion was almost nothing to reflect on</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:17'>even in the next minute let alone the next day I was on they says a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:22'>blue-ribbon panel that was convened by Disney to go down and evaluate F tot he</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:30'>did in high style for three days or so and these people who actually from the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:35'>same kind of background as the people in this content had many opinions about</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:40'>Epcot but there was one unanimous one and that was that none of the exhibits</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:45'>that Escott had any follow-up so he's a suspension to a quite a wonderful</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:50'>exhibit called lands where you could go through the standard Disney</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:54'>[Music]</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:13'>almost an almost totally devoted key</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:17'>access to his hip things that get the glands going but which we she was almost</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:23'>nothing to reflect on even in the next minute let alone the next day I was on</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:29'>they says a blue-ribbon panel that was convened by Disney to go down and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:35'>evaluate F Scott he did in high style</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:39'>for three days or so and these people who actually from the same kind of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:44'>Batman as the people in this conference had many opinions about Escott but there</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:48'>was one unanimous one and that was that none of the exhibits at Ascot had any</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:53'>follow-up so these are instance a quite</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:57'>a wonderful exhibit called the land where you should go through the standard Disney</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:02'>[Music]</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:03'>well after you got off that ride there wasn't even a stencil on the wall telling you where to find out anything</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:08'>more he wanted to learn something there wasn't a pamphlet it wasn't a bookstore</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:13'>there wasn't a any graffiti done with</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:17'>spray paint there was nothing and so they brought you up this place where</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:22'>you're now interested like the Road Dogg and the commercial who heard the name of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:28'>the Bao and started juggling balls and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:32'>balancing tears and stuff and then they just drop you came up with something</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:38'>like water or American beer or something</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:42'>like that so I think that if we think</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:47'>we're in the media business and if he</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:51'>thinks that we're designers and we have to think of something different than the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:56'>computer as a box maybe using something different than the computers as a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:00'>vehicle</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:07'>the interesting that though IBM hasn't worried about interaction in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:14'>geologic time in the auto community</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:19'>starting around 1961 or so the whole</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:24'>focus and interest of that community has been to develop the computer as a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:30'>symbiotic Asian an amplifier for human read this is not a new idea was not</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:36'>invented by Apple was not invented by Xerox goes back long ways and it's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:41'>actually intellectual precursor of this is a wonderful article which is called</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:47'>as we may think written by Vannevar Bush</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:51'>in 1945 as we published in Atlantic Monthly and he's produced a number of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:56'>things including Drive photography but the major part of the article was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:00'>devoted to a machine he calls mimics which is thought of as a small desk</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:06'>light thing with two or three screens on it and a way of pointing that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:10'>information and in here by using various optical storage techniques we do the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:14'>contents of a small town library five or</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:18'>eight thousand volumes and the principal thing he did with this was to be able to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:24'>lay down your own information trails there were already built trails with the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:28'>idea is that you could lay down your own trails and these became new information</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:32'>in that system that article was the inspiration for the ARPA funding in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:38'>interactive computing in 1961 that led to the first time sharing system that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:43'>led to the first computer graphics led to the first pointing devices the first</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:47'>truly higher-level languages to artificial intelligence and all of those things came from that idea and in fact</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:54'>in many ways the third of the sixties was much more adventurous than the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:59'>seventies or even the eighties back then the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:04'>good million dollars but the kinds of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:09'>things that we're done on them were not fettered by any theory of making them into a product they're done solely to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:15'>try and amplify some aspects of human reach so I thought what I would do is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:23'>since we're talking about the future is to give you four way to think about it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:31'>to help predict the future and the first one is when we started up jirachi</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:37'>had jocks executives coming out of our ears the first couple of years being</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:42'>very anxious saying what is the future going to be like what if a Japanese</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:47'>gonna do what is gonna happen to us and everything else and I finally says</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:51'>what's the best way to predict the future is to invent it it is not</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:55'>something that's going to happen to us it's something we're gonna make happen that's what research teams are all about</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:00'>we will have a vision of the future we will make a division vision if you can</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:04'>as long as that doesn't violate too many of Newton's laws we can probably make it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:08'>work now there's a difference between a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:12'>clear vision and a good vision I think</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:16'>the hardest thing to get is a good vision we heard about a clear one last</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:21'>night about Kennedy's clear vision that we should put a man on the moon in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:26'>before the end of the of the decade I think to me that was a fairly terrible</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:31'>vision and I'll tell you why because it set back safe travel 20 years and he</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:38'>didn't say let's invent space travel said let basically let us show us the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:43'>Russians what we got out of that was everything except space that we did get lots of good technology we got even more</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:49'>management techniques for managing 300 thousand people and twenty four billion</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:54'>dollars the NASA people say themselves if that was the greatest single fallout</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:59'>was learning how to do really large projects but what we couldn't get is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:03'>space travel and we don't have it today there's no travel to the moon</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:08'>travel to Mars there's no travel to anywhere in space were going up in orbit</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:12'>like he did in 1963 so an important idea</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:17'>I think is when revision is formed it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:21'>has to have several characteristics one is it has to be a rather long range vision because it unfortunately it's a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:26'>very long time to get things done and out the door in our business this is the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:32'>second point it takes 10 years to get something out into commercial life from</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:39'>a new idea in the laboratory the first personal computer actually wasn't the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:44'>the ENIAC it was done in 1963 and I just</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:48'>went to the 20th anniversary of it a few months ago with John sponsored by NIH as</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:53'>a machine called the wink took 10 years ago from that machine does a marvelous</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:58'>little device $10,000 in 1963 was own</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:04'>virtual memory its own display screen its own into a certain budget several</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:08'>thousand of them were built it took ten years to go from that to the Xerox Alto</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:12'>which is the first practical personal computer in 1973 first video game was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:18'>done in 1962 on the TV one called space war Andy Nolan Bushnell his first game</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:25'>was called computer space and it came out in 1972 so you see the 10-year time</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:30'>constants and in those 10 years are usually two or three very long very</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:36'>bloody implementation efforts and it is almost unheard of for those 10 years to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:42'>take place in a single company almost always we find a disillusionment</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:49'>cherry-picking people moving on and so forth and what happened at jerash Park is no</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:55'>exception for 10 years that's the time constant I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:59'>couldn't afford to believe in long ago but I'm afraid it's really true third</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:05'>thing is when you're dealing in media instead of tools we have to face up to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:10'>the kind of cycle that media John who over the last thousand years</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:16'>four main parts to it is a hardware intensive phase where most of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:22'>profits are made by margins on the hardware whose as to in publishing as it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:28'>has been in the computer business then</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:32'>we as people learn to build Hardware the margins go down to zero because the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:36'>hardware is always the easiest thing to build have an industrial revolution you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:40'>can build paper like crazy and all of a sudden you go into a software stage</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:44'>which completely changes everything around why because software is always been a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:49'>cottaging industry basically something</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:53'>that unless there is a power structure in control almost anybody can make up</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:58'>software for the medium and usually what happens is a really smart hardware</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:05'>company will go into distribution in order to control that because no</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:09'>software publishing house has ever been able to control all of its known authors</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:13'>and stay in business you have to go in and distribute other people's things the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:19'>software part has a novelty phase and a value say what happened to atari last</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:24'>year was a an abrupt switch from a novelty stage to a value phase for the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:31'>cartridges that they were making a substantial part of their income on it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:35'>happened about a year earlier than I thought it was going to happen can</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:40'>happen abruptly as soon as the users have sophisticated all of a sudden it's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:44'>not a citizen band radio anymore that they want to sell us they don't know</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:49'>it's cellular but they have realized that they this new gadget has only 40</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:53'>channels and they can't call their friend across town even if he has one</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:57'>it's not a real communication system all of a sudden want something real</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:02'>and the citizens band radio goes in the back of the closet and wait for that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:08'>value agent piece of technology to come along now the most important phase I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:13'>think is the next one this is the one that is absolutely critical to thinking</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:18'>about this new field that we're in and that is the service safe I think that's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:26'>actually the big revolution in my own thinking about personal computer which happens in 1968-69 really came about by</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:35'>understanding that the computer was not a piece of hardware it was not effusive</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:39'>software I thought I was being very adventurous back then in from bundling</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:43'>the tea together designing the hardware and the software at the same time so I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:48'>finally realized what the computer is is a gadget that delivers service that's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:55'>what people want and want service from this is a service concept it's not a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:59'>hardware as a software concept service is a bundling of attributes to satisfy a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:07'>person for teach me the Japanese sell</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:11'>their cars more like transportation services than they do but as p.m. did</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:17'>for so many years as a menu ICICI that you could buy and having 300 horsepower</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:22'>or 400 horsepower or a suite or Chrome or x2 tail fin</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:28'>service and that service area is the one in which medium development is most</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:35'>critical it's the one that tells you what to do my main bit about the way personal</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:41'>computers have done over the last decade is that it has been very far away from</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:46'>that idea since we're selling the hardware system on the live stage that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:50'>we're talking about now software is all over the place software delivers for service an</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:56'>integrated concept that we see in Macintosh is wonderful I'm glad that Apple is doing that but we have to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:01'>realize that those ideas go back to 1972 and so what we must ask is where are the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:09'>things that we actually need to the 1980s now the final stage and this four</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:15'>part thing is when a service becomes a way of life like this like a telephone</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:21'>telephone a way of life is that gadget</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:25'>that you only notice when it isn't there we immediately notice if they weren't</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:30'>telephones in our hotel room we knew we know that if we didn't have one of these</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:34'>things and I think that's the destiny of communications media to be pushed</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:39'>towards being a way of life providing they fit in to all the crevices and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:46'>mundane ADIZ and amplification needs that people actually want now last we're</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:51'>bringing to the fourth idea for predicting the future I think everybody</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:56'>has realized by now that market analysis doesn't work very well it's not clear</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:01'>that even worse over a two-year period and they absolutely has been disastrous over anything longer than a senior</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:06'>experience the Xerox machine is a perfect ation point guess our writes in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:12'>his book about how they took the ID Xerox 914 to eidm he said we don't have</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:17'>enough money to build factories for this why don't you build it and just give loyalty an IBM went to Arthur B little</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:23'>in Cambridge and said should we and our Sydney little after an 18-month market</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:29'>survey came back and said no nobody will pay a nickel a copyist to expense that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:34'>nobody copies like that is not enough copy volume that was many billions of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:38'>dollars ago des hours Brooks was called my years with Xerox the billions nobody</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:43'>wanted and Jacqueline the two scientists</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:49'>who asked just retired and he's writing the book I said Jackie should call it me</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:55'>Roxanne the personal computer the billions they didn't want because again</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:59'>we have this recognition problem you ought to give it to itself you may not</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:04'>know this but these jobs worked for Atari and in fact the Apple one was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:10'>taken to Nolan Bushnell Lee who then president of Atari and was turned down</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:14'>there's not being a valid concept this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:18'>is after Nolan had left Ampex because antics wouldn't believe in the idea of a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:23'>video game so all of these things led to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:28'>a saying that I made up with his point of view is worth 80 IQ points the reason</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:38'>is that after Xerox turned down all the stuff that had been built apart</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:43'>I met after a year if I'd met him the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:47'>next day I would have killed him but after a year I met the person who</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:51'>made that decision and realized to my great surprise that he was not a dodo as</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:57'>Ayakashi is just a perfectly reasonable rather intelligent who asked executives</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:01'>who had no possible way of evaluating the decision that he had to make he made</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:06'>the wrong one and that changed the face of computing in America but he himself</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:11'>was a copier executive and he had no way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:15'>of telling whether what we were doing was just something interesting in the lab was something fundamental and I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:21'>believe that is the number one problem in doing something interesting with</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:26'>technology the tendency is to cater to the marketing people to basically not</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:32'>into the value systems that the really good technologies and bring about so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:38'>there's a real tendency towards building the trivial and leaving out the Olympian</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:42'>gestures which I think are what we need many more of all right I guess the one</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:53'>thing I should say about the de Buono IV I never like that when I read the Bono's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:57'>but because who wants to be in a hole even if it's a new one I think it's much</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:02'>better to find a hill and climb up on it you can see a lot farther in a hole all</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:08'>you see is dirt maybe you're dirt but it's still only dirt that's easy to a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:16'>good quote by Heinlein which says the strongest weapon you have is the one</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:21'>between your ears providing that's loaded</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:27'>I'm very close to being a Luddite and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:31'>reason I am is because the this is a technique crazy century we've finally</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:39'>found out how to make technique work for us and there's led to enormous</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:43'>technologies we've been talking about over the next days that has led in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:47'>musical conservatories to the faster</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:51'>Chopin major third F has s leads been Val the phenomenon of piano players and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:58'>stuff it is basically an age that is extremely interested in the quantitative</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:03'>and has extreme difficulties we're dealing with any value system and this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:09'>is disastrous so what I'd like to do is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:13'>just show you a couple of quick slides</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:17'>and give you an idea what a vision was like back in the early 70s and then in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:24'>the few moments remaining get you to think about along with me about what</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:29'>could this thing be so that is a place where you always start off we have to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:33'>start off with values saying what could this be don't worry about the technology</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:38'>honestly if not us than the Japanese can</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:44'>probably make a display out of this wooden floor if they wanted to it's not</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:48'>really that difficult glorifying</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:52'>technology is is is like deciding that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:56'>the layout of an ad is good but the message of it is bad and therefore it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:00'>stores it ads I don't think that's the way to think about it okay</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:11'>if you could focus out a little bit that'll do</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:19'>well this is just memory lane this is a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:23'>machine that I was the co.design arose in 1968 and it was not the first</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:29'>personal computer as I mention it's always a second one as you see it had</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:33'>all of the things that we have come to recognize have a high-resolution display</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:37'>stream that had windows it had a tablet</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:41'>for pointing and had a keyboard and this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:45'>machine ran a little hotter than the Macintosh it had almost 700 ICS in it so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:52'>you could we have a little perch on the top of it for heating our coffee pots</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:01'>but the nonetheless if it ran a higher</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:05'>level language that was almost an almost a pure object-oriented language so it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:10'>had all of the things that people are writing about now in Time magazine the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:14'>unfortunate thing about this was that it was a total disaster when we tried it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:18'>out on our users now users were people were supposed to be doctors and lawyers</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:23'>and engineers professional people who needed to wield a tool on their own</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:29'>behalf and in fact I discovered that I'd done a terrible job even with Windows</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:34'>and all of these things in doing the human factors of interaction now that's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:38'>the first time I ever thought that the human factors of interaction was really</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:42'>important now it's come sense to believe that it is the employee saying because</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:46'>it's the only thing that user ever sees no other thing in the computer is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:50'>important and it led to the idea of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:54'>Box not being very important to look at that system and you realize that there</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:00'>are only a few square inches not cubic inches that are important that's the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:04'>face of the display string and almost everything else is superfluous so we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:12'>turn the slides off for one second</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:38'>after working my wounds for a couple years over there cuz it's really painful</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:43'>to put blood into something over a period of some years and haven't turned out to be a disaster and so I went on to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:50'>get other things for a while but thinking about it in 1958 I had also</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:55'>seen the first flat panel display at the University of Illinois and I realized it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:59'>was not going to be too long before we could do away with all those cubic inches and start worrying about the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:04'>square inches account and also at Utah</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:08'>Ivan Sutherland had done his head mounted display when he played to put on</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:12'>like glasses and actually walk around in their display area so when I went to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:18'>Xerox with our lure of 10 10 year blank check funding these were the two</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:24'>physical ideas for what a machine in the 1980 to be and of course why were we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:29'>thinking the 1980s because we had 10 years and so we just exploited the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:34'>hardware out and decided yes machines like the Dynabook are definitely</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:39'>possible these are to form now I put that big green question mark here</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:44'>because I don't believe that these are the only forms in fact I believe</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:48'>something more like what niche means Oh Ponty talks about in the first lecture</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:54'>maybe even more appropriate now the glass is one I think is going to work</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:59'>out for a variety of reasons it is the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:03'>only thing in which you do not have to worry about how large you display is the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:08'>entire world and the glasses at Utah</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:13'>measured where your head was looking so as you looked around the display would</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:18'>change so you'd have something over here and something over here and used to walk</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:22'>through the display we even did a thing where we made the speed of light 1 foot</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:27'>per second those runs that things you were acting like a photon and the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:32'>display would collapse away from you using the relativistic transforms so you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:37'>could experience different physics specific experience what it was like to get close to a black hole without</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:42'>getting not</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:46'>now the problem was almost all displays is officially small that is where the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:53'>overlapping windows came in from it's not a feature it is a bug saying they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:01'>have it turned into a religion now really makes me worried a little bit because you realize about what you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:07'>really like to do is have everything spread out so you could see it the overlapping window saying was done</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:12'>because you don't have that much room you still would like to be reminded what's on the street I don't see that is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:17'>the display that is suitable for thinking about now and should not be</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:21'>doing that okay back to the slide</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:36'>citizen machine we built in the 1973 eventually build about 2,000 of these</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:42'>the pledge we took at Xerox very</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:46'>different from the way we've done things before that we've never build a system there was not engineered for 100 users</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:52'>so all of a sudden before I was totally bubblegum together and it barely works</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:56'>for the designer here we decided we're going to have to set up a community hook</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:01'>together with the network and work with it for several years so the screen there</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:07'>was that tape because the DynaVox was that shape the dots are on and off</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:12'>because we thought liquid crystal would be on an R now why would anybody in the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:17'>right mind use a video display that can do great GL modulation and just do on</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:23'>arras docks especially when you saw what</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:27'>mission kapaa need to do with saucepot you can get much higher subjective</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:32'>resolution by using grayscale modulation</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:36'>bitmap displays today are slavish adherence to something that was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:41'>originally done to simulate a liquid crystal display in fact I still have a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:45'>bleep marks on my back from Xerox management when they were doing the star</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:49'>and I tried to talk him out of going with a bitmap but it was too late what</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:54'>they understood was that bitmaps were good that was their their take on it and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:59'>he didn't want to think about what it meant for human being to sit in front of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:03'>a display the infamous now well we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:08'>didn't invent it Mouse was actually invented in 1965 at Fri why did we use</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:16'>it well because we didn't have a good touch sensitive display</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:20'>why are people using it now I don't know</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:26'>there must be a reason but in fact for</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:30'>immediacy and contact he is possible to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:36'>use it a touch-sensitive display much better in fact the Dynabook was designed so that you only displayed the keyboard</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:42'>when you need it don't really want a keyboard for hardly anything except</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:47'>certain times of Tyson and the rest of the stuff you want to be as close and immediate as possible original jiying</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:52'>the books did have a stylus in it for doing high-resolution kinds of things so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:58'>what we have what we have here today are several technology that was therefore</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:03'>expedient reasons back in 1972 when hardware is very expensive and for</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:09'>purposes of simulating a flat screen display that have no relevance today and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:15'>it is no good saying that this is better than the IBM PC because those are</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:20'>judgments have no place in art we don't care whether a Beethoven symphony is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:26'>better than a bronze seems to me what we care is is it good users or not and I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:30'>think that is the design ideal that we should need to grow it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:37'>so here's the first KT system this is John in 1972 this is the pictures of men</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:42'>and this is a system that Stuart brand used that year I might mention here that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:48'>the Whole Earth Catalog was a tremendous influence on the Dynabook design because</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:55'>the Dynabook was always thought to be a network system not a standalone system</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:59'>that's another bug in the personal computer market a computer computer is a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:04'>communications device first second and third that is what it is for because you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:11'>communicate with yourself through it like he do his paper and you should be</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:15'>able to communicate with other people and other resources critically important</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:23'>so here's I thought you'd be interested in a pictures from 1972 the LTL had</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:31'>about 30 or 40% more dots than the Apple Lisa and those dots were half the number</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:38'>of dots we thought when necessary had 500,000 dots to camp we had thought to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:43'>the million necessary again the ability to do things that the human eye can read</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:49'>and appreciate are incredibly important</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:53'>in old pictures in the dating text and drive the pencil was one of our favorite</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:59'>metaphors remember portability is not point-five herniation per block really</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:09'>isn't the phrase I made up back then was something so portable you can carry</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:14'>other things too</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:19'>like two sacks of groceries the idea on a personal communications medium is you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:26'>don't want to ever give the person the opportunity for deciding to leave it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:30'>behind or you missed it you've missed</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:34'>the service aspects of it and you've totally missed its possibilities for</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:38'>becoming a way of life absolutely critical is one of the earliest window</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:47'>things Windows as I think everybody knows that actually the back end of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:52'>telescopes that look into different information systems the ones with the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:58'>multiple panes they were designed by Larry Tesler who is now at at Apple and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:03'>they're used for browsing one of the earliest of the innovative text and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:09'>graphics editors where the token</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:14'>astrak-- is being created they're just</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:18'>going blurry more and more blurry and you can see that the painting system in this on the alto is integrated into the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:23'>document so that you didn't go out to some separate system but it was just one</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:28'>of the many times of Paris so you can think of a paragraph as a window can't</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:32'>you sort of a rectangular saying and some paragraphs can have pictures in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:36'>them some might want to have draft and then some might want to have animations in them some might want to have text in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:41'>them and the document is really the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:45'>system concept that unifies these this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:49'>is an interesting program so that was the first time that real time note</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:54'>capture was done was done by a 15 year old child not I usually travel I didn't</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:00'>wasn't planning on talking here I had the slides long because I'm working on a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:04'>a talk in a couple of months from now I usually travel with movies and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:08'>videotapes reason is is that as we Harrison said long ago he says the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:14'>picture may be worth a thousand words but if it moves</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:21'>and it's no good talking about a kinetic art like I am and show you static</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:25'>pictures but that's the best we can do today so this you could just play in and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:29'>it would capture the notes and one of the earliest programs is this is a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:34'>musical notation that we use for teaching children there is much easier</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:38'>for them to use than the standard one and this system was its own synthesized</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:45'>he didn't have to hook one on to it the system was simply fast enough to do</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:50'>essentially what the synclavier does were 12 real-time parallel voices and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:55'>you could just walk and you could be define all of the time which by simply</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:59'>drawing in on the screen this is a an</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:04'>animation system that was originally designed by Eric Martin who is here has</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:10'>done in 1974 and this is as modified by</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:14'>a child to add feature to and this to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:18'>deal with about any objects that large in multiple claims in real time early</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:26'>planning system showing a resource</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:31'>allocation this is a non procedural</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:36'>advantage system particularly like visicalc except we construct diagrams which automatic ones so the system for</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:42'>instance does not know anything that electrical circuits as we visit cows you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:46'>may bind hearing drawings and tell one what they need so if you're used as a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:52'>calcio tell the resistors your your rulers on law but mother complications</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:57'>visicalc if they have a deal with very complex apologies and so just the edge cooking a circuit gather will make run</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:03'>and build a variety of simulates that way we worked without six or seven</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:09'>hundred children done before 1976 by the way here's a set up in a classroom in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:17'>one of the terrazzo school worked with several hundred adults which is good you see the adults to a lot</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:23'>denser than the and the kids I this is the tea scientist of Xerox Jack Goldman</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:31'>now what do you say thank you talking of the technology doesn't help</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:36'>you so much in fact he's out in a managed I'm is not as cool as last night</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:42'>we're talking about EEG and I see the letters CPR test and coming to my little</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:48'>she'll be doing something I'd rather have you all on exercycle Tom Lehrer</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:53'>said that Brinkley and humbly discussing contrapuntal II okay that's enough</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:59'>housewife that's great the kind of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:03'>questions that would be interesting for you as well as us I think would be he's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:09'>been getting reflective hips for three</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:13'>four days and some of them presumably are still festering if the good ones are</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:19'>and maybe raise questions that come out</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:25'>of that process the things that you're puzzling about that you would like to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:30'>keep puzzling about and you wouldn't mind either both of us puzzling at with</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:35'>you question right here</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:55'>[Music] you don't like the expanded challenge</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:00'>the reinforcement procedure bloody life</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:10'>a problem that you solved and here's the solution congratulations and the screen</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:14'>flashes on an off little music plays and then what</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:40'>well I think the the question is does it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:44'>get you close to the Mississippi to remember that poor person that was to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:51'>move the big ball up the hill and then down again every day I think that is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:56'>that is a metaphor that's been used for a to title loop in the challenge but if</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:02'>you think of the rewards for learning how to drive a car is not just the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:06'>gratification of getting to where you want to go but the challenge of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:10'>exploring I think it's a very dull person indeed that just uses their car</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:15'>to go down to the grocery store they eventually get the idea that they can go</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:19'>to places that they haven't thought of before and do it and I think that what</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:24'>Stewart was referring to is something more like what I was saying in the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:29'>secondary the effective hit is this reward thing and the reflective thing is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:33'>the thing that may not happen in the first few seconds but that as the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:40'>emotions start to drain away they'll go very quickly if there isn't something to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:45'>hang on they're not hanging on is usually thinking more about it which is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:50'>illuminating the challenge a little bit further sure I think it's you can</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:54'>imagine you know taking Stuart Sasson analogies and imagine me the horrors of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:00'>a video game designed to challenge you but you know they they say the Highland</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:06'>Fling was invented by putting a Scotsman in front of a pay toilet</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:11'>the typical conflict of interest there I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:16'>think that kind of a challenge is not a it's not a good idea how many people</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:24'>have tried taking shooters one two or three if you're messing with keyboards</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:30'>at all it's one of the quickest change</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:35'>your life programs you can hang out with because they have some interesting</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:39'>elements if not only knows immediately</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:44'>if you're hitting the right key very</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:49'>easily you begin and we easy to get into exercises but and notices how quickly</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:53'>you hit feet and gives you a little chart that your left little finger is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:59'>still lagging behind the rest doesn't punish you for that in just indication</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:04'>you know the charge they just call my fingers and it gives you more of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:10'>keys for that finger it knows where</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:14'>you're slow and in pick you up and my</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:18'>job you can become a quick typist quick with these programs or circles and I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:23'>think so far taking shooters today let's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:27'>attack you on the butt no but as soon as</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:33'>you turn off that program and put in anything else you're typing like a bastard and back patting you on the butt</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:40'>maybe the question is whether you're the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:44'>successful program is challenging you without realizing it the experience of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:50'>learning to play tennis can be extremely painful or fairly rewarding and it often</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:57'>has to do with how judgmental you are as you're going through the thing so the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:02'>talents may be something that you're simply looking forward to I thinking and I sort of run music into two classes</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:09'>there's music that the more you understand about it the more mundane</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:14'>and there's other musics that the more you understand about it the better</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:19'>things that opens up it's like learning about the molecular biology of the cell</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:23'>which is one of the most beautiful stories of all time the more people find</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:27'>out about the more wonderful it is to experience this and it's that opening up</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:32'>thing so I think that the media shouldn't be that we shouldn't be</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:36'>sending the message that this or that is good but the message system that the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:42'>media could present is that there's more than one way and it gets better and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:47'>those these little ramp functions so I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:51'>think let people choose their own tabs and I think it's those little ramp functions that we as designers should be</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:57'>trying to understand what they are we shouldn't be packaging religions so I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:03'>don't think a ramp function is religion it's excitement</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:12'>[Music]</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:20'>Marvin denna coxswain said you can get through your 40s without a plan but you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:24'>have to have a plan for 50 and I will be</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:28'>53 in 10 years so I guess I should start</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:32'>making a plan so I think the I see the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:38'>trick on all of this for I think design</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:42'>is simply finding a way of reentering</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:46'>yourself as though you hadn't done</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:50'>anything before but all that stuff that you've learned is an arsenal that you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:55'>can bring to bear after you've gotten the next idea and going out the other</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:00'>way it's really difficult because the tendency is to use those old ideas as</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:04'>the form of the new design that's disaster you get trapped into a very</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:08'>narrow genre so I think that's something that everybody who works creatively and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:15'>I think that's most people have to say is how to find those vintage music is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:22'>wonderful because you can't run out of it Truman said about Bach's music system or</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:26'>you understand that the better it is you cannot you cannot die unhappy having</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:32'>experienced by and that's surely one of the great experiences of the universe</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:37'>that we live in one that has that kind of richness in it and I think everybody</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:42'>has a love like that knows what I mean their personal laws that are the most</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:47'>important things about humanity I think</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:52'>and yes the hackers made space for</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:56'>enough for planners [Music]</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:02'>I'll be 55 and not the snail was getting</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:21'>larger and larger with a burden of one's own tasks riding around a certain extent</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:26'>success and this is this either success</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:30'>or soon to be successful bunch it's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:36'>mostly all reward that and I think it's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:42'>one of the one of the peculiarities that we see with the personal computer realm</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:47'>right now and maybe this is true of other aspects of Technology and entertainment is that people like us are</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:54'>so enormous ly rewarded for being about a half inch in front of what everybody</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:58'>else is doing that why ever would we be</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:50:02'>interested in what's two or three feet in front of what everybody else is doing and so this successful bunch of people</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:50:09'>may be more inclined to meteorite and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:50:15'>others who have more commentary or that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:50:19'>we're way out there out of sight not able to know about or come to gatherings</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:50:26'>like this and will come through and make a hell of a tale and then you know do it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:50:35'>again I don't know the metaphor may break down but I am aware very much it's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:50:42'>only saying of how much what I have done gets in the way of what I want to do I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:50:47'>had a wonderful afternoon once was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:50:51'>Milton Friedman who I didn't expect to like as much as I did completely coming</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:50:59'>in and I asked what was the effect of Nobel prizes not a very original</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:03'>question on the Nobel Prize winners and he said well you know I wasn't going to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:07'>take it but they just given it what's his name the year before who was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:11'>a conservative economist and if I hadn't taken it it would have been in the same</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:16'>salt to him and I didn't want to do that so I took the Nobel Prize and I said</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:24'>well to get in your way he says I don't know yet but I can tell you generally</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:28'>that people should change their professions a couple of times and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:33'>there's a couple of break points and they said the yours is probably coming</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:37'>up question</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:50'>[Music]</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:52:09'>[Music]</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:52:17'>[Music]</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:04'>well one of the things I was gonna say</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:08'>this morning I left it out for time purposes is that there's an interesting progression drawn from source three or</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:15'>four different sources one one is Piaget who points out that the three major</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:20'>stages in his development for children</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:25'>are a bodily conscious phase the hole is too big a visual phase and a symbolic</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:32'>phase has finally gotten into around 12 each one of them has its own rules of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:37'>logic Bruner the psychologist at Harvard showed that those phases are not</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:42'>sequential but are all going on at the same time and there's a dominant change</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:47'>because you can switch people who are on the boundary from one to the other and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:51'>back again very easily had a large there was a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:55'>great mathematician french mathematician that ramp right after World War two did</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:00'>a famous study called psychologic psychology of invention in the mathematical fields we took the hundred</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:06'>people he thought were the greatest mathematicians on earth and interviewed</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:10'>all of them this is when he was about 85 when he did this and of those 100 only</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:16'>to claim to use mathematical symbology for doing this thing all of them used</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:21'>visual and about 30 percent of them used muscular sensations Einstein particular</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:27'>had kinesthetic sensations as he said of the muscular type and so one hand ways</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:34'>of thinking about that is that creativity is a way of reaching back</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:39'>maybe back to other evolutionary brains if you believe the three vain idea that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:45'>going back through the visual certainly through a loosened set of rules and back</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:50'>all the way to body knowledge when we teach children how to program and logo</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:55'>we can get them to draw new things like drawing circles which high schoolers</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:59'>can't do in basic because their body knows how to draw a circle providing you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:03'>in the right coordinate system circles x squared plus y squared equals</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:08'>R squared which is a bitch for anybody nobody remembers it and it's hard to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:12'>write the program but in logo which uses child centered coordinates you close</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:17'>your eyes inertial coordinate that is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:36'>exactly what a circle is the differential equation of the circle is constant curvature just going a little</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:41'>and turning a little the same than that and so kids body</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:45'>you can teach five-year-olds a lot of mathematics ask that level you're not</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:51'>teaching them differential calculus ask the level of mathematical symbols but</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:56'>you can teach them calculus at the level of their body knowledge if you have a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:00'>language that can deal with that and that's why that's in logo it was put in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:04'>there specifically for that purpose and again you have these three ways you can</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:09'>tell somebody you can show them and you can get them to do it I think we all</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:14'>agree that getting them getting to do it involves you in a much more visceral</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:18'>fashions like Stewart is saying was a big guy with the pulling the paper out</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:24'>of the slot there that the I think that the way of approaching this is to try</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:30'>and teach all three of these cognitive systems and to realize that the oldest</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:36'>one is the is the one that at least understood and has the most varied</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:40'>knowledge which is the muscular one it is the one that really deals with navigating around the world we can be</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:47'>blind and we can still find their way around there's a whole set of body</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:51'>knowledge and this is really where as benoit mandelbrot said yesterday one of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:56'>the one of the things that he did was with there was most critical is to bring</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:00'>back the visual and I would say even bring back the body in mathematics that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:06'>is where all as euler was one of the greatest mathematicians who ever lived</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:12'>said science is what you use after you guess well and in fact he was a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:18'>notorious guesser because almost none of his spirit the proof that he supplied</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:22'>for his feelings were valid but almost all of the theorems were true his PhD</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:27'>theses for generations exaggerate students of finding the real proofs were</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:32'>one of Euler's feeling when I don't know</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:37'>how to answer a question which they don't know how to answer you I generally pointed something I just now pointed at</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:43'>Alan but something else I would point out is the video disc Emin stration</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:47'>that's a group on ahead of the talking he has the four faces that were maybe</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:54'>not all of you heard the discussion after that where someone asked what was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:58'>that work done for and he said I thought everybody knew it was done for the top</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:58:05'>of the American chain of command cabinet officers who would succeed each other in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:58:10'>the event of nuclear war and all this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:58:14'>because you can't have all the most people in one place it was him all at once the speaker the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:58:18'>house is somebody will be in charge and they don't want that so you know the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:58:23'>secretary of this match those two different locations underground but they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:58:27'>wanted to be able to communicate each other with each other in a way to preserve that nuance assuming that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:58:33'>nuance might be of the essence if somebody was saying mr. president I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:58:38'>don't think we should bomb them just yet you know not not not really want to sort</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:58:42'>of get across as informations you can</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:58:48'>indeed be though that then the president</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:58:52'>turns is interrupted and looks that the person who's interrupting the acknowledges the interruption and here's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:58:57'>a mouth that's visual it's kinesthetic</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:02'>it's a lot of things it's pretty important to communication that's been</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:06'>important question</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:11'>[Music]</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:20'>[Music]</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:28'>the secret to whatever success I've had is that by circumstance I've always</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:34'>treated computer science as a hobby and so I've never you should see me when I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:40'>get at the console of an organ I go absolutely rigid was right and yeah I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:46'>don't want to fail at that and I've never cared about the computer science</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:53'>stuff it's always been great fun it's the ideal unification of all the things</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:00:00'>I've been interested in all my life and I think that the the question of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:00:06'>intuition is largely two things one it's just less letting them happen because</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:00:10'>everybody has them the other one is throwing away almost all of them because</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:00:15'>the a good project takes as long as a great wonder and after the I think the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:00:21'>trick is to pick pick and choose ones where the ideas will still be</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:00:26'>interesting after you've done those horrible implementations to try them out</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:00:31'>and no I don't I think that the I think</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:00:36'>everybody a lot when when I was at Parc we had lots of heavy-duty thinkers there</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:00:43'>and they really fell into four or five different classes there completely</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:00:47'>different ways of looking at there are people there who were unbelievably brilliant so we just deal with</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:00:52'>complexity directly Butler Lampson is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:00:56'>certainly one of the smartest people I've ever met in my entire life he talked twice as fast as mine works twice</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:01:01'>as fast he remembers twice as much in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:01:05'>just a remarkable remarkable person I'm exact almost exactly the opposite from</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:01:11'>from that I like metaphor I like longer</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:01:15'>problems like shorter ones so I I think</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:01:19'>that I've always thought of our profession as being more like a theatrical repertory company where you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:01:24'>have 20 or 30 people who ultimately get together and do all of the things</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:01:29'>there's some people behind the scenes you know obviously the small talk stuff</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:01:33'>was not done by find the I thought of the original ideas but I'm</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:01:38'>a starter not a finisher I had some fabulous finishers and a lot of the stuff that was done were were original</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:01:44'>contribution Larry Tesler for instance who was one of the injectors of the park</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:01:49'>culture at Apple is one of the best software designers I know and you could</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:01:55'>not in a few words acknowledge his contribution to that or any other five</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:01:59'>people so I think of these I don't think of these things there's so much a group</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:03'>I don't think this is democracy there is no such thing as democracy when you're</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:07'>doing design don't sit around and take a vote anymore than you do in the theater</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:12'>but what you have is different contributions that eventually come down</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:17'>to some kind of image I made the original Dynabook model solely to avoid</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:21'>having meetings and what it was that we're trying to do and went out and got</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:25'>a picture frame it was about the right size and I faked what the display would</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:29'>look like and I just put it up on the wall and whenever anybody wanted to know</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:33'>what we're doing I just pointed at it that whatever no just go for it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:39'>and I only hired people that absolutely went nuts when I would wave this thing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:44'>in front of a meeting they come up with stars in their eyes and we've invited him for the summer and because we didn't</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:51'>have a strong definition of it except that this wasn't a computer this was a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:55'>channel an amplifier there's all these things and we knew how we were going to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:01'>preliminary deal with it but not ultimately see one of the thing about</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:06'>paper fact we even tested out the dining bus to see you could hit a ball with it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:11'>one of the things about pay for all these wonderful things like paper airplanes you could do and we even</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:18'>thought of an edible Dynabook there's one of the great ways of getting rid of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:22'>this technology if they just make it edible you could eat your IBM PC before</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:28'>it got stale [Music]</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:32'>yeah the that question I'll attempt up how do</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:37'>you inspire instruct improve intuition if it's at all possible one way if you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:43'>don't have it is to hire it if you know doing something the person I use most in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:49'>this regard is character named Gregory Bateson who was a scientist sort of but</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:57'>he had a intuition of an elephant I just</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:01'>completely larger than the man and wrote largely from that intuition in the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:05'>interview I did with him once I asked how he did a paper this again comes to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:14'>the planning question he said I take a subject that I don't understand and why</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:21'>it is that way and I wrestle with it and that wrestling is the paper</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:25'>he always had a enormous respect</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:49'>you know it comes up how do you inspire and struck improve intuition at all cost</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:53'>but one way if you don't have it as a higher risk if you're you know doing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:57'>something the person I use most in this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:02'>regard is a character named Gregory Bateson who was a scientist sort of but</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:10'>he had a the intuition of an elephant I just completely larger than the man and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:16'>wrote largely from that intuition and interview I did with him once I asked</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:20'>how he did a paper this again comes to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:26'>the planning question he said I take a subject that I don't understand and why</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:33'>it is that way and I wrestle with it and that wrestling is the paper</subtitle>
<subtitle id='3938'>yaagh had a enormous respect </subtitle>

Alan Kay at TED (1984)

2025-01-17T20:30:13Z

Lucas: to 3:40 committing

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<subtitle id='00:00:00'>I forgot to say something about what</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:14'>it's like [...] </subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:32'>Alan Kay is a former illustrator and professional musician I was just listened this one</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:36'>Joseph Alan Kay is a professional is a former illustrator and professional</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:41'>musician he somehow has a bachelor's degrees in mathematics and molecular</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:45'>biology while working his way through school as a systems programmer for the National</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:49'>Center for Atmospheric Research and spending most of his time composing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:53'>music for local theatrical productions. I mean that is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:57'>amazing. </subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:01'>Alan has been involved with the development of the first personal computers from their very early</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:10'>inception and after a short stint at Stanford artificial intelligence project</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:15'>he was one of the founders of Xerox Palo Alto Research Center (PARC) where</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:20'>he was head of the learning research group and the original designer of a Dynabook</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:24'>personal computer and the SmallTalk programming system and those of you that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:29'>don't know this - SmallTalk is really where this came from, this this type of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:35'>screen: the overlapping windows and he</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:40'>really was, I guess you could call one of the fathers of the first modern personal</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:45'>computer. After a decade at Xerox PARC he</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:49'>left and became chief scientist at Atari, where he is now. He is still an avid</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:54'>amateur musician with the classical</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:58'>pipe organ, is a member of the International Society of organ builders who to paraphrase Dr. Johnson "he does not</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:04'>play tennis well but one is surprised to see him play at all"</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:08'>Alan [Applause]</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:16'>Thank you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:21'>A while ago when I was proselytizing about</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:26'>the personal computer which I must</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:30'>confess to you I had a slightly different image than these boxes that have been</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:35'>sold today, I made a serious error which</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:39'>was to talk more about some concrete</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:44'>examples of what a personal computer might do, rather than to try and convey</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:52'>the spirit of what I felt personal computing was about and let people make</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:56'>up their own ideas, and what we come to after about 15 years now is some</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:04'>interesting but rather slavish adherence</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:08'>to some silly old ideas and so what I'd</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:12'>like to do today is to briefly go through some thought processes that a designer</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:17'>of these systems might have and get you to try and fill in the blank.</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:23'>The personal computer is not personal if it isn't what you want it to be. It's not</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:28'>what Apple wants it to be, it's not what Xerox wants it to be, it isn't what you want it to be - it isn't your personal</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:34'>computer I see so much from industry</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:40'>talking about these the Intellivision as the new America kinds of things how are</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:48'>they there's main audience this is middle America and I I thought how</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:52'>interesting it would be</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:11'>because you happen to do you spent middle America and there's certain</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:15'>things you might write it might disturb you then wouldn't allow you to feel</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:19'>comfortable anymore I think it restricting content in that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:23'>way is not a way to deal with a medium the medium is the thing that has</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:29'>billions of degrees of freedom and to be shaped in ways that the inventors of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:34'>medium didn't anticipate so there's that it's no better than a tool and community</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:40'>computer is not a tool the program to run on at our schools because they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:45'>directed degrees experience I mean the computer is a container for the newest</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:51'>kind of kinetic art art that needs to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:55'>time like music and ballet and so forth it's a little more abstract but it is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:01'>that kind of material we call it a meta</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:06'>medium because it's content there's other media you can see when you looked</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:11'>at Macintosh that what it was doing was simulating some of the aspects of paper</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:16'>that's trying to do some of the big things about paper like readability and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:21'>remove some of the bad things about paper like difficult to erase and hard</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:26'>to insert and so forth but if you do lots of other things I know you all all</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:30'>realize that computers can simulate music they continue like graphics we've</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:34'>seen lots of that the most important thing about computers film does not read</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:40'>or hear simulate but the possibility that you might be able to tailor the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:46'>things that are on there to your own use that is a reflective notion Rason and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:52'>aspect of notion I'm gonna talk that's really the theme of my talk is that if I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:58'>had to sum up my main complaint about 20th century especially the time that we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:04'>live in now that it's almost in tow almost totally devoted to access to hit things</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:12'>that get the glands going but which lesion was almost nothing to reflect on</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:17'>even in the next minute let alone the next day I was on they says a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:22'>blue-ribbon panel that was convened by Disney to go down and evaluate F tot he</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:30'>did in high style for three days or so and these people who actually from the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:35'>same kind of background as the people in this content had many opinions about</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:40'>Epcot but there was one unanimous one and that was that none of the exhibits</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:45'>that Escott had any follow-up so he's a suspension to a quite a wonderful</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:50'>exhibit called lands where you could go through the standard Disney</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:54'>[Music]</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:13'>almost an almost totally devoted key</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:17'>access to his hip things that get the glands going but which we she was almost</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:23'>nothing to reflect on even in the next minute let alone the next day I was on</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:29'>they says a blue-ribbon panel that was convened by Disney to go down and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:35'>evaluate F Scott he did in high style</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:39'>for three days or so and these people who actually from the same kind of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:44'>Batman as the people in this conference had many opinions about Escott but there</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:48'>was one unanimous one and that was that none of the exhibits at Ascot had any</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:53'>follow-up so these are instance a quite</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:57'>a wonderful exhibit called the land where you should go through the standard Disney</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:02'>[Music]</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:03'>well after you got off that ride there wasn't even a stencil on the wall telling you where to find out anything</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:08'>more he wanted to learn something there wasn't a pamphlet it wasn't a bookstore</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:13'>there wasn't a any graffiti done with</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:17'>spray paint there was nothing and so they brought you up this place where</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:22'>you're now interested like the Road Dogg and the commercial who heard the name of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:28'>the Bao and started juggling balls and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:32'>balancing tears and stuff and then they just drop you came up with something</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:38'>like water or American beer or something</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:42'>like that so I think that if we think</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:47'>we're in the media business and if he</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:51'>thinks that we're designers and we have to think of something different than the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:56'>computer as a box maybe using something different than the computers as a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:00'>vehicle</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:07'>the interesting that though IBM hasn't worried about interaction in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:14'>geologic time in the auto community</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:19'>starting around 1961 or so the whole</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:24'>focus and interest of that community has been to develop the computer as a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:30'>symbiotic Asian an amplifier for human read this is not a new idea was not</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:36'>invented by Apple was not invented by Xerox goes back long ways and it's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:41'>actually intellectual precursor of this is a wonderful article which is called</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:47'>as we may think written by Vannevar Bush</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:51'>in 1945 as we published in Atlantic Monthly and he's produced a number of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:56'>things including Drive photography but the major part of the article was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:00'>devoted to a machine he calls mimics which is thought of as a small desk</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:06'>light thing with two or three screens on it and a way of pointing that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:10'>information and in here by using various optical storage techniques we do the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:14'>contents of a small town library five or</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:18'>eight thousand volumes and the principal thing he did with this was to be able to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:24'>lay down your own information trails there were already built trails with the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:28'>idea is that you could lay down your own trails and these became new information</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:32'>in that system that article was the inspiration for the ARPA funding in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:38'>interactive computing in 1961 that led to the first time sharing system that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:43'>led to the first computer graphics led to the first pointing devices the first</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:47'>truly higher-level languages to artificial intelligence and all of those things came from that idea and in fact</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:54'>in many ways the third of the sixties was much more adventurous than the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:59'>seventies or even the eighties back then the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:04'>good million dollars but the kinds of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:09'>things that we're done on them were not fettered by any theory of making them into a product they're done solely to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:15'>try and amplify some aspects of human reach so I thought what I would do is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:23'>since we're talking about the future is to give you four way to think about it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:31'>to help predict the future and the first one is when we started up jirachi</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:37'>had jocks executives coming out of our ears the first couple of years being</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:42'>very anxious saying what is the future going to be like what if a Japanese</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:47'>gonna do what is gonna happen to us and everything else and I finally says</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:51'>what's the best way to predict the future is to invent it it is not</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:55'>something that's going to happen to us it's something we're gonna make happen that's what research teams are all about</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:00'>we will have a vision of the future we will make a division vision if you can</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:04'>as long as that doesn't violate too many of Newton's laws we can probably make it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:08'>work now there's a difference between a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:12'>clear vision and a good vision I think</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:16'>the hardest thing to get is a good vision we heard about a clear one last</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:21'>night about Kennedy's clear vision that we should put a man on the moon in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:26'>before the end of the of the decade I think to me that was a fairly terrible</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:31'>vision and I'll tell you why because it set back safe travel 20 years and he</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:38'>didn't say let's invent space travel said let basically let us show us the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:43'>Russians what we got out of that was everything except space that we did get lots of good technology we got even more</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:49'>management techniques for managing 300 thousand people and twenty four billion</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:54'>dollars the NASA people say themselves if that was the greatest single fallout</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:59'>was learning how to do really large projects but what we couldn't get is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:03'>space travel and we don't have it today there's no travel to the moon</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:08'>travel to Mars there's no travel to anywhere in space were going up in orbit</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:12'>like he did in 1963 so an important idea</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:17'>I think is when revision is formed it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:21'>has to have several characteristics one is it has to be a rather long range vision because it unfortunately it's a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:26'>very long time to get things done and out the door in our business this is the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:32'>second point it takes 10 years to get something out into commercial life from</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:39'>a new idea in the laboratory the first personal computer actually wasn't the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:44'>the ENIAC it was done in 1963 and I just</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:48'>went to the 20th anniversary of it a few months ago with John sponsored by NIH as</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:53'>a machine called the wink took 10 years ago from that machine does a marvelous</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:58'>little device $10,000 in 1963 was own</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:04'>virtual memory its own display screen its own into a certain budget several</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:08'>thousand of them were built it took ten years to go from that to the Xerox Alto</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:12'>which is the first practical personal computer in 1973 first video game was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:18'>done in 1962 on the TV one called space war Andy Nolan Bushnell his first game</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:25'>was called computer space and it came out in 1972 so you see the 10-year time</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:30'>constants and in those 10 years are usually two or three very long very</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:36'>bloody implementation efforts and it is almost unheard of for those 10 years to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:42'>take place in a single company almost always we find a disillusionment</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:49'>cherry-picking people moving on and so forth and what happened at jerash Park is no</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:55'>exception for 10 years that's the time constant I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:59'>couldn't afford to believe in long ago but I'm afraid it's really true third</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:05'>thing is when you're dealing in media instead of tools we have to face up to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:10'>the kind of cycle that media John who over the last thousand years</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:16'>four main parts to it is a hardware intensive phase where most of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:22'>profits are made by margins on the hardware whose as to in publishing as it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:28'>has been in the computer business then</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:32'>we as people learn to build Hardware the margins go down to zero because the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:36'>hardware is always the easiest thing to build have an industrial revolution you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:40'>can build paper like crazy and all of a sudden you go into a software stage</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:44'>which completely changes everything around why because software is always been a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:49'>cottaging industry basically something</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:53'>that unless there is a power structure in control almost anybody can make up</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:58'>software for the medium and usually what happens is a really smart hardware</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:05'>company will go into distribution in order to control that because no</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:09'>software publishing house has ever been able to control all of its known authors</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:13'>and stay in business you have to go in and distribute other people's things the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:19'>software part has a novelty phase and a value say what happened to atari last</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:24'>year was a an abrupt switch from a novelty stage to a value phase for the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:31'>cartridges that they were making a substantial part of their income on it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:35'>happened about a year earlier than I thought it was going to happen can</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:40'>happen abruptly as soon as the users have sophisticated all of a sudden it's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:44'>not a citizen band radio anymore that they want to sell us they don't know</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:49'>it's cellular but they have realized that they this new gadget has only 40</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:53'>channels and they can't call their friend across town even if he has one</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:57'>it's not a real communication system all of a sudden want something real</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:02'>and the citizens band radio goes in the back of the closet and wait for that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:08'>value agent piece of technology to come along now the most important phase I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:13'>think is the next one this is the one that is absolutely critical to thinking</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:18'>about this new field that we're in and that is the service safe I think that's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:26'>actually the big revolution in my own thinking about personal computer which happens in 1968-69 really came about by</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:35'>understanding that the computer was not a piece of hardware it was not effusive</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:39'>software I thought I was being very adventurous back then in from bundling</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:43'>the tea together designing the hardware and the software at the same time so I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:48'>finally realized what the computer is is a gadget that delivers service that's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:55'>what people want and want service from this is a service concept it's not a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:59'>hardware as a software concept service is a bundling of attributes to satisfy a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:07'>person for teach me the Japanese sell</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:11'>their cars more like transportation services than they do but as p.m. did</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:17'>for so many years as a menu ICICI that you could buy and having 300 horsepower</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:22'>or 400 horsepower or a suite or Chrome or x2 tail fin</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:28'>service and that service area is the one in which medium development is most</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:35'>critical it's the one that tells you what to do my main bit about the way personal</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:41'>computers have done over the last decade is that it has been very far away from</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:46'>that idea since we're selling the hardware system on the live stage that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:50'>we're talking about now software is all over the place software delivers for service an</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:56'>integrated concept that we see in Macintosh is wonderful I'm glad that Apple is doing that but we have to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:01'>realize that those ideas go back to 1972 and so what we must ask is where are the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:09'>things that we actually need to the 1980s now the final stage and this four</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:15'>part thing is when a service becomes a way of life like this like a telephone</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:21'>telephone a way of life is that gadget</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:25'>that you only notice when it isn't there we immediately notice if they weren't</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:30'>telephones in our hotel room we knew we know that if we didn't have one of these</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:34'>things and I think that's the destiny of communications media to be pushed</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:39'>towards being a way of life providing they fit in to all the crevices and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:46'>mundane ADIZ and amplification needs that people actually want now last we're</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:51'>bringing to the fourth idea for predicting the future I think everybody</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:56'>has realized by now that market analysis doesn't work very well it's not clear</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:01'>that even worse over a two-year period and they absolutely has been disastrous over anything longer than a senior</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:06'>experience the Xerox machine is a perfect ation point guess our writes in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:12'>his book about how they took the ID Xerox 914 to eidm he said we don't have</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:17'>enough money to build factories for this why don't you build it and just give loyalty an IBM went to Arthur B little</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:23'>in Cambridge and said should we and our Sydney little after an 18-month market</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:29'>survey came back and said no nobody will pay a nickel a copyist to expense that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:34'>nobody copies like that is not enough copy volume that was many billions of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:38'>dollars ago des hours Brooks was called my years with Xerox the billions nobody</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:43'>wanted and Jacqueline the two scientists</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:49'>who asked just retired and he's writing the book I said Jackie should call it me</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:55'>Roxanne the personal computer the billions they didn't want because again</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:59'>we have this recognition problem you ought to give it to itself you may not</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:04'>know this but these jobs worked for Atari and in fact the Apple one was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:10'>taken to Nolan Bushnell Lee who then president of Atari and was turned down</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:14'>there's not being a valid concept this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:18'>is after Nolan had left Ampex because antics wouldn't believe in the idea of a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:23'>video game so all of these things led to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:28'>a saying that I made up with his point of view is worth 80 IQ points the reason</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:38'>is that after Xerox turned down all the stuff that had been built apart</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:43'>I met after a year if I'd met him the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:47'>next day I would have killed him but after a year I met the person who</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:51'>made that decision and realized to my great surprise that he was not a dodo as</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:57'>Ayakashi is just a perfectly reasonable rather intelligent who asked executives</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:01'>who had no possible way of evaluating the decision that he had to make he made</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:06'>the wrong one and that changed the face of computing in America but he himself</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:11'>was a copier executive and he had no way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:15'>of telling whether what we were doing was just something interesting in the lab was something fundamental and I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:21'>believe that is the number one problem in doing something interesting with</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:26'>technology the tendency is to cater to the marketing people to basically not</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:32'>into the value systems that the really good technologies and bring about so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:38'>there's a real tendency towards building the trivial and leaving out the Olympian</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:42'>gestures which I think are what we need many more of all right I guess the one</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:53'>thing I should say about the de Buono IV I never like that when I read the Bono's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:57'>but because who wants to be in a hole even if it's a new one I think it's much</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:02'>better to find a hill and climb up on it you can see a lot farther in a hole all</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:08'>you see is dirt maybe you're dirt but it's still only dirt that's easy to a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:16'>good quote by Heinlein which says the strongest weapon you have is the one</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:21'>between your ears providing that's loaded</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:27'>I'm very close to being a Luddite and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:31'>reason I am is because the this is a technique crazy century we've finally</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:39'>found out how to make technique work for us and there's led to enormous</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:43'>technologies we've been talking about over the next days that has led in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:47'>musical conservatories to the faster</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:51'>Chopin major third F has s leads been Val the phenomenon of piano players and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:58'>stuff it is basically an age that is extremely interested in the quantitative</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:03'>and has extreme difficulties we're dealing with any value system and this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:09'>is disastrous so what I'd like to do is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:13'>just show you a couple of quick slides</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:17'>and give you an idea what a vision was like back in the early 70s and then in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:24'>the few moments remaining get you to think about along with me about what</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:29'>could this thing be so that is a place where you always start off we have to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:33'>start off with values saying what could this be don't worry about the technology</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:38'>honestly if not us than the Japanese can</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:44'>probably make a display out of this wooden floor if they wanted to it's not</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:48'>really that difficult glorifying</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:52'>technology is is is like deciding that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:56'>the layout of an ad is good but the message of it is bad and therefore it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:00'>stores it ads I don't think that's the way to think about it okay</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:11'>if you could focus out a little bit that'll do</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:19'>well this is just memory lane this is a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:23'>machine that I was the co.design arose in 1968 and it was not the first</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:29'>personal computer as I mention it's always a second one as you see it had</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:33'>all of the things that we have come to recognize have a high-resolution display</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:37'>stream that had windows it had a tablet</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:41'>for pointing and had a keyboard and this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:45'>machine ran a little hotter than the Macintosh it had almost 700 ICS in it so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:52'>you could we have a little perch on the top of it for heating our coffee pots</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:01'>but the nonetheless if it ran a higher</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:05'>level language that was almost an almost a pure object-oriented language so it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:10'>had all of the things that people are writing about now in Time magazine the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:14'>unfortunate thing about this was that it was a total disaster when we tried it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:18'>out on our users now users were people were supposed to be doctors and lawyers</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:23'>and engineers professional people who needed to wield a tool on their own</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:29'>behalf and in fact I discovered that I'd done a terrible job even with Windows</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:34'>and all of these things in doing the human factors of interaction now that's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:38'>the first time I ever thought that the human factors of interaction was really</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:42'>important now it's come sense to believe that it is the employee saying because</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:46'>it's the only thing that user ever sees no other thing in the computer is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:50'>important and it led to the idea of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:54'>Box not being very important to look at that system and you realize that there</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:00'>are only a few square inches not cubic inches that are important that's the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:04'>face of the display string and almost everything else is superfluous so we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:12'>turn the slides off for one second</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:38'>after working my wounds for a couple years over there cuz it's really painful</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:43'>to put blood into something over a period of some years and haven't turned out to be a disaster and so I went on to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:50'>get other things for a while but thinking about it in 1958 I had also</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:55'>seen the first flat panel display at the University of Illinois and I realized it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:59'>was not going to be too long before we could do away with all those cubic inches and start worrying about the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:04'>square inches account and also at Utah</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:08'>Ivan Sutherland had done his head mounted display when he played to put on</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:12'>like glasses and actually walk around in their display area so when I went to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:18'>Xerox with our lure of 10 10 year blank check funding these were the two</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:24'>physical ideas for what a machine in the 1980 to be and of course why were we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:29'>thinking the 1980s because we had 10 years and so we just exploited the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:34'>hardware out and decided yes machines like the Dynabook are definitely</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:39'>possible these are to form now I put that big green question mark here</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:44'>because I don't believe that these are the only forms in fact I believe</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:48'>something more like what niche means Oh Ponty talks about in the first lecture</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:54'>maybe even more appropriate now the glass is one I think is going to work</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:59'>out for a variety of reasons it is the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:03'>only thing in which you do not have to worry about how large you display is the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:08'>entire world and the glasses at Utah</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:13'>measured where your head was looking so as you looked around the display would</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:18'>change so you'd have something over here and something over here and used to walk</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:22'>through the display we even did a thing where we made the speed of light 1 foot</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:27'>per second those runs that things you were acting like a photon and the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:32'>display would collapse away from you using the relativistic transforms so you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:37'>could experience different physics specific experience what it was like to get close to a black hole without</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:42'>getting not</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:46'>now the problem was almost all displays is officially small that is where the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:53'>overlapping windows came in from it's not a feature it is a bug saying they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:01'>have it turned into a religion now really makes me worried a little bit because you realize about what you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:07'>really like to do is have everything spread out so you could see it the overlapping window saying was done</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:12'>because you don't have that much room you still would like to be reminded what's on the street I don't see that is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:17'>the display that is suitable for thinking about now and should not be</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:21'>doing that okay back to the slide</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:36'>citizen machine we built in the 1973 eventually build about 2,000 of these</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:42'>the pledge we took at Xerox very</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:46'>different from the way we've done things before that we've never build a system there was not engineered for 100 users</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:52'>so all of a sudden before I was totally bubblegum together and it barely works</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:56'>for the designer here we decided we're going to have to set up a community hook</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:01'>together with the network and work with it for several years so the screen there</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:07'>was that tape because the DynaVox was that shape the dots are on and off</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:12'>because we thought liquid crystal would be on an R now why would anybody in the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:17'>right mind use a video display that can do great GL modulation and just do on</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:23'>arras docks especially when you saw what</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:27'>mission kapaa need to do with saucepot you can get much higher subjective</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:32'>resolution by using grayscale modulation</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:36'>bitmap displays today are slavish adherence to something that was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:41'>originally done to simulate a liquid crystal display in fact I still have a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:45'>bleep marks on my back from Xerox management when they were doing the star</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:49'>and I tried to talk him out of going with a bitmap but it was too late what</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:54'>they understood was that bitmaps were good that was their their take on it and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:59'>he didn't want to think about what it meant for human being to sit in front of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:03'>a display the infamous now well we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:08'>didn't invent it Mouse was actually invented in 1965 at Fri why did we use</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:16'>it well because we didn't have a good touch sensitive display</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:20'>why are people using it now I don't know</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:26'>there must be a reason but in fact for</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:30'>immediacy and contact he is possible to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:36'>use it a touch-sensitive display much better in fact the Dynabook was designed so that you only displayed the keyboard</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:42'>when you need it don't really want a keyboard for hardly anything except</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:47'>certain times of Tyson and the rest of the stuff you want to be as close and immediate as possible original jiying</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:52'>the books did have a stylus in it for doing high-resolution kinds of things so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:58'>what we have what we have here today are several technology that was therefore</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:03'>expedient reasons back in 1972 when hardware is very expensive and for</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:09'>purposes of simulating a flat screen display that have no relevance today and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:15'>it is no good saying that this is better than the IBM PC because those are</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:20'>judgments have no place in art we don't care whether a Beethoven symphony is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:26'>better than a bronze seems to me what we care is is it good users or not and I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:30'>think that is the design ideal that we should need to grow it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:37'>so here's the first KT system this is John in 1972 this is the pictures of men</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:42'>and this is a system that Stuart brand used that year I might mention here that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:48'>the Whole Earth Catalog was a tremendous influence on the Dynabook design because</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:55'>the Dynabook was always thought to be a network system not a standalone system</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:59'>that's another bug in the personal computer market a computer computer is a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:04'>communications device first second and third that is what it is for because you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:11'>communicate with yourself through it like he do his paper and you should be</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:15'>able to communicate with other people and other resources critically important</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:23'>so here's I thought you'd be interested in a pictures from 1972 the LTL had</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:31'>about 30 or 40% more dots than the Apple Lisa and those dots were half the number</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:38'>of dots we thought when necessary had 500,000 dots to camp we had thought to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:43'>the million necessary again the ability to do things that the human eye can read</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:49'>and appreciate are incredibly important</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:53'>in old pictures in the dating text and drive the pencil was one of our favorite</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:59'>metaphors remember portability is not point-five herniation per block really</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:09'>isn't the phrase I made up back then was something so portable you can carry</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:14'>other things too</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:19'>like two sacks of groceries the idea on a personal communications medium is you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:26'>don't want to ever give the person the opportunity for deciding to leave it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:30'>behind or you missed it you've missed</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:34'>the service aspects of it and you've totally missed its possibilities for</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:38'>becoming a way of life absolutely critical is one of the earliest window</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:47'>things Windows as I think everybody knows that actually the back end of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:52'>telescopes that look into different information systems the ones with the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:58'>multiple panes they were designed by Larry Tesler who is now at at Apple and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:03'>they're used for browsing one of the earliest of the innovative text and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:09'>graphics editors where the token</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:14'>astrak-- is being created they're just</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:18'>going blurry more and more blurry and you can see that the painting system in this on the alto is integrated into the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:23'>document so that you didn't go out to some separate system but it was just one</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:28'>of the many times of Paris so you can think of a paragraph as a window can't</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:32'>you sort of a rectangular saying and some paragraphs can have pictures in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:36'>them some might want to have draft and then some might want to have animations in them some might want to have text in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:41'>them and the document is really the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:45'>system concept that unifies these this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:49'>is an interesting program so that was the first time that real time note</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:54'>capture was done was done by a 15 year old child not I usually travel I didn't</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:00'>wasn't planning on talking here I had the slides long because I'm working on a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:04'>a talk in a couple of months from now I usually travel with movies and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:08'>videotapes reason is is that as we Harrison said long ago he says the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:14'>picture may be worth a thousand words but if it moves</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:21'>and it's no good talking about a kinetic art like I am and show you static</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:25'>pictures but that's the best we can do today so this you could just play in and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:29'>it would capture the notes and one of the earliest programs is this is a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:34'>musical notation that we use for teaching children there is much easier</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:38'>for them to use than the standard one and this system was its own synthesized</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:45'>he didn't have to hook one on to it the system was simply fast enough to do</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:50'>essentially what the synclavier does were 12 real-time parallel voices and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:55'>you could just walk and you could be define all of the time which by simply</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:59'>drawing in on the screen this is a an</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:04'>animation system that was originally designed by Eric Martin who is here has</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:10'>done in 1974 and this is as modified by</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:14'>a child to add feature to and this to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:18'>deal with about any objects that large in multiple claims in real time early</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:26'>planning system showing a resource</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:31'>allocation this is a non procedural</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:36'>advantage system particularly like visicalc except we construct diagrams which automatic ones so the system for</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:42'>instance does not know anything that electrical circuits as we visit cows you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:46'>may bind hearing drawings and tell one what they need so if you're used as a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:52'>calcio tell the resistors your your rulers on law but mother complications</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:57'>visicalc if they have a deal with very complex apologies and so just the edge cooking a circuit gather will make run</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:03'>and build a variety of simulates that way we worked without six or seven</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:09'>hundred children done before 1976 by the way here's a set up in a classroom in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:17'>one of the terrazzo school worked with several hundred adults which is good you see the adults to a lot</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:23'>denser than the and the kids I this is the tea scientist of Xerox Jack Goldman</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:31'>now what do you say thank you talking of the technology doesn't help</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:36'>you so much in fact he's out in a managed I'm is not as cool as last night</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:42'>we're talking about EEG and I see the letters CPR test and coming to my little</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:48'>she'll be doing something I'd rather have you all on exercycle Tom Lehrer</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:53'>said that Brinkley and humbly discussing contrapuntal II okay that's enough</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:59'>housewife that's great the kind of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:03'>questions that would be interesting for you as well as us I think would be he's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:09'>been getting reflective hips for three</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:13'>four days and some of them presumably are still festering if the good ones are</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:19'>and maybe raise questions that come out</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:25'>of that process the things that you're puzzling about that you would like to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:30'>keep puzzling about and you wouldn't mind either both of us puzzling at with</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:35'>you question right here</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:55'>[Music] you don't like the expanded challenge</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:00'>the reinforcement procedure bloody life</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:10'>a problem that you solved and here's the solution congratulations and the screen</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:14'>flashes on an off little music plays and then what</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:40'>well I think the the question is does it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:44'>get you close to the Mississippi to remember that poor person that was to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:51'>move the big ball up the hill and then down again every day I think that is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:56'>that is a metaphor that's been used for a to title loop in the challenge but if</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:02'>you think of the rewards for learning how to drive a car is not just the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:06'>gratification of getting to where you want to go but the challenge of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:10'>exploring I think it's a very dull person indeed that just uses their car</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:15'>to go down to the grocery store they eventually get the idea that they can go</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:19'>to places that they haven't thought of before and do it and I think that what</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:24'>Stewart was referring to is something more like what I was saying in the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:29'>secondary the effective hit is this reward thing and the reflective thing is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:33'>the thing that may not happen in the first few seconds but that as the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:40'>emotions start to drain away they'll go very quickly if there isn't something to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:45'>hang on they're not hanging on is usually thinking more about it which is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:50'>illuminating the challenge a little bit further sure I think it's you can</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:54'>imagine you know taking Stuart Sasson analogies and imagine me the horrors of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:00'>a video game designed to challenge you but you know they they say the Highland</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:06'>Fling was invented by putting a Scotsman in front of a pay toilet</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:11'>the typical conflict of interest there I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:16'>think that kind of a challenge is not a it's not a good idea how many people</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:24'>have tried taking shooters one two or three if you're messing with keyboards</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:30'>at all it's one of the quickest change</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:35'>your life programs you can hang out with because they have some interesting</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:39'>elements if not only knows immediately</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:44'>if you're hitting the right key very</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:49'>easily you begin and we easy to get into exercises but and notices how quickly</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:53'>you hit feet and gives you a little chart that your left little finger is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:59'>still lagging behind the rest doesn't punish you for that in just indication</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:04'>you know the charge they just call my fingers and it gives you more of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:10'>keys for that finger it knows where</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:14'>you're slow and in pick you up and my</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:18'>job you can become a quick typist quick with these programs or circles and I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:23'>think so far taking shooters today let's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:27'>attack you on the butt no but as soon as</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:33'>you turn off that program and put in anything else you're typing like a bastard and back patting you on the butt</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:40'>maybe the question is whether you're the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:44'>successful program is challenging you without realizing it the experience of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:50'>learning to play tennis can be extremely painful or fairly rewarding and it often</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:57'>has to do with how judgmental you are as you're going through the thing so the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:02'>talents may be something that you're simply looking forward to I thinking and I sort of run music into two classes</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:09'>there's music that the more you understand about it the more mundane</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:14'>and there's other musics that the more you understand about it the better</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:19'>things that opens up it's like learning about the molecular biology of the cell</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:23'>which is one of the most beautiful stories of all time the more people find</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:27'>out about the more wonderful it is to experience this and it's that opening up</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:32'>thing so I think that the media shouldn't be that we shouldn't be</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:36'>sending the message that this or that is good but the message system that the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:42'>media could present is that there's more than one way and it gets better and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:47'>those these little ramp functions so I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:51'>think let people choose their own tabs and I think it's those little ramp functions that we as designers should be</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:57'>trying to understand what they are we shouldn't be packaging religions so I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:03'>don't think a ramp function is religion it's excitement</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:12'>[Music]</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:20'>Marvin denna coxswain said you can get through your 40s without a plan but you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:24'>have to have a plan for 50 and I will be</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:28'>53 in 10 years so I guess I should start</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:32'>making a plan so I think the I see the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:38'>trick on all of this for I think design</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:42'>is simply finding a way of reentering</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:46'>yourself as though you hadn't done</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:50'>anything before but all that stuff that you've learned is an arsenal that you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:55'>can bring to bear after you've gotten the next idea and going out the other</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:00'>way it's really difficult because the tendency is to use those old ideas as</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:04'>the form of the new design that's disaster you get trapped into a very</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:08'>narrow genre so I think that's something that everybody who works creatively and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:15'>I think that's most people have to say is how to find those vintage music is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:22'>wonderful because you can't run out of it Truman said about Bach's music system or</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:26'>you understand that the better it is you cannot you cannot die unhappy having</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:32'>experienced by and that's surely one of the great experiences of the universe</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:37'>that we live in one that has that kind of richness in it and I think everybody</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:42'>has a love like that knows what I mean their personal laws that are the most</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:47'>important things about humanity I think</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:52'>and yes the hackers made space for</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:56'>enough for planners [Music]</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:02'>I'll be 55 and not the snail was getting</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:21'>larger and larger with a burden of one's own tasks riding around a certain extent</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:26'>success and this is this either success</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:30'>or soon to be successful bunch it's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:36'>mostly all reward that and I think it's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:42'>one of the one of the peculiarities that we see with the personal computer realm</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:47'>right now and maybe this is true of other aspects of Technology and entertainment is that people like us are</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:54'>so enormous ly rewarded for being about a half inch in front of what everybody</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:58'>else is doing that why ever would we be</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:50:02'>interested in what's two or three feet in front of what everybody else is doing and so this successful bunch of people</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:50:09'>may be more inclined to meteorite and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:50:15'>others who have more commentary or that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:50:19'>we're way out there out of sight not able to know about or come to gatherings</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:50:26'>like this and will come through and make a hell of a tale and then you know do it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:50:35'>again I don't know the metaphor may break down but I am aware very much it's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:50:42'>only saying of how much what I have done gets in the way of what I want to do I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:50:47'>had a wonderful afternoon once was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:50:51'>Milton Friedman who I didn't expect to like as much as I did completely coming</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:50:59'>in and I asked what was the effect of Nobel prizes not a very original</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:03'>question on the Nobel Prize winners and he said well you know I wasn't going to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:07'>take it but they just given it what's his name the year before who was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:11'>a conservative economist and if I hadn't taken it it would have been in the same</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:16'>salt to him and I didn't want to do that so I took the Nobel Prize and I said</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:24'>well to get in your way he says I don't know yet but I can tell you generally</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:28'>that people should change their professions a couple of times and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:33'>there's a couple of break points and they said the yours is probably coming</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:37'>up question</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:50'>[Music]</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:52:09'>[Music]</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:52:17'>[Music]</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:04'>well one of the things I was gonna say</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:08'>this morning I left it out for time purposes is that there's an interesting progression drawn from source three or</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:15'>four different sources one one is Piaget who points out that the three major</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:20'>stages in his development for children</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:25'>are a bodily conscious phase the hole is too big a visual phase and a symbolic</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:32'>phase has finally gotten into around 12 each one of them has its own rules of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:37'>logic Bruner the psychologist at Harvard showed that those phases are not</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:42'>sequential but are all going on at the same time and there's a dominant change</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:47'>because you can switch people who are on the boundary from one to the other and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:51'>back again very easily had a large there was a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:55'>great mathematician french mathematician that ramp right after World War two did</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:00'>a famous study called psychologic psychology of invention in the mathematical fields we took the hundred</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:06'>people he thought were the greatest mathematicians on earth and interviewed</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:10'>all of them this is when he was about 85 when he did this and of those 100 only</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:16'>to claim to use mathematical symbology for doing this thing all of them used</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:21'>visual and about 30 percent of them used muscular sensations Einstein particular</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:27'>had kinesthetic sensations as he said of the muscular type and so one hand ways</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:34'>of thinking about that is that creativity is a way of reaching back</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:39'>maybe back to other evolutionary brains if you believe the three vain idea that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:45'>going back through the visual certainly through a loosened set of rules and back</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:50'>all the way to body knowledge when we teach children how to program and logo</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:55'>we can get them to draw new things like drawing circles which high schoolers</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:59'>can't do in basic because their body knows how to draw a circle providing you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:03'>in the right coordinate system circles x squared plus y squared equals</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:08'>R squared which is a bitch for anybody nobody remembers it and it's hard to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:12'>write the program but in logo which uses child centered coordinates you close</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:17'>your eyes inertial coordinate that is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:36'>exactly what a circle is the differential equation of the circle is constant curvature just going a little</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:41'>and turning a little the same than that and so kids body</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:45'>you can teach five-year-olds a lot of mathematics ask that level you're not</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:51'>teaching them differential calculus ask the level of mathematical symbols but</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:56'>you can teach them calculus at the level of their body knowledge if you have a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:00'>language that can deal with that and that's why that's in logo it was put in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:04'>there specifically for that purpose and again you have these three ways you can</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:09'>tell somebody you can show them and you can get them to do it I think we all</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:14'>agree that getting them getting to do it involves you in a much more visceral</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:18'>fashions like Stewart is saying was a big guy with the pulling the paper out</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:24'>of the slot there that the I think that the way of approaching this is to try</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:30'>and teach all three of these cognitive systems and to realize that the oldest</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:36'>one is the is the one that at least understood and has the most varied</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:40'>knowledge which is the muscular one it is the one that really deals with navigating around the world we can be</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:47'>blind and we can still find their way around there's a whole set of body</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:51'>knowledge and this is really where as benoit mandelbrot said yesterday one of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:56'>the one of the things that he did was with there was most critical is to bring</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:00'>back the visual and I would say even bring back the body in mathematics that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:06'>is where all as euler was one of the greatest mathematicians who ever lived</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:12'>said science is what you use after you guess well and in fact he was a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:18'>notorious guesser because almost none of his spirit the proof that he supplied</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:22'>for his feelings were valid but almost all of the theorems were true his PhD</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:27'>theses for generations exaggerate students of finding the real proofs were</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:32'>one of Euler's feeling when I don't know</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:37'>how to answer a question which they don't know how to answer you I generally pointed something I just now pointed at</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:43'>Alan but something else I would point out is the video disc Emin stration</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:47'>that's a group on ahead of the talking he has the four faces that were maybe</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:54'>not all of you heard the discussion after that where someone asked what was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:58'>that work done for and he said I thought everybody knew it was done for the top</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:58:05'>of the American chain of command cabinet officers who would succeed each other in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:58:10'>the event of nuclear war and all this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:58:14'>because you can't have all the most people in one place it was him all at once the speaker the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:58:18'>house is somebody will be in charge and they don't want that so you know the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:58:23'>secretary of this match those two different locations underground but they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:58:27'>wanted to be able to communicate each other with each other in a way to preserve that nuance assuming that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:58:33'>nuance might be of the essence if somebody was saying mr. president I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:58:38'>don't think we should bomb them just yet you know not not not really want to sort</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:58:42'>of get across as informations you can</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:58:48'>indeed be though that then the president</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:58:52'>turns is interrupted and looks that the person who's interrupting the acknowledges the interruption and here's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:58:57'>a mouth that's visual it's kinesthetic</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:02'>it's a lot of things it's pretty important to communication that's been</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:06'>important question</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:11'>[Music]</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:20'>[Music]</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:28'>the secret to whatever success I've had is that by circumstance I've always</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:34'>treated computer science as a hobby and so I've never you should see me when I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:40'>get at the console of an organ I go absolutely rigid was right and yeah I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:46'>don't want to fail at that and I've never cared about the computer science</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:53'>stuff it's always been great fun it's the ideal unification of all the things</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:00:00'>I've been interested in all my life and I think that the the question of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:00:06'>intuition is largely two things one it's just less letting them happen because</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:00:10'>everybody has them the other one is throwing away almost all of them because</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:00:15'>the a good project takes as long as a great wonder and after the I think the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:00:21'>trick is to pick pick and choose ones where the ideas will still be</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:00:26'>interesting after you've done those horrible implementations to try them out</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:00:31'>and no I don't I think that the I think</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:00:36'>everybody a lot when when I was at Parc we had lots of heavy-duty thinkers there</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:00:43'>and they really fell into four or five different classes there completely</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:00:47'>different ways of looking at there are people there who were unbelievably brilliant so we just deal with</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:00:52'>complexity directly Butler Lampson is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:00:56'>certainly one of the smartest people I've ever met in my entire life he talked twice as fast as mine works twice</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:01:01'>as fast he remembers twice as much in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:01:05'>just a remarkable remarkable person I'm exact almost exactly the opposite from</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:01:11'>from that I like metaphor I like longer</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:01:15'>problems like shorter ones so I I think</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:01:19'>that I've always thought of our profession as being more like a theatrical repertory company where you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:01:24'>have 20 or 30 people who ultimately get together and do all of the things</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:01:29'>there's some people behind the scenes you know obviously the small talk stuff</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:01:33'>was not done by find the I thought of the original ideas but I'm</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:01:38'>a starter not a finisher I had some fabulous finishers and a lot of the stuff that was done were were original</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:01:44'>contribution Larry Tesler for instance who was one of the injectors of the park</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:01:49'>culture at Apple is one of the best software designers I know and you could</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:01:55'>not in a few words acknowledge his contribution to that or any other five</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:01:59'>people so I think of these I don't think of these things there's so much a group</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:03'>I don't think this is democracy there is no such thing as democracy when you're</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:07'>doing design don't sit around and take a vote anymore than you do in the theater</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:12'>but what you have is different contributions that eventually come down</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:17'>to some kind of image I made the original Dynabook model solely to avoid</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:21'>having meetings and what it was that we're trying to do and went out and got</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:25'>a picture frame it was about the right size and I faked what the display would</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:29'>look like and I just put it up on the wall and whenever anybody wanted to know</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:33'>what we're doing I just pointed at it that whatever no just go for it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:39'>and I only hired people that absolutely went nuts when I would wave this thing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:44'>in front of a meeting they come up with stars in their eyes and we've invited him for the summer and because we didn't</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:51'>have a strong definition of it except that this wasn't a computer this was a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:55'>channel an amplifier there's all these things and we knew how we were going to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:01'>preliminary deal with it but not ultimately see one of the thing about</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:06'>paper fact we even tested out the dining bus to see you could hit a ball with it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:11'>one of the things about pay for all these wonderful things like paper airplanes you could do and we even</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:18'>thought of an edible Dynabook there's one of the great ways of getting rid of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:22'>this technology if they just make it edible you could eat your IBM PC before</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:28'>it got stale [Music]</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:32'>yeah the that question I'll attempt up how do</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:37'>you inspire instruct improve intuition if it's at all possible one way if you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:43'>don't have it is to hire it if you know doing something the person I use most in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:49'>this regard is character named Gregory Bateson who was a scientist sort of but</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:57'>he had a intuition of an elephant I just</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:01'>completely larger than the man and wrote largely from that intuition in the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:05'>interview I did with him once I asked how he did a paper this again comes to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:14'>the planning question he said I take a subject that I don't understand and why</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:21'>it is that way and I wrestle with it and that wrestling is the paper</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:25'>he always had a enormous respect</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:49'>you know it comes up how do you inspire and struck improve intuition at all cost</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:53'>but one way if you don't have it as a higher risk if you're you know doing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:57'>something the person I use most in this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:02'>regard is a character named Gregory Bateson who was a scientist sort of but</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:10'>he had a the intuition of an elephant I just completely larger than the man and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:16'>wrote largely from that intuition and interview I did with him once I asked</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:20'>how he did a paper this again comes to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:26'>the planning question he said I take a subject that I don't understand and why</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:33'>it is that way and I wrestle with it and that wrestling is the paper</subtitle>
<subtitle id='3938'>yaagh had a enormous respect </subtitle>

Alan Kay at TED (1984)

2025-01-17T02:15:38Z

Lucas: test simple change

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<subtitle id='00:00:00'>I forgot to say something about what</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:14'>it's like in my tell executive Alan Kay</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:32'>is a former illustrator and professional musician I was just listened this one</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:36'>Joseph Alan Kay is a professional is a former illustrator and professional</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:41'>musician he somehow is he bachelor's degrees in mathematics and molecular</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:45'>biology while working his way to school as a systems programmer for the National</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:49'>Center for Atmospheric Research and spending most of his time composing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:53'>music the local theatrical production I mean exactly</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:00:57'>amazing Alan has been involved with the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:02'>desired development of the first personal computers from there very early</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:10'>inception and after a short stint at Stanford artificial intelligence project</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:15'>he was one of the founders of 0 up to Palo Alto Research Center where was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:20'>Hennessey learning research group and the original designer of a giant of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:24'>personal computers and the small talk programming system and those of you that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:29'>don't know this the small talk is really where this came from this this type of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:35'>screen the overlapping windows and he</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:40'>really was I guess you could call mother fathers of the first modern personal</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:45'>computer after decade at Xerox PARC he</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:49'>left became chief scientist at Atari where he is now he is still an avid</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:54'>first amateur magician the classical</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:01:58'>pipe organ is a member of the International Society organ builders who to paraphrase dr. Johnson it does not</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:04'>play tennis well but one is surprised to see him play at all</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:08'>[Music]</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:16'>[Music] thank you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:21'>[Music] why ago when I was proselytizing about</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:26'>the personal computer which I must</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:30'>confess you I had a slightly different image than these boxes that have been</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:35'>sold today I made a serious error which</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:39'>was to talk more about some concrete</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:44'>examples of what a personal computer might do rather than to try and convey</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:52'>the spirit of what I felt personal computing was about and let people make</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:02:56'>up their own ideas and what we come to after about 15 years now is some</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:04'>interesting but rather slavish adherence</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:08'>to some fairly old ideas and so what I'd</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:12'>like to do today to briefly go through some thought processes that a designer</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:17'>of these systems might have and get you to try and fill in the blank the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:23'>personal computer is not personal is it isn't what you want it to do it's not</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:28'>what Apple wants it to be it's not what Xerox wants you to do it isn't what you wanted to be Genet isn't your personal</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:34'>computer I see so much from industry</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:40'>talking about these the Intellivision as the new America kinds of things how are</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:48'>they there's main audience this is middle America and I I thought how</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:03:52'>interesting it would be</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:11'>because you happen to do you spent middle America and there's certain</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:15'>things you might write it might disturb you then wouldn't allow you to feel</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:19'>comfortable anymore I think it restricting content in that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:23'>way is not a way to deal with a medium the medium is the thing that has</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:29'>billions of degrees of freedom and to be shaped in ways that the inventors of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:34'>medium didn't anticipate so there's that it's no better than a tool and community</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:40'>computer is not a tool the program to run on at our schools because they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:45'>directed degrees experience I mean the computer is a container for the newest</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:51'>kind of kinetic art art that needs to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:04:55'>time like music and ballet and so forth it's a little more abstract but it is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:01'>that kind of material we call it a meta</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:06'>medium because it's content there's other media you can see when you looked</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:11'>at Macintosh that what it was doing was simulating some of the aspects of paper</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:16'>that's trying to do some of the big things about paper like readability and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:21'>remove some of the bad things about paper like difficult to erase and hard</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:26'>to insert and so forth but if you do lots of other things I know you all all</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:30'>realize that computers can simulate music they continue like graphics we've</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:34'>seen lots of that the most important thing about computers film does not read</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:40'>or hear simulate but the possibility that you might be able to tailor the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:46'>things that are on there to your own use that is a reflective notion Rason and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:52'>aspect of notion I'm gonna talk that's really the theme of my talk is that if I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:05:58'>had to sum up my main complaint about 20th century especially the time that we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:04'>live in now that it's almost in tow almost totally devoted to access to hit things</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:12'>that get the glands going but which lesion was almost nothing to reflect on</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:17'>even in the next minute let alone the next day I was on they says a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:22'>blue-ribbon panel that was convened by Disney to go down and evaluate F tot he</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:30'>did in high style for three days or so and these people who actually from the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:35'>same kind of background as the people in this content had many opinions about</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:40'>Epcot but there was one unanimous one and that was that none of the exhibits</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:45'>that Escott had any follow-up so he's a suspension to a quite a wonderful</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:50'>exhibit called lands where you could go through the standard Disney</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:06:54'>[Music]</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:13'>almost an almost totally devoted key</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:17'>access to his hip things that get the glands going but which we she was almost</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:23'>nothing to reflect on even in the next minute let alone the next day I was on</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:29'>they says a blue-ribbon panel that was convened by Disney to go down and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:35'>evaluate F Scott he did in high style</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:39'>for three days or so and these people who actually from the same kind of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:44'>Batman as the people in this conference had many opinions about Escott but there</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:48'>was one unanimous one and that was that none of the exhibits at Ascot had any</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:53'>follow-up so these are instance a quite</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:07:57'>a wonderful exhibit called the land where you should go through the standard Disney</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:08:02'>[Music]</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:03'>well after you got off that ride there wasn't even a stencil on the wall telling you where to find out anything</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:08'>more he wanted to learn something there wasn't a pamphlet it wasn't a bookstore</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:13'>there wasn't a any graffiti done with</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:17'>spray paint there was nothing and so they brought you up this place where</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:22'>you're now interested like the Road Dogg and the commercial who heard the name of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:28'>the Bao and started juggling balls and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:32'>balancing tears and stuff and then they just drop you came up with something</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:38'>like water or American beer or something</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:42'>like that so I think that if we think</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:47'>we're in the media business and if he</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:51'>thinks that we're designers and we have to think of something different than the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:09:56'>computer as a box maybe using something different than the computers as a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:00'>vehicle</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:07'>the interesting that though IBM hasn't worried about interaction in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:14'>geologic time in the auto community</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:19'>starting around 1961 or so the whole</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:24'>focus and interest of that community has been to develop the computer as a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:30'>symbiotic Asian an amplifier for human read this is not a new idea was not</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:36'>invented by Apple was not invented by Xerox goes back long ways and it's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:41'>actually intellectual precursor of this is a wonderful article which is called</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:47'>as we may think written by Vannevar Bush</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:51'>in 1945 as we published in Atlantic Monthly and he's produced a number of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:10:56'>things including Drive photography but the major part of the article was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:00'>devoted to a machine he calls mimics which is thought of as a small desk</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:06'>light thing with two or three screens on it and a way of pointing that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:10'>information and in here by using various optical storage techniques we do the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:14'>contents of a small town library five or</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:18'>eight thousand volumes and the principal thing he did with this was to be able to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:24'>lay down your own information trails there were already built trails with the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:28'>idea is that you could lay down your own trails and these became new information</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:32'>in that system that article was the inspiration for the ARPA funding in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:38'>interactive computing in 1961 that led to the first time sharing system that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:43'>led to the first computer graphics led to the first pointing devices the first</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:47'>truly higher-level languages to artificial intelligence and all of those things came from that idea and in fact</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:54'>in many ways the third of the sixties was much more adventurous than the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:11:59'>seventies or even the eighties back then the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:04'>good million dollars but the kinds of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:09'>things that we're done on them were not fettered by any theory of making them into a product they're done solely to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:15'>try and amplify some aspects of human reach so I thought what I would do is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:23'>since we're talking about the future is to give you four way to think about it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:31'>to help predict the future and the first one is when we started up jirachi</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:37'>had jocks executives coming out of our ears the first couple of years being</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:42'>very anxious saying what is the future going to be like what if a Japanese</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:47'>gonna do what is gonna happen to us and everything else and I finally says</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:51'>what's the best way to predict the future is to invent it it is not</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:12:55'>something that's going to happen to us it's something we're gonna make happen that's what research teams are all about</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:00'>we will have a vision of the future we will make a division vision if you can</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:04'>as long as that doesn't violate too many of Newton's laws we can probably make it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:08'>work now there's a difference between a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:12'>clear vision and a good vision I think</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:16'>the hardest thing to get is a good vision we heard about a clear one last</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:21'>night about Kennedy's clear vision that we should put a man on the moon in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:26'>before the end of the of the decade I think to me that was a fairly terrible</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:31'>vision and I'll tell you why because it set back safe travel 20 years and he</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:38'>didn't say let's invent space travel said let basically let us show us the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:43'>Russians what we got out of that was everything except space that we did get lots of good technology we got even more</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:49'>management techniques for managing 300 thousand people and twenty four billion</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:54'>dollars the NASA people say themselves if that was the greatest single fallout</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:13:59'>was learning how to do really large projects but what we couldn't get is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:03'>space travel and we don't have it today there's no travel to the moon</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:08'>travel to Mars there's no travel to anywhere in space were going up in orbit</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:12'>like he did in 1963 so an important idea</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:17'>I think is when revision is formed it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:21'>has to have several characteristics one is it has to be a rather long range vision because it unfortunately it's a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:26'>very long time to get things done and out the door in our business this is the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:32'>second point it takes 10 years to get something out into commercial life from</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:39'>a new idea in the laboratory the first personal computer actually wasn't the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:44'>the ENIAC it was done in 1963 and I just</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:48'>went to the 20th anniversary of it a few months ago with John sponsored by NIH as</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:53'>a machine called the wink took 10 years ago from that machine does a marvelous</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:14:58'>little device $10,000 in 1963 was own</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:04'>virtual memory its own display screen its own into a certain budget several</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:08'>thousand of them were built it took ten years to go from that to the Xerox Alto</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:12'>which is the first practical personal computer in 1973 first video game was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:18'>done in 1962 on the TV one called space war Andy Nolan Bushnell his first game</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:25'>was called computer space and it came out in 1972 so you see the 10-year time</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:30'>constants and in those 10 years are usually two or three very long very</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:36'>bloody implementation efforts and it is almost unheard of for those 10 years to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:42'>take place in a single company almost always we find a disillusionment</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:49'>cherry-picking people moving on and so forth and what happened at jerash Park is no</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:55'>exception for 10 years that's the time constant I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:15:59'>couldn't afford to believe in long ago but I'm afraid it's really true third</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:05'>thing is when you're dealing in media instead of tools we have to face up to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:10'>the kind of cycle that media John who over the last thousand years</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:16'>four main parts to it is a hardware intensive phase where most of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:22'>profits are made by margins on the hardware whose as to in publishing as it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:28'>has been in the computer business then</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:32'>we as people learn to build Hardware the margins go down to zero because the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:36'>hardware is always the easiest thing to build have an industrial revolution you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:40'>can build paper like crazy and all of a sudden you go into a software stage</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:44'>which completely changes everything around why because software is always been a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:49'>cottaging industry basically something</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:53'>that unless there is a power structure in control almost anybody can make up</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:16:58'>software for the medium and usually what happens is a really smart hardware</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:05'>company will go into distribution in order to control that because no</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:09'>software publishing house has ever been able to control all of its known authors</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:13'>and stay in business you have to go in and distribute other people's things the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:19'>software part has a novelty phase and a value say what happened to atari last</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:24'>year was a an abrupt switch from a novelty stage to a value phase for the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:31'>cartridges that they were making a substantial part of their income on it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:35'>happened about a year earlier than I thought it was going to happen can</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:40'>happen abruptly as soon as the users have sophisticated all of a sudden it's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:44'>not a citizen band radio anymore that they want to sell us they don't know</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:49'>it's cellular but they have realized that they this new gadget has only 40</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:53'>channels and they can't call their friend across town even if he has one</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:17:57'>it's not a real communication system all of a sudden want something real</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:02'>and the citizens band radio goes in the back of the closet and wait for that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:08'>value agent piece of technology to come along now the most important phase I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:13'>think is the next one this is the one that is absolutely critical to thinking</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:18'>about this new field that we're in and that is the service safe I think that's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:26'>actually the big revolution in my own thinking about personal computer which happens in 1968-69 really came about by</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:35'>understanding that the computer was not a piece of hardware it was not effusive</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:39'>software I thought I was being very adventurous back then in from bundling</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:43'>the tea together designing the hardware and the software at the same time so I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:48'>finally realized what the computer is is a gadget that delivers service that's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:55'>what people want and want service from this is a service concept it's not a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:18:59'>hardware as a software concept service is a bundling of attributes to satisfy a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:07'>person for teach me the Japanese sell</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:11'>their cars more like transportation services than they do but as p.m. did</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:17'>for so many years as a menu ICICI that you could buy and having 300 horsepower</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:22'>or 400 horsepower or a suite or Chrome or x2 tail fin</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:28'>service and that service area is the one in which medium development is most</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:35'>critical it's the one that tells you what to do my main bit about the way personal</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:41'>computers have done over the last decade is that it has been very far away from</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:46'>that idea since we're selling the hardware system on the live stage that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:50'>we're talking about now software is all over the place software delivers for service an</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:19:56'>integrated concept that we see in Macintosh is wonderful I'm glad that Apple is doing that but we have to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:01'>realize that those ideas go back to 1972 and so what we must ask is where are the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:09'>things that we actually need to the 1980s now the final stage and this four</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:15'>part thing is when a service becomes a way of life like this like a telephone</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:21'>telephone a way of life is that gadget</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:25'>that you only notice when it isn't there we immediately notice if they weren't</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:30'>telephones in our hotel room we knew we know that if we didn't have one of these</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:34'>things and I think that's the destiny of communications media to be pushed</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:39'>towards being a way of life providing they fit in to all the crevices and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:46'>mundane ADIZ and amplification needs that people actually want now last we're</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:51'>bringing to the fourth idea for predicting the future I think everybody</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:20:56'>has realized by now that market analysis doesn't work very well it's not clear</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:01'>that even worse over a two-year period and they absolutely has been disastrous over anything longer than a senior</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:06'>experience the Xerox machine is a perfect ation point guess our writes in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:12'>his book about how they took the ID Xerox 914 to eidm he said we don't have</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:17'>enough money to build factories for this why don't you build it and just give loyalty an IBM went to Arthur B little</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:23'>in Cambridge and said should we and our Sydney little after an 18-month market</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:29'>survey came back and said no nobody will pay a nickel a copyist to expense that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:34'>nobody copies like that is not enough copy volume that was many billions of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:38'>dollars ago des hours Brooks was called my years with Xerox the billions nobody</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:43'>wanted and Jacqueline the two scientists</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:49'>who asked just retired and he's writing the book I said Jackie should call it me</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:55'>Roxanne the personal computer the billions they didn't want because again</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:21:59'>we have this recognition problem you ought to give it to itself you may not</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:04'>know this but these jobs worked for Atari and in fact the Apple one was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:10'>taken to Nolan Bushnell Lee who then president of Atari and was turned down</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:14'>there's not being a valid concept this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:18'>is after Nolan had left Ampex because antics wouldn't believe in the idea of a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:23'>video game so all of these things led to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:28'>a saying that I made up with his point of view is worth 80 IQ points the reason</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:38'>is that after Xerox turned down all the stuff that had been built apart</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:43'>I met after a year if I'd met him the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:47'>next day I would have killed him but after a year I met the person who</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:51'>made that decision and realized to my great surprise that he was not a dodo as</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:22:57'>Ayakashi is just a perfectly reasonable rather intelligent who asked executives</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:01'>who had no possible way of evaluating the decision that he had to make he made</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:06'>the wrong one and that changed the face of computing in America but he himself</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:11'>was a copier executive and he had no way</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:15'>of telling whether what we were doing was just something interesting in the lab was something fundamental and I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:21'>believe that is the number one problem in doing something interesting with</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:26'>technology the tendency is to cater to the marketing people to basically not</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:32'>into the value systems that the really good technologies and bring about so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:38'>there's a real tendency towards building the trivial and leaving out the Olympian</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:42'>gestures which I think are what we need many more of all right I guess the one</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:53'>thing I should say about the de Buono IV I never like that when I read the Bono's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:23:57'>but because who wants to be in a hole even if it's a new one I think it's much</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:02'>better to find a hill and climb up on it you can see a lot farther in a hole all</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:08'>you see is dirt maybe you're dirt but it's still only dirt that's easy to a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:16'>good quote by Heinlein which says the strongest weapon you have is the one</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:21'>between your ears providing that's loaded</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:27'>I'm very close to being a Luddite and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:31'>reason I am is because the this is a technique crazy century we've finally</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:39'>found out how to make technique work for us and there's led to enormous</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:43'>technologies we've been talking about over the next days that has led in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:47'>musical conservatories to the faster</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:51'>Chopin major third F has s leads been Val the phenomenon of piano players and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:24:58'>stuff it is basically an age that is extremely interested in the quantitative</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:03'>and has extreme difficulties we're dealing with any value system and this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:09'>is disastrous so what I'd like to do is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:13'>just show you a couple of quick slides</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:17'>and give you an idea what a vision was like back in the early 70s and then in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:24'>the few moments remaining get you to think about along with me about what</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:29'>could this thing be so that is a place where you always start off we have to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:33'>start off with values saying what could this be don't worry about the technology</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:38'>honestly if not us than the Japanese can</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:44'>probably make a display out of this wooden floor if they wanted to it's not</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:48'>really that difficult glorifying</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:52'>technology is is is like deciding that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:25:56'>the layout of an ad is good but the message of it is bad and therefore it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:00'>stores it ads I don't think that's the way to think about it okay</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:11'>if you could focus out a little bit that'll do</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:19'>well this is just memory lane this is a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:23'>machine that I was the co.design arose in 1968 and it was not the first</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:29'>personal computer as I mention it's always a second one as you see it had</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:33'>all of the things that we have come to recognize have a high-resolution display</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:37'>stream that had windows it had a tablet</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:41'>for pointing and had a keyboard and this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:45'>machine ran a little hotter than the Macintosh it had almost 700 ICS in it so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:26:52'>you could we have a little perch on the top of it for heating our coffee pots</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:01'>but the nonetheless if it ran a higher</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:05'>level language that was almost an almost a pure object-oriented language so it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:10'>had all of the things that people are writing about now in Time magazine the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:14'>unfortunate thing about this was that it was a total disaster when we tried it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:18'>out on our users now users were people were supposed to be doctors and lawyers</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:23'>and engineers professional people who needed to wield a tool on their own</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:29'>behalf and in fact I discovered that I'd done a terrible job even with Windows</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:34'>and all of these things in doing the human factors of interaction now that's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:38'>the first time I ever thought that the human factors of interaction was really</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:42'>important now it's come sense to believe that it is the employee saying because</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:46'>it's the only thing that user ever sees no other thing in the computer is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:50'>important and it led to the idea of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:27:54'>Box not being very important to look at that system and you realize that there</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:00'>are only a few square inches not cubic inches that are important that's the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:04'>face of the display string and almost everything else is superfluous so we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:12'>turn the slides off for one second</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:38'>after working my wounds for a couple years over there cuz it's really painful</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:43'>to put blood into something over a period of some years and haven't turned out to be a disaster and so I went on to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:50'>get other things for a while but thinking about it in 1958 I had also</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:55'>seen the first flat panel display at the University of Illinois and I realized it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:28:59'>was not going to be too long before we could do away with all those cubic inches and start worrying about the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:04'>square inches account and also at Utah</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:08'>Ivan Sutherland had done his head mounted display when he played to put on</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:12'>like glasses and actually walk around in their display area so when I went to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:18'>Xerox with our lure of 10 10 year blank check funding these were the two</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:24'>physical ideas for what a machine in the 1980 to be and of course why were we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:29'>thinking the 1980s because we had 10 years and so we just exploited the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:34'>hardware out and decided yes machines like the Dynabook are definitely</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:39'>possible these are to form now I put that big green question mark here</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:44'>because I don't believe that these are the only forms in fact I believe</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:48'>something more like what niche means Oh Ponty talks about in the first lecture</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:54'>maybe even more appropriate now the glass is one I think is going to work</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:29:59'>out for a variety of reasons it is the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:03'>only thing in which you do not have to worry about how large you display is the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:08'>entire world and the glasses at Utah</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:13'>measured where your head was looking so as you looked around the display would</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:18'>change so you'd have something over here and something over here and used to walk</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:22'>through the display we even did a thing where we made the speed of light 1 foot</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:27'>per second those runs that things you were acting like a photon and the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:32'>display would collapse away from you using the relativistic transforms so you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:37'>could experience different physics specific experience what it was like to get close to a black hole without</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:42'>getting not</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:46'>now the problem was almost all displays is officially small that is where the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:30:53'>overlapping windows came in from it's not a feature it is a bug saying they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:01'>have it turned into a religion now really makes me worried a little bit because you realize about what you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:07'>really like to do is have everything spread out so you could see it the overlapping window saying was done</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:12'>because you don't have that much room you still would like to be reminded what's on the street I don't see that is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:17'>the display that is suitable for thinking about now and should not be</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:21'>doing that okay back to the slide</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:36'>citizen machine we built in the 1973 eventually build about 2,000 of these</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:42'>the pledge we took at Xerox very</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:46'>different from the way we've done things before that we've never build a system there was not engineered for 100 users</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:52'>so all of a sudden before I was totally bubblegum together and it barely works</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:31:56'>for the designer here we decided we're going to have to set up a community hook</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:01'>together with the network and work with it for several years so the screen there</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:07'>was that tape because the DynaVox was that shape the dots are on and off</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:12'>because we thought liquid crystal would be on an R now why would anybody in the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:17'>right mind use a video display that can do great GL modulation and just do on</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:23'>arras docks especially when you saw what</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:27'>mission kapaa need to do with saucepot you can get much higher subjective</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:32'>resolution by using grayscale modulation</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:36'>bitmap displays today are slavish adherence to something that was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:41'>originally done to simulate a liquid crystal display in fact I still have a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:45'>bleep marks on my back from Xerox management when they were doing the star</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:49'>and I tried to talk him out of going with a bitmap but it was too late what</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:54'>they understood was that bitmaps were good that was their their take on it and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:32:59'>he didn't want to think about what it meant for human being to sit in front of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:03'>a display the infamous now well we</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:08'>didn't invent it Mouse was actually invented in 1965 at Fri why did we use</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:16'>it well because we didn't have a good touch sensitive display</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:20'>why are people using it now I don't know</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:26'>there must be a reason but in fact for</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:30'>immediacy and contact he is possible to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:36'>use it a touch-sensitive display much better in fact the Dynabook was designed so that you only displayed the keyboard</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:42'>when you need it don't really want a keyboard for hardly anything except</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:47'>certain times of Tyson and the rest of the stuff you want to be as close and immediate as possible original jiying</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:52'>the books did have a stylus in it for doing high-resolution kinds of things so</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:33:58'>what we have what we have here today are several technology that was therefore</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:03'>expedient reasons back in 1972 when hardware is very expensive and for</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:09'>purposes of simulating a flat screen display that have no relevance today and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:15'>it is no good saying that this is better than the IBM PC because those are</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:20'>judgments have no place in art we don't care whether a Beethoven symphony is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:26'>better than a bronze seems to me what we care is is it good users or not and I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:30'>think that is the design ideal that we should need to grow it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:37'>so here's the first KT system this is John in 1972 this is the pictures of men</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:42'>and this is a system that Stuart brand used that year I might mention here that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:48'>the Whole Earth Catalog was a tremendous influence on the Dynabook design because</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:55'>the Dynabook was always thought to be a network system not a standalone system</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:34:59'>that's another bug in the personal computer market a computer computer is a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:04'>communications device first second and third that is what it is for because you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:11'>communicate with yourself through it like he do his paper and you should be</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:15'>able to communicate with other people and other resources critically important</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:23'>so here's I thought you'd be interested in a pictures from 1972 the LTL had</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:31'>about 30 or 40% more dots than the Apple Lisa and those dots were half the number</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:38'>of dots we thought when necessary had 500,000 dots to camp we had thought to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:43'>the million necessary again the ability to do things that the human eye can read</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:49'>and appreciate are incredibly important</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:53'>in old pictures in the dating text and drive the pencil was one of our favorite</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:35:59'>metaphors remember portability is not point-five herniation per block really</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:09'>isn't the phrase I made up back then was something so portable you can carry</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:14'>other things too</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:19'>like two sacks of groceries the idea on a personal communications medium is you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:26'>don't want to ever give the person the opportunity for deciding to leave it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:30'>behind or you missed it you've missed</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:34'>the service aspects of it and you've totally missed its possibilities for</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:38'>becoming a way of life absolutely critical is one of the earliest window</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:47'>things Windows as I think everybody knows that actually the back end of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:52'>telescopes that look into different information systems the ones with the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:36:58'>multiple panes they were designed by Larry Tesler who is now at at Apple and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:03'>they're used for browsing one of the earliest of the innovative text and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:09'>graphics editors where the token</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:14'>astrak-- is being created they're just</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:18'>going blurry more and more blurry and you can see that the painting system in this on the alto is integrated into the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:23'>document so that you didn't go out to some separate system but it was just one</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:28'>of the many times of Paris so you can think of a paragraph as a window can't</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:32'>you sort of a rectangular saying and some paragraphs can have pictures in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:36'>them some might want to have draft and then some might want to have animations in them some might want to have text in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:41'>them and the document is really the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:45'>system concept that unifies these this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:49'>is an interesting program so that was the first time that real time note</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:37:54'>capture was done was done by a 15 year old child not I usually travel I didn't</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:00'>wasn't planning on talking here I had the slides long because I'm working on a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:04'>a talk in a couple of months from now I usually travel with movies and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:08'>videotapes reason is is that as we Harrison said long ago he says the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:14'>picture may be worth a thousand words but if it moves</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:21'>and it's no good talking about a kinetic art like I am and show you static</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:25'>pictures but that's the best we can do today so this you could just play in and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:29'>it would capture the notes and one of the earliest programs is this is a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:34'>musical notation that we use for teaching children there is much easier</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:38'>for them to use than the standard one and this system was its own synthesized</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:45'>he didn't have to hook one on to it the system was simply fast enough to do</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:50'>essentially what the synclavier does were 12 real-time parallel voices and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:55'>you could just walk and you could be define all of the time which by simply</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:38:59'>drawing in on the screen this is a an</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:04'>animation system that was originally designed by Eric Martin who is here has</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:10'>done in 1974 and this is as modified by</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:14'>a child to add feature to and this to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:18'>deal with about any objects that large in multiple claims in real time early</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:26'>planning system showing a resource</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:31'>allocation this is a non procedural</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:36'>advantage system particularly like visicalc except we construct diagrams which automatic ones so the system for</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:42'>instance does not know anything that electrical circuits as we visit cows you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:46'>may bind hearing drawings and tell one what they need so if you're used as a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:52'>calcio tell the resistors your your rulers on law but mother complications</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:39:57'>visicalc if they have a deal with very complex apologies and so just the edge cooking a circuit gather will make run</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:03'>and build a variety of simulates that way we worked without six or seven</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:09'>hundred children done before 1976 by the way here's a set up in a classroom in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:17'>one of the terrazzo school worked with several hundred adults which is good you see the adults to a lot</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:23'>denser than the and the kids I this is the tea scientist of Xerox Jack Goldman</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:31'>now what do you say thank you talking of the technology doesn't help</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:36'>you so much in fact he's out in a managed I'm is not as cool as last night</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:42'>we're talking about EEG and I see the letters CPR test and coming to my little</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:48'>she'll be doing something I'd rather have you all on exercycle Tom Lehrer</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:53'>said that Brinkley and humbly discussing contrapuntal II okay that's enough</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:40:59'>housewife that's great the kind of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:03'>questions that would be interesting for you as well as us I think would be he's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:09'>been getting reflective hips for three</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:13'>four days and some of them presumably are still festering if the good ones are</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:19'>and maybe raise questions that come out</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:25'>of that process the things that you're puzzling about that you would like to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:30'>keep puzzling about and you wouldn't mind either both of us puzzling at with</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:35'>you question right here</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:41:55'>[Music] you don't like the expanded challenge</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:00'>the reinforcement procedure bloody life</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:10'>a problem that you solved and here's the solution congratulations and the screen</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:14'>flashes on an off little music plays and then what</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:40'>well I think the the question is does it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:44'>get you close to the Mississippi to remember that poor person that was to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:51'>move the big ball up the hill and then down again every day I think that is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:42:56'>that is a metaphor that's been used for a to title loop in the challenge but if</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:02'>you think of the rewards for learning how to drive a car is not just the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:06'>gratification of getting to where you want to go but the challenge of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:10'>exploring I think it's a very dull person indeed that just uses their car</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:15'>to go down to the grocery store they eventually get the idea that they can go</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:19'>to places that they haven't thought of before and do it and I think that what</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:24'>Stewart was referring to is something more like what I was saying in the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:29'>secondary the effective hit is this reward thing and the reflective thing is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:33'>the thing that may not happen in the first few seconds but that as the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:40'>emotions start to drain away they'll go very quickly if there isn't something to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:45'>hang on they're not hanging on is usually thinking more about it which is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:50'>illuminating the challenge a little bit further sure I think it's you can</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:43:54'>imagine you know taking Stuart Sasson analogies and imagine me the horrors of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:00'>a video game designed to challenge you but you know they they say the Highland</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:06'>Fling was invented by putting a Scotsman in front of a pay toilet</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:11'>the typical conflict of interest there I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:16'>think that kind of a challenge is not a it's not a good idea how many people</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:24'>have tried taking shooters one two or three if you're messing with keyboards</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:30'>at all it's one of the quickest change</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:35'>your life programs you can hang out with because they have some interesting</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:39'>elements if not only knows immediately</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:44'>if you're hitting the right key very</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:49'>easily you begin and we easy to get into exercises but and notices how quickly</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:53'>you hit feet and gives you a little chart that your left little finger is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:44:59'>still lagging behind the rest doesn't punish you for that in just indication</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:04'>you know the charge they just call my fingers and it gives you more of the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:10'>keys for that finger it knows where</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:14'>you're slow and in pick you up and my</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:18'>job you can become a quick typist quick with these programs or circles and I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:23'>think so far taking shooters today let's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:27'>attack you on the butt no but as soon as</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:33'>you turn off that program and put in anything else you're typing like a bastard and back patting you on the butt</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:40'>maybe the question is whether you're the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:44'>successful program is challenging you without realizing it the experience of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:50'>learning to play tennis can be extremely painful or fairly rewarding and it often</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:45:57'>has to do with how judgmental you are as you're going through the thing so the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:02'>talents may be something that you're simply looking forward to I thinking and I sort of run music into two classes</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:09'>there's music that the more you understand about it the more mundane</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:14'>and there's other musics that the more you understand about it the better</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:19'>things that opens up it's like learning about the molecular biology of the cell</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:23'>which is one of the most beautiful stories of all time the more people find</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:27'>out about the more wonderful it is to experience this and it's that opening up</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:32'>thing so I think that the media shouldn't be that we shouldn't be</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:36'>sending the message that this or that is good but the message system that the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:42'>media could present is that there's more than one way and it gets better and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:47'>those these little ramp functions so I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:51'>think let people choose their own tabs and I think it's those little ramp functions that we as designers should be</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:46:57'>trying to understand what they are we shouldn't be packaging religions so I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:03'>don't think a ramp function is religion it's excitement</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:12'>[Music]</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:20'>Marvin denna coxswain said you can get through your 40s without a plan but you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:24'>have to have a plan for 50 and I will be</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:28'>53 in 10 years so I guess I should start</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:32'>making a plan so I think the I see the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:38'>trick on all of this for I think design</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:42'>is simply finding a way of reentering</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:46'>yourself as though you hadn't done</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:50'>anything before but all that stuff that you've learned is an arsenal that you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:47:55'>can bring to bear after you've gotten the next idea and going out the other</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:00'>way it's really difficult because the tendency is to use those old ideas as</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:04'>the form of the new design that's disaster you get trapped into a very</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:08'>narrow genre so I think that's something that everybody who works creatively and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:15'>I think that's most people have to say is how to find those vintage music is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:22'>wonderful because you can't run out of it Truman said about Bach's music system or</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:26'>you understand that the better it is you cannot you cannot die unhappy having</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:32'>experienced by and that's surely one of the great experiences of the universe</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:37'>that we live in one that has that kind of richness in it and I think everybody</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:42'>has a love like that knows what I mean their personal laws that are the most</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:47'>important things about humanity I think</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:52'>and yes the hackers made space for</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:48:56'>enough for planners [Music]</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:02'>I'll be 55 and not the snail was getting</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:21'>larger and larger with a burden of one's own tasks riding around a certain extent</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:26'>success and this is this either success</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:30'>or soon to be successful bunch it's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:36'>mostly all reward that and I think it's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:42'>one of the one of the peculiarities that we see with the personal computer realm</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:47'>right now and maybe this is true of other aspects of Technology and entertainment is that people like us are</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:54'>so enormous ly rewarded for being about a half inch in front of what everybody</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:49:58'>else is doing that why ever would we be</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:50:02'>interested in what's two or three feet in front of what everybody else is doing and so this successful bunch of people</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:50:09'>may be more inclined to meteorite and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:50:15'>others who have more commentary or that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:50:19'>we're way out there out of sight not able to know about or come to gatherings</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:50:26'>like this and will come through and make a hell of a tale and then you know do it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:50:35'>again I don't know the metaphor may break down but I am aware very much it's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:50:42'>only saying of how much what I have done gets in the way of what I want to do I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:50:47'>had a wonderful afternoon once was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:50:51'>Milton Friedman who I didn't expect to like as much as I did completely coming</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:50:59'>in and I asked what was the effect of Nobel prizes not a very original</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:03'>question on the Nobel Prize winners and he said well you know I wasn't going to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:07'>take it but they just given it what's his name the year before who was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:11'>a conservative economist and if I hadn't taken it it would have been in the same</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:16'>salt to him and I didn't want to do that so I took the Nobel Prize and I said</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:24'>well to get in your way he says I don't know yet but I can tell you generally</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:28'>that people should change their professions a couple of times and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:33'>there's a couple of break points and they said the yours is probably coming</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:37'>up question</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:51:50'>[Music]</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:52:09'>[Music]</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:52:17'>[Music]</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:04'>well one of the things I was gonna say</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:08'>this morning I left it out for time purposes is that there's an interesting progression drawn from source three or</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:15'>four different sources one one is Piaget who points out that the three major</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:20'>stages in his development for children</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:25'>are a bodily conscious phase the hole is too big a visual phase and a symbolic</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:32'>phase has finally gotten into around 12 each one of them has its own rules of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:37'>logic Bruner the psychologist at Harvard showed that those phases are not</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:42'>sequential but are all going on at the same time and there's a dominant change</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:47'>because you can switch people who are on the boundary from one to the other and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:51'>back again very easily had a large there was a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:53:55'>great mathematician french mathematician that ramp right after World War two did</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:00'>a famous study called psychologic psychology of invention in the mathematical fields we took the hundred</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:06'>people he thought were the greatest mathematicians on earth and interviewed</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:10'>all of them this is when he was about 85 when he did this and of those 100 only</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:16'>to claim to use mathematical symbology for doing this thing all of them used</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:21'>visual and about 30 percent of them used muscular sensations Einstein particular</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:27'>had kinesthetic sensations as he said of the muscular type and so one hand ways</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:34'>of thinking about that is that creativity is a way of reaching back</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:39'>maybe back to other evolutionary brains if you believe the three vain idea that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:45'>going back through the visual certainly through a loosened set of rules and back</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:50'>all the way to body knowledge when we teach children how to program and logo</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:55'>we can get them to draw new things like drawing circles which high schoolers</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:54:59'>can't do in basic because their body knows how to draw a circle providing you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:03'>in the right coordinate system circles x squared plus y squared equals</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:08'>R squared which is a bitch for anybody nobody remembers it and it's hard to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:12'>write the program but in logo which uses child centered coordinates you close</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:17'>your eyes inertial coordinate that is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:36'>exactly what a circle is the differential equation of the circle is constant curvature just going a little</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:41'>and turning a little the same than that and so kids body</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:45'>you can teach five-year-olds a lot of mathematics ask that level you're not</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:51'>teaching them differential calculus ask the level of mathematical symbols but</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:55:56'>you can teach them calculus at the level of their body knowledge if you have a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:00'>language that can deal with that and that's why that's in logo it was put in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:04'>there specifically for that purpose and again you have these three ways you can</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:09'>tell somebody you can show them and you can get them to do it I think we all</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:14'>agree that getting them getting to do it involves you in a much more visceral</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:18'>fashions like Stewart is saying was a big guy with the pulling the paper out</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:24'>of the slot there that the I think that the way of approaching this is to try</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:30'>and teach all three of these cognitive systems and to realize that the oldest</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:36'>one is the is the one that at least understood and has the most varied</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:40'>knowledge which is the muscular one it is the one that really deals with navigating around the world we can be</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:47'>blind and we can still find their way around there's a whole set of body</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:51'>knowledge and this is really where as benoit mandelbrot said yesterday one of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:56:56'>the one of the things that he did was with there was most critical is to bring</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:00'>back the visual and I would say even bring back the body in mathematics that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:06'>is where all as euler was one of the greatest mathematicians who ever lived</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:12'>said science is what you use after you guess well and in fact he was a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:18'>notorious guesser because almost none of his spirit the proof that he supplied</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:22'>for his feelings were valid but almost all of the theorems were true his PhD</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:27'>theses for generations exaggerate students of finding the real proofs were</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:32'>one of Euler's feeling when I don't know</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:37'>how to answer a question which they don't know how to answer you I generally pointed something I just now pointed at</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:43'>Alan but something else I would point out is the video disc Emin stration</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:47'>that's a group on ahead of the talking he has the four faces that were maybe</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:54'>not all of you heard the discussion after that where someone asked what was</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:57:58'>that work done for and he said I thought everybody knew it was done for the top</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:58:05'>of the American chain of command cabinet officers who would succeed each other in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:58:10'>the event of nuclear war and all this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:58:14'>because you can't have all the most people in one place it was him all at once the speaker the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:58:18'>house is somebody will be in charge and they don't want that so you know the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:58:23'>secretary of this match those two different locations underground but they</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:58:27'>wanted to be able to communicate each other with each other in a way to preserve that nuance assuming that</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:58:33'>nuance might be of the essence if somebody was saying mr. president I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:58:38'>don't think we should bomb them just yet you know not not not really want to sort</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:58:42'>of get across as informations you can</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:58:48'>indeed be though that then the president</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:58:52'>turns is interrupted and looks that the person who's interrupting the acknowledges the interruption and here's</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:58:57'>a mouth that's visual it's kinesthetic</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:02'>it's a lot of things it's pretty important to communication that's been</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:06'>important question</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:11'>[Music]</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:20'>[Music]</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:28'>the secret to whatever success I've had is that by circumstance I've always</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:34'>treated computer science as a hobby and so I've never you should see me when I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:40'>get at the console of an organ I go absolutely rigid was right and yeah I</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:46'>don't want to fail at that and I've never cared about the computer science</subtitle>
<subtitle id='00:59:53'>stuff it's always been great fun it's the ideal unification of all the things</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:00:00'>I've been interested in all my life and I think that the the question of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:00:06'>intuition is largely two things one it's just less letting them happen because</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:00:10'>everybody has them the other one is throwing away almost all of them because</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:00:15'>the a good project takes as long as a great wonder and after the I think the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:00:21'>trick is to pick pick and choose ones where the ideas will still be</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:00:26'>interesting after you've done those horrible implementations to try them out</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:00:31'>and no I don't I think that the I think</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:00:36'>everybody a lot when when I was at Parc we had lots of heavy-duty thinkers there</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:00:43'>and they really fell into four or five different classes there completely</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:00:47'>different ways of looking at there are people there who were unbelievably brilliant so we just deal with</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:00:52'>complexity directly Butler Lampson is</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:00:56'>certainly one of the smartest people I've ever met in my entire life he talked twice as fast as mine works twice</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:01:01'>as fast he remembers twice as much in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:01:05'>just a remarkable remarkable person I'm exact almost exactly the opposite from</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:01:11'>from that I like metaphor I like longer</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:01:15'>problems like shorter ones so I I think</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:01:19'>that I've always thought of our profession as being more like a theatrical repertory company where you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:01:24'>have 20 or 30 people who ultimately get together and do all of the things</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:01:29'>there's some people behind the scenes you know obviously the small talk stuff</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:01:33'>was not done by find the I thought of the original ideas but I'm</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:01:38'>a starter not a finisher I had some fabulous finishers and a lot of the stuff that was done were were original</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:01:44'>contribution Larry Tesler for instance who was one of the injectors of the park</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:01:49'>culture at Apple is one of the best software designers I know and you could</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:01:55'>not in a few words acknowledge his contribution to that or any other five</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:01:59'>people so I think of these I don't think of these things there's so much a group</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:03'>I don't think this is democracy there is no such thing as democracy when you're</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:07'>doing design don't sit around and take a vote anymore than you do in the theater</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:12'>but what you have is different contributions that eventually come down</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:17'>to some kind of image I made the original Dynabook model solely to avoid</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:21'>having meetings and what it was that we're trying to do and went out and got</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:25'>a picture frame it was about the right size and I faked what the display would</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:29'>look like and I just put it up on the wall and whenever anybody wanted to know</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:33'>what we're doing I just pointed at it that whatever no just go for it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:39'>and I only hired people that absolutely went nuts when I would wave this thing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:44'>in front of a meeting they come up with stars in their eyes and we've invited him for the summer and because we didn't</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:51'>have a strong definition of it except that this wasn't a computer this was a</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:02:55'>channel an amplifier there's all these things and we knew how we were going to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:01'>preliminary deal with it but not ultimately see one of the thing about</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:06'>paper fact we even tested out the dining bus to see you could hit a ball with it</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:11'>one of the things about pay for all these wonderful things like paper airplanes you could do and we even</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:18'>thought of an edible Dynabook there's one of the great ways of getting rid of</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:22'>this technology if they just make it edible you could eat your IBM PC before</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:28'>it got stale [Music]</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:32'>yeah the that question I'll attempt up how do</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:37'>you inspire instruct improve intuition if it's at all possible one way if you</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:43'>don't have it is to hire it if you know doing something the person I use most in</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:49'>this regard is character named Gregory Bateson who was a scientist sort of but</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:03:57'>he had a intuition of an elephant I just</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:01'>completely larger than the man and wrote largely from that intuition in the</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:05'>interview I did with him once I asked how he did a paper this again comes to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:14'>the planning question he said I take a subject that I don't understand and why</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:21'>it is that way and I wrestle with it and that wrestling is the paper</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:25'>he always had a enormous respect</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:49'>you know it comes up how do you inspire and struck improve intuition at all cost</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:53'>but one way if you don't have it as a higher risk if you're you know doing</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:04:57'>something the person I use most in this</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:02'>regard is a character named Gregory Bateson who was a scientist sort of but</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:10'>he had a the intuition of an elephant I just completely larger than the man and</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:16'>wrote largely from that intuition and interview I did with him once I asked</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:20'>how he did a paper this again comes to</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:26'>the planning question he said I take a subject that I don't understand and why</subtitle>
<subtitle id='01:05:33'>it is that way and I wrestle with it and that wrestling is the paper</subtitle>
<subtitle id='3938'>yaagh had a enormous respect </subtitle>

Talks by Alan Kay

2025-01-17T01:51:33Z

Lucas: fix curly brace, add WIP

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Title||Date||Venue||Type||VPRI Record||Status
|-
|[[Computer Applications: A Dynamic Medium for Creative Thought by Alan Kay (1972)|Computer Applications: A Dynamic Medium for Creative Thought by Alan Kay]]||{{dts|1972}}||||Talk||VPRI-0893||
|-
|[[Joint House Congressional Committee Hearing (1982)|Joint House Congressional Committee Hearing]]||{{dts|1982-07-15}}||Washington DC||Hearing||VPRI-0530||
|-
|[[Alan Kay Interview (1982)|Alan Kay Interview]]||{{dts|1982-11}}||||Interview||VPRI-0164||
|-
|[[LINC Twentieth Anniversary Symposium (1983)|LINC Twentieth Anniversary Symposium]]||{{dts|1983-11-30}}||||Talk||VPRI-0227||
|-
|[[Processors in Programming Languages|Processors in Programming Languages]]||{{dts|1983}} (approx.)||||Talk||VPRI-0234||
|-
|[[Alan Kay at TED (1984)|Alan Kay at TED 1984]]||{{dts|1984-2}}||||Talk||VPRI-0009||WIP: Lucas
|-
|[[Alan Kay at MacFest (1985)|Alan Kay at MacFest]]||{{dts|1985-05-20}}||||Talk||VPRI-0012||
|-
|[[The Dynabook -- Past, Present and Future (1986)|The Dynabook -- Past, Present and Future]]||{{dts|1986-01-09}}||Palo Alto, CA||Talk||VPRI-0671||
|-
|[[The Apocrypha of the History of the Personal Workstation]]||{{dts|1986-01-09}}||Palo Alto, CA||Talk||VPRI-0653 ||
|-
|[[Alan Kay talk at Coors Television (late 1986 or early 1987)|A talk at Coors Television by Alan Kay]]||{{dts|1986-12}} (late 1986 or early 1987)||||Talk||VPRI-0035||
|-
|[[A talk at User Group University (1987)|User Group University talk]]||{{dts|1987}}||||Talk||VPRI-0102||
|-
|[[Alan Kay at Pacific Northwest Bell Technology Forum|Alan Kay at Pacific Northwest Bell Technology Forum]]||{{dts|1987-10-03}}||||Talk||VPRI-0141||
|-
|[[Doing with Images Makes Symbols (1987)|Doing with Images Makes Symbols]]||{{dts|1987-10-27}}||||Talk||VPRI-0394||
|-
|[[A Vision of New Age with Alan Kay (1988)|A Vision of New Age with Alan Kay]]||{{dts|1988}}||California, USA||Talk||VPRI-0224||
|-
|[[Future School Now (1988)]]||{{dts|1988-05-05}}||||Interview||VPRI-0895||
|-
|[[A Conversation with Alan Kay (1989)|A Conversation with Alan Kay]]||{{dts|1989-06-28}}|| ||Interview||VPRI-0470||
|-
|[[BCS Mac Awards Banquet and MacTech Wizards Meeting (1989)|BCS Mac Awards Banquet and MacTech Wizards Meeting]]||{{dts|1989-08-10}}||||Talk||VPRI-0357||
|-
|[[Seminar with Alan Kay on Object Oriented Programming|Seminar with Alan Kay on Object Oriented Programming]]||{{dts|1989}} (late 80's)|| ||Talk||VPRI-0246||
|-
|[[Alan Kay talk at BSO MultiMedia Group|Alan Kay talk at BSO MultiMedia Group]]||{{dts|1989}}||Holland||Talk||VPRI-0351||
|-
|[[Directions in Object-Oriented Programming From Actions to Agents]]||{{dts|1989} (approx. maybe 1988)||||Talk||VPRI-0219||
|-
|[[TED2 Alan Kay(Project Vivarium)]]||{{dts|1990-2}}||||Talk||||
|-
|[[Alan Kay at MIT Media Lab 5th Anniversary Event (1990)|Alan Kay at MIT Media Lab 5th Anniversary Event]]||{{dts|1990-10-01}}||Cambridge, MA USA||Talk||VPRI-0316||
|-
|[[Portable Portrait: ALAN KAY (1990)]]||{{dts|1990}}||Los Angeles, CA USA||Interview||||
|-
|[[Machine That Changed The World, The; Interview with Alan Kay, (1990)]]||{{dts|1990}}||Los Angeles, CA USA||Interview||||
|-
|[[A concept video and Alan Kay talk at WWDC '90 (VPRI 358)]]||{{dts|1990}}||San Jose, CA USA||Talk||VPRI-0358||Annotated
|-
|[[Alan Kay Interview (1990)]]||{{dts|1990}}||Boston, MA USA||Interview||||
|-
|[[An Interview with Dr. Alan Kay (1991)|An Interview with Dr. Alan Kay]]||{{dts|1991}}||||Interview||VPRI-0146||
|-
|[[Alan Kay at IRC Conference (1991)|Alan Kay at IRC Conference]]||{{dts|1991-02-04}}||||Talk||VPRI-0320||
|-
|[[End-User Programming by Alan Kay (1991)|End-User Programming]]||{{dts|1991-03-21}}||||Talk||VPRI-0147||
|-
|[[Alan Kay at the Getty Conference (1991)|Alan Kay at the Getty Conference]]||{{dts|1991-04-26}}||||Talk||VPRI-0142, 0205, 0283||
|-
|[[Defining Perspective, INEL Computing Symposium (1991)|Defining Perspective, INEL Computing Symposium]]||{{dts|1991-09-10}}||Idaho||Talk||VPRI-0189||
|-
|[[Kids & COMPUTERS: What's a parent to do? Panel Session (1991)|Kids & COMPUTERS: What's a parent to do? Panel Session]]||{{dts|1991-09-21}}||Cambridge, MA USA||Panel||VPRI-0443||
|-
|[[Kids & COMPUTERS: What's a parent to do? (1991)|Kids & COMPUTERS: What's a parent to do?]]||{{dts|1991-09-21}}||Cambridge, MA USA||Talk||VPRI-0441||
|-
|[[Alan Kay at Computerland (1991)|Alan Kay at Computerland]]||{{dts|1991-10}}||||Talk||VPRI-0629||
|-
|[[Alan Kay at National School Board Association Meeting (1992)|Alan Kay at National School Board Association Meeting]]||{{dts|1992}}||||Talk||VPRI-0628||
|-
|[[Alan Kay at UCLA CS Department - Distinguished Lecturer Series (1993)]]||{{dts|1993-04-13}}||Los Angeles, CA USA||Talk||VPRI 0630||
|-
|[[Alan Kay at Xerox PARC (1993)]]||{{dts|1993-09-23}}||Palo Alto, CA USA||Talk||VPRI-0437||
|-
|[[Alan Kay at Art Institute of Chicago|Alan Kay at Art Institute of Chicago]]||{{dts|1993}} (approx.)||Chicago, IL USA||Talk||VPRI-0624||
|-
|[[Alan Kay at World Economic Forum, Davos, Switzerland (1994)|Alan Kay at 1994 World Economic Forum, Davos, Switzerland]]||{{dts|1994}}||Davos, Switzerland||Panel||VPRI-0631||
|-
|[[Delivering the Future (1994)|Delivering the Future]]||{{dts|1994-03-02}}||||Talk||VPRI-0622||
|-
|[[Super Highway Summit at UCLA]]||{{dts|1994}} (approx.)||Los Angeles, CA USA||Panel||VPRI-0625||
|-
|[[Alan Kay at ParcPlace]]||{{dts|1994-8-2}}||Palo Alto USA||Panel||VPRI-0563||
|-
|[[Alan Kay at Vannevar Bush Symposium (1995)]]||{{dts|1995}}||||Talk||||
|-
|[[Technology for Learning (1995)]]||{{dts|1995-06-27}}||||Talk||VPRI-0820||
|-
|[[Technology in Education House Committee Part 1 (1995)|Technology in Education House Committee]]||{{dts|1995-10-12}}||Washington DC||Hearing||VPRI-0614-1||
|-
|[[Dynabook - The Complete Story]]||{{dts|1996}}||Mountain View, CA||Talk||||
|-
|[[Alan Kay at The Association of American Medical Colleges (1996)|Alan Kay at The Association of American Medical Colleges]]||{{dts|1996-11-10}}||||Talk||VPRI-0697||
|-
|[[International Forum on Multimedia]]||{{dts|1997}}||||Talk||VPRI-0742||
|-
|[[Alan Kay at Stanford EE 380 class (1997)|Alan Kay at Stanford EE 380 class]]||{{dts|1997-06-04}}||Palo Alto, CA USA||Talk||VPRI-0796||
|-
|[[Alan Kay at OOPSLA 1997: The Computer Revolution has not Happened Yet]]||{{dts|1997-10}}||Atlanta, GA USA||Talk||VPRI-0719||Transcript
|-
|[[Education in the Digital Age (1998)|Education in the Digital Age]]||{{dts|1998}}||||Interview||VPRI-0673||
|-
|[[Alan Kay at MIT-EECS 1998 Fall Semester Colloquium|Alan Kay at MIT-EECS 1998 Fall Semester Colloquium Series]]||{{dts|1998}}||Cambridge, MA USA||Talk||VPRI-0834||
|-
|[[Alan Kay Interview on toys for education (1999)]]||{{dts|1999-03-05}}||||Interview||VPRI-0913||
|-
|[[Tale of Two Schools: Technology in the Classroom (1999)]]||{{dts|1999-06-04}}||||TV||VPRI-0747||
|-
|[[Vantive World (1999)]]||{{dts|1999}}||||Talk||VPRI-0827||
|-
|[[Camden Technology Conference (2000)|Alan Kay and Don Lewis at Camden Technology Conference]]||{{dts|2000-01-04}}||||Talk||VPRI-0714-1||
|-
|[[Alan Kay Squeak Presentation (2000)]]||{{dts|2000-06-09}}||Glendale CA||Talk||VPRI-0872||
|-
|[[Alan Kay Talk at Open School (2001)|Alan Kay Talk at Open Schoo]]l||{{dts|2001}}||Los Angeles, CA USA||Talk||VPRI-0989||
|-
|[[Alan Kay Squeak Demo at ACM1 (2001)|Alan Kay at ACM1]]||{{dts|2001}}||San Jose, CA USA||Talk||VPRI-0654||
|-
|[[Alan Kay at SD&M conference on Graphical User Interface (2001)|Alan Kay at SD&M conference on Graphical User Interface]]||{{dts|2001}}||Germany||Talk||VPRI-0713||
|-
|[[Alan Kay at 4th Annual Lynford Lecture (2001)]]||{{dts|2001-10}}||New York, NY USA||Talk||||
|-
|[[真の数学、真の科学、真の子供、真のコンピューティング ALAN-K プロジェクト発足記念講演会]]||{{dts|2002-09-29}}||Kyoto, Japan||Talk||||
|-
|[[Alan Kay Presentation at HP Tech Con (2003)]]||{{dts|2003}}||||Talk||VPRI-0726||
|-
|[[Alan Kay at Etech 2003]]||{{dts|2003}}||||Talk||||
|-
|[[Alan Kay at Marshall McLuhan Lecture (2003)]]||{{dts|2003-03-14}}||||Talk||VPRI-0688||
|-
|[[Back to the Future of Software Development (2003) |Back to the Future of Software Development by Alan Kay and David Smith]]||{{dts|2003-04-23}}||Mountain View, CA USA||Talk|| VPRI-0785||
|-
|[[Alan Kay Turing Award Lecture (2004)]]||{{dts|2004-10-26}}||Vancouver, BC Canada||Talk||VPRI-0761||Annotated
|-
|[[The Center of "Why" (2004)]]||{{dts|2004-11-11}}||Kyoto, Japan||Talk|| ||
|-
|[[Alan Kay, '05 Columbia College Commencement]]||{{dts|2005}}||Chicago, IL USA||Talk||||
|-
|[[Kyoto Prize Morning TV Show Interview (2005)]]||{{dts|2005-02-28}}||San Diego, CA USA||TV||VPRI-0762||
|-
|[[Kyoto Prize Laureate Symposium Talk at SDSU]]||{{dts|2005-03-03}}||San Diego CA USA||Talk||VPRI-1005||
|-
|[[Alan Kay's IFERS address at the American Film Institute]]||{{dts|2006-11-04}}||||Talk||||
|-
|[[Alan Kay : July 2007 : A Conversation with CMU Faculty & Students]]||{{dts|2007}}||Pittsburg, PA USA||Interview||||
|-
|[[Alan Kay: A powerful idea about teaching ideas at TED (2007)]]||{{dts|2007-03}}||||Talk||||
|-
|[[The Computer Revolution Hasn't Happened Yet (2007)]]||{{dts|2007-06-22}}||Rome, Italy||Talk||||
|-
|[[Alan Kay Talk at MobilFest 2007]]||{{dts|2007-11-21}}||Brazil||Talk||||Transcript
|-
|[[Alan Kay: Beyond the Printing Press (2008)]]||{{dts|2008-05-20}}||Cambridge, MA USA||Talk||||
|-
|[[Alan Kay Talk at 40th Anniversary of Dynabook (2008)]]||{{dts|2008-11-26}}||Mountain View, CA||Talk||||
|-
|[[Alan Kay Talk at 40th Anniversary of Mother of All Demos (2008)]]||{{dts|2008-12-09}}||San Francisco||Talk||||
|-
|[[An Interview with Alan Kay by Martin Wasserman]]||{{dts|2008-12-09}}||||Interview||||
|-
|[[Honorary Doctorate Speech at Kyoto University]]||{{dts|2009-01-20}}|| Kyoto, Japan||Talk||||
|-
|[[Alan Kay: Normal Considered Harmful (2009)]]||{{dts|2009-10-22}}||Urbana-Champaign, IL||Talk||||
|-
|[[How Complex is "Personal Computing"? (2009)]]||{{dts|2009-10-22}}||Urbana-Champaign, IL USA||Talk||||
|-
|[[Alan Kay: Big Ideas are Sometimes Powerful Ideas]]||{{dts|2009-12-07}}||||Talk||||
|-
|[[Alan Kay at CES 2010]]||{{dts|2010-01}}||Las Vegas, NV USA||Talk||||
|-
|[[Alan Kay Interview at eLearning Symposium (2010)]]||{{dts|2010-06-02}}||Fairfax, VA USA||Interview||||
|-
|[[Alan Kay Talk at eLearning Symposium (2010)]]||{{dts|2010-06-02}}||Fairfax, VA USA||Talk||||
|-
|[[Alan Kay CS1 talk at UCLA (2010)]]||{{dts|2010-10}}||Los Angeles, CA USA||Talk||||
|-
|[[Alan Kay at scrii Global Conference (2011)]]||{{dts|2011-03-31}}||San Jose, CA USA||Talk||||
|-
|[[Alan Kay: Programming and Scaling]]||{{dts|2011-07-21}}||Potsdam, Germany||Talk||||
|-
|[[Brick Laying or Arch Inventing at ECOOP 2011]]||{{dts|2011-07-28}}||Lancaster, UK||Talk||||
|-
|[[Rethinking Design, Risk, and Software (2012)|Rethinking Design, Risk, and Software at COFES]]||{{dts|2012-04-13}}||Scottsdale, AZ, USA||Talk||||Annotated
|-
|[[Alan Kay at the NITLE Summit (2012)]]||{{dts|2012-04-15}}||Arlington, VA USA||Talk||||
|-
|[[Alan Kay talk at DePaul University (2012)]]||{{dts|2012-06-10}}||Chicago, IL USA||Talk||||
|-
|[[Extracting Energy from the Turing Tarpit (2012)]]||{{dts|2012-06-15}}||San Francisco, CA USA||Talk||||
|-
|[[An Interview with Computing Pioneer Alan Kay]]||{{dts|2012-07}}||Paderborn, Germany||Interview||||
|-
|[[Alan Kay SCIx Keynote Presentation (2012)]]||{{dts|2012-11-13}}||Salt Lake City, UT USA||Talk||||
|-
|[[Alan Kay Interview by Dave Marvit (2013)]]||{{dts|2013-01-23}}||Mountain View CA USA||Interview||||
|-
|[[Alan Kay Keynote at NATF 2013 Part 1]]||{{dts|2013-01-24}}||Mountain View, CA USA||Talk||||
|-
|[[Alan Kay Keynote at NATF 2013 Part 2]]||{{dts|2013-01-24}}||Mountain View, CA USA||Talk||||
|-
|[[Technology and Transformation: Vishal Sikka and Alan Kay in Conversation with Paul Saffo]]||{{dts|2013-03-26}}||||Panel||||
|-
|[[Alan Kay: Putting Turing to Work at Heigelberg Laureate Forum (2013)]]||{{dts|2013-09-27}}||Heidelberg, Germany||Talk||||
|-
|[[Alan Kay at Qualcomm: Is it really "Complex"? Or did we just make it "Complicated"?]]||{{dts|2013-10-30}}||San Diego, CA USA||Talk||||
|-
|[[Alan Kay - Programming Languages & Programming]]|||{{dts|2013}}||||Talk||||
|-
|[[Alan Kay's tribute to Ted Nelson at "Intertwingled" Fest (2014)]]||{{dts|2014}}||||Talk||||
|-
|[[Alan Kay at LampsonFest (2014)]]||{{dts|2014-02-21}}||||Talk||||
|-
|[[Alan Kay at Founder School Session: The Future Doesn't Have to Be Incremental (2014)]]||{{dts|2014-04-03}}||San Francisco, CA USA||Talk||||Transcript
|-
|[[Interview with Alan Kay by Gardner Campbell]]||{{dts|2014-06-20}}||||Interview||||
|-
|[[Alan Kay, 2015: Power of Simplicity]]||{{dts|2015}}||Menlo Park, CA USA||Talk||||
|-
|[[Alan Kay at SAP (2015)]]||{{dts|2015}}||Palo Alto, CA USA||Talk||||
|-
|[[Alan Kay - Inventing the Future Part 1 (2015)]]||{{dts|2015}}||||Talk||||
|-
|[[Alan Kay - Inventing the Future Part 2 (2015)]]||{{dts|2015}}||||Talk||||
|-
|[[Alan Kay at STRAP 2015 - Our Most Important Revolution part (1/2)]]||{{dts|2015-02-05}}||||Talk||||
|-
|[[Alan Kay at STRAP 2015 - Our Most Important Revolution part (2/2)]]||{{dts|2015-02-05}}||||Talk||||
|-
|[[Alan Kay at Aspen Institute/Kennedy Center Arts Summit "Science and Technology as Art" (2015)]]||{{dts|2015-05-16}}||||Talk||||
|-
|[[Rethinking CS Education | Alan Kay, CrossRoads 2015]]||{{dts|2015}}||||Talk||||
|-
|[[Alan Kay at the Media Lab 30th anniversary (2015)]]||{{dts|2015-10-30}}||Cambridge, MA USA||Talk||||
|-
|[[Joe Armstrong & Alan Kay - Joe Armstrong interviews Alan Kay]]||{{dts|2016}}||London, UK||Interview||||
|-
|[[CHI 2016 Plenary: Alan Kay in conversation with Vishal Sikka]]||{{dts|2016-03-12}}||San Jose, CA USA||Interview||||
|-
|[[Alan Kay at UCLA (2016)|Alan Kay at UCLA]]||{{dts|2016-04-07}}||Los Angeles, CA USA||Talk||||
|-
|[[Alan Kay at CresstCon (2016)]]||{{dts|2016-09-21}}||Los Angeles, CA USA||Talk||||
|-
|[[How to Invent the Future I - CS183F]]||{{dts|2017-05-09}}||Palo Alto, CA USA||Talk||||
|-
|[[How to Invent the Future II - CS183F]]||{{dts|2017-05-16}}||Palo Alto, CA USA||Talk||||
|-
|[[Alan Kay at the Thinking about Thinking about Seymour Event (2017)]]||{{dts|2017-01-27}}||Cambridge, MA USA||Talk||||
|-
|[[CrossRoads 2017 | Alan Kay keynote - Education That Takes Us To The 22nd Century]]||{{dts|2017-05-25}}||San Francisco, CA USA||Talk||||
|-
|[[Starship Congress 2017: Alan Kay, "Preparations for Communicating with Aliens" (2017)]]||{{dts|2017-08-08}}||||Talk||||
|-
|[[Alan Kay Lecture - CCSMFAIXD IxD Evolution Course]]||{{dts|2017-10-09}}||Detroit||Talk||||
|-
|[[Alan Kay 2018 Lindberg-King Lecture]]||{{dts|2018-09-23}}||Washington DC||Talk||||
|-
|[[Alan Kay IT 25 50 Symposium]]||{{dts|2018-12-9}}||Tokyo, Japan||Talk||||
|-
|[[Scaling up the circular economy]]||{{dts|2019-10-16}}||London, UK||Interview||||
|-
|[[Alan Kay at the Internet 50th event in London]]||{{dts|2019-10-30}}||London, UK||Talk||||
|-
|[[Alan Kay Speaks at ATLAS Institute]]||{{dts|2019-11-11}}||Boulder, Colorado USA||Talk||||
|-
|[[Alan Kay Speaks at BAAI Conference]]||{{dts|2020-06-24}}||Beijing, China||Talk||||
|-
|[[Alan Kay Preparation Interview for at XT 20 Conference]]||{{dts|2020-07}}||Online||Interview||||
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|[[An interview with Alan Kay for at XT 20 Conference]]||{{dts|2020-07}}||Online||Interview||||
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|[[Alan Kay Talk at Virtual Heidelberg Laureate Forum 2020]]||{{dts|2020-09-21}}||Online||Talk||||
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|[[Alan Kay Interview for nerdear.la 2020]]||{{dts|2020-10}}||Online||Interview||||
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|[[FutureLaw 2021 Opening Keynote: There Oughta be a Law]]||{{dts|2021-04}}||Online||Talk||||
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|[[Keynote: Making Progress - Alan Kay]]||{{dts|2021-08-01}}||Online||Talk||||
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|[[Is Software Engineering Still an Oxymoron? Alan Kay at GOTO 2021]]||{{dts|2021-11-09}}||Copenhagen (online)||Talk||||
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|[[Alan Kay talk at UCLA CS Connection Lab]]||{{dts|2024-02-21}}||Los Angeles, CA (online)||Talk||||
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|[[Alan Kay Panel Discussion at the Royal Society]]||{{dts|2024-07-15}}||London, UK||Panel||||
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