http://tinlizzie.org/IA/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=Ezequiel 2026-05-23T11:54:45Z User contributions MediaWiki 1.29.1 http://tinlizzie.org/IA/index.php?title=Alan_Kay_talk_at_UCLA_CS_Connection_Lab&diff=3178 2025-06-02T13:39:34Z

<p>Ezequiel: subtitles first pass up until 1:22:00</p> <hr /> <div><br /> {{#evt:<br /> service=youtubeIA<br /> |id=dZQ7x0-MZcI<br /> |alignment=left<br /> |autoresize=true<br /> }}<br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:0:7&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;I'm here today with Alan Kay. We're at the UCLA&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:0:10&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;Connection Lab with professor Kleinrock and the rest&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:0:13&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;of our students here. We are very lucky to have Alan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:0:16&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;who is presenting on a broad range of&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:0:19&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;topics ranging from technology society and future research&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:0:22&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;and I'll keep it short so&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:0:25&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;Alan needs no further introduction. I will let him begin right away&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:0:28&quot;&gt;Thank you so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:0:31&quot;&gt;much! Okay! Onward we&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:0:37&quot;&gt;go! So the way this started off is my&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:0:40&quot;&gt;long long friend&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:0:43&quot;&gt;Len Kleinrock sent me an email&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:0:46&quot;&gt;saying would I do a talk&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:0:49&quot;&gt;and…, I wasn't&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:0:52&quot;&gt;sure…&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:0:55&quot;&gt;[then it] says “about the view of the current…” yeah, basically&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:0:58&quot;&gt;about everything… “most rewarding&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:1:1&quot;&gt; work in my life”. I'm 84&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:1:4&quot;&gt; years old guys&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:1:7&quot;&gt; and “can I do it in just a few&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:1:10&quot;&gt; minutes?”, and of course I said okay&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:1:13&quot;&gt; and uh the wonderful&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:1:16&quot;&gt; Jason gathered&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:1:19&quot;&gt; up a bunch of questions and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:1:22&quot;&gt; I endeavored to look at all all of them&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:1:25&quot;&gt; and combine them in one way or another&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:1:28&quot;&gt;but&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:1:31&quot;&gt; the short an answers here&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:1:34&quot;&gt; are “is it&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:1:37&quot;&gt; still feasible today to do something like Xerox PARC?” and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:1:40&quot;&gt; the answer is yes. I don't know of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:1:43&quot;&gt; anything like Xerox PARC in the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:1:46&quot;&gt; computer realm of things.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:1:49&quot;&gt; They're all so goal&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:1:52&quot;&gt; oriented, but there's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:1:55&quot;&gt; a great Biology Institute funded by the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:1:58&quot;&gt;Hughes Foundation called Janelia Labs&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:2:1&quot;&gt; in near Washington DC, and there's the famous&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:2:4&quot;&gt; Max plank Institute, and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:2:7&quot;&gt;we'll see in a little bit why I don't&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:2:10&quot;&gt; consider there's a lot with&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:2:13&quot;&gt; the same kind of spirit as Xerox PARC.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:2:16&quot;&gt;As I'll say in a moment, it wasn't Xerox&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:2:19&quot;&gt; PARC. Xerox PARC was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:2:22&quot;&gt; part of the much larger&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:2:25&quot;&gt; ARPA research&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:2:28&quot;&gt;community; and considered, it was just funded by&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:2:31&quot;&gt; Xerox because the Department of Defense had quit&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:2:34&quot;&gt; funding ARPA the right way, and put the D on and changed&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:2:37&quot;&gt; everything. So we'll see about that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:2:40&quot;&gt; in a minute and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:2:43&quot;&gt; short answer [to]: “do I believe young people today&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:2:46&quot;&gt; have to solve a harder problem in requiring&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:2:49&quot;&gt; resources?”; and my answer is yes&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:2:52&quot;&gt; absolutely. It is much much harder&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:2:55&quot;&gt; as the businesses&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:2:58&quot;&gt; have moved in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:3:1&quot;&gt; which started really strongly in the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:3:4&quot;&gt;80s after the inventions of personal Computing&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:3:7&quot;&gt; and pervasive and local&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:3:10&quot;&gt; networking, there was something&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:3:13&quot;&gt; that could be…&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:3:16&quot;&gt; and the GUI which&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:3:19&quot;&gt; opened up the computer to the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:3:25&quot;&gt;rest…&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:3:28&quot;&gt; Sorry go ahead. I could hear people talking&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:3:31&quot;&gt; yeah um yes, so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:3:34&quot;&gt; it's much harder, much much harder&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:3:37&quot;&gt; and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:3:40&quot;&gt; there isn't time to really answer&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:3:43&quot;&gt; these completely separately,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:3:46&quot;&gt; so I sort of wove them together.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:3:49&quot;&gt; I&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:3:52&quot;&gt; like this one. This is a recent one: “What are some&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:3:55&quot;&gt; of the most tragic illusions that adults get stuck&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:4:1&quot;&gt;with?”. That is the most flattering thing I've&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:4:4&quot;&gt; heard in years because it assumes I'm not an adult,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:4:7&quot;&gt; which I'm not.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:4:10&quot;&gt; Number two was: “What did you guys being there at Xerox&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:4:13&quot;&gt; Park do for them?”&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:4:16&quot;&gt; and then there's this dot dot dot one&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:4:19&quot;&gt; which I did do a little prep on it but I&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:4:22&quot;&gt; left it to the end in case we run out of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:4:25&quot;&gt; time because in 84 years&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:4:28&quot;&gt; I've had a lot of aha moments, but&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:4:31&quot;&gt; let's start off with number&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:4:34&quot;&gt; one. This is part&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:4:37&quot;&gt; of the tragic Illusions&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:4:40&quot;&gt; what we're doing right now and what we do in most&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:4:43&quot;&gt; classrooms is to recapitulate&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:4:46&quot;&gt; something that happened 150,000 years ago&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:4:49&quot;&gt; which is a bunch of people gathering around a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:4:52&quot;&gt; campfire listening to somebody&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:4:55&quot;&gt;talk. And just&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:4:58&quot;&gt; think about it for a second how crazy&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:5:1&quot;&gt; is it for me to be doing what I'm doing now&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:5:4&quot;&gt; this is why I sent a couple of papers along to read.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:5:7&quot;&gt; It's crazy to orally discuss&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:5:10&quot;&gt; ideas and inventions that required reading and writing&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:5:13&quot;&gt;to invent and explain. The&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:5:16&quot;&gt; oral medium is not good for what&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:5:19&quot;&gt; the best of the stuff that we&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:5:22&quot;&gt;do; but&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:5:25&quot;&gt; we all have the same pink brains&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:5:28&quot;&gt; they love stories and so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:5:31&quot;&gt; what this guy wants is a story&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:5:34&quot;&gt; and what I'm trying to do is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:5:37&quot;&gt; to comply to tell stories about&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:5:40&quot;&gt; things that really aren't very good as&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:5:43&quot;&gt; stories and the problem was we're still basically&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:5:46&quot;&gt; the same species&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:5:49&quot;&gt; with the same pink brain that wants&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:5:52&quot;&gt;stories. And systems&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:5:55&quot;&gt; aren't stories. I'm basically a systems&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:5:58&quot;&gt;guy&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:6:1&quot;&gt; If we take a look at what happened going back a few&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:6:4&quot;&gt; hundred thousand years, human genetics&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:6:7&quot;&gt; yeah it has changed a little bit.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:6:10&quot;&gt; some of us got to be able to digest milk&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:6:13&quot;&gt; and so forth.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:6:16&quot;&gt; And human&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:6:19&quot;&gt; inventions gradually took&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:6:22&quot;&gt; off. And with modern&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:6:25&quot;&gt; theories about origins of languages,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:6:28&quot;&gt; a lot more of language seems to be an invention&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:6:31&quot;&gt; via culture than&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:6:34&quot;&gt; we thought in the past. And then we&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:6:37&quot;&gt; have this problem, which I hope you can see&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:6:40&quot;&gt; there because my little thing is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:6:43&quot;&gt; blocking.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:6:46&quot;&gt; Our Collective wisdom&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:6:49&quot;&gt; started being informed by our inventions&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:6:52&quot;&gt; but it grew at a much slower rate because the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:6:55&quot;&gt; inventions are various forms of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:6:58&quot;&gt; technology including symbolic technologies.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:7:4&quot;&gt;They turned out to be really easy once we got the hang of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:7:7&quot;&gt; it. And so we've got this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:7:10&quot;&gt; huge gap.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:7:13&quot;&gt; So we can turn the guy's spear into a Tomahawk&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:7:16&quot;&gt; missile. We can increase his power of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:7:19&quot;&gt; Destruction by a factor of a million.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:7:22&quot;&gt; And we could do something much much worse which is to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:7:25&quot;&gt; turn him into a bureaucrat&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:7:28&quot;&gt; and create bureaucracy.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:7:31&quot;&gt; And bureaucracy has killed millions&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:7:34&quot;&gt; and millions more people than the worst Atomic&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:7:37&quot;&gt; weapons. So&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:7:40&quot;&gt; this is a huge problem.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:7:43&quot;&gt; And education&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:7:46&quot;&gt;is supposed to do something about it. We'll talk about that a little bit&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:7:49&quot;&gt; later. But think about it, we&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:7:52&quot;&gt; just went through the inability of most&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:7:55&quot;&gt; of the population of the planet to not&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:7:58&quot;&gt; understand how viruses and diseases work&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:8:1&quot;&gt; that was botched almost&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:8:4&quot;&gt; everywhere. And for&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:8:7&quot;&gt; the last 60 plus years we've been&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:8:10&quot;&gt; ignoring something smaller than a virus, the CO₂ molecule,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:8:13&quot;&gt;which is gradually&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:8:16&quot;&gt; changing the entire planet that we live&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:8:19&quot;&gt; on. So if you're looking for&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:8:22&quot;&gt; human wisdom, it's not up to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:8:25&quot;&gt; the scaling of what we've been able to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:8:28&quot;&gt;invent.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:8:31&quot;&gt; Okay, so, Cliff Notes for Human Beings.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:8:34&quot;&gt; I'll do this quickly&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:8:37&quot;&gt;but… So, we're basically&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:8:40&quot;&gt; Hamlet.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:8:43&quot;&gt; Our minds are like theaters.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:8:46&quot;&gt; We're more theatrical than we think. We threate…,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:8:49&quot;&gt; We create…, treat our beliefs as reality.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:8:52&quot;&gt; That is the worst thing about human&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:8:58&quot;&gt;beings. And these theaters are tiny. We can&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:9:1&quot;&gt; only think of a few things that once it's hard for us&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:9:4&quot;&gt; to take in larger&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:9:7&quot;&gt; things. And if you look into biology&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:9:10&quot;&gt; we find out that most of our mind is not&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:9:13&quot;&gt; human. And we're more non-human&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:9:16&quot;&gt; than we assume. And we tend to react&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:9:19&quot;&gt; much more than actual thinking. Thinking actually had&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:9:22&quot;&gt; to be invented. We grow up in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:9:25&quot;&gt;we were born into.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:9:28&quot;&gt; and that shapes so much of who we are and also&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:9:31&quot;&gt; how we look at the world. Our conclusions&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:9:34&quot;&gt; tend to be societal. That's a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:9:37&quot;&gt; disaster. And we have&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:9:40&quot;&gt; not just one mind, and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:9:43&quot;&gt; really not just one brain. We maybe have&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:9:46&quot;&gt; about eighty&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:9:49&quot;&gt; different conglomerations of things that could be&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:9:52&quot;&gt; called brainlets.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:9:55&quot;&gt; We have a special set of ones&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:9:58&quot;&gt; shared with most animals which is learning&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:10:1&quot;&gt; by touching things. We learn&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:10:4&quot;&gt;seeing things. We have a completely different set of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:10:7&quot;&gt; knowledges from how things look.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:10:10&quot;&gt; And we have this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:10:13&quot;&gt; symbolic mechanism&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:10:16&quot;&gt; which is both our&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:10:19&quot;&gt; downfall and our&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:10:22&quot;&gt; Salvation. So we're much&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:10:25&quot;&gt; more fragmented. We only have one body&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:10:28&quot;&gt; but uh what we want&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:10:31&quot;&gt; actually conflicts&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:10:34&quot;&gt; internally. So this is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:10:37&quot;&gt; a whole area that's really&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:10:40&quot;&gt; worthwhile studying. Especially in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:10:43&quot;&gt; this age of computation and especially&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:10:46&quot;&gt; this area. I'll leave it at.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:10:49&quot;&gt; Now let's go to the the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:10:52&quot;&gt; second question is “what did we ever do&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:10:55&quot;&gt;for Xerox anyway?”&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:10:58&quot;&gt; well we'll talk a little bit later about where Xerox&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:11:1&quot;&gt; PARC came from but here are some of the things that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:11:7&quot;&gt;we did. The first&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:11:10&quot;&gt; thing like a modern personal&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:11:13&quot;&gt; computer. The&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:11:16&quot;&gt; GUI with icons and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:11:19&quot;&gt;pointing.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:11:22&quot;&gt; Basically a way of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:11:25&quot;&gt; dealing with symmetrical&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:11:28&quot;&gt; reading and writing. That was also [called] What You See&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:11:34&quot;&gt;is What You Get. What we have to call real OOP today,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:11:37&quot;&gt; that we only called OOP back then. But it was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:11:40&quot;&gt; different than what is called OOP&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:11:43&quot;&gt; today. And we did the laser&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:11:46&quot;&gt; printer which just for the engineers in the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:11:49&quot;&gt; crowd, the very first laser printer was a page&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:11:52&quot;&gt; a second, which most people have never&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:11:55&quot;&gt; experienced today, at 500 pixels&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:11:58&quot;&gt; to the inch. That is a great&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:12:1&quot;&gt; story all by itself. How Gary Starkweather&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:12:4&quot;&gt; did that.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:12:7&quot;&gt; The outline fonts and postcript, the Ethernet.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:12:10&quot;&gt; Peer [to] peer, and client/server, and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:12:13&quot;&gt; about half the internet.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:12:16&quot;&gt;PARC had its own internet which is called the PARC&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:12:19&quot;&gt; Universal packets.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:12:22&quot;&gt; It was spread all over the country and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:12:25&quot;&gt; about, I don't know,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:12:28&quot;&gt; half the general meetings&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:12:31&quot;&gt; that were held at UCLA especially,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:12:34&quot;&gt; were done by PARC people. Some of whom&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:12:37&quot;&gt;had already done some of the things [… working at…]&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:12:40&quot;&gt; The thing is that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:12:43&quot;&gt; all of these things came out of a particular&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:12:46&quot;&gt; community. So we locked the claim we&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:12:49&quot;&gt; had eight and a half visible inventions. And&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:12:52&quot;&gt; of course what's interesting about all of this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:12:55&quot;&gt; is all the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:12:58&quot;&gt;technology that had to be invented that was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:13:1&quot;&gt; invisible. And according to Butler&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:13:4&quot;&gt; Lampson, this was done&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:13:7&quot;&gt; with about 25 researchers over about five&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:13:10&quot;&gt; years. These particular ones I'm showing&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:13:13&quot;&gt; here. And PARC&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:13:16&quot;&gt; itself, existed in the form it was for&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:13:19&quot;&gt; about 10 years. So in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:13:22&quot;&gt; total today's dollars&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:13:25&quot;&gt; here is like, I don't know 15&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:13:28&quot;&gt; years ago or so, when I made the slide&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:13:31&quot;&gt; so it was in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:13:34&quot;&gt; dollars of 15 years ago, it was about 10&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:13:37&quot;&gt; million dollars a year, or about 100&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:13:40&quot;&gt; million to 120 million for the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:13:43&quot;&gt; for the 10 years. And PARC had four Labs&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:13:46&quot;&gt; so there was System Science, Computer Science,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:13:49&quot;&gt; Optical science and Physical science.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:13:52&quot;&gt; So this is the total budget of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:13:55&quot;&gt; Park. And when I&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:13:58&quot;&gt; first did this slide of, 15&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:14:1&quot;&gt; years years ago or so, the return was about $35&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:14:4&quot;&gt; trillion dollars to the world. Now&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:14:7&quot;&gt; I think it's up past 50 trillion&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:14:10&quot;&gt; or so and, to get back to the question&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:14:13&quot;&gt; is uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:14:16&quot;&gt; oh and this is an important idea, that the thing that confused&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:14:19&quot;&gt; people and Confused Xerox was, if you can&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:14:22&quot;&gt;these eight and a half inventions you see in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:14:25&quot;&gt; in Industry, it is the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:14:28&quot;&gt; basis of one of the main&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:14:31&quot;&gt; large Industries that we have&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:14:34&quot;&gt;today.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:14:37&quot;&gt; Now what about return to PARC. Well, PARC&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:14:40&quot;&gt; missed, I mean Xerox missed most of these.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:14:43&quot;&gt; But it doesn't matter because the return&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:14:46&quot;&gt; on the laser printer all by itself&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:14:49&quot;&gt; was about a factor of 200&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:14:52&quot;&gt; on the entire investment for park over the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:14:55&quot;&gt;entire 10 years. So&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:14:58&quot;&gt; Xerox made billions and billions just&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:15:1&quot;&gt; from this one thing. They missed the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:15:4&quot;&gt; trillions but&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:15:7&quot;&gt; if you look at it from a positive direction,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:15:10&quot;&gt; thank goodness they were willing to fund&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:15:13&quot;&gt; people that no business person in their right mind would&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:15:16&quot;&gt; fund. So we got what we&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:15:19&quot;&gt;got. Now,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:15:22&quot;&gt; the real story here is that back in the 40s&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:15:25&quot;&gt; the Cold War started with the Russian A&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:15:28&quot;&gt; bomb, after World War II, and that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:15:31&quot;&gt; gave rise to a bunch&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:15:34&quot;&gt; of DOD funding, which included Whirlwind&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:15:37&quot;&gt; which we'll talk about in a minute, the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:15:40&quot;&gt; SAGE air defense system.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:15:43&quot;&gt; We'll talk about in a minute, and then in 57 Sputnik&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:15:46&quot;&gt; came along and that created ARPA.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:15:49&quot;&gt; We'll talk about that in a minute. And here are some&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:15:52&quot;&gt;the things that ARPA did&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:15:55&quot;&gt; up to the time when the Vietnam War and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:15:58&quot;&gt; Congress decided to kill ARPA funding&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:16:1&quot;&gt; for public domain&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:16:4&quot;&gt; Computing. You can look at these yourself.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:16:7&quot;&gt; Things like personal Computing,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:16:10&quot;&gt; computer Graphics,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:16:13&quot;&gt; packet switching. That handsome guy in the patch packing&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:16:16&quot;&gt; switching thing on the the right is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:16:19&quot;&gt; none other than Len&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:16:22&quot;&gt;Kleinrock. Looking very confident as we all were&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:16:25&quot;&gt; back then. That led to the ARPANET,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:16:28&quot;&gt; and that led to the Internet,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:16:31&quot;&gt; and… The first tablet that was areally&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:16:34&quot;&gt; good one, that was done back in 1964, and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:16:37&quot;&gt; then there was the Engelbart system and so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:16:40&quot;&gt; forth. So PARC was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:16:43&quot;&gt; actually set up&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:16:46&quot;&gt; because one of the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:16:49&quot;&gt; Deputy directors of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:16:52&quot;&gt; ARPA&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:16:55&quot;&gt; IPTO feared that this work was not&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:16:58&quot;&gt; going to be continued to some kind of fruition.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:17:1&quot;&gt;So he started looking around and it happened that Xerox&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:17:4&quot;&gt; was looking around for a long range research&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:17:7&quot;&gt; lab, and they got together and the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:17:10&quot;&gt; the lab was put as far away from corporate&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:17:13&quot;&gt; headquarters as possible.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:17:16&quot;&gt; Next to a university so it's either going to be Berkeley&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:17:19&quot;&gt; or Stanford. They put it next to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:17:22&quot;&gt; Stanford.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:17:25&quot;&gt; Park completely thought of itself as&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:17:28&quot;&gt; being part of the ARPA Community. Almost every computer&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:17:31&quot;&gt; researcher there had been a graduate&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:17:34&quot;&gt; student at and had their degrees&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:17:37&quot;&gt; paid for by ARPA and so forth. So I never&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:17:40&quot;&gt; talk about PARC without bringing in this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:17:43&quot;&gt;larger context. And in fact&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:17:46&quot;&gt; it the larger context was the reason that PARC&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:17:49&quot;&gt; was able to do so many things&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:17:52&quot;&gt; with so few researchers. There was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:17:55&quot;&gt; all of this prior art available&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:17:58&quot;&gt; in the research community, and the research&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:18:1&quot;&gt; community also taught the grad students how to work&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:18:4&quot;&gt; together. I'll talk about that in a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:18:7&quot;&gt;minute.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:18:10&quot;&gt; Okay here's feedback from&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:18:13&quot;&gt;world pushback. Look at some&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:18:16&quot;&gt;of these numbers&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:18:19&quot;&gt; are dismally low. Like here are the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:18:22&quot;&gt;heartbreakers. On the other hand 100%&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:18:25&quot;&gt; of the internet, 100% of the Ethernet,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:18:28&quot;&gt; 100% of the laser printer, outline&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:18:31&quot;&gt; fonts. Peer-peer and all that stuff were accepted&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:18:34&quot;&gt; and this is in large part because there weren't&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:18:37&quot;&gt; good solutions already out&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:18:40&quot;&gt;there. The&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:18:43&quot;&gt; 50% on the pop modern personal computer&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:18:46&quot;&gt; is because the people who adapted&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:18:49&quot;&gt; this to the commercial World&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:18:52&quot;&gt; basically adapted it&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:18:55&quot;&gt; in its appearances. They didn't&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:18:58&quot;&gt;look any deeper.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:19:1&quot;&gt; Most of the hackers in the 80s thought they knew&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:19:4&quot;&gt; how to program so their interest in doing&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:19:7&quot;&gt; really new ways of programming was very low. So the least accepted&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:19:10&quot;&gt; thing was the way we did successful&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:19:13&quot;&gt; software at PARC.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:19:16&quot;&gt; Some of the deepest&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:19:19&quot;&gt; ideas uh that our field has ever come up with&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:19:22&quot;&gt; were done by Engelbart and his group&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:19:25&quot;&gt; and almost none of those have even&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:19:28&quot;&gt; be understood. And you know if I were there and person,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:19:31&quot;&gt; what I always do is ask students&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:19:34&quot;&gt; what Engelbart did, and they usually can't tell me.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:19:37&quot;&gt; And it's hard to find a student…&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:19:40&quot;&gt; In fact let's do it right now, just for the hell&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:19:43&quot;&gt; of it. Okay students&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:19:46&quot;&gt; can you hear me? Raise your&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:19:49&quot;&gt;hand?&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:19:52&quot;&gt;Okay. Let's see,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:19:55&quot;&gt; what do I want here?…&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:19:58&quot;&gt; Yes; so… Students&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:20:1&quot;&gt; please tell me anybody who's T&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:20:4&quot;&gt; typed “E N G E L B A&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:20:7&quot;&gt; R T” into Google.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:20:10&quot;&gt; Raise your&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:20:13&quot;&gt;hand.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:20:16&quot;&gt; [TA's answers]– I think one hand is Professor Kleinrock. [Alan Kay] Well&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:20:19&quot;&gt; of course. Okay so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:20:22&quot;&gt; this is basically being in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:20:25&quot;&gt; in physics, being&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:20:28&quot;&gt; a physics major, and not being curious about&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:20:34&quot;&gt;Newton. So this is not an&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:20:40&quot;&gt;exaggeration. Think about it.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:20:43&quot;&gt;And you know if you want some bitching from an old&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:20:46&quot;&gt; fart, a lot of us back in the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:20:49&quot;&gt; old days put out a lot of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:20:52&quot;&gt; effort, including Len in the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:20:55&quot;&gt; room, to get you guys personal&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:20:58&quot;&gt; computers, which you have with you.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:21:1&quot;&gt; And to get you guys networks that can connect&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:21:4&quot;&gt; to things, and to get you so you can be&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:21:7&quot;&gt; just a few characters and a mouse push&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:21:10&quot;&gt; away from satisfying your curiosity&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:21:13&quot;&gt; about the heroes of your own profession.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:21:16&quot;&gt; Think about that and none of you have done&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:21:19&quot;&gt; that. What do you think about&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:21:25&quot;&gt;that? Okay&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:21:28&quot;&gt; so let's now go quickly back again.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:21:31&quot;&gt; Russian A-bomb…&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:21:40&quot;&gt;Here's Whirlwind. So&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:21:43&quot;&gt; this is just a few racks of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:21:46&quot;&gt; Whirlwind. At MIT. Was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:21:49&quot;&gt; actually just a 16bit&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:21:52&quot;&gt; bit parallel real-time mini computer&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:21:55&quot;&gt; but took this amount of space. Had about 5,000 vacuum&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:21:58&quot;&gt; tubes. And the memory&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:22:1&quot;&gt; devices back around 1950&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:22:4&quot;&gt; were so bad for storage,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:22:7&quot;&gt; for RAM that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:22:10&quot;&gt; it forced uh one of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:22:13&quot;&gt; the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:22:16&quot;&gt; the guy in the middle there&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:22:19&quot;&gt; Jay Forrester to invent core memory&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:22:22&quot;&gt; which was the technology that let computers&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:22:25&quot;&gt; uh go commercial for the first&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:22:28&quot;&gt; time. And the guy to his&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:22:31&quot;&gt; uh let's see, to his left the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:22:34&quot;&gt; guy who's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:22:37&quot;&gt; standing behind them in the middle of the picture&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:22:40&quot;&gt; there Jay&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:22:43&quot;&gt; Everett&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:22:58&quot;&gt;Whoops! Oh now it's not letting me…&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:23:1&quot;&gt;I hate Zoom&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:23:7&quot;&gt;okay&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:23:10&quot;&gt; Sorry&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:23:13&quot;&gt; Also with this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:23:16&quot;&gt; was uh one of the earliest displays&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:23:19&quot;&gt; and Everett had&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:23:22&quot;&gt; had&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:23:28&quot;&gt;actually…&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:23:37&quot;&gt;sorry. Everett had&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:23:40&quot;&gt; actually invented a way to point at the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:23:43&quot;&gt; screen, and this is the as far as&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:23:46&quot;&gt;the first time there was computer&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:23:49&quot;&gt; graphics with a pointing&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:23:52&quot;&gt; device. And they did this because&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:23:55&quot;&gt; the Cold War changed their original&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:23:58&quot;&gt; theory about what they were doing which was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:24:1&quot;&gt; to make flight simulators&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:24:4&quot;&gt; and they were starting to lose their funding for&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:24:7&quot;&gt; that but the atomic bomb&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:24:10&quot;&gt; of the Russians got the military&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:24:13&quot;&gt; interested in whether you could hook a computer&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:24:16&quot;&gt; up to radar and track it. And they were&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:24:19&quot;&gt; the first to do this and that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:24:22&quot;&gt;hey built back then morphed its way into the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:24:25&quot;&gt; worldwide airplane&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:24:28&quot;&gt; tracking system that we use today.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:24:31&quot;&gt; Then the second phase of Whirlwind&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:24:34&quot;&gt; was to go&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:24:37&quot;&gt; all out and see if we could&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:24:40&quot;&gt; track Russian bombers&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:24:43&quot;&gt; before they could get to us.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:24:46&quot;&gt; And so they built these monstrous&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:24:49&quot;&gt; block houses out of concrete.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:24:52&quot;&gt; This is about the size they&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:24:55&quot;&gt; were. Bottom floor there is just the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:24:58&quot;&gt;power supply. The second second floor here&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;note for=&quot;0:25:1&quot;&gt;<br /> The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AN/FSQ-7_Combat_Direction_Central AN/FSQ-7 Combat Direction Central], referred to as the Q7 for short, was a computerized air defence command and control system.&lt;/note&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:25:1&quot;&gt; are two really big Q7&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:25:4&quot;&gt; computers with maybe 55,000&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:25:7&quot;&gt; vacuum tubes hanged&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:25:10&quot;&gt; together, uh they're really something&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:25:13&quot;&gt;to walk around in.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:25:16&quot;&gt; Here's a block house. So&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:25:19&quot;&gt; 24 of these were built in the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:25:22&quot;&gt;US. Then up on the top&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:25:25&quot;&gt; floor were 100 to about&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:25:28&quot;&gt; 150 graphic terminals&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:25:31&quot;&gt; with pointing devices for dealing with various&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:25:34&quot;&gt;of information; and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:25:37&quot;&gt; here's what one row of them look&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:25:40&quot;&gt;like. So there are zillions&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:25:43&quot;&gt; of them, and this is about maybe 1956&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:25:46&quot;&gt; 57 now.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:25:52&quot;&gt; And… they had a network! Wasn't&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:25:55&quot;&gt; a great Network. It wasn't a packet switching&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:25:58&quot;&gt; network but they' gotten used to the idea&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:26:1&quot;&gt; that if you're going to build computers and have people&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:26:4&quot;&gt;work together you better have a network and some&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:26:7&quot;&gt; way of doing that. So this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:26:10&quot;&gt; crowning glory was just coming to fruition&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:26:13&quot;&gt; when the Russians decided, oh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:26:16&quot;&gt; well let's just shoot some&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:26:19&quot;&gt;Rockets to show The Americans that we don't need to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;note for=&quot;0:26:22&quot;&gt;<br /> [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercontinental_ballistic_missile Intercontinental ballistic missile].&lt;/note&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:26:22&quot;&gt; deliver bombs by a bomber. We can&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:26:25&quot;&gt; make ICBMs.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:26:28&quot;&gt; So this shocked the nation and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:26:31&quot;&gt; Congress and they set up ARPA:&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:26:34&quot;&gt; Advanced Research Projects Agency.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:26:37&quot;&gt; The director uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:26:40&quot;&gt; in the early 60s was Jack&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:26:42&quot;&gt; Ruina, and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:26:45&quot;&gt; he decided to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:26:48&quot;&gt; uh, give this guy uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:26:51&quot;&gt; Jacob Licklider known as Lick,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:26:54&quot;&gt; some leftover money they had which&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:26:57&quot;&gt;by DoD standards wasn't a lot but by computer computer&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:27:0&quot;&gt; standards it was millions.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:27:3&quot;&gt; And they they gave it to him because they liked him, and you'll&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:27:6&quot;&gt; you'll get an idea about this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:27:9&quot;&gt; soon. So here are the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:27:12&quot;&gt; 1960s directors of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:27:15&quot;&gt; ARPA. Not a military person among them these were all&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:27:18&quot;&gt; PhD&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:27:21&quot;&gt;scientists. And the four ARPA&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:27:24&quot;&gt; computer research directors were all&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:27:27&quot;&gt; scientists. And this is because&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:27:30&quot;&gt; the powers that set this up&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:27:33&quot;&gt; realized that having something like the military&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:27:36&quot;&gt; and something like congress,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:27:39&quot;&gt; with a dire threat&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:27:42&quot;&gt;that they were trying to deal with, would just botch things up.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:27:45&quot;&gt; Still true today.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:27:48&quot;&gt; So… but&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:27:51&quot;&gt; of course Congress ultimately control&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:27:54&quot;&gt; the budget, but they didn't have&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:27:57&quot;&gt; much power because the Americans were&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:28:0&quot;&gt; frightened of the Russians&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:28:3&quot;&gt; and, so they weren't&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:28:6&quot;&gt; going to curtail military spending.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:28:9&quot;&gt; But people in Congress would say&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:28:12&quot;&gt; these words that everybody has heard still today:&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:28:15&quot;&gt; “How is this relevant? Tell me why this work that you're doing is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:28:18&quot;&gt; relevant to the Department of Defense”, and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:28:21&quot;&gt; they would get push back from these&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:28:24&quot;&gt; scientist. Jack would say “That's not the right&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:28:27&quot;&gt; question to ask”. Bob Sproull Sr. would say the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:28:30&quot;&gt; right question to ask is “How is this going to help the United&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:28:33&quot;&gt; States, or this technology, or our society or our&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:28:36&quot;&gt; culture generally?”. Holy shit!&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:28:39&quot;&gt; Bob Taylor's remark&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:28:42&quot;&gt; was “They would stand up to these guys,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:28:45&quot;&gt; and in a polite civilized way attack their&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:28:48&quot;&gt; myopia because these ARPA directors were scientific&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:28:51&quot;&gt; statesmen”.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:28:54&quot;&gt; And Bob reflects we've had too few of those people&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:28:57&quot;&gt; in the job since then.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:29:0&quot;&gt;And around 1966&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:29:3&quot;&gt; Charlie Herzfield asked Bob “What&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:29:6&quot;&gt; what do you want?”. And Bob said “This network&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:29:9&quot;&gt; is what I want to do and here's why”.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:29:12&quot;&gt; And Charlie said&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:29:15&quot;&gt; “Okay”. And, Bob's recollection, that was a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:29:18&quot;&gt;15 minute conversation.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:29:21&quot;&gt; Charlie asked “How much money do you need?”, and Bob said “well a million&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:29:24&quot;&gt; dollars”. it's like seven or eight billion seven or eight&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:29:27&quot;&gt; million dollars today, just to get it organized.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:29:30&quot;&gt; And Herzfeld said&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:29:33&quot;&gt; “okay” and Bob's recollection was that there was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:29:36&quot;&gt; no actual ARPA paperwork order written or anything&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:29:39&quot;&gt; for months maybe even a year.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:29:42&quot;&gt; These people all trusted each other and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:29:45&quot;&gt; did a lot of things very quickly this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:29:48&quot;&gt; way. Now a key idea here if you can see&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:29:51&quot;&gt; him, is that Bob&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:29:54&quot;&gt; Taylor uh after&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:29:57&quot;&gt; ARPA went on to be the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:30:0&quot;&gt; founder uh of the computer science&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:30:3&quot;&gt; research at Xerox PARC. So he was the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:30:6&quot;&gt; connection as, of course, the computer science&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:30:9&quot;&gt; research PARC…, at PARC, was set up like&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:30:12&quot;&gt; the computer science research of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:30:15&quot;&gt; ARPA. And so when we look at&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:30:18&quot;&gt; this, we want to see:&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:30:21&quot;&gt; What, what did these people, way back then,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:30:24&quot;&gt; think about this? We have all&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:30:27&quot;&gt; these questions that we can't answer all of them today.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:30:30&quot;&gt; We can look at the first couple there. And we can get a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:30:33&quot;&gt; couple of samples of what they were saying.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:30:36&quot;&gt; so Vannevar&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:30:39&quot;&gt; Bush, uh pronounced the way&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:30:42&quot;&gt; Beaver is pronounced in New England: “beava”&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:30:45&quot;&gt; “Vanneeva”. Bush, who is president&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:30:48&quot;&gt; Roosevelt science advisor, said&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:30:51&quot;&gt; in the 40s holy new forms of encyclopedias&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:30:54&quot;&gt; will appear. Ready-made with a mesh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:30:57&quot;&gt; of associative trails running through them, ready to be&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:31:0&quot;&gt; dropped into the Memex, and there amplified”. So&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:31:3&quot;&gt; that got a lot of people&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:31:6&quot;&gt;thinking. Licklider said in a few years&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:31:9&quot;&gt;the combination of humans and computers will think as no&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:31:12&quot;&gt; humans have ever thought&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:31:15&quot;&gt; before. John McCarthy looked at&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:31:18&quot;&gt; the SAGE system and said every home will have one&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:31:21&quot;&gt;and with an intelligent interface. Because&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:31:24&quot;&gt; he thought… way…, McCarthy thought about it is: Well this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:31:27&quot;&gt; is just like, uh getting gas and water,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:31:30&quot;&gt; and electric power, and so forth into a house.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:31:33&quot;&gt; It's a utility so every house&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:31:36&quot;&gt; will have a uh a terminal connected to a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:31:39&quot;&gt; worldwide utility. That was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:31:42&quot;&gt; 1958. That affected the work at MIT&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:31:45&quot;&gt; by uh Corby: Fernando&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:31:48&quot;&gt; Corbató. Ivan Sutherland,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:31:51&quot;&gt; the inventor of computer graphics said “A graphic input&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:31:54&quot;&gt; coupled to some kind of computation which&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:31:57&quot;&gt; is in turn coupled to a graphical output is a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:32:0&quot;&gt; truly powerful tool for education and design”.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:32:3&quot;&gt;And Engelbart here said “We can boost Mankind's capability&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:32:6&quot;&gt; for coping with complex urgent problems&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:32:9&quot;&gt; by augmenting the collective IQ&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:32:12&quot;&gt; of groups”. Not just augmenting people&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:32:15&quot;&gt; but augmenting&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:32:18&quot;&gt;groups.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:32:21&quot;&gt; And I'm going to more concentrate more&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:32:24&quot;&gt; on these two, but we'll get a look at a bit.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:32:27&quot;&gt; Okay, so what what with these guys&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:32:30&quot;&gt; [were] looking for as far as people. Lick was just&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:32:33&quot;&gt; looking for the best people, Ivan was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:32:36&quot;&gt; looking for people uh who could “choose their own problems and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:32:39&quot;&gt; methods”, Taylor &lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:32:42&quot;&gt; thought his job was to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:32:45&quot;&gt; fix up the social environment “so that when the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:32:48&quot;&gt; lone Wolves scientists need to cooperate&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:32:51&quot;&gt; they will”. And&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:32:54&quot;&gt; Larry uh said,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:32:57&quot;&gt; everybody understood the game&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:33:0&quot;&gt; here which was ARPA&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:33:3&quot;&gt; IPTO was allowed to help the country as long as it was helping&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:33:6&quot;&gt; the military. And so what&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:33:9&quot;&gt; kind of people were they looking for?<br /> &lt;note for=&quot;0:33:12&quot;&gt;<br /> An extract of the full [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m_MaJDK3VNE EDS, an HP Company 'Cat Herders' commercial].<br /> &lt;/note&gt;<br /> —This man right here is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:33:12&quot;&gt;my great-grandfather. He's the first cat herder in our&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:33:18&quot;&gt;family. —Don't let anybody tell you it's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:33:21&quot;&gt; easy. —Anybody can herd cattle&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:33:24&quot;&gt; holding together 10000 half wild short hairs&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:33:27&quot;&gt; that's another thing all together&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:33:30&quot;&gt;Well, you get you get the idea&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:33:33&quot;&gt; and so the real question here is what if only cats can do this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:33:36&quot;&gt; stuff and adults don't&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:33:39&quot;&gt; get it. Adults are into command and control&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:33:42&quot;&gt; and command and control doesn't work with cats.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:33:45&quot;&gt; I have a jar filled with all the names of the toys we have&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:33:48&quot;&gt; sitting right next to us, and we're going to take the jar one by&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:33:51&quot;&gt; one open up these toys. —All right. —Would you like to go first&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:33:54&quot;&gt; picking something from the jar? —Yes. —All right.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:33:57&quot;&gt; A mouse on a spring… I like this one.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:34:0&quot;&gt;All right.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:34:3&quot;&gt; It's inside this box right here.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:34:6&quot;&gt;There's this little mouse on a spring. It goes up and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:34:9&quot;&gt; down, and cats are going to try to catch it. —All righty. —Our cats&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:34:12&quot;&gt;like having mouses but they keep on tearing them apart, cos&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:34:15&quot;&gt; they're kind of vicious so, we've got another one&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:34:18&quot;&gt; Okay. And this is the toy&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:34:24&quot;&gt;mouse. What is this?&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:34:27&quot;&gt; What is this mysterious&lt;/ subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:34:33&quot;&gt;George?! —I think you get&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:34:36&quot;&gt; it. Gotta have some feel for what cats&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:34:39&quot;&gt; want. So&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:34:42&quot;&gt; lick pointed out right at&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:34:45&quot;&gt; the beginning that great visions are not the same as&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:34:48&quot;&gt; goals but they are the ultimate cat&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:34:51&quot;&gt;toy. So&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:34:54&quot;&gt; he stuck to this vision which is not&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:34:57&quot;&gt; phrased as a goal he said: “computers are destined&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:35:0&quot;&gt; to become interactive intellectual&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:35:3&quot;&gt; amplifiers for everyone universally networked&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:35:6&quot;&gt; worldwide”. He did not know&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:35:9&quot;&gt; what this meant and in fact he was a psychologist&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:35:12&quot;&gt; not a what we call a card carrying&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:35:15&quot;&gt; engineer. But he&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:35:18&quot;&gt; understood a lot.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:35:21&quot;&gt; That if you hide… If you take this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:35:24&quot;&gt; vision and stick it behind the mountain&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:35:27&quot;&gt; range, it sends out a magnetic field which is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:35:30&quot;&gt; Marvin Minsky like to point out: “If you don't&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:35:33&quot;&gt; know what to do, get lots of people to do lots of things!”&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:35:36&quot;&gt; That's what Lick was doing.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:35:39&quot;&gt; And so the number one principle here of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:35:42&quot;&gt; doing anything like this where you are going to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:35:45&quot;&gt; get… have the possibility of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:35:48&quot;&gt; really large new things is: The goodness&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:35:51&quot;&gt; of the results correlates most strongly with the goodness of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:35:54&quot;&gt; the funders. That is my&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:35:57&quot;&gt; reflection uh, from the past&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:36:0&quot;&gt; because every era has really&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:36:3&quot;&gt; smart people. I've never&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:36:6&quot;&gt; been in an era that didn't have people as smart as the people I&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:36:9&quot;&gt; worked with back then, but the funders&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:36:12&quot;&gt; have… were wonderful in the 60s&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:36:15&quot;&gt; and uh 70s and they've been&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:36:18&quot;&gt; uh… ever more terrible ever&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:36:21&quot;&gt;since.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:36:24&quot;&gt; And so two of the main things that came&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:36:27&quot;&gt; out of this was human humans and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:36:30&quot;&gt; computers working together as an idea and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:36:33&quot;&gt; then this larger idea of augmenting human intellect&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:36:36&quot;&gt; in general. So I'll just go through these quickly&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:36:39&quot;&gt;There is a million of them. They're in one of the papers I handed&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:36:42&quot;&gt; out. But basically, go against&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:36:45&quot;&gt; conventional wisdom. Do visions&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:36:48&quot;&gt; not goals. Let&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:36:51&quot;&gt; somebody else do the goals. Fund problem finding,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:36:54&quot;&gt; not just problem solving. This is a key&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:36:57&quot;&gt; one because a problem&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:37:0&quot;&gt; is often too rooted in the uh… context&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:37:3&quot;&gt;of the present.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:37:6&quot;&gt; And so, if you're just doing that which is kind of what's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:37:9&quot;&gt; going on, this is what NSF likes to fund.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:37:12&quot;&gt; Problems that peer reviewers can understand in the present&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:37:15&quot;&gt; and most most of them uh don't make&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:37:18&quot;&gt; big contributions.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:37:21&quot;&gt; Problem finding on the other hand, is difficult for&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:37:24&quot;&gt; everybody, but it gives you a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:37:27&quot;&gt; chance. Fund people not&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:37:30&quot;&gt; projects. So in other words, don't&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:37:33&quot;&gt; even worry, you know if you've got some crazy guy who's really&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:37:36&quot;&gt; good, or girl, who's really good,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:37:39&quot;&gt; don't worry about what they want to do.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:37:42&quot;&gt; Give them some money and see what happens.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:37:45&quot;&gt; Uh corollary: “Fund the very best people”.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:37:48&quot;&gt; I don't think that's being done&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:37:51&quot;&gt; today. And, an important part of the research&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:37:54&quot;&gt; results are new and better researchers.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:37:57&quot;&gt; And in in a sense&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:38:0&quot;&gt; NSF is paying for some of this,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:38:3&quot;&gt; but I don't think a lot of research is being done. I think&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:38:6&quot;&gt; it's mostly engineering. So what I think is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:38:9&quot;&gt; NSF is paying for are, new and better&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:38:12&quot;&gt; uh uh… practical&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:38:15&quot;&gt;engineers. And what we need is new and better&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:38:18&quot;&gt; researchers. Really advance something very important.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:38:21&quot;&gt; Well that's controversial because it probably&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:38:24&quot;&gt; uh is something&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:38:27&quot;&gt; new. And here's a key one: Design&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:38:30&quot;&gt;build in the future and bring back to the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:38:33&quot;&gt; present. And one that costs a lot of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:38:36&quot;&gt; money was: Make enough of the inventions&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:38:39&quot;&gt; and in a practical enough manner so that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:38:42&quot;&gt; many people can use them. In other words live&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:38:45&quot;&gt; in your own uh your own mess that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:38:48&quot;&gt;you've made. Then: Milestones&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:38:51&quot;&gt; not deadlines.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:38:54&quot;&gt;That's a tough one.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:38:57&quot;&gt; Okay so,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:0&quot;&gt; here are five things that —of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:3&quot;&gt; many things— that people&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:6&quot;&gt; in the individual stars there are&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:9&quot;&gt; people get interested in aesthetics,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:12&quot;&gt; or they prefer to tinker. They prefer to do&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:15&quot;&gt; engineering. But the problem is the sweet&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:18&quot;&gt; spot in the center.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:21&quot;&gt; Is something we have to get to because as Marvin says&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:22&quot;&gt; “You don't understand&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:24&quot;&gt; something if you only understand it one way”.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:27&quot;&gt; This is a key phrase for the 20&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:30&quot;&gt; 20th and 21st centuries&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:33&quot;&gt; and so —no matter what&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:36&quot;&gt; your favorite one of these is— you have to get fluent&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:39&quot;&gt; in all of them. And this is a not&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:42&quot;&gt;the way universities are set up. Not the way companies&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:45&quot;&gt; are set up. But you got to do it&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:48&quot;&gt; The best people I know all are in the center&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:51&quot;&gt; here. And then there's a question about…&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:54&quot;&gt; regarding computing is, is: Could there actually&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:57&quot;&gt; be a science of computing? They&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:40:0&quot;&gt; are artificial objects after all.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:40:3&quot;&gt; We're not looking at molecules so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:40:6&quot;&gt; forth, we're looking at constructed&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:40:9&quot;&gt; things. And what does that mean as a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:40:12&quot;&gt;science?&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:40:15&quot;&gt; So go back into the 50s&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:40:18&quot;&gt; again we've got&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:40:21&quot;&gt; phenomena. We can see these artifacts. They've got&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:40:24&quot;&gt; wires, and vacuum tubes, and we can program them.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:40:27&quot;&gt; and we can make a higher-level language for them like Fortran.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:40:30&quot;&gt; And so forth. And that isn't really&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:40:33&quot;&gt; science. What is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:40:36&quot;&gt;science. Well, I've&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:40:39&quot;&gt; got this cryptic phrase here: “Scientists try to ‘find&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:40:42&quot;&gt; fireflies’ and ‘make&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:40:45&quot;&gt;t-shirts’”. What does that mean?&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:40:48&quot;&gt; It means that behind the stuff&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:40:51&quot;&gt; that distracts us,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:40:54&quot;&gt; there are hidden,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:40:57&quot;&gt; deeper properties. The properties&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:41:0&quot;&gt; might not even be in there explicitly but they're&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:41:3&quot;&gt; there. What scientists do&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:41:6&quot;&gt; is good what I call good&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:41:9&quot;&gt; wooo-wooo. Which is,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:41:12&quot;&gt; they let their brain relax to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:41:15&quot;&gt;point where they can start thinking beneath the surface of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:41:18&quot;&gt; things. And here's one of the first computer&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:41:21&quot;&gt; scientists, John McCarthy, and he&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:41:24&quot;&gt; looked at this stuff in the 50s, and decided to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:41:27&quot;&gt; make a t-shirt of it, and the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:41:30&quot;&gt; t-shirt looks like&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:41:33&quot;&gt; this. So it's kind of Maxwell&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:41:36&quot;&gt;equations of computing and, what's interesting about&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:41:39&quot;&gt; it is that it doesn't look like&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:41:42&quot;&gt; the hardware and it doesn't look like the software. It's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:41:45&quot;&gt; actually a mathematical&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:41:48&quot;&gt;formulation of what John thought the most important&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:41:51&quot;&gt; relationships were, so I would call this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:41:54&quot;&gt;maxwellian. Then he de did something even&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:41:57&quot;&gt;stronger&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:42:0&quot;&gt; along the lines of Newton which is to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:42:3&quot;&gt; explain important ideas&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:42:6&quot;&gt; here about what was lying beneath&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:42:9&quot;&gt; the surface. And why it was really useful&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:42:12&quot;&gt; to think of doing things in a particular&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:42:15&quot;&gt; way. And, the thing&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:42:18&quot;&gt; about math is it has to be consistent, meaning&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:42:21&quot;&gt; neat, but it doesn't have to be&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:42:24&quot;&gt; real. And so this thing that John did was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:42:27&quot;&gt; not real, but another hero&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:42:30&quot;&gt; of mine, Steve Russell, the guy who invented “Spacewar!”&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:42:33&quot;&gt; was at MIT, and he looked at&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:42:36&quot;&gt; John's math and he said “that's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:42:39&quot;&gt; a program, if I implement it, we'll have a running system”.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:42:42&quot;&gt; And John McCarthy said well “He did, and we did”.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:42:45&quot;&gt; And that was the birth of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:42:48&quot;&gt;lisp. And here's the cool thing about computing:&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:42:51&quot;&gt; The theory can also be the model ''and'' the artifact&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:42:54&quot;&gt; and you can make it&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:42:57&quot;&gt; real! But there are a lot of complaints about&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:43:0&quot;&gt; dealing with pure semantics is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:43:3&quot;&gt; too slow. Even after&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:43:6&quot;&gt; factor of a million or a billion&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:43:9&quot;&gt; of or more of more Moore's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:43:12&quot;&gt; law still seems to be too slow.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:43:15&quot;&gt; On the other hand&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:43:18&quot;&gt; you can build a special machine for&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:43:21&quot;&gt;these semantics that don't fit on regular&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:43:24&quot;&gt;machines. Because remember:&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:43:27&quot;&gt; our computer's only there to run programs, so why not make&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:43:30&quot;&gt; a computer that will run the programs you want to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:43:33&quot;&gt; run? And if you try to optimize too early,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:43:36&quot;&gt; like buying a computer before&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:43:39&quot;&gt; that isn't a supercomputer before you've done your&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:43:42&quot;&gt; research. you're in trouble. Because now you're&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:43:45&quot;&gt; forced to deal with its problems, rather than your&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:43:48&quot;&gt; own. So this is the kind of process&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:43:51&quot;&gt; that the ARPA community went&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:43:54&quot;&gt;through.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:43:57&quot;&gt; And this is a fun story but&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:44:0&quot;&gt; I want to bring up the fireflies again.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:44:3&quot;&gt; You can't replicate what John&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:44:6&quot;&gt;McCarthy did, because the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:44:9&quot;&gt; times are different now. But the fireflies&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:44:12&quot;&gt; in what he did are still there, and they can still&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:44:15&quot;&gt;what to do&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:44:18&quot;&gt; Okay? Here's uh… Story&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:44:21&quot;&gt; number two. 62&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:44:24&quot;&gt; years ago in 1962.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:44:27&quot;&gt; This is in the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:44:30&quot;&gt;uh SAGE experimental&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:44:33&quot;&gt; uh test computer called the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:44:36&quot;&gt; TX-2 it was one of the la… one one of these&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:44:39&quot;&gt; computers that was the building.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:44:42&quot;&gt; And right down at the end of one corner was this guy sitting&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:44:45&quot;&gt;of a oscilloscope&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:44:54&quot;&gt;screen… And what was he doing?&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:44:57&quot;&gt; well…&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:45:0&quot;&gt;Here's the light pen, he was grabbing some ink&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:45:6&quot;&gt;and… now this display&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:45:9&quot;&gt; doesn't… isn't a line drawing display. It just makes a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:45:12&quot;&gt; dot. So the there's a program&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:45:15&quot;&gt; making these lines. Now he tells Sketchpad&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:45:18&quot;&gt; to make them all mutually perpendicular. And you&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:45:21&quot;&gt; just saw it automatically&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:45:24&quot;&gt; uh clean up the drawing. This is why it's called Sketchpad. Because&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:45:27&quot;&gt; you can just draw roughly he may wants&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:45:30&quot;&gt; to make a hole in this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:45:33&quot;&gt;flange. So he says here make&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:45:36&quot;&gt; these both uh uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:45:39&quot;&gt; parallel and perpendicular and,…&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:45:42&quot;&gt; Now the constraint is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:45:45&quot;&gt; make these lines I'm drawing to be collinear with the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:45:48&quot;&gt; guidelines below, so this allows&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:45:51&quot;&gt; him to quickly draw a dotted&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:45:54&quot;&gt;line…&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:45:57&quot;&gt; Now he's going going to make the guidelines&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:46:0&quot;&gt; transparent. We get a hole in the flange.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:46:3&quot;&gt;And notice this is the first system to have a clipping&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:46:6&quot;&gt; window. He's actually drawing on a canvas&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:46:9&quot;&gt; about a third of a mile on a side being windowed&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:46:15&quot;&gt;here. He needs a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:46:18&quot;&gt;rivet.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:46:21&quot;&gt; So this is the rough shape of a rivet.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:46:24&quot;&gt; Draws this because he wants this as&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:46:27&quot;&gt; a center for an arc, for the top of the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:46:30&quot;&gt; rivet. And now he says okay make&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:46:33&quot;&gt; all these lines I'm pointing to here,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:46:36&quot;&gt; make these mutually perpendicular.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:46:39&quot;&gt; And that will force the drawing into&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:46:42&quot;&gt; something like a rivet. Maybe he doesn't&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:46:51&quot;&gt;shape.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:46:54&quot;&gt; Because he didn't constrain the size of the thing, so here's another&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:46:57&quot;&gt;solution with that those starting&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:47:0&quot;&gt; conditions. but he said… decides he likes the one&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:47:9&quot;&gt;first… Now here's another cool idea Ivan&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:47:12&quot;&gt; Sutherland did,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:47:15&quot;&gt; which was to have masters and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:47:18&quot;&gt; instances. So&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:47:21&quot;&gt; this is not the rivet he drew,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:47:24&quot;&gt; this is an instance of the rivet he drew.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:47:27&quot;&gt; And the rotation and the scaling&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:47:30&quot;&gt; are done by knobs that he has on&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:47:36&quot;&gt;console. Okay?…&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:47:39&quot;&gt; And wants to show you&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:47:42&quot;&gt; he can make more instances and that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:47:45&quot;&gt; these instances can be different sizes… and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:47:48&quot;&gt; says “whoops! I forgot&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:47:51&quot;&gt; I left the crossbow on there I should make these guys transparent”.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:47:54&quot;&gt; So he goes to the master drawing and makes them&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:47:57&quot;&gt; transparent. And lo and behold,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:48:0&quot;&gt; all of the instances uh…&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:48:3&quot;&gt; obey. So he gets rid of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:48:6&quot;&gt;the thing, and he says okay&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:48:9&quot;&gt; make that construction I just did into a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:48:12&quot;&gt; master. Now I'm going to make instances&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:48:24&quot;&gt;of the master&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:48:36&quot;&gt;Right? Here's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:48:39&quot;&gt; instances of the master&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:48:42&quot;&gt; that he made of the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:48:54&quot;&gt;conglomerate.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:49:3&quot;&gt;Yeah, okay.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:49:6&quot;&gt; So here's a high resolution picture of Ivan&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:49:9&quot;&gt; at the console and he's doing a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:49:12&quot;&gt; something much more complicated, which is to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:49:15&quot;&gt; draw in a bridge.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:49:18&quot;&gt; And uh, unfortunately the movie&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:49:21&quot;&gt;for this has been lost. It's probably somewhere in Ivan's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:49:24&quot;&gt; garage. But uh… for fun a couple of years ago&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:49:27&quot;&gt; we we uh did a an&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:49:30&quot;&gt; emulation of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:49:33&quot;&gt;it. So here's a simple truss&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:49:36&quot;&gt; bridge and…&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:49:39&quot;&gt; We can connect things up and… we turn gravity&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:49:42&quot;&gt; on, which is a constraint&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:49:45&quot;&gt; You see it's computing all the stresses and the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:49:48&quot;&gt; strains on the bridge.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:49:51&quot;&gt; And it's continuously Computing, so if we add in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:49:54&quot;&gt; another strut&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:49:57&quot;&gt; here guess what, it ripples over the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:50:0&quot;&gt; entire bridge. If we hang a weight on&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:50:3&quot;&gt;it, we can… stress&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:50:9&quot;&gt;this bridge. And so the big idea here&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:50:12&quot;&gt; is it's not just about imitating&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:50:15&quot;&gt; drafting. It's that we can&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:50:18&quot;&gt; simulate uh any kind&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:50:21&quot;&gt; of computer aided design drawing that we do&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:50:24&quot;&gt; or model. And uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:50:27&quot;&gt; we get not just CAD, but CAD&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:50:30&quot;&gt; Sim. So this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:50:33&quot;&gt; is a huge huge idea&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:50:36&quot;&gt; that's still done extremely poorly today&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:50:39&quot;&gt; for most&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:50:42&quot;&gt;people. So&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:50:45&quot;&gt; interact… This is Ivan's PhD&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:50:48&quot;&gt; thesis in 1962&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:50:51&quot;&gt; inventing interactive computer graphics,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:50:54&quot;&gt; clipping windowon pointing iconic IQ [sic]… Objects&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:50:57&quot;&gt; masters and instances, we'd call that object…&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:51:0&quot;&gt;first object-oriented&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:51:3&quot;&gt; programming system that I know of.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:51:6&quot;&gt; Lots of nice technical things in it. Automatic&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:51:9&quot;&gt; dynamic simulations from&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:51:12&quot;&gt; designs, and you programmed it not in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:51:15&quot;&gt; the standard, uh programming&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:51:18&quot;&gt; languages but you programmed it in terms of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:51:21&quot;&gt; goals. In terms of the constraints that you want&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:51:24&quot;&gt;and sketchpad had three problem solvers that would solve&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:51:27&quot;&gt; problems say you could see. So I once&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:51:30&quot;&gt; asked Ivan “How could you do this in one year all by yourself?”&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:51:33&quot;&gt; and he said “Well, I didn't know it was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:51:39&quot;&gt;hard!”. Check out the fireflies from this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:51:42&quot;&gt; one.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:51:45&quot;&gt; ''Today!'' Think about what the fireflies&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:51:48&quot;&gt; from this one are. Okay and also in 1962 we&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:51:51&quot;&gt; had this guy who was kind of like Moses opening&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:51:54&quot;&gt;the Read Sea.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:51:57&quot;&gt; He's really interested&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:52:0&quot;&gt; in saving the world, and trying to make people&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:52:3&quot;&gt; better so they can save the world. So&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:52:6&quot;&gt; his idea in 62 was to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:52:9&quot;&gt; have a screen much… he knew about sketch pad; he wanted a screen&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:52:12&quot;&gt;much larger than that. He wanted to hang the light pen&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:52:15&quot;&gt; from a a gimbal. So you're&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:52:18&quot;&gt; you could just pull it down to the table and use it like a pencil&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:52:21&quot;&gt; and not have the blood run out of your hand&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:52:24&quot;&gt; when you're using it. And there's this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:52:27&quot;&gt; problem of that he thought about very&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:52:30&quot;&gt; deeply, which was, humans are not very&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:52:33&quot;&gt;good learners&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:52:36&quot;&gt; from using tools. We&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:52:39&quot;&gt; have this pink brain. We use tools&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:52:42&quot;&gt;in a very pink brain kind of way…&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:52:45&quot;&gt; So like a hammer we can use to hammer&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:52:48&quot;&gt; a nail into something but we can break something with a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:52:51&quot;&gt; hammer. We can do a lot of things with a hammer&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:52:54&quot;&gt; and we kind of get a hammerness into&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:52:57&quot;&gt; our brain but we get very little&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:53:0&quot;&gt; wisdom about tools and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:53:3&quot;&gt; hammers in our brain and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:53:6&quot;&gt; we become a hammerer!&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:53:9&quot;&gt; 100 thousand years later we might decide to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:53:12&quot;&gt; use nuclear weapons on a city. That's a way&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:53:15&quot;&gt; of hammering them into&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:53:18&quot;&gt;submission. So part of Engelbert's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:53:21&quot;&gt; idea was, if you're going to augment human&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:53:24&quot;&gt; intellect —for crying out loud—&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:53:27&quot;&gt; you must insert education and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:53:30&quot;&gt; training. Because what's happened is that the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:53:33&quot;&gt; powerful agencies have gone up in power by factors&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:53:36&quot;&gt; of millions, and our brains&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:53:39&quot;&gt; haven't. So you want the education&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:53:42&quot;&gt; to turn parts of our brain this nice&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:53:45&quot;&gt; bluish cast, and perhaps give us&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:53:48&quot;&gt; a little more wisdom on using our tools, and then&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:53:51&quot;&gt;a little safer using powerful methods and Powerful languages&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:53:54&quot;&gt; and so forth to do things.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:53:57&quot;&gt; So this is this five unit thing&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:54:0&quot;&gt;Engelbart's idea of what you really had to do if you're&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:54:3&quot;&gt; going to do this thing. And you had to do it not just&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:54:6&quot;&gt; for a person but people in groups. So the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:54:9&quot;&gt;groups have to be&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:54:12&quot;&gt; organized pretty much the same way.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:54:15&quot;&gt; This allows to get enormous amounts of synergy&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:54:18&quot;&gt; between the individuals they can be&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:54:21&quot;&gt; the different stars on the diagram&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:54:24&quot;&gt; I just showed you cooperating together.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:54:30&quot;&gt;And four years later, they&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:54:33&quot;&gt; did a first pass at this which was incredibly&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:54:36&quot;&gt;impressive. It's called the mother of all demos&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:54:39&quot;&gt; and uh if you type E n g l&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:54:42&quot;&gt; b a r t into&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:54:45&quot;&gt; uh Google uh in the first page of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:54:48&quot;&gt;hits you'll find a reference to the movie of that demo.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:54:51&quot;&gt; You should see what they were able to do back&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:54:54&quot;&gt;little machine.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:54:57&quot;&gt; And you know when Engelbart's name come up&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:55:0&quot;&gt; comes up and even in his obituaries&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:55:3&quot;&gt; the the only thing I could really talk about was the mouse&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:55:6&quot;&gt; and this really bugged&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:55:9&quot;&gt; Doug. He said the mouse, the mouse is just&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:55:12&quot;&gt; a dial on a car radio. We invented a whole&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:55:15&quot;&gt;car! They won't look at it!&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:55:18&quot;&gt; You can get an idea of this there are about 70&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:55:21&quot;&gt; papers on the website devoted to him&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:55:24&quot;&gt; talking about these deep ideas. As I&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:55:27&quot;&gt; me mentioned… previously only about 30%&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:55:30&quot;&gt; of what Engelbart was talking about&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:55:33&quot;&gt; got taken up uh in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:55:36&quot;&gt; computing today. So this is a big huge area&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:55:39&quot;&gt; that's got fireflies everywhere. And these are just&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:55:42&quot;&gt; three of the 17 or&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:55:45&quot;&gt; 18 uh principal invest…&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:55:48&quot;&gt; investigators that ARPA put together.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:55:51&quot;&gt; So these are the kind of people and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:55:54&quot;&gt; if we talk about cooperation and methods we've&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:55:57&quot;&gt; got to talk about the blind&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:56:0&quot;&gt; philosophers trying to figure out an elephant.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:56:3&quot;&gt; This is a claaassic thing and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:56:6&quot;&gt; they all have this flaw that I&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:56:9&quot;&gt;in the beginning that they think what's between their&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:56:12&quot;&gt; ears is uh not belief&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:56:15&quot;&gt; but reality. So of course this leads to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:56:18&quot;&gt;war.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:56:21&quot;&gt; And after thousands of years the idea of compromise&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:56:24&quot;&gt; comes about but this does not&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:56:27&quot;&gt; lead to a pretty picture of an elephant, or a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:56:30&quot;&gt; way to make an elephant. And in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:56:33&quot;&gt; fact this is my picture of the way computing is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:56:36&quot;&gt; today. Practical Computing is just a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:56:39&quot;&gt; horrendous compromise.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:56:42&quot;&gt; Almost none of it was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:56:45&quot;&gt;necessary.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:56:48&quot;&gt; Now if you get scientific&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:56:51&quot;&gt; philosophers, they've learned how to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:56:54&quot;&gt; cooperate. And science works by looking at&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:56:57&quot;&gt;parts of things and looking&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:57:0&quot;&gt; at what other people have looked at other parts of things&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:57:3&quot;&gt; and other people looked at other parts of things&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:57:6&quot;&gt; and eventually coming to conclusions about the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:57:9&quot;&gt; whole. So that's a really good&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:57:12&quot;&gt; idea. But in fact science,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:57:15&quot;&gt; because our brains want to believe rather than think,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:57:18&quot;&gt; these can turn into something like a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:57:21&quot;&gt; religion and the reason uh we don't&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:57:24&quot;&gt; want to come up with blind belief…&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:57:36&quot;&gt;There's always&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:57:39&quot;&gt;more! There's always more and what&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:57:42&quot;&gt; it is, is something that we can't&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:57:48&quot;&gt;imagine. So when we give a a name&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:57:51&quot;&gt; to something, we're hurting our&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:57:54&quot;&gt; belief in, because we&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:57:57&quot;&gt; defined it it's a category now,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:58:0&quot;&gt; we've hurt our ability&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:58:3&quot;&gt; to think more about it because it already has a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:58:6&quot;&gt; set of properties. It already is the thing that the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:58:12&quot;&gt;denotes. And here's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:58:15&quot;&gt; a, an ad I suggested to Apple&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:58:18&quot;&gt; many years ago, uh for the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:58:21&quot;&gt; kind of people they wanted to have at Apple what kind should they be and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:58:24&quot;&gt; I suggested, well, do, make a picture of something&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:58:27&quot;&gt; like this: Uh, the right hand&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:58:30&quot;&gt;has to be able to do with&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:58:33&quot;&gt; good “p ⊃ q” and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:58:36&quot;&gt; the left hand, the right brain has to be able to do good woowoo.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:58:45&quot;&gt; And what is good woowoo? Cos,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:58:48&quot;&gt; uh, the thing the thing to understand here, let me just&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:58:51&quot;&gt;take a second here. The thing to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:58:54&quot;&gt; understand here is it was really hard to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:58:57&quot;&gt; invent good “p ⊃ q”,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:59:0&quot;&gt; it was only invented a few thousand years ago but once we did&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:59:3&quot;&gt; it, it turned out to be fairly easy for us to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:59:6&quot;&gt; do. And humans&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:59:9&quot;&gt; are more or less born, babies are born with good&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:59:12&quot;&gt; woowoo, uh and woowoo&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:59:15&quot;&gt; in general. And the problem&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:59:18&quot;&gt; is that most woowoo is actually, uh quite&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:59:21&quot;&gt; dangerous for the human mind, so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:59:24&quot;&gt;to find good woowoo.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:59:27&quot;&gt; So here's one&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:59:30&quot;&gt;definition: “Art is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:59:33&quot;&gt; a lie that tells the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:59:36&quot;&gt;truth”.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:59:39&quot;&gt;And… “Learn&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:59:42&quot;&gt; the rules like a pro…”, that's the stuff you can do on the right&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:59:45&quot;&gt; hand side of the board, “…so you can break them like artist…,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:59:48&quot;&gt; like an artist”, on the left hand side of the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:59:51&quot;&gt; board. You've got to do both, or else&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:59:54&quot;&gt;you're just bullshitting around.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:0:0&quot;&gt;And this is hard to do in school because as Marvin&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:0:3&quot;&gt; said “School is the best thing ever invented to keep you from thinking&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:0:6&quot;&gt;about something important for more than a few&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:0:9&quot;&gt; minutes”. And you have to ask that about where you are&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:0:12&quot;&gt; right now. Even though I'm a professor&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:0:15&quot;&gt; there, and Len is a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:0:18&quot;&gt; professor, uh, schools have their own way about&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:0:21&quot;&gt; them. Like the fact&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:0:24&quot;&gt; this talk actually has a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:0:27&quot;&gt; uh, designed end. Back at&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:0:30&quot;&gt; MIT they would just get Marvin talking, and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:0:33&quot;&gt;he would run out of steam in about six hours or so, and everybody was happy.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:0:39&quot;&gt; Here's another genius, huge&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:0:42&quot;&gt; influence on me. He said: “Institutional&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:0:45&quot;&gt; Education seeks to make the strange familiar”.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:0:48&quot;&gt; Well that that sounds kind of reasonable!&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:0:51&quot;&gt; Yeah! that's what we're you're paying them for.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:0:54&quot;&gt; Things you don't understand, you want to now understand it; but&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:0:57&quot;&gt; Jerry says: “The job of Real Education&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:1:0&quot;&gt; is to make the familiar strange again”.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:1:3&quot;&gt; It's the stuff that we've… that has&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:1:6&quot;&gt; come embedded into our belief system about&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:1:9&quot;&gt; normal, that is keeping us&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:1:12&quot;&gt; being pedestrian.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:1:15&quot;&gt;So he says: “What kind of thinking would you do if ‘normal’ could seem strange&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:1:21&quot;&gt; and ‘not-normal’?. You would have been able to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:1:24&quot;&gt; escape your present. If you escape your present&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:1:27&quot;&gt; don't forget to use a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:1:30&quot;&gt;life line!”. How do we measure&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:1:33&quot;&gt; things? Well usually with graphs that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:1:36&quot;&gt; go from the left in the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:1:39&quot;&gt; past, towards the future going towards&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:1:42&quot;&gt; the right and, if something goes up&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:1:45&quot;&gt; we say “Yay!” and if it goes down we say “Boo!”, and so on and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:1:48&quot;&gt; so forth. And if you think about this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:1:51&quot;&gt; graphs like this are complete bullshit.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:1:54&quot;&gt; And the reason is, in order to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:1:57&quot;&gt;understand whether we should say ”yay” or not,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:2:0&quot;&gt; we have to have a threshold. And the threshold&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:2:6&quot;&gt; might be up here. Like these could be uh reading&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:2:9&quot;&gt;scores for children and uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:2:12&quot;&gt; the children are never learning to read here.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:2:15&quot;&gt; They're getting better or worse&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:2:18&quot;&gt; at what they're not being able to do.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:2:21&quot;&gt; And so the key to make progress here&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:2:24&quot;&gt;is to understand that both “better and perfect are the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:2:27&quot;&gt; enemies of what is actually needed”. Better is the tough one&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:2:30&quot;&gt;in engineering school because you get rewards for doing something&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:2:33&quot;&gt; better. But what we're looking for here is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:2:36&quot;&gt; something new, and to get something new we&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:2:39&quot;&gt; have to come up with the low the minimal&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:2:42&quot;&gt; idea that is just above the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:2:45&quot;&gt; threshold. It's just into the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:2:48&quot;&gt;blue.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:2:51&quot;&gt; And we've once we've stepped into the blue we're actually in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:2:54&quot;&gt; a different way of thinking about things.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:2:57&quot;&gt; So this is you know like going from&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:3:0&quot;&gt; uh not having mathematics to mathematics&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:3:3&quot;&gt; or not going from not having writing to having&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:3:6&quot;&gt; writing, or going from not having science&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:3:9&quot;&gt; to having science. These are big&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:3:12&quot;&gt; things. So you want to look for that star.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:3:15&quot;&gt;And the learning curve, you might have to start off&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:3:18&quot;&gt; below where other people&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:3:21&quot;&gt; think you should be. But the main thing is to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:3:24&quot;&gt;up there. Okay so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:3:27&quot;&gt; here's another example. World's greatest&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:3:30&quot;&gt; hockey player. Made many many more goals&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:3:33&quot;&gt; than anybody and he was not a big&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:3:36&quot;&gt;guy.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:3:39&quot;&gt; Uh… Had a couple of nice sayings: “You miss&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:3:42&quot;&gt; 100% of the shots you don't take”. People do&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:3:45&quot;&gt; that all the time, you don't try enough.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:3:48&quot;&gt; And here's this big one: “A good hockey player goes to where the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:3:51&quot;&gt; puck is; a great one goes to where&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:3:54&quot;&gt; the puck will be!”. And he didn't mean calculating&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:3:57&quot;&gt; the trajectory of the puck. He meant getting to a place&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:4:0&quot;&gt; where one of his teammates could pass him so he could&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:4:3&quot;&gt;do a quick shot and goal.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:4:6&quot;&gt; That was the Wayne Gretzky game, and we can play it in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:4:9&quot;&gt; technology. So here's an example from my&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:4:12&quot;&gt; own career. I had a woowoo intuition&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:4:15&quot;&gt; about children having their own&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:4:18&quot;&gt; portable tablet computers in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:4:21&quot;&gt; 1968. Which was impossible,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:4:24&quot;&gt; back then. But the second&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:4:27&quot;&gt; stage is, can you find a favorable exponential? And there was one called&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:4:30&quot;&gt;Moore's Law.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:4:33&quot;&gt; And this allows you to take this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:4:36&quot;&gt; intuition out 30 years,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:4:39&quot;&gt; and out 30 years in the future&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:4:42&quot;&gt;could say, you can ask&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:4:45&quot;&gt; “would it be ridiculous if we didn't have this?” and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:4:48&quot;&gt; 30 years that's 1995 the answer is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:4:51&quot;&gt; yeah it' be ridiculous if we didn't have tablet computers&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:4:54&quot;&gt; by 1995.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:4:57&quot;&gt;Okay so you bring it bring the idea back to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:5:0&quot;&gt; the mid 80s, can we do&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:5:3&quot;&gt; something by the mid 80s?&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:5:6&quot;&gt; yes! But&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:5:9&quot;&gt; software takes a long long time&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:5:12&quot;&gt; And we're in 1972 now so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:5:15&quot;&gt; what we need to do is to make a bunch of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:5:18&quot;&gt; flexible supercomputer time machines.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:5:21&quot;&gt; Personal. Make a lot of them.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:5:24&quot;&gt; So the researchers can live and work in the future.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:5:27&quot;&gt; That is what we did at Parc. That dollar&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:5:30&quot;&gt; sign says: Moore's Law&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:5:33&quot;&gt; means that for most&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:5:36&quot;&gt; points in the future you can have&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:5:39&quot;&gt; them now if you're willing to spend a lot more&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:5:42&quot;&gt; money. The commodity thing in the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:5:45&quot;&gt; future is the supercomputer of the present&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:5:48&quot;&gt;build the right kind of supercomputer in the present&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:5:51&quot;&gt; and you now have years to work on these really hard&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:5:54&quot;&gt; software ideas. And that is where the star&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:5:57&quot;&gt; was at Parc.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:6:0&quot;&gt; Uh, the dotted line there says: you better&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:6:3&quot;&gt;do this really quickly or else you're going to get&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:6:6&quot;&gt; submerged into tool building.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:6:9&quot;&gt; You're going to be doing uh just computers and operating&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:6:12&quot;&gt; systems and you're not going to be doing what you're originally&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:6:15&quot;&gt; trying to do, so you have to be… have to be…&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:6:18&quot;&gt; have a lot of chops to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:6:21&quot;&gt; do this; and in fact the alto was done in a period of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:6:24&quot;&gt; about three and a half months by an absolute genius&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:6:27&quot;&gt; uh, Chuck&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:6:30&quot;&gt;Thacker. And once you've got this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:6:33&quot;&gt; you can start inventing the software of the future; and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:6:36&quot;&gt; the supercomputer nature of it means&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:6:39&quot;&gt; something like user interface.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:6:42&quot;&gt; You can… you don't&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:6:45&quot;&gt; have to optimize. You can just&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:6:48&quot;&gt; uh, do 10 experiments a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:6:51&quot;&gt; day for a week; throw away your code,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:6:54&quot;&gt; don't even bother stick… because uh you could put a higher level&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:6:57&quot;&gt; language on it, you can do experiments, you don't have to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:7:0&quot;&gt; optimize, you need to find out what the…&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:7:3&quot;&gt; how the users respond to things. And then&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:7:6&quot;&gt;on the right hand side, uh… if you're&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:7:9&quot;&gt; willing to optimize you can do software like is going to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:7:12&quot;&gt; exist in quantity in the 80s.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:7:15&quot;&gt; That happens to be uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:7:18&quot;&gt; the first version of Microsoft Word, which was done at&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:7:21&quot;&gt; Xerox Parc. It made uh Microsoft&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:7:24&quot;&gt; many many billions of dollars when it was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:7:27&quot;&gt; released uh 15 years&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:7:30&quot;&gt; later. Right?&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:7:33&quot;&gt; Okay okay, we're coming down to the end here.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:7:36&quot;&gt; So 1963, Lick wrote a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:7:39&quot;&gt; memo. Members and Affiliates&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:7:42&quot;&gt; of The Intergalactic Computer&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:7:45&quot;&gt;Network. They asked him “Why intergalactic?”&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:7:48&quot;&gt; He said “well Engineers always give you less than you're asking&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:7:51&quot;&gt; for, so I want a worldwide network, so I'm going to ask&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:7:54&quot;&gt; for an Intergalactic one”. And&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:7:57&quot;&gt; when they when they quit bitching and moaning and scale it down, it's still going&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:8:0&quot;&gt; to be worldwide. Aad&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:8:3&quot;&gt; this great line here: ”if we succeed&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:8:6&quot;&gt;an Intergalactic Network then our main problem&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:8:9&quot;&gt; will be learning to communicate with&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:8:12&quot;&gt; aliens”. We'll look at that for in a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:8:15&quot;&gt;minute. And&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:8:18&quot;&gt; to this psychologist he said ”at this extreme&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:8:21&quot;&gt; the problem is essentially the one discussed by science&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:8:24&quot;&gt;fiction writers ‘how do you get&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:8:27&quot;&gt; communication started among totally&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:8:30&quot;&gt; uncorrelated “sapient” beings?…’” and he thought&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:8:33&quot;&gt; here of that scaling&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:8:36&quot;&gt; more or less destroys communication.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:8:39&quot;&gt; Even amongst humans. cnd scaling&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:8:42&quot;&gt; and technology is going to destroy Communications&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:8:45&quot;&gt; and so forth. So&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:8:48&quot;&gt; this is the… this is what we need to think&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:8:51&quot;&gt; about. And he and Bob Taylor wrote a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:8:54&quot;&gt; paper of which I've expanded on a little&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:8:57&quot;&gt; bit. So the idea is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:9:0&quot;&gt; uh here's a human&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:9:3&quot;&gt; who's trying to say “I'm come in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:9:6&quot;&gt; peace”, and the alien is saying “uh…&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:9:9&quot;&gt; maybe I should kill this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:9:12&quot;&gt;guy”. Between two humans&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:9:15&quot;&gt; uh, a description of something with a mane and ho…&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:9:18&quot;&gt; hooves and a tail could be a horse for one&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:9:21&quot;&gt; guy and a zebra for&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:9:24&quot;&gt;another. Here's our multiple&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:9:27&quot;&gt; brains I talked about. One part of my&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:9:30&quot;&gt; brain wants chocolate, and the other one realizes I should have an&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:9:33&quot;&gt; apple. Then we've got this new thing&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:9:36&quot;&gt; the computer.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:9:39&quot;&gt; What is what's on its mind? Not much.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:9:42&quot;&gt; And uh it doesn't understand what a horse is that's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:9:48&quot;&gt;for sure. So when we're talking with somebody&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:9:51&quot;&gt;else we might not be able to get together on what a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:9:54&quot;&gt; horse or a zebra is, but we have a better&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:9:57&quot;&gt;hamburger worldwide. So&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:10:0&quot;&gt; shared context is what we're looking&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:10:3&quot;&gt; for. And if we find a way… And&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:10:6&quot;&gt; what we do with language, is to try and point&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:10:9&quot;&gt;into what we think is the shared context between us&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:10:15&quot;&gt;and the other person. So if we look back at the theater here,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:10:18&quot;&gt; what is it? What is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:10:21&quot;&gt; shared? What the theater is for, is to reflect&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:10:24&quot;&gt; the intelligence of the audience back to them; you're not&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:10:27&quot;&gt; trying to teach them. I'm not trying to teach&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:10:30&quot;&gt; you, right now. I'm trying to give you something&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:10:33&quot;&gt; that you can reflect your intelligence back&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:10:36&quot;&gt; on. So the theater has to do&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:10:39&quot;&gt; most of the negotiations for the audience, that's too&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:10:42&quot;&gt; bad. But writing and reading are the same&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:10:45&quot;&gt; thing. Same idea,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:10:48&quot;&gt; and there's a huge difference between a good writer&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:10:51&quot;&gt; and a bad writer for these&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:10:54&quot;&gt;reasons. So let's think of communication&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:10:57&quot;&gt; as an extension of the gesture.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:11:0&quot;&gt; So what could two different computers have in common?&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:11:3&quot;&gt; Well?… could be something like the dynamic messaging&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:11:6&quot;&gt; of real object-oriented&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:11:9&quot;&gt; programming. Could be something like what Linda&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:11:12&quot;&gt; did but…, with David Gelerntner. We&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:11:15&quot;&gt;still have the problem of real aliens, but let's look&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:11:18&quot;&gt; at the problem with the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:11:21&quot;&gt; person… people and computer. What&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:11:24&quot;&gt; could they have in common?&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:11:27&quot;&gt;And…&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:11:30&quot;&gt; So…&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:11:33&quot;&gt; What can we make that is going to beam the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:11:36&quot;&gt;audience's intelligence and knowledge, back out&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:11:39&quot;&gt; at them? What should we put on the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:11:42&quot;&gt;stage?&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:11:45&quot;&gt; And so the GUI is a representation of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:11:48&quot;&gt; what the computer is thinking about,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:11:51&quot;&gt; in a form that humans can uh,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:11:54&quot;&gt; understand. The human can&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:11:57&quot;&gt; actually gesture at the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:12:0&quot;&gt;topic that he wants to talk&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:12:3&quot;&gt; about. Each window holds a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:12:6&quot;&gt; context and is a topic for conversation. All the possible&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:12:9&quot;&gt; conversation are active: “No modes!”&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;note for=&quot;1:12:9&quot;&gt;<br /> Larry Tesler discovered and championed modeless editing; his motto “NO MODES” was printed on his car's [https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6552d0259e101063e7efcac9/e460cd03-25a6-41ff-8409-681786036b6b/NOMODES.png license plate]. See [https://worrydream.com/refs/Tesler_2012_-_A_Personal_History_of_Modeless_Text_Editing_and_Cut-Copy-Paste.pdf A personal history of modeless text editing and cut/copy-paste], ACM Interactions, July-August 2012, [https://archive.org/details/byte-magazine-1981-08/page/n103/mode/2up The Smalltalk Environment], Byte Magazine, volume 6, number 8, and [https://youtu.be/OW-atKrg0T4?si=PJScaBDRpvaHUPPY&amp;t=395 Origins of the Apple Human Interface], a lecture delivered by Larry Tesler and Chris Espinosa on October 28, 1997 at the Computer History Museum.<br /> &lt;/note&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:12:12&quot;&gt; undoing is critical everywhere “Gesturing and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:12:15&quot;&gt; ‘dragging’ and…jay… engages the ‘body&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:12:18&quot;&gt; brain’”. Pictures are more memorable than&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:12:21&quot;&gt; words so use those. “Doing with images make&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:12:24&quot;&gt; Symbols”. And this is kind of Jerome Bruner&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:12:27&quot;&gt; 101; this one is particularly&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:12:30&quot;&gt;important. Okay? So,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:12:33&quot;&gt; this is kind of,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:12:36&quot;&gt;a summary&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:12:39&quot;&gt; of the way&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:12:42&quot;&gt; people were thinking back then&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:12:45&quot;&gt; and, if you think about the Parc&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:12:48&quot;&gt; GUI, of all the things that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:12:51&quot;&gt; this research community did back then,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:12:54&quot;&gt; the thing that made the trillion dollar&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:12:57&quot;&gt; industries was not just Moore's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:13:0&quot;&gt; Law. Because&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:13:3&quot;&gt; there was nobody to sell Moore's Law or&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:13:6&quot;&gt; even any reason to do Moore's Law&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:13:9&quot;&gt; at the scale in which t'was done, unless…&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:13:12&quot;&gt; millions and billions of people could actually use this stuff. And&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:13:15&quot;&gt;the reason millions and billions of people can use the stuff&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:13:18&quot;&gt; is because of the invention of the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:13:21&quot;&gt;GUI&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:13:24&quot;&gt; Okay! So,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:13:27&quot;&gt; I don't even know what time it is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:13:30&quot;&gt; but um… I'm up to the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:13:33&quot;&gt; dot dot dot question about what my greatest&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:13:36&quot;&gt; “aha!” etc. was and, but I'm gonna pause&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:13:39&quot;&gt; here and just check in with Jason and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:13:45&quot;&gt;Lenny.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:13:48&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;Hello&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:13:51&quot;&gt;How long how long was that by the way?&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:13:54&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;Uh we are, uh we uh we still have time so…&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:13:57&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;if you have uh&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:14:0&quot;&gt; okay so um&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:14:3&quot;&gt; the so now now the choice&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:14:6&quot;&gt; uh… uh… can get&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:14:9&quot;&gt; a another question from the audience. We can&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:14:12&quot;&gt; do this dot dot dot thing… whatever you'd like.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:14:15&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;um we have one question?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:14:21&quot;&gt;So… Len!&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:14:24&quot;&gt; Was this, uh, was this recognizable to you?&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:14:27&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;oh my god totally I mean there anecdotes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:14:30&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;all over the presentation that would add to it&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:14:33&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;but you nailed it beautifully. You captured that there&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:14:36&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;and the characters&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:14:39&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt; and the uh mix between&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:14:42&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt; highly cooperative groups and&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:14:45&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt; individual working on their own&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:14:48&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;things happen. there's a lot of individual&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:14:51&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt; yet the group action came in&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:14:54&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;and out in and out it was an interest it wasn't&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:14:57&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt; pure you know one versus many&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:15:0&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt; it was…&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:15:3&quot;&gt; I think I forgot to mention was uh… that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:15:6&quot;&gt; I don't think uh Lick intended it, or maybe&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:15:9&quot;&gt; he did, but uh what turned out to be the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:15:12&quot;&gt; messenger, uh… mechanism&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:15:15&quot;&gt; and there happened to be graduate students and interns.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:15:18&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt; including you for example!&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:15:21&quot;&gt; I mean I flew 140,000 miles as a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:15:24&quot;&gt; grad student. Dave Evans had a huge budget&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:15:27&quot;&gt; for airplane travel for his grad&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:15:30&quot;&gt;students!&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:15:33&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt; Well Steve managed to basically bankrupt mine doing the same thing.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:15:36&quot;&gt; Yeah because you gota&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:15:39&quot;&gt; These and and ARP… I should have mentioned&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:15:42&quot;&gt; that ARPA in uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:15:45&quot;&gt; 1968 funded the first ARPA&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:15:48&quot;&gt; Graduate Student Conference which was modeled&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:15:51&quot;&gt; on the ARPA contractors meetings&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:15:54&quot;&gt; that's another story about how that happened but&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:15:57&quot;&gt; uh that was really great because uh things went&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:16:0&quot;&gt; in the amount of intercommunication&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:16:3&quot;&gt; and trust… because a lot of cooperation is about trust&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:16:9&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt; And yet it was not um what shall I say a…&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:16:15&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt; a bowl of soup. It was contentious&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:16:18&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt; in a positive way. I'll give you one example&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:16:21&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;We had this principal investigators meeting, John McCarthy&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:16:24&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt; arrived about 20 minutes late. Someone was presenting&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:16:27&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;10 minutes later McCarthy raised his hand and says “Excuse&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:16:30&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt; me. I have no idea what you're talking about!”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:16:33&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt; he says “but I was late.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:16:36&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt; however if I came in in time I still think I with no idea&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:16:39&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt; what you're talking about!”. Can you imagine your interaction after that.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:16:42&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;It was wonderful!&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:16:45&quot;&gt;Yeah I should have that the one of the main things I learned in grad school&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:16:48&quot;&gt; and everybody at Parc knew was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:16:51&quot;&gt; uh that the purpose of arguing is not to win&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:16:54&quot;&gt; but to to illuminate.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:16:57&quot;&gt; And uh in fact when people started getting&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:17:0&quot;&gt; heated in an argument Taylor would&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:17:3&quot;&gt; say: “Type two! Type two!”&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:17:6&quot;&gt; and a type two argument was all&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:17:9&quot;&gt;of a sudden you had to explain the other person's position&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:17:12&quot;&gt; back to them, until they agreed with&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:17:15&quot;&gt; it; and then they had to explain your&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:17:18&quot;&gt;position back to you until you agreed with it, and by&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:17:21&quot;&gt;the time it happened you'd forgotten what you're arguing about and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:17:24&quot;&gt; you… okay let's go to the question.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:17:27&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;all right we have a question here&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:17:30&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:orange&quot;&gt;Yeah hello, um and I agree, and I guess I kind of apologize&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:17:33&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:orange&quot;&gt;for the uh structure&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:17:36&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:orange&quot;&gt;that we have because it does impose some limitations on… the discussion…&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:17:39&quot;&gt; um I'm on on the faculty&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:17:42&quot;&gt; too! so uh but&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:17:45&quot;&gt; you know faculty meetings uh there's too&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:17:48&quot;&gt;much contention because the stakes are too&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:17:51&quot;&gt;low. I quit going.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:17:54&quot;&gt; um so I have two questions which are&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:17:57&quot;&gt; a little related um so so number&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:18:0&quot;&gt; one was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:18:3&quot;&gt; Do you think and and maybe you'll agree that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:18:6&quot;&gt; there's kind of been a split between the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:18:9&quot;&gt; practicers of technology which are the software engineers&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:18:12&quot;&gt; and the systems thinkers who are like the theoreticians&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:18:15&quot;&gt; and the inventors. Um if so, why?&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:18:18&quot;&gt; Any suggestions to remediate this? Uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:18:21&quot;&gt;also asking to Professor Kleinrock if he has any&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:18:24&quot;&gt; input on that; and my second question is probably a little&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:18:27&quot;&gt; related. Um… which is, What are your&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:18:30&quot;&gt; thoughts on, I guess all of this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:18:33&quot;&gt; development most like a lot of it has been going into private&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:18:36&quot;&gt;research Labs like Google X, and Microsoft&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:18:39&quot;&gt; Research, um do do you think it's still kind of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:18:42&quot;&gt; analogous to Bell labs in back in the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:18:45&quot;&gt; day?&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:18:48&quot;&gt; uh no. For instance if Bell Labs&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:18:51&quot;&gt; if you walked around back before&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:18:54&quot;&gt; the divestiture, uh you&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:18:57&quot;&gt;that would say:&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:19:0&quot;&gt; “Either do something very useful, or very&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:19:3&quot;&gt;beautiful”.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:19:6&quot;&gt; I've never seen a sign like that at&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:19:12&quot;&gt;Google Research. Okay so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:19:15&quot;&gt; because that's a pro that's a huge&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:19:18&quot;&gt; problem. So…&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:19:21&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:orange&quot;&gt;Ah , I guess…&lt;/span&gt; go ahead&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:19:24&quot;&gt;I guess I have a follow-up question to that which is uh you mentioned a bit earlier in the talk&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:19:27&quot;&gt; one of the questions I sent over which is uh do you think&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:19:30&quot;&gt; younger people have a harder problem these days in you know living&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:19:33&quot;&gt; in this more materialistic world world so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:19:36&quot;&gt; to speak. You know…&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:19:39&quot;&gt; Just just one example. I I was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:19:42&quot;&gt; at Park in Palo Alto and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:19:45&quot;&gt; um&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:19:48&quot;&gt; the general inflation has been about&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:19:51&quot;&gt; a factor of seven since then&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:19:54&quot;&gt; or so and when I&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:19:57&quot;&gt; factor that into the salary I got at Parc it's about what&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:0&quot;&gt;I would get just you&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:3&quot;&gt; know I was just a year out of grad school when I went to Parc&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:6&quot;&gt; so uh really uh not a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:9&quot;&gt; huge wasn't a lot of money but&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:12&quot;&gt;with today.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:15&quot;&gt; However I was able to buy a house in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:18&quot;&gt; Palo Alto uh right near&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:21&quot;&gt; Parc. And it only cost twice my yearly&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:24&quot;&gt; salary.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:27&quot;&gt;Okay that house has inflated&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:30&quot;&gt; by a factor of seventy,. not seven&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:33&quot;&gt; so then do you go go ahead&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:36&quot;&gt; go ahead so the uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:39&quot;&gt; so if Parc existed today&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:39&quot;&gt; so if Parc existed today&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:42&quot;&gt; uh none of us&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:45&quot;&gt; and and Taylor wanted to hire he only hired older&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:48&quot;&gt; people uh from the ARPA community&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:51&quot;&gt; as advisers&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:54&quot;&gt; he didn't want I was the oldest person there and I&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:57&quot;&gt; was thirty. He didn't&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:21:0&quot;&gt; He wanted a new know he wanted the researchers that ARPA&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:21:3&quot;&gt; had turned down. There, and he used&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:21:6&quot;&gt; the uh the generation before us as as advisers&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:21:9&quot;&gt; and so if&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:21:12&quot;&gt; if I if they had tried to set this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:21:15&quot;&gt; up, uh somebody would have had to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:21:18&quot;&gt; buy a lot of housing in Palo Alto.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:21:21&quot;&gt; and you know when when Google is being&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:21:24&quot;&gt; set up and when HP was being set up I said, hey look&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:21:27&quot;&gt; at Stanford! Stanford figured this out a long time ago&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:21:30&quot;&gt; because if you get an associate professorship at&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:21:33&quot;&gt; Stanford one of the perks is a 99-year old&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:21:36&quot;&gt; lease at a very low interest rate&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:21:39&quot;&gt; on Stanford land for a house.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:21:42&quot;&gt; and Stanford was owns a lot&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:21:45&quot;&gt;houses in Palo Alto they bought them up before the big&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:21:48&quot;&gt; tech companies got there because they&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:21:51&quot;&gt; understood that people have a life. Might&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:21:54&quot;&gt; not be much of a life outside the lab but they still got&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:21:57&quot;&gt; one. By the way&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:22:0&quot;&gt; Len will love the the story that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:22:3&quot;&gt; Metcalfe and Boggs had the record&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:22:6&quot;&gt;for the longest period uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:22:9&quot;&gt; inside of Parc without leaving it.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:22:12&quot;&gt; which uh during the critical period of the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:22:15&quot;&gt; the ethernet which was two and a half&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:22:18&quot;&gt;months they had a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:22:21&quot;&gt; cafeteria you know it had plenty of places you could sleep&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:22:24&quot;&gt; it had showers&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:22:27&quot;&gt;um wasn't wasn't that helpful on&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:22:30&quot;&gt; if you had a marriage that didn't&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:22:33&quot;&gt; get this idea uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:22:36&quot;&gt; they would suffer but yeah so to so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:22:39&quot;&gt; the the a big problem today and and you know&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:22:42&quot;&gt; I run run various&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:22:45&quot;&gt; kinds of I've been able to fund until&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:22:48&quot;&gt; about I don't know five six years ago I was able to fund&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:22:51&quot;&gt; a nonprofit research thing that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:22:54&quot;&gt; was about to size of the group I had at Park&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:22:57&quot;&gt; and uh and to get people who are&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:23:0&quot;&gt; as good as the people I had at Park&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:23:3&quot;&gt; but it wasn't the same as Park similarly&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:23:6&quot;&gt; Butler Lamson and Chuck ther went with deck&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:23:9&quot;&gt; initially and then with&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:23:12&quot;&gt; Microsoft and it wasn't the same as park&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:23:15&quot;&gt; because they&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:23:18&quot;&gt; uh you know for example&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:23:21&quot;&gt; my habit when when I would get confused&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:23:24&quot;&gt; about something was to go down and have&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:23:27&quot;&gt; Butler tear it to shreds&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:23:30&quot;&gt; and I miss missmiss&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:23:33&quot;&gt; being able to just walk down the hall into&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:23:36&quot;&gt; that crystallin Palace of his&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:23:39&quot;&gt; mind and you could&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:23:42&quot;&gt; never top Butler on the same&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:23:45&quot;&gt;least I couldn't but Butler&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:23:48&quot;&gt; was an was honest if you came back three days&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:23:51&quot;&gt; later and said now here is the real point&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:23:54&quot;&gt; you would say you're&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:23:57&quot;&gt; right so that's a really great C it's a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:24:0&quot;&gt; genius there's no question he's one of the most brilliant&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:24:3&quot;&gt; people I've ever met and an honest&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:24:6&quot;&gt; genius and a guy who by the way&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:24:9&quot;&gt; helped my group whenever he could&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:24:12&quot;&gt; despite the fact that our theory of programming language&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:24:15&quot;&gt; design was quite different from&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:24:18&quot;&gt; his he didn't give a about&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:24:21&quot;&gt; that so he was Butler was a big man&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:24:24&quot;&gt; in my opinion just a big fantastic&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:24:27&quot;&gt; so it's that Synergy&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:24:30&quot;&gt; it's what happens in the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:24:33&quot;&gt; halls and it's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:24:36&quot;&gt; what happens when you're having like&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:24:39&quot;&gt; EP uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:24:42&quot;&gt; you know how how many beer beer Laden lunches&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:24:45&quot;&gt; do you have how many bike rides up to the top&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:24:48&quot;&gt; of the uh the hills around&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:24:51&quot;&gt; Palo Alto with all these people no&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:24:54&quot;&gt; there's a whole whole thing there that is going to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:24:57&quot;&gt; pay off by&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:25:0&quot;&gt; what the group is willing to do and reason I kept on&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:25:3&quot;&gt; showing theater is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:25:6&quot;&gt; arpa at its best park at its best was like&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:25:9&quot;&gt; theater at its best you've got the most diverse&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:25:12&quot;&gt; group of people you ever saw&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:25:15&quot;&gt; some of which some of whom can't even&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:25:18&quot;&gt; stand each other&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:25:21&quot;&gt; but the whole point of the thing is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:25:24&quot;&gt;audience that's going to be there&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:25:27&quot;&gt; six weeks from now or six months&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:25:30&quot;&gt; from now and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:25:33&quot;&gt; so you get this thing where people&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:25:36&quot;&gt; work 24 hours a day and they just find&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:25:39&quot;&gt; ways to solve everything they&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:25:42&quot;&gt; do the woo woo on the leftand side that's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:25:45&quot;&gt; what theater is about and they&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:25:48&quot;&gt; do all of the stuff you have to do in the physical&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:25:51&quot;&gt; world to make it work and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:25:54&quot;&gt; know if you don't have those and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:25:57&quot;&gt; if they don't like Len did&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:26:0&quot;&gt; this if those people don't have some of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:26:3&quot;&gt; the other in them to have this shared context&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:26:6&quot;&gt; there has to be a place where you go and it's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:26:9&quot;&gt; the love of what you're gonna&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:26:12&quot;&gt; get the audience to try to think about&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:26:15&quot;&gt; because you can't tell the audience&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:26:18&quot;&gt; anything can't people only remember&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:26:21&quot;&gt;you make them feel&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:26:24&quot;&gt; so so you have to lay it this is why I&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:26:27&quot;&gt;all these pictures and stuff because I want the pictures&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:26:30&quot;&gt; to do things you can't do in regular&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:26:33&quot;&gt; words and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:26:36&quot;&gt; yeah so the question is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:26:39&quot;&gt; uh the way I look&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:26:42&quot;&gt; at playing the blame game&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:26:45&quot;&gt; here is businesses&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:26:48&quot;&gt; are in a terrible position&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:26:51&quot;&gt; fidu in a fiduciary responsibility way&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:26:54&quot;&gt; for doing the kind of stuff that arpa&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:26:57&quot;&gt; and park did they have every&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:27:0&quot;&gt; and especially the Milton Freedman American businesses&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:27:3&quot;&gt; which are a terrible way to do business in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:27:6&quot;&gt; general there you know Peter Dreer used to say&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:27:9&quot;&gt; that that business's main obligation&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:27:12&quot;&gt; is to their uh customers&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:27:15&quot;&gt; and Milton fredman said no business's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:27:18&quot;&gt; main obligation is to their stockholders&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:27:21&quot;&gt; and that has turned really ugly that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:27:24&quot;&gt; is really ugly so but in any case&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:27:27&quot;&gt; good or bad they're in a bad place for it&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:27:30&quot;&gt; uh research can only be&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:27:33&quot;&gt;xpensed eeks&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:27:36&quot;&gt; you could be sitting on a ton of cash tough&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:27:39&quot;&gt; comes out of the bottom&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:27:42&quot;&gt; line so so when I when&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:27:45&quot;&gt; I look there I Look to society and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:27:48&quot;&gt; government part of the idea&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:27:51&quot;&gt; of getting people to pay&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:27:54&quot;&gt; taxes is to deal with things&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:27:57&quot;&gt; in a way that is hard for&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:28:0&quot;&gt; scattered groups to deal with with or without&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:28:3&quot;&gt; engelbart stuff and I think the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:28:6&quot;&gt; the woo woo research stuff done&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:28:9&quot;&gt; right is one of those things and I just happened&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:28:12&quot;&gt; to stumble into it I didn't go to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:28:15&quot;&gt; Utah knowing anything about arpa I'd never heard of arpa&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:28:18&quot;&gt; I just stumbled in there by by and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:28:21&quot;&gt; chance and I found out I was in Paradise&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:28:24&quot;&gt;because&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:28:27&quot;&gt; and the dod was doing fine because&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:28:30&quot;&gt; uh arpa ipto cost almost nothing compared to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:28:33&quot;&gt; the the whole DOD&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:28:36&quot;&gt; budget it was just fingernail clipping so it's the perfect&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:28:39&quot;&gt; place for doing this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:28:42&quot;&gt; uh enlightened public&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:28:45&quot;&gt; domain uh research and you had the ultimate&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:28:48&quot;&gt; enlightened public domain mind in lick&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:28:51&quot;&gt; to do that the key thing&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:28:54&quot;&gt;Park was that Taylor loved&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:28:57&quot;&gt; lick he he was a psychologist&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:29:0&quot;&gt; also he truly loved&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:29:3&quot;&gt; lick and I'll I'll&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:29:6&quot;&gt; finish in one second Jason and he&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:29:9&quot;&gt;uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:29:12&quot;&gt; he studied lick so lick&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:29:15&quot;&gt; was intu&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:29:18&quot;&gt; intuition he had great inter but Taylor&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:29:21&quot;&gt; codified lick those rules&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:29:24&quot;&gt;put up there were not Lick's rules but Taylor's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:29:27&quot;&gt; rules and anytime you wanted to park you could&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:29:30&quot;&gt; go and lie on the floor in Taylor's office we we were floor culture&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:29:33&quot;&gt; we had thick carpets that were&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:29:36&quot;&gt;padding underneath so you could just roll around on the floor we had bean&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:29:39&quot;&gt; bags and inste of chairs so you go&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:29:42&quot;&gt;there and lie in there for an hour and let Taylor tell&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:29:45&quot;&gt; you what he was why he was doing what he was doing at&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:29:48&quot;&gt; Park and it was mostly these rules&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:29:51&quot;&gt;I wrote down you got to do this you got to do that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:29:54&quot;&gt; uh etc etc like&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:29:57&quot;&gt; okay so um&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:30:0&quot;&gt; yeah so I point I point my finger&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:30:3&quot;&gt; at the government and if you point your finger at the government you&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:30:6&quot;&gt;have to point your finger at the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:30:9&quot;&gt; uh uh the American&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:30:12&quot;&gt; Body politic and if you point your finger at them you have&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:30:15&quot;&gt; to point your finger at education&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:30:18&quot;&gt; public education if you point your finger at publication&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:30:21&quot;&gt; public education you point your finger at the government&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:30:24&quot;&gt; again so the government has not&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:30:27&quot;&gt; done its job and by the way over here in London in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:30:30&quot;&gt;the UK it's it's worse&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:30:33&quot;&gt; uh the politicians are a little nicer over here&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:30:36&quot;&gt; but they're equally uh incompetent&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:30:39&quot;&gt; they just don't do not understand and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:30:42&quot;&gt; their financial base is much smaller over here&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:30:45&quot;&gt; so they're in more desperate need&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:30:48&quot;&gt; of the kind of Industries they can afford&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:30:51&quot;&gt; that actually work in the 21st century&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:30:54&quot;&gt;need this um&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:30:57&quot;&gt; yeah so uh but when&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:31:0&quot;&gt;after the government&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:31:3&quot;&gt; should be doing this that and the other thing&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:31:6&quot;&gt; I I can't get far from the educ&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:31:9&quot;&gt;from the University because the university used to be the co&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:31:12&quot;&gt;the flame the whole&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:31:15&quot;&gt; point there was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:31:18&quot;&gt; the universities were not beholden to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:31:21&quot;&gt; business their job was not to do job&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:31:24&quot;&gt; training in obsolete software&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:31:27&quot;&gt; systems to deal with business's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:31:30&quot;&gt; problems with Legacy systems that is not the job&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:31:33&quot;&gt;university that's a trade school and there's nothing&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:31:36&quot;&gt; I love trade schools the high school I&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:31:39&quot;&gt; went to was a was a one you had to take&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:31:42&quot;&gt; a test to get into but it was a glorified trade school Lenny&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:31:45&quot;&gt; will tell you and uh I learned a lot&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:31:48&quot;&gt; there but Jesus the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:31:51&quot;&gt; universities have got to uphold&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:31:54&quot;&gt; something like the way the 21st century&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:31:57&quot;&gt; should be for the students or the students&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:32:0&quot;&gt; are just going to go there and buy degrees in order&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:32:3&quot;&gt; to get jobs that is my general&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:32:6&quot;&gt; picture so the university&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:32:9&quot;&gt; could put us you know I when I was active&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:32:12&quot;&gt; around UCLA at some faculty&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:32:15&quot;&gt; meeting uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:32:18&quot;&gt; maybe more than one&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:32:21&quot;&gt; I brought up the idea hey wait a minute UCLA is one of the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:32:24&quot;&gt; top 10 schools and uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:32:27&quot;&gt; there are other top 10 schools in the nation&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:32:30&quot;&gt;in the University of California&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:32:33&quot;&gt; you know basically you&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:32:36&quot;&gt; know why are we letting the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:32:39&quot;&gt; Regents determine that tenure&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:32:42&quot;&gt; uh re requires paper&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:32:45&quot;&gt;counting&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:32:48&quot;&gt; UCLA should be able to say well you know Screw You&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:32:51&quot;&gt; Regents screw you and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:32:54&quot;&gt; Davis and uh San Diego&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:32:57&quot;&gt; and Santa Barbara screw you Regents&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:33:0&quot;&gt; we're not going to do it that way&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:33:3&quot;&gt; we're not gonna count papers for Christ's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:33:6&quot;&gt; sake you know&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:33:9&quot;&gt; if you got to count a paper you at least have to put a weight on it&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:33:12&quot;&gt; and it's hard to put a weight on a paper until 10 years&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:33:15&quot;&gt; have passed you&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:33:18&quot;&gt; just can't do it that way or you're going to turn it into&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:33:21&quot;&gt; a Job Shop and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:33:24&quot;&gt; uh you know uh I pointed out&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:33:27&quot;&gt; to the UCLA faculty that because of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:33:30&quot;&gt; you know the the discussion was wow&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:33:33&quot;&gt; our department is really popular now we've got more&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:33:36&quot;&gt; students than we can handle I said well godamn it&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:33:39&quot;&gt; if you got that that's what the bean counters&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:33:42&quot;&gt; in the University care&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:33:45&quot;&gt; about is retention because it's money&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:33:48&quot;&gt; you've got them just say&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:33:51&quot;&gt; okay all right&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:33:54&quot;&gt; we're going to do tenure differently we're going to hire&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:33:57&quot;&gt;differently we're going to have a different set of Standards&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:34:0&quot;&gt; here&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:34:3&quot;&gt; or we're just goingon to uh you know etc&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:34:6&quot;&gt; etc but the 60s were&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:34:9&quot;&gt; long over by the time I made that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:34:12&quot;&gt;stand&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:34:18&quot;&gt;okay next question&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:34:21&quot;&gt; I have a question yes&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:34:24&quot;&gt;this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:34:27&quot;&gt; was sorry&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:34:30&quot;&gt; this was a and I've heard you many&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:34:33&quot;&gt; times and always I I recognize&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:34:36&quot;&gt; this accent always&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:34:39&quot;&gt; yes I'm ready I'm ready&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:34:42&quot;&gt; I'm ready always very entertaining&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:34:45&quot;&gt; and uh thoughtful&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:34:48&quot;&gt; but I I feel there is now&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:34:51&quot;&gt;a huge crra a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:34:54&quot;&gt; Gap uh which we didn't you didn't&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:34:57&quot;&gt;would be nice if you could have a thought or address&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:35:0&quot;&gt; which is everything in the past&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:35:3&quot;&gt; seems to me have to do let's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:35:6&quot;&gt; call it with mathematics has&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:35:9&quot;&gt; Precision prob language is not&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:35:12&quot;&gt;we talk it has precision&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:35:15&quot;&gt; and suddenly I think the new&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:35:18&quot;&gt; Queen the new the new thing in the helm&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:35:21&quot;&gt;the new Revolution is is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:35:24&quot;&gt; without Precision it's without&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:35:27&quot;&gt; and we built machine that we do not&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:35:30&quot;&gt; understand how they work but&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:35:33&quot;&gt; they work they perform they&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:35:36&quot;&gt; perform not in Precision&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:35:39&quot;&gt; you know if there will be a a self-driving&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:35:42&quot;&gt; car it will kill somebody there is no question you&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:35:45&quot;&gt; cannot guarantee that this will not happen&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:35:48&quot;&gt;it's a new thing and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:35:51&quot;&gt; I feel most of us here on this list&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:35:54&quot;&gt; on the nine people that are left&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:35:57&quot;&gt; we are dinosaurs of the past&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:36:0&quot;&gt; and what do you have any thoughts about&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:36:3&quot;&gt; this well uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:36:6&quot;&gt; just by chance in the late 60s&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:36:9&quot;&gt; I was visiting MIT and there was a meeting&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:36:12&quot;&gt; of DOD people with&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:36:15&quot;&gt; uh the AI people at MIT&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:36:18&quot;&gt; and I think mensky was saying&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:36:21&quot;&gt; you know in a few years we might be able to do what a dog can&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:36:24&quot;&gt; do and uh the fourstar&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:36:27&quot;&gt; general said a dog&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:36:30&quot;&gt; he said look we don't even want what ordinary humans can&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:36:33&quot;&gt; do we can draft them we've got two million&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:36:36&quot;&gt; robots in the in the Department of Defense already&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:36:39&quot;&gt; we train them and they learn well and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:36:42&quot;&gt;they carry guns and they do all the stuff that we want&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:36:45&quot;&gt; we already got intelligent robots we need&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:36:48&quot;&gt; superhuman intelligence that's what&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:36:51&quot;&gt; we need and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:36:54&quot;&gt;so I&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:36:57&quot;&gt; I don't want to start a long discussion about&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:37:0&quot;&gt; you know but it happens that the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:37:3&quot;&gt; what J Judea Pearl calls curve&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:37:6&quot;&gt;fitting machine learning&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:37:9&quot;&gt; uh as you know&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:37:12&quot;&gt; also very well goes all the way back&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:37:15&quot;&gt; 20 30 40 years&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:37:18&quot;&gt; or 50 years or more Minsky's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:37:21&quot;&gt;thesis was actually one of the first perceptrons&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:37:24&quot;&gt; so the idea of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:37:27&quot;&gt; of finding complex&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:37:30&quot;&gt; transfer functions between lots of inputs and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:37:33&quot;&gt; fewer outputs is has been around for a while&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:37:36&quot;&gt; and uh it's definitely a a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:37:39&quot;&gt; big component of what's going on inside of our&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:37:42&quot;&gt; brains but&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:37:45&quot;&gt; the I I think&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:37:48&quot;&gt; the we should ask&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:37:51&quot;&gt; more for example uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:37:54&quot;&gt; I wouldn't want to use an&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:37:57&quot;&gt; AI that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:38:0&quot;&gt; couldn't be vetted in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:38:3&quot;&gt; some way and of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:38:6&quot;&gt; course uh the chat Bots&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:38:9&quot;&gt; uh can lie whenever it suits them&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:38:12&quot;&gt; and by the way I just saw that uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:38:15&quot;&gt; uh open AI chatbot&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:38:18&quot;&gt; has recently gone nuts&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:38:21&quot;&gt; which is really fun track this down&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:38:24&quot;&gt;it started something went wrong and it's now it's mostly&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:38:27&quot;&gt; hallucinating so these are&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:38:30&quot;&gt; like human beings these are creators&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:38:33&quot;&gt; that's what we are that's what we&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:38:36&quot;&gt; got inside there and I believe that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:38:39&quot;&gt; we're we're better than we&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:38:42&quot;&gt; were 100,000 years ago mainly&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:38:45&quot;&gt; because we invented&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:38:48&quot;&gt; methods for thinking&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:38:51&quot;&gt; the big one being science&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:38:54&quot;&gt; math allows you to in a consistent&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:38:57&quot;&gt; way but it&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:39:0&quot;&gt; it doesn't have any necessary connection to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:39:3&quot;&gt; reality where science wants to be able&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:39:6&quot;&gt; to do uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:39:9&quot;&gt; crisp thinking in a way that is anchored to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:39:12&quot;&gt; reality such that the uh the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:39:15&quot;&gt;cues might have something to do with reality also&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:39:18&quot;&gt; I think that is a very very good thing I think it would help&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:39:21&quot;&gt; our politics on both sides of the lanic&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:39:24&quot;&gt; tremendously if uh schools started&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:39:27&quot;&gt; teaching CH basically doing what engelbart&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:39:30&quot;&gt; said we have to insert better methods&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:39:33&quot;&gt; than the ones we were born with or&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:39:36&quot;&gt; simple uh large language models&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:39:39&quot;&gt; have uh in order to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:39:42&quot;&gt; uh be able to use them in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:39:45&quot;&gt; any reasonable way that's my my&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:39:48&quot;&gt;answer&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:39:51&quot;&gt; got it got it and then we also have one more&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:39:54&quot;&gt; question from the audience um I wanted to get a chance to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:39:57&quot;&gt; yeah have him ask hi professor Kate thank you&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:40:0&quot;&gt; for your talk today um I'm born in the 21st century&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:40:3&quot;&gt; so my uh I guess&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:40:6&quot;&gt; thoughts about zorx Park is the only one I know of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:40:9&quot;&gt;Steve Jobs's visit where he commercializes&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:40:12&quot;&gt; the guey that you guys invented into the apple one&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:40:15&quot;&gt; so I was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:40:18&quot;&gt; yeah so what he saw was what&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:40:21&quot;&gt; what he saw was what we did&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:40:24&quot;&gt; he visited it was a visit to my&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:40:27&quot;&gt; group uh and I was in the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:40:30&quot;&gt; room uh during that visit&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:40:33&quot;&gt; and the demo we gave him and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:40:36&quot;&gt; uh we became friends uh partly&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:40:39&quot;&gt; as the result of that visit so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:40:42&quot;&gt; ask me any question you want to ask about that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:40:45&quot;&gt; visit uh yeah I mean my first question was going&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:40:48&quot;&gt;if you happen to be in the room at all but now I know&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:40:51&quot;&gt; uh second of all would be Steve had or&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:40:54&quot;&gt; Mr jobs uh had a way of combining design&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:40:57&quot;&gt; and pushing the boundaries of engineering through that I&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:41:0&quot;&gt; was wondering how Zero's or&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:41:3&quot;&gt; the Park's attitude towards pushing research&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:41:6&quot;&gt; um the boundaries of research were or what&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:41:9&quot;&gt; influence so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:41:12&quot;&gt; the so let me answer it's a two-part&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:41:15&quot;&gt; question so one part uh is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:41:18&quot;&gt; early in the 80s I said to both Steve&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:41:21&quot;&gt; and Bill Gates uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:41:24&quot;&gt; this is during the controversy of whether apple and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:41:27&quot;&gt; Microsoft had stolen the ideas from&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:41:30&quot;&gt; Xerox and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:41:33&quot;&gt; you know I told I said to both of them I said&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:41:36&quot;&gt; look we want this we want you to steal the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:41:39&quot;&gt; ideas but for Christ's sake steal&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:41:42&quot;&gt;whole idea don't steal a protest&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:41:45&quot;&gt; caricature yeah the whole&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:41:48&quot;&gt; yeah that's why I say the the disappointing figures&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:41:51&quot;&gt;that I put there was the amount of actual&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:41:54&quot;&gt; takeup uh so the second thing is that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:41:57&quot;&gt;what Steve was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:42:0&quot;&gt; uh he was NE say the two words you said again designer&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:42:3&quot;&gt; and a pusher of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:42:6&quot;&gt; engineering yeah right okay so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:42:9&quot;&gt; Steve was not a designer&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:42:12&quot;&gt; and he was a pusher of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:42:15&quot;&gt; people so the key thing about Steve&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:42:18&quot;&gt; was that he had a lot of good&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:42:21&quot;&gt; woowoo&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:42:24&quot;&gt; so where he picked up&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:42:27&quot;&gt; he could feel the fireflies if he'd been a scientist&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:42:30&quot;&gt; it would have been much better for&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:42:33&quot;&gt; everybody because as he said and there's a famous&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:42:36&quot;&gt; interview you can find on YouTube where&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:42:39&quot;&gt; Steve says he says when I first went to Xerox&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:42:42&quot;&gt; I was so blinded by the user interface I couldn't see anything&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:42:45&quot;&gt; else I couldn't see object-oriented programming I&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:42:48&quot;&gt;see the networks he had to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:42:51&quot;&gt; wait until he did next years later when he ran into&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:42:54&quot;&gt;another contingent from the old Arbor Community&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:42:57&quot;&gt; to explain to them why you why you need&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:43:0&quot;&gt; those but we he didn't&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:43:3&quot;&gt; understand how the stuff and we couldn't tell&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:43:6&quot;&gt; him uh we were&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:43:9&quot;&gt; able to show him uh like one of the famous&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:43:12&quot;&gt; things that happened in the demo&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:43:15&quot;&gt; my my one of my favorite demo things and if I had had time&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:43:18&quot;&gt;because we recreated that system just for the shits&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:43:21&quot;&gt; of it so it actually runs the system that we showed&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:43:24&quot;&gt; him and um I occasionally will'll do&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:43:27&quot;&gt; it live in a talk um&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:43:30&quot;&gt; but Steve had two complaints while he was and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:43:33&quot;&gt; he was really watching he&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:43:36&quot;&gt; had his acolytes around him&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:43:39&quot;&gt; uh but Steve Steve was really paying&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:43:42&quot;&gt; attention to the thing and he&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:43:45&quot;&gt;said you know&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:43:48&quot;&gt; I don't like You' never seen a scroll bar before but he&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:43:51&quot;&gt; didn't like the fact that as you pulled it it&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:43:54&quot;&gt;went line by line he&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:43:57&quot;&gt; says can't that go be done&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:44:0&quot;&gt; continuously and Dan Engles who was giving the demo&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:44:3&quot;&gt; because small talk is live&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:44:6&quot;&gt; I mean live down to the operating systems so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:44:9&quot;&gt; Dan was able to do a couple of Clips&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:44:12&quot;&gt; here's where the slow scroll bar thing is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:44:15&quot;&gt; uh change a line of code&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:44:18&quot;&gt; quar a second later things are scrolling&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:44:21&quot;&gt; smoothly and later on&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:44:24&quot;&gt; uh when we were showing text&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:44:27&quot;&gt; selection um we liked&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:44:30&quot;&gt; we tried a lot of different ways of doing it but we' like the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:44:33&quot;&gt; complimenting the characters&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:44:36&quot;&gt; which is what basically is done&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:44:39&quot;&gt; today uh and Steve didn't like that he said&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:44:42&quot;&gt; can't you do an outline&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:44:45&quot;&gt; around the you know he's right because it's comp&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:44:48&quot;&gt;and white complimenting&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:44:51&quot;&gt; is a little bit too in your face&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:44:54&quot;&gt; face so he's right there&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:44:57&quot;&gt; and so my jaw was on the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:45:0&quot;&gt; floor because Dan Engles went in there&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:45:3&quot;&gt; that was not a trivial thing you know because if&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:45:6&quot;&gt; you think of the selection&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:45:9&quot;&gt; you have to find the actual boundary of the selection and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:45:12&quot;&gt; you have to uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:45:15&quot;&gt; treat it the right way and Dan went right to the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:45:18&quot;&gt; thing and basically what he did was to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:45:21&quot;&gt; just take the code that comp mented&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:45:24&quot;&gt; copy it and shift the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:45:27&quot;&gt; coordinates of the comp of the second&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:45:30&quot;&gt; complementation uh diagonally&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:45:33&quot;&gt; by two&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:45:36&quot;&gt; so you get to so what it would do in it before you could see it would do&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:45:39&quot;&gt;compliment then it would shift diagonally do another compliment&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:45:42&quot;&gt; and that would leave a a black line around the selection&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:45:45&quot;&gt; just what Steve asked for it's like one of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:45:48&quot;&gt; the greatest things I've ever seen done unprepared&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:45:51&quot;&gt; in a demo in a program progamming system in my&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:45:54&quot;&gt; life that was uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:45:57&quot;&gt; 1979 yeah so that was uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:46:0&quot;&gt;good and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:46:3&quot;&gt; uh uh Apple didn't steal&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:46:6&quot;&gt; you know Apple did do a great thing&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:46:9&quot;&gt; as the ba from the basis of that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:46:12&quot;&gt; stuff uh which was the Lisa&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:46:15&quot;&gt;done before the mac&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:46:18&quot;&gt; and the Lisa was done&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:46:21&quot;&gt; uh with Park people who are&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:46:24&quot;&gt; hired&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:46:27&quot;&gt; uh uh and with&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:46:30&quot;&gt; some very smart people who are at Apple like Bill&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:46:33&quot;&gt; ainson and the Lisa was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:46:36&quot;&gt; really nice it was the best thing you&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:46:39&quot;&gt; could possibly do for that day was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:46:42&quot;&gt; done on a 68,000&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:46:45&quot;&gt; microprocessor which meant an enormous amount&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:46:48&quot;&gt; of programming for to do the graphics that were so easy&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:46:51&quot;&gt; on the alto but they did it and it was really&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:46:54&quot;&gt; great and uh a system&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:46:57&quot;&gt; you would die for you could get&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:47:0&quot;&gt; for 10,000&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:47:3&quot;&gt; bucks and $10,000 happen to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:47:6&quot;&gt; be the average price of a car new car in the United&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:47:9&quot;&gt; States at that time um sorry to interrupt&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:47:12&quot;&gt; we're almost at the top of the second hour uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:47:15&quot;&gt; of the of the talk so almost at the end of the second hour of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:47:18&quot;&gt;the talk um so I just want to get a quick chance for people who have&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:47:21&quot;&gt; class um but first please Round of Applause for our&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:47:24&quot;&gt; speaker for the people who are&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:47:27&quot;&gt;left yeah&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:47:30&quot;&gt; so I&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:47:33&quot;&gt; love I I just expected&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:47:36&quot;&gt; uh that you would have you would give me&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:47:39&quot;&gt; one of your uh Barbed&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:47:45&quot;&gt;comments I love&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:47:48&quot;&gt;those&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:47:51&quot;&gt; okay thank you thank you than you one and all&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:47:54&quot;&gt; thank you for thank you thank&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:47:57&quot;&gt; you Alan thank you so much yeah but don't&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:48:0&quot;&gt; don't use your car while you're driving Glen&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:48:3&quot;&gt; well I had to meet Stella she's waiting for me&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:48:6&quot;&gt; and for an hour and now so sorry I had to step&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:48:9&quot;&gt; out that's good you listen to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:48:12&quot;&gt;Marvin&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:48:15&quot;&gt; of course happy wife happy&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:48:18&quot;&gt; life uh the number one&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:48:21&quot;&gt; that's rule zero&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:48:24&quot;&gt; not that's not even rule one that's rule&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:48:27&quot;&gt; zero you got it you got it&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:48:30&quot;&gt; thank you very much again Alan thank you thanks&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:48:33&quot;&gt; so much Allan&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:48:36&quot;&gt; thank you bye bye&lt;/subtitle&gt;</div>

Ezequiel http://tinlizzie.org/IA/index.php?title=Alan_Kay_talk_at_UCLA_CS_Connection_Lab&diff=3177 2025-04-23T14:08:25Z

<p>Ezequiel: Subtitles first pass up intill 1:16:41 coloured dialogues</p> <hr /> <div><br /> {{#evt:<br /> service=youtubeIA<br /> |id=dZQ7x0-MZcI<br /> |alignment=left<br /> |autoresize=true<br /> }}<br /> <br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:0:7&quot;&gt;I'm here today with Alan Kay. We're at the UCLA&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:0:10&quot;&gt;Connection Lab with professor Kleinrock and the rest&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:0:13&quot;&gt;of our students here. We are very lucky to have Alan&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:0:16&quot;&gt;who is presenting on a broad range of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:0:19&quot;&gt;topics ranging from technology society and future research&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:0:22&quot;&gt;and I'll keep it short so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:0:25&quot;&gt;Alan needs no further introduction. I will let him begin right&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:0:28&quot;&gt;away. —Thank you so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:0:31&quot;&gt;much! Okay! Onward we&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:0:37&quot;&gt;go! So the way this started off is my&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:0:40&quot;&gt;long long friend&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:0:43&quot;&gt;Len Kleinrock sent me an email&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:0:46&quot;&gt;saying would I do a talk&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:0:49&quot;&gt;and…, I wasn't&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:0:52&quot;&gt;sure…&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:0:55&quot;&gt;[then it] says “about the view of the current…” yeah, basically&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:0:58&quot;&gt;about everything… “most rewarding&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:1:1&quot;&gt; work in my life”. I'm 84&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:1:4&quot;&gt; years old guys&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:1:7&quot;&gt; and “can I do it in just a few&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:1:10&quot;&gt; minutes?”, and of course I said okay&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:1:13&quot;&gt; and uh the wonderful&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:1:16&quot;&gt; Jason gathered&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:1:19&quot;&gt; up a bunch of questions and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:1:22&quot;&gt; I endeavored to look at all all of them&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:1:25&quot;&gt; and combine them in one way or another&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:1:28&quot;&gt;but&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:1:31&quot;&gt; the short an answers here&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:1:34&quot;&gt; are “is it&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:1:37&quot;&gt; still feasible today to do something like Xerox PARC?” and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:1:40&quot;&gt; the answer is yes. I don't know of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:1:43&quot;&gt; anything like Xerox PARC in the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:1:46&quot;&gt; computer realm of things.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:1:49&quot;&gt; They're all so goal&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:1:52&quot;&gt; oriented, but there's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:1:55&quot;&gt; a great Biology Institute funded by the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:1:58&quot;&gt;Hughes Foundation called Janelia Labs&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:2:1&quot;&gt; in near Washington DC, and there's the famous&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:2:4&quot;&gt; Max plank Institute, and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:2:7&quot;&gt;we'll see in a little bit why I don't&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:2:10&quot;&gt; consider there's a lot with&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:2:13&quot;&gt; the same kind of spirit as Xerox PARC.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:2:16&quot;&gt;As I'll say in a moment, it wasn't Xerox&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:2:19&quot;&gt; PARC. Xerox PARC was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:2:22&quot;&gt; part of the much larger&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:2:25&quot;&gt; ARPA research&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:2:28&quot;&gt;community; and considered, it was just funded by&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:2:31&quot;&gt; Xerox because the Department of Defense had quit&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:2:34&quot;&gt; funding ARPA the right way, and put the D on and changed&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:2:37&quot;&gt; everything. So we'll see about that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:2:40&quot;&gt; in a minute and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:2:43&quot;&gt; short answer [to]: “do I believe young people today&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:2:46&quot;&gt; have to solve a harder problem in requiring&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:2:49&quot;&gt; resources?”; and my answer is yes&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:2:52&quot;&gt; absolutely. It is much much harder&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:2:55&quot;&gt; as the businesses&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:2:58&quot;&gt; have moved in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:3:1&quot;&gt; which started really strongly in the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:3:4&quot;&gt;80s after the inventions of personal Computing&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:3:7&quot;&gt; and pervasive and local&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:3:10&quot;&gt; networking, there was something&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:3:13&quot;&gt; that could be…&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:3:16&quot;&gt; and the GUI which&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:3:19&quot;&gt; opened up the computer to the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:3:25&quot;&gt;rest…&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:3:28&quot;&gt; Sorry go ahead. I could hear people talking&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:3:31&quot;&gt; yeah um yes, so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:3:34&quot;&gt; it's much harder, much much harder&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:3:37&quot;&gt; and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:3:40&quot;&gt; there isn't time to really answer&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:3:43&quot;&gt; these completely separately,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:3:46&quot;&gt; so I sort of wove them together.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:3:49&quot;&gt; I&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:3:52&quot;&gt; like this one. This is a recent one: “What are some&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:3:55&quot;&gt; of the most tragic illusions that adults get stuck&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:4:1&quot;&gt;with?”. That is the most flattering thing I've&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:4:4&quot;&gt; heard in years because it assumes I'm not an adult,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:4:7&quot;&gt; which I'm not.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:4:10&quot;&gt; Number two was: “What did you guys being there at Xerox&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:4:13&quot;&gt; Park do for them?”&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:4:16&quot;&gt; and then there's this dot dot dot one&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:4:19&quot;&gt; which I did do a little prep on it but I&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:4:22&quot;&gt; left it to the end in case we run out of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:4:25&quot;&gt; time because in 84 years&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:4:28&quot;&gt; I've had a lot of aha moments, but&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:4:31&quot;&gt; let's start off with number&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:4:34&quot;&gt; one. This is part&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:4:37&quot;&gt; of the tragic Illusions&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:4:40&quot;&gt; what we're doing right now and what we do in most&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:4:43&quot;&gt; classrooms is to recapitulate&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:4:46&quot;&gt; something that happened 150,000 years ago&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:4:49&quot;&gt; which is a bunch of people gathering around a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:4:52&quot;&gt; campfire listening to somebody&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:4:55&quot;&gt;talk. And just&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:4:58&quot;&gt; think about it for a second how crazy&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:5:1&quot;&gt; is it for me to be doing what I'm doing now&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:5:4&quot;&gt; this is why I sent a couple of papers along to read.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:5:7&quot;&gt; It's crazy to orally discuss&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:5:10&quot;&gt; ideas and inventions that required reading and writing&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:5:13&quot;&gt;to invent and explain. The&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:5:16&quot;&gt; oral medium is not good for what&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:5:19&quot;&gt; the best of the stuff that we&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:5:22&quot;&gt;do; but&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:5:25&quot;&gt; we all have the same pink brains&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:5:28&quot;&gt; they love stories and so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:5:31&quot;&gt; what this guy wants is a story&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:5:34&quot;&gt; and what I'm trying to do is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:5:37&quot;&gt; to comply to tell stories about&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:5:40&quot;&gt; things that really aren't very good as&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:5:43&quot;&gt; stories and the problem was we're still basically&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:5:46&quot;&gt; the same species&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:5:49&quot;&gt; with the same pink brain that wants&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:5:52&quot;&gt;stories. And systems&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:5:55&quot;&gt; aren't stories. I'm basically a systems&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:5:58&quot;&gt;guy&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:6:1&quot;&gt; If we take a look at what happened going back a few&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:6:4&quot;&gt; hundred thousand years, human genetics&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:6:7&quot;&gt; yeah it has changed a little bit.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:6:10&quot;&gt; some of us got to be able to digest milk&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:6:13&quot;&gt; and so forth.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:6:16&quot;&gt; And human&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:6:19&quot;&gt; inventions gradually took&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:6:22&quot;&gt; off. And with modern&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:6:25&quot;&gt; theories about origins of languages,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:6:28&quot;&gt; a lot more of language seems to be an invention&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:6:31&quot;&gt; via culture than&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:6:34&quot;&gt; we thought in the past. And then we&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:6:37&quot;&gt; have this problem, which I hope you can see&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:6:40&quot;&gt; there because my little thing is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:6:43&quot;&gt; blocking.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:6:46&quot;&gt; Our Collective wisdom&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:6:49&quot;&gt; started being informed by our inventions&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:6:52&quot;&gt; but it grew at a much slower rate because the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:6:55&quot;&gt; inventions are various forms of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:6:58&quot;&gt; technology including symbolic technologies.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:7:4&quot;&gt;They turned out to be really easy once we got the hang of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:7:7&quot;&gt; it. And so we've got this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:7:10&quot;&gt; huge gap.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:7:13&quot;&gt; So we can turn the guy's spear into a Tomahawk&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:7:16&quot;&gt; missile. We can increase his power of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:7:19&quot;&gt; Destruction by a factor of a million.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:7:22&quot;&gt; And we could do something much much worse which is to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:7:25&quot;&gt; turn him into a bureaucrat&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:7:28&quot;&gt; and create bureaucracy.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:7:31&quot;&gt; And bureaucracy has killed millions&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:7:34&quot;&gt; and millions more people than the worst Atomic&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:7:37&quot;&gt; weapons. So&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:7:40&quot;&gt; this is a huge problem.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:7:43&quot;&gt; And education&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:7:46&quot;&gt;is supposed to do something about it. We'll talk about that a little bit&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:7:49&quot;&gt; later. But think about it, we&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:7:52&quot;&gt; just went through the inability of most&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:7:55&quot;&gt; of the population of the planet to not&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:7:58&quot;&gt; understand how viruses and diseases work&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:8:1&quot;&gt; that was botched almost&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:8:4&quot;&gt; everywhere. And for&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:8:7&quot;&gt; the last 60 plus years we've been&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:8:10&quot;&gt; ignoring something smaller than a virus, the CO₂ molecule,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:8:13&quot;&gt;which is gradually&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:8:16&quot;&gt; changing the entire planet that we live&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:8:19&quot;&gt; on. So if you're looking for&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:8:22&quot;&gt; human wisdom, it's not up to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:8:25&quot;&gt; the scaling of what we've been able to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:8:28&quot;&gt;invent.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:8:31&quot;&gt; Okay, so, Cliff Notes for Human Beings.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:8:34&quot;&gt; I'll do this quickly&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:8:37&quot;&gt;but… So, we're basically&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:8:40&quot;&gt; Hamlet.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:8:43&quot;&gt; Our minds are like theaters.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:8:46&quot;&gt; We're more theatrical than we think. We threate…,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:8:49&quot;&gt; We create…, treat our beliefs as reality.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:8:52&quot;&gt; That is the worst thing about human&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:8:58&quot;&gt;beings. And these theaters are tiny. We can&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:9:1&quot;&gt; only think of a few things that once it's hard for us&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:9:4&quot;&gt; to take in larger&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:9:7&quot;&gt; things. And if you look into biology&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:9:10&quot;&gt; we find out that most of our mind is not&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:9:13&quot;&gt; human. And we're more non-human&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:9:16&quot;&gt; than we assume. And we tend to react&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:9:19&quot;&gt; much more than actual thinking. Thinking actually had&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:9:22&quot;&gt; to be invented. We grow up in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:9:25&quot;&gt;we were born into.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:9:28&quot;&gt; and that shapes so much of who we are and also&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:9:31&quot;&gt; how we look at the world. Our conclusions&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:9:34&quot;&gt; tend to be societal. That's a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:9:37&quot;&gt; disaster. And we have&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:9:40&quot;&gt; not just one mind, and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:9:43&quot;&gt; really not just one brain. We maybe have&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:9:46&quot;&gt; about eighty&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:9:49&quot;&gt; different conglomerations of things that could be&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:9:52&quot;&gt; called brainlets.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:9:55&quot;&gt; We have a special set of ones&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:9:58&quot;&gt; shared with most animals which is learning&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:10:1&quot;&gt; by touching things. We learn&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:10:4&quot;&gt;seeing things. We have a completely different set of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:10:7&quot;&gt; knowledges from how things look.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:10:10&quot;&gt; And we have this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:10:13&quot;&gt; symbolic mechanism&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:10:16&quot;&gt; which is both our&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:10:19&quot;&gt; downfall and our&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:10:22&quot;&gt; Salvation. So we're much&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:10:25&quot;&gt; more fragmented. We only have one body&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:10:28&quot;&gt; but uh what we want&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:10:31&quot;&gt; actually conflicts&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:10:34&quot;&gt; internally. So this is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:10:37&quot;&gt; a whole area that's really&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:10:40&quot;&gt; worthwhile studying. Especially in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:10:43&quot;&gt; this age of computation and especially&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:10:46&quot;&gt; this area. I'll leave it at.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:10:49&quot;&gt; Now let's go to the the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:10:52&quot;&gt; second question is “what did we ever do&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:10:55&quot;&gt;for Xerox anyway?”&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:10:58&quot;&gt; well we'll talk a little bit later about where Xerox&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:11:1&quot;&gt; PARC came from but here are some of the things that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:11:7&quot;&gt;we did. The first&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:11:10&quot;&gt; thing like a modern personal&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:11:13&quot;&gt; computer. The&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:11:16&quot;&gt; GUI with icons and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:11:19&quot;&gt;pointing.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:11:22&quot;&gt; Basically a way of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:11:25&quot;&gt; dealing with symmetrical&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:11:28&quot;&gt; reading and writing. That was also [called] What You See&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:11:34&quot;&gt;is What You Get. What we have to call real OOP today,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:11:37&quot;&gt; that we only called OOP back then. But it was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:11:40&quot;&gt; different than what is called OOP&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:11:43&quot;&gt; today. And we did the laser&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:11:46&quot;&gt; printer which just for the engineers in the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:11:49&quot;&gt; crowd, the very first laser printer was a page&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:11:52&quot;&gt; a second, which most people have never&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:11:55&quot;&gt; experienced today, at 500 pixels&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:11:58&quot;&gt; to the inch. That is a great&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:12:1&quot;&gt; story all by itself. How Gary Starkweather&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:12:4&quot;&gt; did that.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:12:7&quot;&gt; The outline fonts and postcript, the Ethernet.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:12:10&quot;&gt; Peer [to] peer, and client/server, and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:12:13&quot;&gt; about half the internet.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:12:16&quot;&gt;PARC had its own internet which is called the PARC&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:12:19&quot;&gt; Universal packets.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:12:22&quot;&gt; It was spread all over the country and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:12:25&quot;&gt; about, I don't know,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:12:28&quot;&gt; half the general meetings&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:12:31&quot;&gt; that were held at UCLA especially,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:12:34&quot;&gt; were done by PARC people. Some of whom&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:12:37&quot;&gt;had already done some of the things [… working at…]&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:12:40&quot;&gt; The thing is that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:12:43&quot;&gt; all of these things came out of a particular&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:12:46&quot;&gt; community. So we locked the claim we&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:12:49&quot;&gt; had eight and a half visible inventions. And&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:12:52&quot;&gt; of course what's interesting about all of this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:12:55&quot;&gt; is all the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:12:58&quot;&gt;technology that had to be invented that was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:13:1&quot;&gt; invisible. And according to Butler&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:13:4&quot;&gt; Lampson, this was done&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:13:7&quot;&gt; with about 25 researchers over about five&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:13:10&quot;&gt; years. These particular ones I'm showing&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:13:13&quot;&gt; here. And PARC&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:13:16&quot;&gt; itself, existed in the form it was for&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:13:19&quot;&gt; about 10 years. So in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:13:22&quot;&gt; total today's dollars&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:13:25&quot;&gt; here is like, I don't know 15&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:13:28&quot;&gt; years ago or so, when I made the slide&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:13:31&quot;&gt; so it was in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:13:34&quot;&gt; dollars of 15 years ago, it was about 10&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:13:37&quot;&gt; million dollars a year, or about 100&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:13:40&quot;&gt; million to 120 million for the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:13:43&quot;&gt; for the 10 years. And PARC had four Labs&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:13:46&quot;&gt; so there was System Science, Computer Science,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:13:49&quot;&gt; Optical science and Physical science.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:13:52&quot;&gt; So this is the total budget of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:13:55&quot;&gt; Park. And when I&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:13:58&quot;&gt; first did this slide of, 15&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:14:1&quot;&gt; years years ago or so, the return was about $35&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:14:4&quot;&gt; trillion dollars to the world. Now&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:14:7&quot;&gt; I think it's up past 50 trillion&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:14:10&quot;&gt; or so and, to get back to the question&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:14:13&quot;&gt; is uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:14:16&quot;&gt; oh and this is an important idea, that the thing that confused&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:14:19&quot;&gt; people and Confused Xerox was, if you can&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:14:22&quot;&gt;these eight and a half inventions you see in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:14:25&quot;&gt; in Industry, it is the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:14:28&quot;&gt; basis of one of the main&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:14:31&quot;&gt; large Industries that we have&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:14:34&quot;&gt;today.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:14:37&quot;&gt; Now what about return to PARC. Well, PARC&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:14:40&quot;&gt; missed, I mean Xerox missed most of these.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:14:43&quot;&gt; But it doesn't matter because the return&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:14:46&quot;&gt; on the laser printer all by itself&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:14:49&quot;&gt; was about a factor of 200&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:14:52&quot;&gt; on the entire investment for park over the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:14:55&quot;&gt;entire 10 years. So&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:14:58&quot;&gt; Xerox made billions and billions just&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:15:1&quot;&gt; from this one thing. They missed the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:15:4&quot;&gt; trillions but&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:15:7&quot;&gt; if you look at it from a positive direction,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:15:10&quot;&gt; thank goodness they were willing to fund&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:15:13&quot;&gt; people that no business person in their right mind would&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:15:16&quot;&gt; fund. So we got what we&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:15:19&quot;&gt;got. Now,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:15:22&quot;&gt; the real story here is that back in the 40s&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:15:25&quot;&gt; the Cold War started with the Russian A&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:15:28&quot;&gt; bomb, after World War II, and that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:15:31&quot;&gt; gave rise to a bunch&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:15:34&quot;&gt; of DOD funding, which included Whirlwind&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:15:37&quot;&gt; which we'll talk about in a minute, the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:15:40&quot;&gt; SAGE air defense system.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:15:43&quot;&gt; We'll talk about in a minute, and then in 57 Sputnik&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:15:46&quot;&gt; came along and that created ARPA.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:15:49&quot;&gt; We'll talk about that in a minute. And here are some&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:15:52&quot;&gt;the things that ARPA did&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:15:55&quot;&gt; up to the time when the Vietnam War and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:15:58&quot;&gt; Congress decided to kill ARPA funding&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:16:1&quot;&gt; for public domain&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:16:4&quot;&gt; Computing. You can look at these yourself.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:16:7&quot;&gt; Things like personal Computing,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:16:10&quot;&gt; computer Graphics,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:16:13&quot;&gt; packet switching. That handsome guy in the patch packing&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:16:16&quot;&gt; switching thing on the the right is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:16:19&quot;&gt; none other than Len&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:16:22&quot;&gt;Kleinrock. Looking very confident as we all were&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:16:25&quot;&gt; back then. That led to the ARPANET,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:16:28&quot;&gt; and that led to the Internet,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:16:31&quot;&gt; and… The first tablet that was areally&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:16:34&quot;&gt; good one, that was done back in 1964, and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:16:37&quot;&gt; then there was the Engelbart system and so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:16:40&quot;&gt; forth. So PARC was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:16:43&quot;&gt; actually set up&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:16:46&quot;&gt; because one of the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:16:49&quot;&gt; Deputy directors of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:16:52&quot;&gt; ARPA&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:16:55&quot;&gt; IPTO feared that this work was not&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:16:58&quot;&gt; going to be continued to some kind of fruition.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:17:1&quot;&gt;So he started looking around and it happened that Xerox&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:17:4&quot;&gt; was looking around for a long range research&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:17:7&quot;&gt; lab, and they got together and the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:17:10&quot;&gt; the lab was put as far away from corporate&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:17:13&quot;&gt; headquarters as possible.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:17:16&quot;&gt; Next to a university so it's either going to be Berkeley&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:17:19&quot;&gt; or Stanford. They put it next to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:17:22&quot;&gt; Stanford.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:17:25&quot;&gt; Park completely thought of itself as&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:17:28&quot;&gt; being part of the ARPA Community. Almost every computer&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:17:31&quot;&gt; researcher there had been a graduate&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:17:34&quot;&gt; student at and had their degrees&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:17:37&quot;&gt; paid for by ARPA and so forth. So I never&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:17:40&quot;&gt; talk about PARC without bringing in this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:17:43&quot;&gt;larger context. And in fact&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:17:46&quot;&gt; it the larger context was the reason that PARC&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:17:49&quot;&gt; was able to do so many things&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:17:52&quot;&gt; with so few researchers. There was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:17:55&quot;&gt; all of this prior art available&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:17:58&quot;&gt; in the research community, and the research&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:18:1&quot;&gt; community also taught the grad students how to work&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:18:4&quot;&gt; together. I'll talk about that in a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:18:7&quot;&gt;minute.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:18:10&quot;&gt; Okay here's feedback from&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:18:13&quot;&gt;world pushback. Look at some&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:18:16&quot;&gt;of these numbers&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:18:19&quot;&gt; are dismally low. Like here are the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:18:22&quot;&gt;heartbreakers. On the other hand 100%&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:18:25&quot;&gt; of the internet, 100% of the Ethernet,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:18:28&quot;&gt; 100% of the laser printer, outline&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:18:31&quot;&gt; fonts. Peer-peer and all that stuff were accepted&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:18:34&quot;&gt; and this is in large part because there weren't&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:18:37&quot;&gt; good solutions already out&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:18:40&quot;&gt;there. The&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:18:43&quot;&gt; 50% on the pop modern personal computer&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:18:46&quot;&gt; is because the people who adapted&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:18:49&quot;&gt; this to the commercial World&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:18:52&quot;&gt; basically adapted it&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:18:55&quot;&gt; in its appearances. They didn't&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:18:58&quot;&gt;look any deeper.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:19:1&quot;&gt; Most of the hackers in the 80s thought they knew&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:19:4&quot;&gt; how to program so their interest in doing&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:19:7&quot;&gt; really new ways of programming was very low. So the least accepted&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:19:10&quot;&gt; thing was the way we did successful&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:19:13&quot;&gt; software at PARC.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:19:16&quot;&gt; Some of the deepest&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:19:19&quot;&gt; ideas uh that our field has ever come up with&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:19:22&quot;&gt; were done by Engelbart and his group&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:19:25&quot;&gt; and almost none of those have even&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:19:28&quot;&gt; be understood. And you know if I were there and person,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:19:31&quot;&gt; what I always do is ask students&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:19:34&quot;&gt; what Engelbart did, and they usually can't tell me.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:19:37&quot;&gt; And it's hard to find a student…&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:19:40&quot;&gt; In fact let's do it right now, just for the hell&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:19:43&quot;&gt; of it. Okay students&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:19:46&quot;&gt; can you hear me? Raise your&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:19:49&quot;&gt;hand?&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:19:52&quot;&gt;Okay. Let's see,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:19:55&quot;&gt; what do I want here?…&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:19:58&quot;&gt; Yes; so… Students&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:20:1&quot;&gt; please tell me anybody who's T&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:20:4&quot;&gt; typed “E N G E L B A&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:20:7&quot;&gt; R T” into Google.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:20:10&quot;&gt; Raise your&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:20:13&quot;&gt;hand.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:20:16&quot;&gt; [TA's answers]– I think one hand is Professor Kleinrock. [Alan Kay] Well&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:20:19&quot;&gt; of course. Okay so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:20:22&quot;&gt; this is basically being in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:20:25&quot;&gt; in physics, being&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:20:28&quot;&gt; a physics major, and not being curious about&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:20:34&quot;&gt;Newton. So this is not an&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:20:40&quot;&gt;exaggeration. Think about it.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:20:43&quot;&gt;And you know if you want some bitching from an old&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:20:46&quot;&gt; fart, a lot of us back in the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:20:49&quot;&gt; old days put out a lot of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:20:52&quot;&gt; effort, including Len in the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:20:55&quot;&gt; room, to get you guys personal&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:20:58&quot;&gt; computers, which you have with you.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:21:1&quot;&gt; And to get you guys networks that can connect&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:21:4&quot;&gt; to things, and to get you so you can be&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:21:7&quot;&gt; just a few characters and a mouse push&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:21:10&quot;&gt; away from satisfying your curiosity&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:21:13&quot;&gt; about the heroes of your own profession.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:21:16&quot;&gt; Think about that and none of you have done&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:21:19&quot;&gt; that. What do you think about&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:21:25&quot;&gt;that? Okay&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:21:28&quot;&gt; so let's now go quickly back again.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:21:31&quot;&gt; Russian A-bomb…&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:21:40&quot;&gt;Here's Whirlwind. So&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:21:43&quot;&gt; this is just a few racks of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:21:46&quot;&gt; Whirlwind. At MIT. Was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:21:49&quot;&gt; actually just a 16bit&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:21:52&quot;&gt; bit parallel real-time mini computer&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:21:55&quot;&gt; but took this amount of space. Had about 5,000 vacuum&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:21:58&quot;&gt; tubes. And the memory&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:22:1&quot;&gt; devices back around 1950&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:22:4&quot;&gt; were so bad for storage,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:22:7&quot;&gt; for RAM that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:22:10&quot;&gt; it forced uh one of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:22:13&quot;&gt; the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:22:16&quot;&gt; the guy in the middle there&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:22:19&quot;&gt; Jay Forrester to invent core memory&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:22:22&quot;&gt; which was the technology that let computers&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:22:25&quot;&gt; uh go commercial for the first&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:22:28&quot;&gt; time. And the guy to his&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:22:31&quot;&gt; uh let's see, to his left the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:22:34&quot;&gt; guy who's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:22:37&quot;&gt; standing behind them in the middle of the picture&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:22:40&quot;&gt; there Jay&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:22:43&quot;&gt; Everett&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:22:58&quot;&gt;Whoops! Oh now it's not letting me…&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:23:1&quot;&gt;I hate Zoom&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:23:7&quot;&gt;okay&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:23:10&quot;&gt; Sorry&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:23:13&quot;&gt; Also with this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:23:16&quot;&gt; was uh one of the earliest displays&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:23:19&quot;&gt; and Everett had&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:23:22&quot;&gt; had&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:23:28&quot;&gt;actually…&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:23:37&quot;&gt;sorry. Everett had&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:23:40&quot;&gt; actually invented a way to point at the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:23:43&quot;&gt; screen, and this is the as far as&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:23:46&quot;&gt;the first time there was computer&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:23:49&quot;&gt; graphics with a pointing&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:23:52&quot;&gt; device. And they did this because&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:23:55&quot;&gt; the Cold War changed their original&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:23:58&quot;&gt; theory about what they were doing which was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:24:1&quot;&gt; to make flight simulators&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:24:4&quot;&gt; and they were starting to lose their funding for&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:24:7&quot;&gt; that but the atomic bomb&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:24:10&quot;&gt; of the Russians got the military&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:24:13&quot;&gt; interested in whether you could hook a computer&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:24:16&quot;&gt; up to radar and track it. And they were&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:24:19&quot;&gt; the first to do this and that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:24:22&quot;&gt;hey built back then morphed its way into the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:24:25&quot;&gt; worldwide airplane&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:24:28&quot;&gt; tracking system that we use today.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:24:31&quot;&gt; Then the second phase of Whirlwind&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:24:34&quot;&gt; was to go&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:24:37&quot;&gt; all out and see if we could&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:24:40&quot;&gt; track Russian bombers&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:24:43&quot;&gt; before they could get to us.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:24:46&quot;&gt; And so they built these monstrous&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:24:49&quot;&gt; block houses out of concrete.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:24:52&quot;&gt; This is about the size they&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:24:55&quot;&gt; were. Bottom floor there is just the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:24:58&quot;&gt;power supply. The second second floor here&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;note for=&quot;0:25:1&quot;&gt;<br /> The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AN/FSQ-7_Combat_Direction_Central AN/FSQ-7 Combat Direction Central], referred to as the Q7 for short, was a computerized air defence command and control system.&lt;/note&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:25:1&quot;&gt; are two really big Q7&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:25:4&quot;&gt; computers with maybe 55,000&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:25:7&quot;&gt; vacuum tubes hanged&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:25:10&quot;&gt; together, uh they're really something&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:25:13&quot;&gt;to walk around in.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:25:16&quot;&gt; Here's a block house. So&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:25:19&quot;&gt; 24 of these were built in the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:25:22&quot;&gt;US. Then up on the top&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:25:25&quot;&gt; floor were 100 to about&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:25:28&quot;&gt; 150 graphic terminals&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:25:31&quot;&gt; with pointing devices for dealing with various&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:25:34&quot;&gt;of information; and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:25:37&quot;&gt; here's what one row of them look&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:25:40&quot;&gt;like. So there are zillions&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:25:43&quot;&gt; of them, and this is about maybe 1956&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:25:46&quot;&gt; 57 now.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:25:52&quot;&gt; And… they had a network! Wasn't&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:25:55&quot;&gt; a great Network. It wasn't a packet switching&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:25:58&quot;&gt; network but they' gotten used to the idea&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:26:1&quot;&gt; that if you're going to build computers and have people&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:26:4&quot;&gt;work together you better have a network and some&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:26:7&quot;&gt; way of doing that. So this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:26:10&quot;&gt; crowning glory was just coming to fruition&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:26:13&quot;&gt; when the Russians decided, oh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:26:16&quot;&gt; well let's just shoot some&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:26:19&quot;&gt;Rockets to show The Americans that we don't need to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;note for=&quot;0:26:22&quot;&gt;<br /> [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercontinental_ballistic_missile Intercontinental ballistic missile].&lt;/note&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:26:22&quot;&gt; deliver bombs by a bomber. We can&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:26:25&quot;&gt; make ICBMs.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:26:28&quot;&gt; So this shocked the nation and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:26:31&quot;&gt; Congress and they set up ARPA:&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:26:34&quot;&gt; Advanced Research Projects Agency.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:26:37&quot;&gt; The director uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:26:40&quot;&gt; in the early 60s was Jack&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:26:42&quot;&gt; Ruina, and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:26:45&quot;&gt; he decided to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:26:48&quot;&gt; uh, give this guy uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:26:51&quot;&gt; Jacob Licklider known as Lick,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:26:54&quot;&gt; some leftover money they had which&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:26:57&quot;&gt;by DoD standards wasn't a lot but by computer computer&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:27:0&quot;&gt; standards it was millions.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:27:3&quot;&gt; And they they gave it to him because they liked him, and you'll&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:27:6&quot;&gt; you'll get an idea about this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:27:9&quot;&gt; soon. So here are the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:27:12&quot;&gt; 1960s directors of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:27:15&quot;&gt; ARPA. Not a military person among them these were all&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:27:18&quot;&gt; PhD&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:27:21&quot;&gt;scientists. And the four ARPA&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:27:24&quot;&gt; computer research directors were all&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:27:27&quot;&gt; scientists. And this is because&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:27:30&quot;&gt; the powers that set this up&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:27:33&quot;&gt; realized that having something like the military&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:27:36&quot;&gt; and something like congress,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:27:39&quot;&gt; with a dire threat&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:27:42&quot;&gt;that they were trying to deal with, would just botch things up.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:27:45&quot;&gt; Still true today.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:27:48&quot;&gt; So… but&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:27:51&quot;&gt; of course Congress ultimately control&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:27:54&quot;&gt; the budget, but they didn't have&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:27:57&quot;&gt; much power because the Americans were&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:28:0&quot;&gt; frightened of the Russians&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:28:3&quot;&gt; and, so they weren't&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:28:6&quot;&gt; going to curtail military spending.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:28:9&quot;&gt; But people in Congress would say&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:28:12&quot;&gt; these words that everybody has heard still today:&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:28:15&quot;&gt; “How is this relevant? Tell me why this work that you're doing is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:28:18&quot;&gt; relevant to the Department of Defense”, and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:28:21&quot;&gt; they would get push back from these&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:28:24&quot;&gt; scientist. Jack would say “That's not the right&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:28:27&quot;&gt; question to ask”. Bob Sproull Sr. would say the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:28:30&quot;&gt; right question to ask is “How is this going to help the United&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:28:33&quot;&gt; States, or this technology, or our society or our&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:28:36&quot;&gt; culture generally?”. Holy shit!&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:28:39&quot;&gt; Bob Taylor's remark&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:28:42&quot;&gt; was “They would stand up to these guys,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:28:45&quot;&gt; and in a polite civilized way attack their&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:28:48&quot;&gt; myopia because these ARPA directors were scientific&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:28:51&quot;&gt; statesmen”.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:28:54&quot;&gt; And Bob reflects we've had too few of those people&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:28:57&quot;&gt; in the job since then.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:29:0&quot;&gt;And around 1966&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:29:3&quot;&gt; Charlie Herzfield asked Bob “What&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:29:6&quot;&gt; what do you want?”. And Bob said “This network&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:29:9&quot;&gt; is what I want to do and here's why”.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:29:12&quot;&gt; And Charlie said&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:29:15&quot;&gt; “Okay”. And, Bob's recollection, that was a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:29:18&quot;&gt;15 minute conversation.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:29:21&quot;&gt; Charlie asked “How much money do you need?”, and Bob said “well a million&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:29:24&quot;&gt; dollars”. it's like seven or eight billion seven or eight&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:29:27&quot;&gt; million dollars today, just to get it organized.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:29:30&quot;&gt; And Herzfeld said&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:29:33&quot;&gt; “okay” and Bob's recollection was that there was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:29:36&quot;&gt; no actual ARPA paperwork order written or anything&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:29:39&quot;&gt; for months maybe even a year.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:29:42&quot;&gt; These people all trusted each other and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:29:45&quot;&gt; did a lot of things very quickly this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:29:48&quot;&gt; way. Now a key idea here if you can see&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:29:51&quot;&gt; him, is that Bob&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:29:54&quot;&gt; Taylor uh after&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:29:57&quot;&gt; ARPA went on to be the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:30:0&quot;&gt; founder uh of the computer science&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:30:3&quot;&gt; research at Xerox PARC. So he was the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:30:6&quot;&gt; connection as, of course, the computer science&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:30:9&quot;&gt; research PARC…, at PARC, was set up like&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:30:12&quot;&gt; the computer science research of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:30:15&quot;&gt; ARPA. And so when we look at&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:30:18&quot;&gt; this, we want to see:&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:30:21&quot;&gt; What, what did these people, way back then,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:30:24&quot;&gt; think about this? We have all&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:30:27&quot;&gt; these questions that we can't answer all of them today.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:30:30&quot;&gt; We can look at the first couple there. And we can get a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:30:33&quot;&gt; couple of samples of what they were saying.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:30:36&quot;&gt; so Vannevar&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:30:39&quot;&gt; Bush, uh pronounced the way&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:30:42&quot;&gt; Beaver is pronounced in New England: “beava”&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:30:45&quot;&gt; “Vanneeva”. Bush, who is president&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:30:48&quot;&gt; Roosevelt science advisor, said&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:30:51&quot;&gt; in the 40s holy new forms of encyclopedias&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:30:54&quot;&gt; will appear. Ready-made with a mesh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:30:57&quot;&gt; of associative trails running through them, ready to be&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:31:0&quot;&gt; dropped into the Memex, and there amplified”. So&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:31:3&quot;&gt; that got a lot of people&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:31:6&quot;&gt;thinking. Licklider said in a few years&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:31:9&quot;&gt;the combination of humans and computers will think as no&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:31:12&quot;&gt; humans have ever thought&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:31:15&quot;&gt; before. John McCarthy looked at&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:31:18&quot;&gt; the SAGE system and said every home will have one&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:31:21&quot;&gt;and with an intelligent interface. Because&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:31:24&quot;&gt; he thought… way…, McCarthy thought about it is: Well this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:31:27&quot;&gt; is just like, uh getting gas and water,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:31:30&quot;&gt; and electric power, and so forth into a house.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:31:33&quot;&gt; It's a utility so every house&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:31:36&quot;&gt; will have a uh a terminal connected to a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:31:39&quot;&gt; worldwide utility. That was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:31:42&quot;&gt; 1958. That affected the work at MIT&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:31:45&quot;&gt; by uh Corby: Fernando&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:31:48&quot;&gt; Corbató. Ivan Sutherland,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:31:51&quot;&gt; the inventor of computer graphics said “A graphic input&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:31:54&quot;&gt; coupled to some kind of computation which&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:31:57&quot;&gt; is in turn coupled to a graphical output is a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:32:0&quot;&gt; truly powerful tool for education and design”.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:32:3&quot;&gt;And Engelbart here said “We can boost Mankind's capability&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:32:6&quot;&gt; for coping with complex urgent problems&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:32:9&quot;&gt; by augmenting the collective IQ&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:32:12&quot;&gt; of groups”. Not just augmenting people&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:32:15&quot;&gt; but augmenting&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:32:18&quot;&gt;groups.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:32:21&quot;&gt; And I'm going to more concentrate more&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:32:24&quot;&gt; on these two, but we'll get a look at a bit.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:32:27&quot;&gt; Okay, so what what with these guys&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:32:30&quot;&gt; [were] looking for as far as people. Lick was just&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:32:33&quot;&gt; looking for the best people, Ivan was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:32:36&quot;&gt; looking for people uh who could “choose their own problems and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:32:39&quot;&gt; methods”, Taylor &lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:32:42&quot;&gt; thought his job was to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:32:45&quot;&gt; fix up the social environment “so that when the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:32:48&quot;&gt; lone Wolves scientists need to cooperate&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:32:51&quot;&gt; they will”. And&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:32:54&quot;&gt; Larry uh said,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:32:57&quot;&gt; everybody understood the game&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:33:0&quot;&gt; here which was ARPA&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:33:3&quot;&gt; IPTO was allowed to help the country as long as it was helping&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:33:6&quot;&gt; the military. And so what&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:33:9&quot;&gt; kind of people were they looking for?<br /> &lt;note for=&quot;0:33:12&quot;&gt;<br /> An extract of the full [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m_MaJDK3VNE EDS, an HP Company 'Cat Herders' commercial].<br /> &lt;/note&gt;<br /> —This man right here is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:33:12&quot;&gt;my great-grandfather. He's the first cat herder in our&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:33:18&quot;&gt;family. —Don't let anybody tell you it's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:33:21&quot;&gt; easy. —Anybody can herd cattle&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:33:24&quot;&gt; holding together 10000 half wild short hairs&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:33:27&quot;&gt; that's another thing all together&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:33:30&quot;&gt;Well, you get you get the idea&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:33:33&quot;&gt; and so the real question here is what if only cats can do this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:33:36&quot;&gt; stuff and adults don't&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:33:39&quot;&gt; get it. Adults are into command and control&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:33:42&quot;&gt; and command and control doesn't work with cats.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:33:45&quot;&gt; I have a jar filled with all the names of the toys we have&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:33:48&quot;&gt; sitting right next to us, and we're going to take the jar one by&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:33:51&quot;&gt; one open up these toys. —All right. —Would you like to go first&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:33:54&quot;&gt; picking something from the jar? —Yes. —All right.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:33:57&quot;&gt; A mouse on a spring… I like this one.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:34:0&quot;&gt;All right.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:34:3&quot;&gt; It's inside this box right here.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:34:6&quot;&gt;There's this little mouse on a spring. It goes up and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:34:9&quot;&gt; down, and cats are going to try to catch it. —All righty. —Our cats&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:34:12&quot;&gt;like having mouses but they keep on tearing them apart, cos&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:34:15&quot;&gt; they're kind of vicious so, we've got another one&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:34:18&quot;&gt; Okay. And this is the toy&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:34:24&quot;&gt;mouse. What is this?&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:34:27&quot;&gt; What is this mysterious&lt;/ subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:34:33&quot;&gt;George?! —I think you get&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:34:36&quot;&gt; it. Gotta have some feel for what cats&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:34:39&quot;&gt; want. So&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:34:42&quot;&gt; lick pointed out right at&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:34:45&quot;&gt; the beginning that great visions are not the same as&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:34:48&quot;&gt; goals but they are the ultimate cat&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:34:51&quot;&gt;toy. So&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:34:54&quot;&gt; he stuck to this vision which is not&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:34:57&quot;&gt; phrased as a goal he said: “computers are destined&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:35:0&quot;&gt; to become interactive intellectual&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:35:3&quot;&gt; amplifiers for everyone universally networked&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:35:6&quot;&gt; worldwide”. He did not know&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:35:9&quot;&gt; what this meant and in fact he was a psychologist&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:35:12&quot;&gt; not a what we call a card carrying&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:35:15&quot;&gt; engineer. But he&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:35:18&quot;&gt; understood a lot.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:35:21&quot;&gt; That if you hide… If you take this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:35:24&quot;&gt; vision and stick it behind the mountain&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:35:27&quot;&gt; range, it sends out a magnetic field which is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:35:30&quot;&gt; Marvin Minsky like to point out: “If you don't&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:35:33&quot;&gt; know what to do, get lots of people to do lots of things!”&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:35:36&quot;&gt; That's what Lick was doing.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:35:39&quot;&gt; And so the number one principle here of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:35:42&quot;&gt; doing anything like this where you are going to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:35:45&quot;&gt; get… have the possibility of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:35:48&quot;&gt; really large new things is: The goodness&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:35:51&quot;&gt; of the results correlates most strongly with the goodness of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:35:54&quot;&gt; the funders. That is my&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:35:57&quot;&gt; reflection uh, from the past&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:36:0&quot;&gt; because every era has really&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:36:3&quot;&gt; smart people. I've never&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:36:6&quot;&gt; been in an era that didn't have people as smart as the people I&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:36:9&quot;&gt; worked with back then, but the funders&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:36:12&quot;&gt; have… were wonderful in the 60s&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:36:15&quot;&gt; and uh 70s and they've been&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:36:18&quot;&gt; uh… ever more terrible ever&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:36:21&quot;&gt;since.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:36:24&quot;&gt; And so two of the main things that came&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:36:27&quot;&gt; out of this was human humans and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:36:30&quot;&gt; computers working together as an idea and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:36:33&quot;&gt; then this larger idea of augmenting human intellect&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:36:36&quot;&gt; in general. So I'll just go through these quickly&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:36:39&quot;&gt;There is a million of them. They're in one of the papers I handed&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:36:42&quot;&gt; out. But basically, go against&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:36:45&quot;&gt; conventional wisdom. Do visions&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:36:48&quot;&gt; not goals. Let&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:36:51&quot;&gt; somebody else do the goals. Fund problem finding,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:36:54&quot;&gt; not just problem solving. This is a key&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:36:57&quot;&gt; one because a problem&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:37:0&quot;&gt; is often too rooted in the uh… context&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:37:3&quot;&gt;of the present.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:37:6&quot;&gt; And so, if you're just doing that which is kind of what's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:37:9&quot;&gt; going on, this is what NSF likes to fund.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:37:12&quot;&gt; Problems that peer reviewers can understand in the present&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:37:15&quot;&gt; and most most of them uh don't make&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:37:18&quot;&gt; big contributions.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:37:21&quot;&gt; Problem finding on the other hand, is difficult for&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:37:24&quot;&gt; everybody, but it gives you a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:37:27&quot;&gt; chance. Fund people not&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:37:30&quot;&gt; projects. So in other words, don't&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:37:33&quot;&gt; even worry, you know if you've got some crazy guy who's really&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:37:36&quot;&gt; good, or girl, who's really good,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:37:39&quot;&gt; don't worry about what they want to do.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:37:42&quot;&gt; Give them some money and see what happens.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:37:45&quot;&gt; Uh corollary: “Fund the very best people”.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:37:48&quot;&gt; I don't think that's being done&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:37:51&quot;&gt; today. And, an important part of the research&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:37:54&quot;&gt; results are new and better researchers.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:37:57&quot;&gt; And in in a sense&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:38:0&quot;&gt; NSF is paying for some of this,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:38:3&quot;&gt; but I don't think a lot of research is being done. I think&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:38:6&quot;&gt; it's mostly engineering. So what I think is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:38:9&quot;&gt; NSF is paying for are, new and better&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:38:12&quot;&gt; uh uh… practical&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:38:15&quot;&gt;engineers. And what we need is new and better&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:38:18&quot;&gt; researchers. Really advance something very important.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:38:21&quot;&gt; Well that's controversial because it probably&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:38:24&quot;&gt; uh is something&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:38:27&quot;&gt; new. And here's a key one: Design&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:38:30&quot;&gt;build in the future and bring back to the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:38:33&quot;&gt; present. And one that costs a lot of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:38:36&quot;&gt; money was: Make enough of the inventions&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:38:39&quot;&gt; and in a practical enough manner so that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:38:42&quot;&gt; many people can use them. In other words live&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:38:45&quot;&gt; in your own uh your own mess that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:38:48&quot;&gt;you've made. Then: Milestones&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:38:51&quot;&gt; not deadlines.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:38:54&quot;&gt;That's a tough one.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:38:57&quot;&gt; Okay so,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:0&quot;&gt; here are five things that —of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:3&quot;&gt; many things— that people&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:6&quot;&gt; in the individual stars there are&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:9&quot;&gt; people get interested in aesthetics,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:12&quot;&gt; or they prefer to tinker. They prefer to do&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:15&quot;&gt; engineering. But the problem is the sweet&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:18&quot;&gt; spot in the center.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:21&quot;&gt; Is something we have to get to because as Marvin says&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:22&quot;&gt; “You don't understand&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:24&quot;&gt; something if you only understand it one way”.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:27&quot;&gt; This is a key phrase for the 20&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:30&quot;&gt; 20th and 21st centuries&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:33&quot;&gt; and so —no matter what&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:36&quot;&gt; your favorite one of these is— you have to get fluent&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:39&quot;&gt; in all of them. And this is a not&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:42&quot;&gt;the way universities are set up. Not the way companies&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:45&quot;&gt; are set up. But you got to do it&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:48&quot;&gt; The best people I know all are in the center&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:51&quot;&gt; here. And then there's a question about…&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:54&quot;&gt; regarding computing is, is: Could there actually&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:57&quot;&gt; be a science of computing? They&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:40:0&quot;&gt; are artificial objects after all.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:40:3&quot;&gt; We're not looking at molecules so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:40:6&quot;&gt; forth, we're looking at constructed&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:40:9&quot;&gt; things. And what does that mean as a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:40:12&quot;&gt;science?&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:40:15&quot;&gt; So go back into the 50s&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:40:18&quot;&gt; again we've got&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:40:21&quot;&gt; phenomena. We can see these artifacts. They've got&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:40:24&quot;&gt; wires, and vacuum tubes, and we can program them.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:40:27&quot;&gt; and we can make a higher-level language for them like Fortran.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:40:30&quot;&gt; And so forth. And that isn't really&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:40:33&quot;&gt; science. What is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:40:36&quot;&gt;science. Well, I've&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:40:39&quot;&gt; got this cryptic phrase here: “Scientists try to ‘find&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:40:42&quot;&gt; fireflies’ and ‘make&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:40:45&quot;&gt;t-shirts’”. What does that mean?&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:40:48&quot;&gt; It means that behind the stuff&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:40:51&quot;&gt; that distracts us,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:40:54&quot;&gt; there are hidden,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:40:57&quot;&gt; deeper properties. The properties&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:41:0&quot;&gt; might not even be in there explicitly but they're&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:41:3&quot;&gt; there. What scientists do&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:41:6&quot;&gt; is good what I call good&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:41:9&quot;&gt; wooo-wooo. Which is,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:41:12&quot;&gt; they let their brain relax to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:41:15&quot;&gt;point where they can start thinking beneath the surface of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:41:18&quot;&gt; things. And here's one of the first computer&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:41:21&quot;&gt; scientists, John McCarthy, and he&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:41:24&quot;&gt; looked at this stuff in the 50s, and decided to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:41:27&quot;&gt; make a t-shirt of it, and the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:41:30&quot;&gt; t-shirt looks like&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:41:33&quot;&gt; this. So it's kind of Maxwell&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:41:36&quot;&gt;equations of computing and, what's interesting about&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:41:39&quot;&gt; it is that it doesn't look like&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:41:42&quot;&gt; the hardware and it doesn't look like the software. It's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:41:45&quot;&gt; actually a mathematical&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:41:48&quot;&gt;formulation of what John thought the most important&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:41:51&quot;&gt; relationships were, so I would call this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:41:54&quot;&gt;maxwellian. Then he de did something even&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:41:57&quot;&gt;stronger&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:42:0&quot;&gt; along the lines of Newton which is to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:42:3&quot;&gt; explain important ideas&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:42:6&quot;&gt; here about what was lying beneath&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:42:9&quot;&gt; the surface. And why it was really useful&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:42:12&quot;&gt; to think of doing things in a particular&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:42:15&quot;&gt; way. And, the thing&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:42:18&quot;&gt; about math is it has to be consistent, meaning&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:42:21&quot;&gt; neat, but it doesn't have to be&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:42:24&quot;&gt; real. And so this thing that John did was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:42:27&quot;&gt; not real, but another hero&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:42:30&quot;&gt; of mine, Steve Russell, the guy who invented “Spacewar!”&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:42:33&quot;&gt; was at MIT, and he looked at&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:42:36&quot;&gt; John's math and he said “that's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:42:39&quot;&gt; a program, if I implement it, we'll have a running system”.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:42:42&quot;&gt; And John McCarthy said well “He did, and we did”.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:42:45&quot;&gt; And that was the birth of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:42:48&quot;&gt;lisp. And here's the cool thing about computing:&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:42:51&quot;&gt; The theory can also be the model ''and'' the artifact&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:42:54&quot;&gt; and you can make it&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:42:57&quot;&gt; real! But there are a lot of complaints about&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:43:0&quot;&gt; dealing with pure semantics is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:43:3&quot;&gt; too slow. Even after&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:43:6&quot;&gt; factor of a million or a billion&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:43:9&quot;&gt; of or more of more Moore's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:43:12&quot;&gt; law still seems to be too slow.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:43:15&quot;&gt; On the other hand&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:43:18&quot;&gt; you can build a special machine for&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:43:21&quot;&gt;these semantics that don't fit on regular&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:43:24&quot;&gt;machines. Because remember:&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:43:27&quot;&gt; our computer's only there to run programs, so why not make&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:43:30&quot;&gt; a computer that will run the programs you want to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:43:33&quot;&gt; run? And if you try to optimize too early,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:43:36&quot;&gt; like buying a computer before&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:43:39&quot;&gt; that isn't a supercomputer before you've done your&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:43:42&quot;&gt; research. you're in trouble. Because now you're&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:43:45&quot;&gt; forced to deal with its problems, rather than your&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:43:48&quot;&gt; own. So this is the kind of process&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:43:51&quot;&gt; that the ARPA community went&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:43:54&quot;&gt;through.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:43:57&quot;&gt; And this is a fun story but&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:44:0&quot;&gt; I want to bring up the fireflies again.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:44:3&quot;&gt; You can't replicate what John&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:44:6&quot;&gt;McCarthy did, because the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:44:9&quot;&gt; times are different now. But the fireflies&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:44:12&quot;&gt; in what he did are still there, and they can still&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:44:15&quot;&gt;what to do&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:44:18&quot;&gt; Okay? Here's uh… Story&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:44:21&quot;&gt; number two. 62&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:44:24&quot;&gt; years ago in 1962.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:44:27&quot;&gt; This is in the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:44:30&quot;&gt;uh SAGE experimental&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:44:33&quot;&gt; uh test computer called the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:44:36&quot;&gt; TX-2 it was one of the la… one one of these&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:44:39&quot;&gt; computers that was the building.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:44:42&quot;&gt; And right down at the end of one corner was this guy sitting&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:44:45&quot;&gt;of a oscilloscope&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:44:54&quot;&gt;screen… And what was he doing?&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:44:57&quot;&gt; well…&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:45:0&quot;&gt;Here's the light pen, he was grabbing some ink&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:45:6&quot;&gt;and… now this display&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:45:9&quot;&gt; doesn't… isn't a line drawing display. It just makes a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:45:12&quot;&gt; dot. So the there's a program&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:45:15&quot;&gt; making these lines. Now he tells Sketchpad&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:45:18&quot;&gt; to make them all mutually perpendicular. And you&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:45:21&quot;&gt; just saw it automatically&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:45:24&quot;&gt; uh clean up the drawing. This is why it's called Sketchpad. Because&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:45:27&quot;&gt; you can just draw roughly he may wants&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:45:30&quot;&gt; to make a hole in this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:45:33&quot;&gt;flange. So he says here make&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:45:36&quot;&gt; these both uh uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:45:39&quot;&gt; parallel and perpendicular and,…&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:45:42&quot;&gt; Now the constraint is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:45:45&quot;&gt; make these lines I'm drawing to be collinear with the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:45:48&quot;&gt; guidelines below, so this allows&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:45:51&quot;&gt; him to quickly draw a dotted&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:45:54&quot;&gt;line…&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:45:57&quot;&gt; Now he's going going to make the guidelines&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:46:0&quot;&gt; transparent. We get a hole in the flange.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:46:3&quot;&gt;And notice this is the first system to have a clipping&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:46:6&quot;&gt; window. He's actually drawing on a canvas&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:46:9&quot;&gt; about a third of a mile on a side being windowed&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:46:15&quot;&gt;here. He needs a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:46:18&quot;&gt;rivet.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:46:21&quot;&gt; So this is the rough shape of a rivet.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:46:24&quot;&gt; Draws this because he wants this as&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:46:27&quot;&gt; a center for an arc, for the top of the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:46:30&quot;&gt; rivet. And now he says okay make&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:46:33&quot;&gt; all these lines I'm pointing to here,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:46:36&quot;&gt; make these mutually perpendicular.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:46:39&quot;&gt; And that will force the drawing into&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:46:42&quot;&gt; something like a rivet. Maybe he doesn't&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:46:51&quot;&gt;shape.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:46:54&quot;&gt; Because he didn't constrain the size of the thing, so here's another&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:46:57&quot;&gt;solution with that those starting&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:47:0&quot;&gt; conditions. but he said… decides he likes the one&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:47:9&quot;&gt;first… Now here's another cool idea Ivan&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:47:12&quot;&gt; Sutherland did,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:47:15&quot;&gt; which was to have masters and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:47:18&quot;&gt; instances. So&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:47:21&quot;&gt; this is not the rivet he drew,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:47:24&quot;&gt; this is an instance of the rivet he drew.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:47:27&quot;&gt; And the rotation and the scaling&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:47:30&quot;&gt; are done by knobs that he has on&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:47:36&quot;&gt;console. Okay?…&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:47:39&quot;&gt; And wants to show you&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:47:42&quot;&gt; he can make more instances and that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:47:45&quot;&gt; these instances can be different sizes… and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:47:48&quot;&gt; says “whoops! I forgot&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:47:51&quot;&gt; I left the crossbow on there I should make these guys transparent”.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:47:54&quot;&gt; So he goes to the master drawing and makes them&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:47:57&quot;&gt; transparent. And lo and behold,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:48:0&quot;&gt; all of the instances uh…&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:48:3&quot;&gt; obey. So he gets rid of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:48:6&quot;&gt;the thing, and he says okay&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:48:9&quot;&gt; make that construction I just did into a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:48:12&quot;&gt; master. Now I'm going to make instances&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:48:24&quot;&gt;of the master&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:48:36&quot;&gt;Right? Here's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:48:39&quot;&gt; instances of the master&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:48:42&quot;&gt; that he made of the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:48:54&quot;&gt;conglomerate.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:49:3&quot;&gt;Yeah, okay.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:49:6&quot;&gt; So here's a high resolution picture of Ivan&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:49:9&quot;&gt; at the console and he's doing a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:49:12&quot;&gt; something much more complicated, which is to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:49:15&quot;&gt; draw in a bridge.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:49:18&quot;&gt; And uh, unfortunately the movie&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:49:21&quot;&gt;for this has been lost. It's probably somewhere in Ivan's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:49:24&quot;&gt; garage. But uh… for fun a couple of years ago&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:49:27&quot;&gt; we we uh did a an&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:49:30&quot;&gt; emulation of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:49:33&quot;&gt;it. So here's a simple truss&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:49:36&quot;&gt; bridge and…&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:49:39&quot;&gt; We can connect things up and… we turn gravity&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:49:42&quot;&gt; on, which is a constraint&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:49:45&quot;&gt; You see it's computing all the stresses and the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:49:48&quot;&gt; strains on the bridge.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:49:51&quot;&gt; And it's continuously Computing, so if we add in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:49:54&quot;&gt; another strut&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:49:57&quot;&gt; here guess what, it ripples over the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:50:0&quot;&gt; entire bridge. If we hang a weight on&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:50:3&quot;&gt;it, we can… stress&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:50:9&quot;&gt;this bridge. And so the big idea here&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:50:12&quot;&gt; is it's not just about imitating&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:50:15&quot;&gt; drafting. It's that we can&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:50:18&quot;&gt; simulate uh any kind&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:50:21&quot;&gt; of computer aided design drawing that we do&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:50:24&quot;&gt; or model. And uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:50:27&quot;&gt; we get not just CAD, but CAD&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:50:30&quot;&gt; Sim. So this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:50:33&quot;&gt; is a huge huge idea&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:50:36&quot;&gt; that's still done extremely poorly today&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:50:39&quot;&gt; for most&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:50:42&quot;&gt;people. So&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:50:45&quot;&gt; interact… This is Ivan's PhD&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:50:48&quot;&gt; thesis in 1962&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:50:51&quot;&gt; inventing interactive computer graphics,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:50:54&quot;&gt; clipping windowon pointing iconic IQ [sic]… Objects&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:50:57&quot;&gt; masters and instances, we'd call that object…&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:51:0&quot;&gt;first object-oriented&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:51:3&quot;&gt; programming system that I know of.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:51:6&quot;&gt; Lots of nice technical things in it. Automatic&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:51:9&quot;&gt; dynamic simulations from&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:51:12&quot;&gt; designs, and you programmed it not in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:51:15&quot;&gt; the standard, uh programming&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:51:18&quot;&gt; languages but you programmed it in terms of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:51:21&quot;&gt; goals. In terms of the constraints that you want&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:51:24&quot;&gt;and sketchpad had three problem solvers that would solve&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:51:27&quot;&gt; problems say you could see. So I once&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:51:30&quot;&gt; asked Ivan “How could you do this in one year all by yourself?”&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:51:33&quot;&gt; and he said “Well, I didn't know it was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:51:39&quot;&gt;hard!”. Check out the fireflies from this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:51:42&quot;&gt; one.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:51:45&quot;&gt; ''Today!'' Think about what the fireflies&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:51:48&quot;&gt; from this one are. Okay and also in 1962 we&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:51:51&quot;&gt; had this guy who was kind of like Moses opening&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:51:54&quot;&gt;the Read Sea.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:51:57&quot;&gt; He's really interested&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:52:0&quot;&gt; in saving the world, and trying to make people&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:52:3&quot;&gt; better so they can save the world. So&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:52:6&quot;&gt; his idea in 62 was to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:52:9&quot;&gt; have a screen much… he knew about sketch pad; he wanted a screen&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:52:12&quot;&gt;much larger than that. He wanted to hang the light pen&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:52:15&quot;&gt; from a a gimbal. So you're&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:52:18&quot;&gt; you could just pull it down to the table and use it like a pencil&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:52:21&quot;&gt; and not have the blood run out of your hand&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:52:24&quot;&gt; when you're using it. And there's this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:52:27&quot;&gt; problem of that he thought about very&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:52:30&quot;&gt; deeply, which was, humans are not very&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:52:33&quot;&gt;good learners&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:52:36&quot;&gt; from using tools. We&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:52:39&quot;&gt; have this pink brain. We use tools&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:52:42&quot;&gt;in a very pink brain kind of way…&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:52:45&quot;&gt; So like a hammer we can use to hammer&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:52:48&quot;&gt; a nail into something but we can break something with a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:52:51&quot;&gt; hammer. We can do a lot of things with a hammer&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:52:54&quot;&gt; and we kind of get a hammerness into&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:52:57&quot;&gt; our brain but we get very little&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:53:0&quot;&gt; wisdom about tools and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:53:3&quot;&gt; hammers in our brain and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:53:6&quot;&gt; we become a hammerer!&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:53:9&quot;&gt; 100 thousand years later we might decide to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:53:12&quot;&gt; use nuclear weapons on a city. That's a way&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:53:15&quot;&gt; of hammering them into&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:53:18&quot;&gt;submission. So part of Engelbert's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:53:21&quot;&gt; idea was, if you're going to augment human&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:53:24&quot;&gt; intellect —for crying out loud—&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:53:27&quot;&gt; you must insert education and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:53:30&quot;&gt; training. Because what's happened is that the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:53:33&quot;&gt; powerful agencies have gone up in power by factors&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:53:36&quot;&gt; of millions, and our brains&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:53:39&quot;&gt; haven't. So you want the education&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:53:42&quot;&gt; to turn parts of our brain this nice&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:53:45&quot;&gt; bluish cast, and perhaps give us&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:53:48&quot;&gt; a little more wisdom on using our tools, and then&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:53:51&quot;&gt;a little safer using powerful methods and Powerful languages&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:53:54&quot;&gt; and so forth to do things.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:53:57&quot;&gt; So this is this five unit thing&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:54:0&quot;&gt;Engelbart's idea of what you really had to do if you're&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:54:3&quot;&gt; going to do this thing. And you had to do it not just&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:54:6&quot;&gt; for a person but people in groups. So the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:54:9&quot;&gt;groups have to be&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:54:12&quot;&gt; organized pretty much the same way.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:54:15&quot;&gt; This allows to get enormous amounts of synergy&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:54:18&quot;&gt; between the individuals they can be&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:54:21&quot;&gt; the different stars on the diagram&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:54:24&quot;&gt; I just showed you cooperating together.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:54:30&quot;&gt;And four years later, they&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:54:33&quot;&gt; did a first pass at this which was incredibly&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:54:36&quot;&gt;impressive. It's called the mother of all demos&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:54:39&quot;&gt; and uh if you type E n g l&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:54:42&quot;&gt; b a r t into&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:54:45&quot;&gt; uh Google uh in the first page of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:54:48&quot;&gt;hits you'll find a reference to the movie of that demo.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:54:51&quot;&gt; You should see what they were able to do back&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:54:54&quot;&gt;little machine.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:54:57&quot;&gt; And you know when Engelbart's name come up&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:55:0&quot;&gt; comes up and even in his obituaries&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:55:3&quot;&gt; the the only thing I could really talk about was the mouse&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:55:6&quot;&gt; and this really bugged&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:55:9&quot;&gt; Doug. He said the mouse, the mouse is just&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:55:12&quot;&gt; a dial on a car radio. We invented a whole&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:55:15&quot;&gt;car! They won't look at it!&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:55:18&quot;&gt; You can get an idea of this there are about 70&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:55:21&quot;&gt; papers on the website devoted to him&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:55:24&quot;&gt; talking about these deep ideas. As I&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:55:27&quot;&gt; me mentioned… previously only about 30%&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:55:30&quot;&gt; of what Engelbart was talking about&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:55:33&quot;&gt; got taken up uh in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:55:36&quot;&gt; computing today. So this is a big huge area&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:55:39&quot;&gt; that's got fireflies everywhere. And these are just&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:55:42&quot;&gt; three of the 17 or&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:55:45&quot;&gt; 18 uh principal invest…&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:55:48&quot;&gt; investigators that ARPA put together.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:55:51&quot;&gt; So these are the kind of people and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:55:54&quot;&gt; if we talk about cooperation and methods we've&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:55:57&quot;&gt; got to talk about the blind&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:56:0&quot;&gt; philosophers trying to figure out an elephant.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:56:3&quot;&gt; This is a claaassic thing and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:56:6&quot;&gt; they all have this flaw that I&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:56:9&quot;&gt;in the beginning that they think what's between their&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:56:12&quot;&gt; ears is uh not belief&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:56:15&quot;&gt; but reality. So of course this leads to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:56:18&quot;&gt;war.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:56:21&quot;&gt; And after thousands of years the idea of compromise&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:56:24&quot;&gt; comes about but this does not&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:56:27&quot;&gt; lead to a pretty picture of an elephant, or a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:56:30&quot;&gt; way to make an elephant. And in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:56:33&quot;&gt; fact this is my picture of the way computing is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:56:36&quot;&gt; today. Practical Computing is just a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:56:39&quot;&gt; horrendous compromise.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:56:42&quot;&gt; Almost none of it was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:56:45&quot;&gt;necessary.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:56:48&quot;&gt; Now if you get scientific&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:56:51&quot;&gt; philosophers, they've learned how to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:56:54&quot;&gt; cooperate. And science works by looking at&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:56:57&quot;&gt;parts of things and looking&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:57:0&quot;&gt; at what other people have looked at other parts of things&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:57:3&quot;&gt; and other people looked at other parts of things&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:57:6&quot;&gt; and eventually coming to conclusions about the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:57:9&quot;&gt; whole. So that's a really good&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:57:12&quot;&gt; idea. But in fact science,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:57:15&quot;&gt; because our brains want to believe rather than think,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:57:18&quot;&gt; these can turn into something like a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:57:21&quot;&gt; religion and the reason uh we don't&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:57:24&quot;&gt; want to come up with blind belief…&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:57:36&quot;&gt;There's always&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:57:39&quot;&gt;more! There's always more and what&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:57:42&quot;&gt; it is, is something that we can't&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:57:48&quot;&gt;imagine. So when we give a a name&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:57:51&quot;&gt; to something, we're hurting our&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:57:54&quot;&gt; belief in, because we&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:57:57&quot;&gt; defined it it's a category now,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:58:0&quot;&gt; we've hurt our ability&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:58:3&quot;&gt; to think more about it because it already has a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:58:6&quot;&gt; set of properties. It already is the thing that the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:58:12&quot;&gt;denotes. And here's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:58:15&quot;&gt; a, an ad I suggested to Apple&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:58:18&quot;&gt; many years ago, uh for the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:58:21&quot;&gt; kind of people they wanted to have at Apple what kind should they be and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:58:24&quot;&gt; I suggested, well, do, make a picture of something&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:58:27&quot;&gt; like this: Uh, the right hand&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:58:30&quot;&gt;has to be able to do with&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:58:33&quot;&gt; good “p ⊃ q” and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:58:36&quot;&gt; the left hand, the right brain has to be able to do good woowoo.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:58:45&quot;&gt; And what is good woowoo? Cos,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:58:48&quot;&gt; uh, the thing the thing to understand here, let me just&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:58:51&quot;&gt;take a second here. The thing to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:58:54&quot;&gt; understand here is it was really hard to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:58:57&quot;&gt; invent good “p ⊃ q”,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:59:0&quot;&gt; it was only invented a few thousand years ago but once we did&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:59:3&quot;&gt; it, it turned out to be fairly easy for us to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:59:6&quot;&gt; do. And humans&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:59:9&quot;&gt; are more or less born, babies are born with good&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:59:12&quot;&gt; woowoo, uh and woowoo&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:59:15&quot;&gt; in general. And the problem&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:59:18&quot;&gt; is that most woowoo is actually, uh quite&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:59:21&quot;&gt; dangerous for the human mind, so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:59:24&quot;&gt;to find good woowoo.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:59:27&quot;&gt; So here's one&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:59:30&quot;&gt;definition: “Art is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:59:33&quot;&gt; a lie that tells the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:59:36&quot;&gt;truth”.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:59:39&quot;&gt;And… “Learn&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:59:42&quot;&gt; the rules like a pro…”, that's the stuff you can do on the right&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:59:45&quot;&gt; hand side of the board, “…so you can break them like artist…,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:59:48&quot;&gt; like an artist”, on the left hand side of the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:59:51&quot;&gt; board. You've got to do both, or else&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:59:54&quot;&gt;you're just bullshitting around.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:0:0&quot;&gt;And this is hard to do in school because as Marvin&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:0:3&quot;&gt; said “School is the best thing ever invented to keep you from thinking&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:0:6&quot;&gt;about something important for more than a few&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:0:9&quot;&gt; minutes”. And you have to ask that about where you are&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:0:12&quot;&gt; right now. Even though I'm a professor&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:0:15&quot;&gt; there, and Len is a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:0:18&quot;&gt; professor, uh, schools have their own way about&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:0:21&quot;&gt; them. Like the fact&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:0:24&quot;&gt; this talk actually has a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:0:27&quot;&gt; uh, designed end. Back at&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:0:30&quot;&gt; MIT they would just get Marvin talking, and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:0:33&quot;&gt;he would run out of steam in about six hours or so, and everybody was happy.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:0:39&quot;&gt; Here's another genius, huge&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:0:42&quot;&gt; influence on me. He said: “Institutional&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:0:45&quot;&gt; Education seeks to make the strange familiar”.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:0:48&quot;&gt; Well that that sounds kind of reasonable!&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:0:51&quot;&gt; Yeah! that's what we're you're paying them for.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:0:54&quot;&gt; Things you don't understand, you want to now understand it; but&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:0:57&quot;&gt; Jerry says: “The job of Real Education&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:1:0&quot;&gt; is to make the familiar strange again”.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:1:3&quot;&gt; It's the stuff that we've… that has&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:1:6&quot;&gt; come embedded into our belief system about&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:1:9&quot;&gt; normal, that is keeping us&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:1:12&quot;&gt; being pedestrian.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:1:15&quot;&gt;So he says: “What kind of thinking would you do if ‘normal’ could seem strange&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:1:21&quot;&gt; and ‘not-normal’?. You would have been able to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:1:24&quot;&gt; escape your present. If you escape your present&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:1:27&quot;&gt; don't forget to use a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:1:30&quot;&gt;life line!”. How do we measure&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:1:33&quot;&gt; things? Well usually with graphs that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:1:36&quot;&gt; go from the left in the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:1:39&quot;&gt; past, towards the future going towards&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:1:42&quot;&gt; the right and, if something goes up&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:1:45&quot;&gt; we say “Yay!” and if it goes down we say “Boo!”, and so on and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:1:48&quot;&gt; so forth. And if you think about this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:1:51&quot;&gt; graphs like this are complete bullshit.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:1:54&quot;&gt; And the reason is, in order to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:1:57&quot;&gt;understand whether we should say ”yay” or not,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:2:0&quot;&gt; we have to have a threshold. And the threshold&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:2:6&quot;&gt; might be up here. Like these could be uh reading&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:2:9&quot;&gt;scores for children and uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:2:12&quot;&gt; the children are never learning to read here.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:2:15&quot;&gt; They're getting better or worse&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:2:18&quot;&gt; at what they're not being able to do.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:2:21&quot;&gt; And so the key to make progress here&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:2:24&quot;&gt;is to understand that both “better and perfect are the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:2:27&quot;&gt; enemies of what is actually needed”. Better is the tough one&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:2:30&quot;&gt;in engineering school because you get rewards for doing something&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:2:33&quot;&gt; better. But what we're looking for here is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:2:36&quot;&gt; something new, and to get something new we&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:2:39&quot;&gt; have to come up with the low the minimal&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:2:42&quot;&gt; idea that is just above the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:2:45&quot;&gt; threshold. It's just into the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:2:48&quot;&gt;blue.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:2:51&quot;&gt; And we've once we've stepped into the blue we're actually in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:2:54&quot;&gt; a different way of thinking about things.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:2:57&quot;&gt; So this is you know like going from&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:3:0&quot;&gt; uh not having mathematics to mathematics&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:3:3&quot;&gt; or not going from not having writing to having&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:3:6&quot;&gt; writing, or going from not having science&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:3:9&quot;&gt; to having science. These are big&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:3:12&quot;&gt; things. So you want to look for that star.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:3:15&quot;&gt;And the learning curve, you might have to start off&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:3:18&quot;&gt; below where other people&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:3:21&quot;&gt; think you should be. But the main thing is to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:3:24&quot;&gt;up there. Okay so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:3:27&quot;&gt; here's another example. World's greatest&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:3:30&quot;&gt; hockey player. Made many many more goals&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:3:33&quot;&gt; than anybody and he was not a big&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:3:36&quot;&gt;guy.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:3:39&quot;&gt; Uh… Had a couple of nice sayings: “You miss&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:3:42&quot;&gt; 100% of the shots you don't take”. People do&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:3:45&quot;&gt; that all the time, you don't try enough.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:3:48&quot;&gt; And here's this big one: “A good hockey player goes to where the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:3:51&quot;&gt; puck is; a great one goes to where&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:3:54&quot;&gt; the puck will be!”. And he didn't mean calculating&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:3:57&quot;&gt; the trajectory of the puck. He meant getting to a place&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:4:0&quot;&gt; where one of his teammates could pass him so he could&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:4:3&quot;&gt;do a quick shot and goal.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:4:6&quot;&gt; That was the Wayne Gretzky game, and we can play it in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:4:9&quot;&gt; technology. So here's an example from my&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:4:12&quot;&gt; own career. I had a woowoo intuition&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:4:15&quot;&gt; about children having their own&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:4:18&quot;&gt; portable tablet computers in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:4:21&quot;&gt; 1968. Which was impossible,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:4:24&quot;&gt; back then. But the second&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:4:27&quot;&gt; stage is, can you find a favorable exponential? And there was one called&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:4:30&quot;&gt;Moore's Law.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:4:33&quot;&gt; And this allows you to take this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:4:36&quot;&gt; intuition out 30 years,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:4:39&quot;&gt; and out 30 years in the future&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:4:42&quot;&gt;could say, you can ask&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:4:45&quot;&gt; “would it be ridiculous if we didn't have this?” and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:4:48&quot;&gt; 30 years that's 1995 the answer is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:4:51&quot;&gt; yeah it' be ridiculous if we didn't have tablet computers&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:4:54&quot;&gt; by 1995.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:4:57&quot;&gt;Okay so you bring it bring the idea back to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:5:0&quot;&gt; the mid 80s, can we do&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:5:3&quot;&gt; something by the mid 80s?&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:5:6&quot;&gt; yes! But&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:5:9&quot;&gt; software takes a long long time&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:5:12&quot;&gt; And we're in 1972 now so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:5:15&quot;&gt; what we need to do is to make a bunch of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:5:18&quot;&gt; flexible supercomputer time machines.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:5:21&quot;&gt; Personal. Make a lot of them.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:5:24&quot;&gt; So the researchers can live and work in the future.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:5:27&quot;&gt; That is what we did at Parc. That dollar&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:5:30&quot;&gt; sign says: Moore's Law&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:5:33&quot;&gt; means that for most&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:5:36&quot;&gt; points in the future you can have&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:5:39&quot;&gt; them now if you're willing to spend a lot more&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:5:42&quot;&gt; money. The commodity thing in the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:5:45&quot;&gt; future is the supercomputer of the present&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:5:48&quot;&gt;build the right kind of supercomputer in the present&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:5:51&quot;&gt; and you now have years to work on these really hard&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:5:54&quot;&gt; software ideas. And that is where the star&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:5:57&quot;&gt; was at Parc.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:6:0&quot;&gt; Uh, the dotted line there says: you better&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:6:3&quot;&gt;do this really quickly or else you're going to get&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:6:6&quot;&gt; submerged into tool building.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:6:9&quot;&gt; You're going to be doing uh just computers and operating&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:6:12&quot;&gt; systems and you're not going to be doing what you're originally&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:6:15&quot;&gt; trying to do, so you have to be… have to be…&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:6:18&quot;&gt; have a lot of chops to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:6:21&quot;&gt; do this; and in fact the alto was done in a period of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:6:24&quot;&gt; about three and a half months by an absolute genius&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:6:27&quot;&gt; uh, Chuck&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:6:30&quot;&gt;Thacker. And once you've got this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:6:33&quot;&gt; you can start inventing the software of the future; and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:6:36&quot;&gt; the supercomputer nature of it means&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:6:39&quot;&gt; something like user interface.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:6:42&quot;&gt; You can… you don't&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:6:45&quot;&gt; have to optimize. You can just&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:6:48&quot;&gt; uh, do 10 experiments a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:6:51&quot;&gt; day for a week; throw away your code,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:6:54&quot;&gt; don't even bother stick… because uh you could put a higher level&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:6:57&quot;&gt; language on it, you can do experiments, you don't have to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:7:0&quot;&gt; optimize, you need to find out what the…&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:7:3&quot;&gt; how the users respond to things. And then&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:7:6&quot;&gt;on the right hand side, uh… if you're&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:7:9&quot;&gt; willing to optimize you can do software like is going to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:7:12&quot;&gt; exist in quantity in the 80s.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:7:15&quot;&gt; That happens to be uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:7:18&quot;&gt; the first version of Microsoft Word, which was done at&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:7:21&quot;&gt; Xerox Parc. It made uh Microsoft&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:7:24&quot;&gt; many many billions of dollars when it was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:7:27&quot;&gt; released uh 15 years&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:7:30&quot;&gt; later. Right?&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:7:33&quot;&gt; Okay okay, we're coming down to the end here.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:7:36&quot;&gt; So 1963, Lick wrote a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:7:39&quot;&gt; memo. Members and Affiliates&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:7:42&quot;&gt; of The Intergalactic Computer&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:7:45&quot;&gt;Network. They asked him “Why intergalactic?”&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:7:48&quot;&gt; He said “well Engineers always give you less than you're asking&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:7:51&quot;&gt; for, so I want a worldwide network, so I'm going to ask&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:7:54&quot;&gt; for an Intergalactic one”. And&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:7:57&quot;&gt; when they when they quit bitching and moaning and scale it down, it's still going&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:8:0&quot;&gt; to be worldwide. Aad&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:8:3&quot;&gt; this great line here: ”if we succeed&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:8:6&quot;&gt;an Intergalactic Network then our main problem&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:8:9&quot;&gt; will be learning to communicate with&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:8:12&quot;&gt; aliens”. We'll look at that for in a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:8:15&quot;&gt;minute. And&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:8:18&quot;&gt; to this psychologist he said ”at this extreme&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:8:21&quot;&gt; the problem is essentially the one discussed by science&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:8:24&quot;&gt;fiction writers ‘how do you get&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:8:27&quot;&gt; communication started among totally&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:8:30&quot;&gt; uncorrelated “sapient” beings?…’” and he thought&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:8:33&quot;&gt; here of that scaling&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:8:36&quot;&gt; more or less destroys communication.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:8:39&quot;&gt; Even amongst humans. cnd scaling&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:8:42&quot;&gt; and technology is going to destroy Communications&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:8:45&quot;&gt; and so forth. So&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:8:48&quot;&gt; this is the… this is what we need to think&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:8:51&quot;&gt; about. And he and Bob Taylor wrote a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:8:54&quot;&gt; paper of which I've expanded on a little&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:8:57&quot;&gt; bit. So the idea is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:9:0&quot;&gt; uh here's a human&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:9:3&quot;&gt; who's trying to say “I'm come in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:9:6&quot;&gt; peace”, and the alien is saying “uh…&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:9:9&quot;&gt; maybe I should kill this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:9:12&quot;&gt;guy”. Between two humans&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:9:15&quot;&gt; uh, a description of something with a mane and ho…&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:9:18&quot;&gt; hooves and a tail could be a horse for one&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:9:21&quot;&gt; guy and a zebra for&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:9:24&quot;&gt;another. Here's our multiple&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:9:27&quot;&gt; brains I talked about. One part of my&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:9:30&quot;&gt; brain wants chocolate, and the other one realizes I should have an&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:9:33&quot;&gt; apple. Then we've got this new thing&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:9:36&quot;&gt; the computer.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:9:39&quot;&gt; What is what's on its mind? Not much.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:9:42&quot;&gt; And uh it doesn't understand what a horse is that's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:9:48&quot;&gt;for sure. So when we're talking with somebody&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:9:51&quot;&gt;else we might not be able to get together on what a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:9:54&quot;&gt; horse or a zebra is, but we have a better&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:9:57&quot;&gt;hamburger worldwide. So&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:10:0&quot;&gt; shared context is what we're looking&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:10:3&quot;&gt; for. And if we find a way… And&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:10:6&quot;&gt; what we do with language, is to try and point&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:10:9&quot;&gt;into what we think is the shared context between us&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:10:15&quot;&gt;and the other person. So if we look back at the theater here,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:10:18&quot;&gt; what is it? What is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:10:21&quot;&gt; shared? What the theater is for, is to reflect&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:10:24&quot;&gt; the intelligence of the audience back to them; you're not&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:10:27&quot;&gt; trying to teach them. I'm not trying to teach&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:10:30&quot;&gt; you, right now. I'm trying to give you something&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:10:33&quot;&gt; that you can reflect your intelligence back&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:10:36&quot;&gt; on. So the theater has to do&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:10:39&quot;&gt; most of the negotiations for the audience, that's too&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:10:42&quot;&gt; bad. But writing and reading are the same&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:10:45&quot;&gt; thing. Same idea,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:10:48&quot;&gt; and there's a huge difference between a good writer&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:10:51&quot;&gt; and a bad writer for these&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:10:54&quot;&gt;reasons. So let's think of communication&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:10:57&quot;&gt; as an extension of the gesture.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:11:0&quot;&gt; So what could two different computers have in common?&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:11:3&quot;&gt; Well?… could be something like the dynamic messaging&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:11:6&quot;&gt; of real object-oriented&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:11:9&quot;&gt; programming. Could be something like what Linda&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:11:12&quot;&gt; did but…, with David Gelerntner. We&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:11:15&quot;&gt;still have the problem of real aliens, but let's look&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:11:18&quot;&gt; at the problem with the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:11:21&quot;&gt; person… people and computer. What&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:11:24&quot;&gt; could they have in common?&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:11:27&quot;&gt;And…&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:11:30&quot;&gt; So…&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:11:33&quot;&gt; What can we make that is going to beam the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:11:36&quot;&gt;audience's intelligence and knowledge, back out&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:11:39&quot;&gt; at them? What should we put on the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:11:42&quot;&gt;stage?&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:11:45&quot;&gt; And so the GUI is a representation of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:11:48&quot;&gt; what the computer is thinking about,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:11:51&quot;&gt; in a form that humans can uh,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:11:54&quot;&gt; understand. The human can&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:11:57&quot;&gt; actually gesture at the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:12:0&quot;&gt;topic that he wants to talk&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:12:3&quot;&gt; about. Each window holds a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:12:6&quot;&gt; context and is a topic for conversation. All the possible&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:12:9&quot;&gt; conversation are active: “No modes!”&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;note for=&quot;1:12:9&quot;&gt;<br /> Larry Tesler discovered and championed modeless editing; his motto “NO MODES” was printed on his car's [https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6552d0259e101063e7efcac9/e460cd03-25a6-41ff-8409-681786036b6b/NOMODES.png license plate]. See [https://worrydream.com/refs/Tesler_2012_-_A_Personal_History_of_Modeless_Text_Editing_and_Cut-Copy-Paste.pdf A personal history of modeless text editing and cut/copy-paste], ACM Interactions, July-August 2012, [https://archive.org/details/byte-magazine-1981-08/page/n103/mode/2up The Smalltalk Environment], Byte Magazine, volume 6, number 8, and [https://youtu.be/OW-atKrg0T4?si=PJScaBDRpvaHUPPY&amp;t=395 Origins of the Apple Human Interface], a lecture delivered by Larry Tesler and Chris Espinosa on October 28, 1997 at the Computer History Museum.<br /> &lt;/note&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:12:12&quot;&gt; undoing is critical everywhere “Gesturing and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:12:15&quot;&gt; ‘dragging’ and…jay… engages the ‘body&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:12:18&quot;&gt; brain’”. Pictures are more memorable than&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:12:21&quot;&gt; words so use those. “Doing with images make&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:12:24&quot;&gt; Symbols”. And this is kind of Jerome Bruner&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:12:27&quot;&gt; 101; this one is particularly&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:12:30&quot;&gt;important. Okay? So,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:12:33&quot;&gt; this is kind of,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:12:36&quot;&gt;a summary&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:12:39&quot;&gt; of the way&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:12:42&quot;&gt; people were thinking back then&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:12:45&quot;&gt; and, if you think about the Parc&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:12:48&quot;&gt; GUI, of all the things that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:12:51&quot;&gt; this research community did back then,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:12:54&quot;&gt; the thing that made the trillion dollar&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:12:57&quot;&gt; industries was not just Moore's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:13:0&quot;&gt; Law. Because&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:13:3&quot;&gt; there was nobody to sell Moore's Law or&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:13:6&quot;&gt; even any reason to do Moore's Law&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:13:9&quot;&gt; at the scale in which t'was done, unless…&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:13:12&quot;&gt; millions and billions of people could actually use this stuff. And&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:13:15&quot;&gt;the reason millions and billions of people can use the stuff&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:13:18&quot;&gt; is because of the invention of the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:13:21&quot;&gt;GUI&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:13:24&quot;&gt; Okay! So,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:13:27&quot;&gt; I don't even know what time it is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:13:30&quot;&gt; but um… I'm up to the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:13:33&quot;&gt; dot dot dot question about what my greatest&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:13:36&quot;&gt; “aha!” etc. was and, but I'm gonna pause&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:13:39&quot;&gt; here and just check in with Jason and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:13:45&quot;&gt;Lenny.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:13:48&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;Hello&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:13:51&quot;&gt;How long how long was that by the way?&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:13:54&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;Uh we are, uh we uh we still have time so…&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:13:57&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;if you have uh&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:14:0&quot;&gt; okay so um&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:14:3&quot;&gt; the so now now the choice&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:14:6&quot;&gt; uh… uh… can get&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:14:9&quot;&gt; a another question from the audience. We can&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:14:12&quot;&gt; do this dot dot dot thing… whatever you'd like.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:14:15&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;um we have one question?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:14:21&quot;&gt;So… Len!&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:14:24&quot;&gt; Was this, uh, was this recognizable to you?&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:14:27&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;oh my god totally I mean there anecdotes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:14:30&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;all over the presentation that would add to it&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:14:33&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;but you nailed it beautifully. You captured that there&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:14:36&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;and the characters&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:14:39&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt; and the uh mix between&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:14:42&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt; highly cooperative groups and&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:14:45&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt; individual working on their own&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:14:48&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;things happen. there's a lot of individual&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:14:51&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt; yet the group action came in&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:14:54&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;and out in and out it was an interest it wasn't&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:14:57&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt; pure you know one versus many&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:15:0&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt; it was…&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:15:3&quot;&gt; I think I forgot to mention was uh… that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:15:6&quot;&gt; I don't think uh Lick intended it, or maybe&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:15:9&quot;&gt; he did, but uh what turned out to be the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:15:12&quot;&gt; messenger, uh… mechanism&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:15:15&quot;&gt; and there happened to be graduate students and interns.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:15:18&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt; including you for example!&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:15:21&quot;&gt; I mean I flew 140,000 miles as a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:15:24&quot;&gt; grad student. Dave Evans had a huge budget&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:15:27&quot;&gt; for airplane travel for his grad&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:15:30&quot;&gt;students!&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:15:33&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt; Well Steve managed to basically bankrupt mine doing the same thing.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:15:36&quot;&gt; Yeah because you gota&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:15:39&quot;&gt; These and and ARP… I should have mentioned&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:15:42&quot;&gt; that ARPA in uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:15:45&quot;&gt; 1968 funded the first ARPA&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:15:48&quot;&gt; Graduate Student Conference which was modeled&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:15:51&quot;&gt; on the ARPA contractors meetings&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:15:54&quot;&gt; that's another story about how that happened but&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:15:57&quot;&gt; uh that was really great because uh things went&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:16:0&quot;&gt; in the amount of intercommunication&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:16:3&quot;&gt; and trust… because a lot of cooperation is about trust&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:16:9&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt; And yet it was not um what shall I say a…&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:16:15&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt; a bowl of soup. It was contentious&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:16:18&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt; in a positive way. I'll give you one example&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:16:21&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;We had this principal investigators meeting, John McCarthy&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:16:24&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt; arrived about 20 minutes late. Someone was presenting&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:16:27&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;10 minutes later McCarthy raised his hand and says “Excuse&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:16:30&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt; me. I have no idea what you're talking about!”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:16:33&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt; he says “but I was late.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:16:36&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt; however if I came in in time I still think I with no idea&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:16:39&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt; what you're talking about!”. Can you imagine your interaction aftert that.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:16:42&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;It was wonderful!&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:16:45&quot;&gt;Yeah I should have that the one of the main things I learned in grad school&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:16:48&quot;&gt; and everybody at Park knew was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:16:51&quot;&gt; uh that the purpose of arguing is not to win&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:16:54&quot;&gt; but to to illuminate&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:16:57&quot;&gt; and uh in fact when people started getting&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:17:0&quot;&gt; he in an argument Taylor would&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:17:3&quot;&gt; say type two type two&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:17:6&quot;&gt; and a type two argument was all&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:17:9&quot;&gt;sudden you had to explain the other person's position&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:17:12&quot;&gt; back to them until they agreed with&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:17:15&quot;&gt; it and then they had to explain your&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:17:18&quot;&gt;position back to you until you agreed with it and by&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:17:21&quot;&gt;happened you'd forgotten what you're arguing about and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:17:24&quot;&gt; you okay let's go to the question&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:17:27&quot;&gt; all right we have a question here yeah hello&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:17:30&quot;&gt; um and I I agree and I guess I kind of apologize&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:17:33&quot;&gt; for the uh structure&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:17:36&quot;&gt; that we have because it does impose any limitations on the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:17:39&quot;&gt; discussion um I'm on on the faculty&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:17:42&quot;&gt; too so uh but&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:17:45&quot;&gt; you know faculty meetings uh there's too&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:17:48&quot;&gt;much contention because the stakes are too&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:17:51&quot;&gt;low I&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:17:54&quot;&gt; quit going um so I have two questions which are&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:17:57&quot;&gt; a little related um so so number&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:18:0&quot;&gt; one was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:18:3&quot;&gt; do you think and and maybe you'll agree that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:18:6&quot;&gt; there's kind of been a split between the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:18:9&quot;&gt; practicers of technology which are the software engineers&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:18:12&quot;&gt; and the systems thinkers who are like the theoreticians&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:18:15&quot;&gt; and the inventors um if so why&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:18:18&quot;&gt; any suggestions to remediate this uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:18:21&quot;&gt;also asking to Professor kleinrock if he has any&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:18:24&quot;&gt; input on that and my second question is probably a little&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:18:27&quot;&gt; related um which is what are your&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:18:30&quot;&gt; thoughts on I guess all of this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:18:33&quot;&gt; development most like a lot of it has been going into private&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:18:36&quot;&gt;research Labs like Google X and Microsoft&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:18:39&quot;&gt; research um do do you think it's still kind of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:18:42&quot;&gt; analogous to Bell labs in back in the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:18:45&quot;&gt; day uh no&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:18:48&quot;&gt; B for instance at Bell Labs&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:18:51&quot;&gt; if you walked around back before&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:18:54&quot;&gt; the divesture uh you&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:18:57&quot;&gt;that would say&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:19:0&quot;&gt; either do something very useful or very&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:19:3&quot;&gt;beautiful&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:19:6&quot;&gt; I've never seen a sign like that at&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:19:12&quot;&gt;research okay so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:19:15&quot;&gt; because that's a pro that's a huge&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:19:18&quot;&gt; problem I&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:19:21&quot;&gt; guess go ahead yeah go ahead oh no I guess I have a follow-up&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:19:24&quot;&gt;question to that which is uh you mentioned a bit earlier in the talk&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:19:27&quot;&gt; one of the questions I sent over which is uh do you think&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:19:30&quot;&gt; younger people have a harder problem these days in you know living&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:19:33&quot;&gt; in this more materialistic world world so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:19:36&quot;&gt; to speak yeah you know&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:19:39&quot;&gt; just just one example I I was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:19:42&quot;&gt; at Park in Palo Alto and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:19:45&quot;&gt; um&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:19:48&quot;&gt; the general inflation has been about&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:19:51&quot;&gt; a factor of seven since then&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:19:54&quot;&gt; or so and when I&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:19:57&quot;&gt; factor that into the salary I got at Park it's about what&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:0&quot;&gt;I would get just you&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:3&quot;&gt; know I was just a year out of grad school when I went to park&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:6&quot;&gt; so uh really uh not a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:9&quot;&gt; huge wasn't a lot of money but&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:12&quot;&gt;with today&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:15&quot;&gt; however I was able to buy a house in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:18&quot;&gt; paloalto uh right near&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:21&quot;&gt; Park and it only cost twice my yearly&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:24&quot;&gt; salary&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:27&quot;&gt;okay that house has inflated&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:30&quot;&gt; by a factor of 70 not seven&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:33&quot;&gt; so then do you go go ahead&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:36&quot;&gt; go ahead so the uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:39&quot;&gt; so if Park existed today&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:39&quot;&gt; so if Park existed today&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:42&quot;&gt; uh none of us&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:45&quot;&gt; and and Taylor wanted to hire he only hired older&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:48&quot;&gt; people uh from the arpa community&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:51&quot;&gt; as advisers&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:54&quot;&gt; he didn't want I was the oldest person there and I&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:57&quot;&gt; was 30 he didn't&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:21:0&quot;&gt; he wanted a new know he wanted the researchers that ARA&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:21:3&quot;&gt; had Jed out there and he used&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:21:6&quot;&gt; the uh the generation before us as as advisers&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:21:9&quot;&gt; and so if&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:21:12&quot;&gt; if I if they had tried to set this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:21:15&quot;&gt; up uh somebody would have had to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:21:18&quot;&gt; buy a lot of housing in Palo Alo&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:21:21&quot;&gt; and you know when when Google is being&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:21:24&quot;&gt; set up and when HP was being set up I said hey look&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:21:27&quot;&gt; at Stanford Stanford figured this out a long time ago&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:21:30&quot;&gt; because if you get an associate professorship at&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:21:33&quot;&gt; Stanford one of the perks is a 99-year&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:21:36&quot;&gt; lease at a very low interest rate&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:21:39&quot;&gt; on Stanford land for a house&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:21:42&quot;&gt; and Stanford was owns a lot&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:21:45&quot;&gt;houses in Palo Alta they bought them up before the Big&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:21:48&quot;&gt; Deck companies got there because they&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:21:51&quot;&gt; understood that people have a life might&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:21:54&quot;&gt; not be much of a life outside the lab but they still got&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:21:57&quot;&gt; one by the way&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:22:0&quot;&gt; Lan will love the the story that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:22:3&quot;&gt; metf and bogs had the record&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:22:6&quot;&gt;longest period uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:22:9&quot;&gt; inside of Park without leaving it&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:22:12&quot;&gt; which uh during the critical period of the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:22:15&quot;&gt; the ethernet which was two and a half&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:22:18&quot;&gt;months they had a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:22:21&quot;&gt; cafeteria you know it had plenty of places you could sleep&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:22:24&quot;&gt; it had showers&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:22:27&quot;&gt;um wasn't wasn't that helpful on&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:22:30&quot;&gt; if you had a marriage that didn't&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:22:33&quot;&gt; get this idea uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:22:36&quot;&gt; they would suffer but yeah so to so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:22:39&quot;&gt; the the a big problem today and and you know&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:22:42&quot;&gt; I run run various&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:22:45&quot;&gt; kinds of I've been able to fund until&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:22:48&quot;&gt; about I don't know five six years ago I was able to fund&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:22:51&quot;&gt; a nonprofit research thing that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:22:54&quot;&gt; was about to size of the group I had at Park&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:22:57&quot;&gt; and uh and to get people who are&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:23:0&quot;&gt; as good as the people I had at Park&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:23:3&quot;&gt; but it wasn't the same as Park similarly&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:23:6&quot;&gt; Butler Lamson and Chuck ther went with deck&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:23:9&quot;&gt; initially and then with&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:23:12&quot;&gt; Microsoft and it wasn't the same as park&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:23:15&quot;&gt; because they&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:23:18&quot;&gt; uh you know for example&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:23:21&quot;&gt; my habit when when I would get confused&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:23:24&quot;&gt; about something was to go down and have&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:23:27&quot;&gt; Butler tear it to shreds&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:23:30&quot;&gt; and I miss missmiss&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:23:33&quot;&gt; being able to just walk down the hall into&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:23:36&quot;&gt; that crystallin Palace of his&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:23:39&quot;&gt; mind and you could&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:23:42&quot;&gt; never top Butler on the same&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:23:45&quot;&gt;least I couldn't but Butler&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:23:48&quot;&gt; was an was honest if you came back three days&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:23:51&quot;&gt; later and said now here is the real point&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:23:54&quot;&gt; you would say you're&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:23:57&quot;&gt; right so that's a really great C it's a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:24:0&quot;&gt; genius there's no question he's one of the most brilliant&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:24:3&quot;&gt; people I've ever met and an honest&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:24:6&quot;&gt; genius and a guy who by the way&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:24:9&quot;&gt; helped my group whenever he could&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:24:12&quot;&gt; despite the fact that our theory of programming language&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:24:15&quot;&gt; design was quite different from&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:24:18&quot;&gt; his he didn't give a about&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:24:21&quot;&gt; that so he was Butler was a big man&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:24:24&quot;&gt; in my opinion just a big fantastic&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:24:27&quot;&gt; so it's that Synergy&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:24:30&quot;&gt; it's what happens in the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:24:33&quot;&gt; halls and it's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:24:36&quot;&gt; what happens when you're having like&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:24:39&quot;&gt; EP uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:24:42&quot;&gt; you know how how many beer beer Laden lunches&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:24:45&quot;&gt; do you have how many bike rides up to the top&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:24:48&quot;&gt; of the uh the hills around&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:24:51&quot;&gt; Palo Alto with all these people no&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:24:54&quot;&gt; there's a whole whole thing there that is going to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:24:57&quot;&gt; pay off by&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:25:0&quot;&gt; what the group is willing to do and reason I kept on&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:25:3&quot;&gt; showing theater is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:25:6&quot;&gt; arpa at its best park at its best was like&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:25:9&quot;&gt; theater at its best you've got the most diverse&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:25:12&quot;&gt; group of people you ever saw&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:25:15&quot;&gt; some of which some of whom can't even&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:25:18&quot;&gt; stand each other&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:25:21&quot;&gt; but the whole point of the thing is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:25:24&quot;&gt;audience that's going to be there&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:25:27&quot;&gt; six weeks from now or six months&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:25:30&quot;&gt; from now and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:25:33&quot;&gt; so you get this thing where people&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:25:36&quot;&gt; work 24 hours a day and they just find&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:25:39&quot;&gt; ways to solve everything they&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:25:42&quot;&gt; do the woo woo on the leftand side that's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:25:45&quot;&gt; what theater is about and they&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:25:48&quot;&gt; do all of the stuff you have to do in the physical&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:25:51&quot;&gt; world to make it work and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:25:54&quot;&gt; know if you don't have those and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:25:57&quot;&gt; if they don't like Len did&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:26:0&quot;&gt; this if those people don't have some of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:26:3&quot;&gt; the other in them to have this shared context&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:26:6&quot;&gt; there has to be a place where you go and it's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:26:9&quot;&gt; the love of what you're gonna&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:26:12&quot;&gt; get the audience to try to think about&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:26:15&quot;&gt; because you can't tell the audience&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:26:18&quot;&gt; anything can't people only remember&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:26:21&quot;&gt;you make them feel&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:26:24&quot;&gt; so so you have to lay it this is why I&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:26:27&quot;&gt;all these pictures and stuff because I want the pictures&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:26:30&quot;&gt; to do things you can't do in regular&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:26:33&quot;&gt; words and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:26:36&quot;&gt; yeah so the question is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:26:39&quot;&gt; uh the way I look&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:26:42&quot;&gt; at playing the blame game&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:26:45&quot;&gt; here is businesses&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:26:48&quot;&gt; are in a terrible position&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:26:51&quot;&gt; fidu in a fiduciary responsibility way&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:26:54&quot;&gt; for doing the kind of stuff that arpa&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:26:57&quot;&gt; and park did they have every&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:27:0&quot;&gt; and especially the Milton Freedman American businesses&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:27:3&quot;&gt; which are a terrible way to do business in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:27:6&quot;&gt; general there you know Peter Dreer used to say&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:27:9&quot;&gt; that that business's main obligation&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:27:12&quot;&gt; is to their uh customers&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:27:15&quot;&gt; and Milton fredman said no business's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:27:18&quot;&gt; main obligation is to their stockholders&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:27:21&quot;&gt; and that has turned really ugly that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:27:24&quot;&gt; is really ugly so but in any case&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:27:27&quot;&gt; good or bad they're in a bad place for it&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:27:30&quot;&gt; uh research can only be&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:27:33&quot;&gt;xpensed eeks&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:27:36&quot;&gt; you could be sitting on a ton of cash tough&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:27:39&quot;&gt; comes out of the bottom&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:27:42&quot;&gt; line so so when I when&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:27:45&quot;&gt; I look there I Look to society and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:27:48&quot;&gt; government part of the idea&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:27:51&quot;&gt; of getting people to pay&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:27:54&quot;&gt; taxes is to deal with things&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:27:57&quot;&gt; in a way that is hard for&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:28:0&quot;&gt; scattered groups to deal with with or without&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:28:3&quot;&gt; engelbart stuff and I think the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:28:6&quot;&gt; the woo woo research stuff done&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:28:9&quot;&gt; right is one of those things and I just happened&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:28:12&quot;&gt; to stumble into it I didn't go to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:28:15&quot;&gt; Utah knowing anything about arpa I'd never heard of arpa&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:28:18&quot;&gt; I just stumbled in there by by and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:28:21&quot;&gt; chance and I found out I was in Paradise&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:28:24&quot;&gt;because&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:28:27&quot;&gt; and the dod was doing fine because&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:28:30&quot;&gt; uh arpa ipto cost almost nothing compared to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:28:33&quot;&gt; the the whole DOD&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:28:36&quot;&gt; budget it was just fingernail clipping so it's the perfect&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:28:39&quot;&gt; place for doing this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:28:42&quot;&gt; uh enlightened public&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:28:45&quot;&gt; domain uh research and you had the ultimate&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:28:48&quot;&gt; enlightened public domain mind in lick&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:28:51&quot;&gt; to do that the key thing&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:28:54&quot;&gt;Park was that Taylor loved&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:28:57&quot;&gt; lick he he was a psychologist&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:29:0&quot;&gt; also he truly loved&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:29:3&quot;&gt; lick and I'll I'll&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:29:6&quot;&gt; finish in one second Jason and he&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:29:9&quot;&gt;uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:29:12&quot;&gt; he studied lick so lick&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:29:15&quot;&gt; was intu&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:29:18&quot;&gt; intuition he had great inter but Taylor&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:29:21&quot;&gt; codified lick those rules&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:29:24&quot;&gt;put up there were not Lick's rules but Taylor's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:29:27&quot;&gt; rules and anytime you wanted to park you could&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:29:30&quot;&gt; go and lie on the floor in Taylor's office we we were floor culture&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:29:33&quot;&gt; we had thick carpets that were&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:29:36&quot;&gt;padding underneath so you could just roll around on the floor we had bean&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:29:39&quot;&gt; bags and inste of chairs so you go&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:29:42&quot;&gt;there and lie in there for an hour and let Taylor tell&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:29:45&quot;&gt; you what he was why he was doing what he was doing at&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:29:48&quot;&gt; Park and it was mostly these rules&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:29:51&quot;&gt;I wrote down you got to do this you got to do that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:29:54&quot;&gt; uh etc etc like&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:29:57&quot;&gt; okay so um&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:30:0&quot;&gt; yeah so I point I point my finger&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:30:3&quot;&gt; at the government and if you point your finger at the government you&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:30:6&quot;&gt;have to point your finger at the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:30:9&quot;&gt; uh uh the American&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:30:12&quot;&gt; Body politic and if you point your finger at them you have&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:30:15&quot;&gt; to point your finger at education&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:30:18&quot;&gt; public education if you point your finger at publication&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:30:21&quot;&gt; public education you point your finger at the government&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:30:24&quot;&gt; again so the government has not&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:30:27&quot;&gt; done its job and by the way over here in London in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:30:30&quot;&gt;the UK it's it's worse&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:30:33&quot;&gt; uh the politicians are a little nicer over here&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:30:36&quot;&gt; but they're equally uh incompetent&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:30:39&quot;&gt; they just don't do not understand and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:30:42&quot;&gt; their financial base is much smaller over here&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:30:45&quot;&gt; so they're in more desperate need&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:30:48&quot;&gt; of the kind of Industries they can afford&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:30:51&quot;&gt; that actually work in the 21st century&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:30:54&quot;&gt;need this um&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:30:57&quot;&gt; yeah so uh but when&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:31:0&quot;&gt;after the government&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:31:3&quot;&gt; should be doing this that and the other thing&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:31:6&quot;&gt; I I can't get far from the educ&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:31:9&quot;&gt;from the University because the university used to be the co&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:31:12&quot;&gt;the flame the whole&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:31:15&quot;&gt; point there was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:31:18&quot;&gt; the universities were not beholden to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:31:21&quot;&gt; business their job was not to do job&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:31:24&quot;&gt; training in obsolete software&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:31:27&quot;&gt; systems to deal with business's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:31:30&quot;&gt; problems with Legacy systems that is not the job&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:31:33&quot;&gt;university that's a trade school and there's nothing&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:31:36&quot;&gt; I love trade schools the high school I&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:31:39&quot;&gt; went to was a was a one you had to take&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:31:42&quot;&gt; a test to get into but it was a glorified trade school Lenny&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:31:45&quot;&gt; will tell you and uh I learned a lot&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:31:48&quot;&gt; there but Jesus the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:31:51&quot;&gt; universities have got to uphold&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:31:54&quot;&gt; something like the way the 21st century&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:31:57&quot;&gt; should be for the students or the students&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:32:0&quot;&gt; are just going to go there and buy degrees in order&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:32:3&quot;&gt; to get jobs that is my general&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:32:6&quot;&gt; picture so the university&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:32:9&quot;&gt; could put us you know I when I was active&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:32:12&quot;&gt; around UCLA at some faculty&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:32:15&quot;&gt; meeting uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:32:18&quot;&gt; maybe more than one&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:32:21&quot;&gt; I brought up the idea hey wait a minute UCLA is one of the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:32:24&quot;&gt; top 10 schools and uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:32:27&quot;&gt; there are other top 10 schools in the nation&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:32:30&quot;&gt;in the University of California&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:32:33&quot;&gt; you know basically you&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:32:36&quot;&gt; know why are we letting the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:32:39&quot;&gt; Regents determine that tenure&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:32:42&quot;&gt; uh re requires paper&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:32:45&quot;&gt;counting&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:32:48&quot;&gt; UCLA should be able to say well you know Screw You&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:32:51&quot;&gt; Regents screw you and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:32:54&quot;&gt; Davis and uh San Diego&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:32:57&quot;&gt; and Santa Barbara screw you Regents&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:33:0&quot;&gt; we're not going to do it that way&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:33:3&quot;&gt; we're not gonna count papers for Christ's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:33:6&quot;&gt; sake you know&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:33:9&quot;&gt; if you got to count a paper you at least have to put a weight on it&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:33:12&quot;&gt; and it's hard to put a weight on a paper until 10 years&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:33:15&quot;&gt; have passed you&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:33:18&quot;&gt; just can't do it that way or you're going to turn it into&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:33:21&quot;&gt; a Job Shop and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:33:24&quot;&gt; uh you know uh I pointed out&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:33:27&quot;&gt; to the UCLA faculty that because of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:33:30&quot;&gt; you know the the discussion was wow&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:33:33&quot;&gt; our department is really popular now we've got more&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:33:36&quot;&gt; students than we can handle I said well godamn it&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:33:39&quot;&gt; if you got that that's what the bean counters&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:33:42&quot;&gt; in the University care&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:33:45&quot;&gt; about is retention because it's money&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:33:48&quot;&gt; you've got them just say&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:33:51&quot;&gt; okay all right&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:33:54&quot;&gt; we're going to do tenure differently we're going to hire&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:33:57&quot;&gt;differently we're going to have a different set of Standards&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:34:0&quot;&gt; here&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:34:3&quot;&gt; or we're just goingon to uh you know etc&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:34:6&quot;&gt; etc but the 60s were&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:34:9&quot;&gt; long over by the time I made that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:34:12&quot;&gt;stand&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:34:18&quot;&gt;okay next question&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:34:21&quot;&gt; I have a question yes&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:34:24&quot;&gt;this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:34:27&quot;&gt; was sorry&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:34:30&quot;&gt; this was a and I've heard you many&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:34:33&quot;&gt; times and always I I recognize&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:34:36&quot;&gt; this accent always&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:34:39&quot;&gt; yes I'm ready I'm ready&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:34:42&quot;&gt; I'm ready always very entertaining&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:34:45&quot;&gt; and uh thoughtful&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:34:48&quot;&gt; but I I feel there is now&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:34:51&quot;&gt;a huge crra a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:34:54&quot;&gt; Gap uh which we didn't you didn't&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:34:57&quot;&gt;would be nice if you could have a thought or address&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:35:0&quot;&gt; which is everything in the past&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:35:3&quot;&gt; seems to me have to do let's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:35:6&quot;&gt; call it with mathematics has&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:35:9&quot;&gt; Precision prob language is not&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:35:12&quot;&gt;we talk it has precision&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:35:15&quot;&gt; and suddenly I think the new&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:35:18&quot;&gt; Queen the new the new thing in the helm&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:35:21&quot;&gt;the new Revolution is is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:35:24&quot;&gt; without Precision it's without&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:35:27&quot;&gt; and we built machine that we do not&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:35:30&quot;&gt; understand how they work but&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:35:33&quot;&gt; they work they perform they&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:35:36&quot;&gt; perform not in Precision&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:35:39&quot;&gt; you know if there will be a a self-driving&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:35:42&quot;&gt; car it will kill somebody there is no question you&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:35:45&quot;&gt; cannot guarantee that this will not happen&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:35:48&quot;&gt;it's a new thing and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:35:51&quot;&gt; I feel most of us here on this list&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:35:54&quot;&gt; on the nine people that are left&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:35:57&quot;&gt; we are dinosaurs of the past&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:36:0&quot;&gt; and what do you have any thoughts about&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:36:3&quot;&gt; this well uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:36:6&quot;&gt; just by chance in the late 60s&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:36:9&quot;&gt; I was visiting MIT and there was a meeting&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:36:12&quot;&gt; of DOD people with&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:36:15&quot;&gt; uh the AI people at MIT&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:36:18&quot;&gt; and I think mensky was saying&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:36:21&quot;&gt; you know in a few years we might be able to do what a dog can&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:36:24&quot;&gt; do and uh the fourstar&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:36:27&quot;&gt; general said a dog&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:36:30&quot;&gt; he said look we don't even want what ordinary humans can&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:36:33&quot;&gt; do we can draft them we've got two million&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:36:36&quot;&gt; robots in the in the Department of Defense already&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:36:39&quot;&gt; we train them and they learn well and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:36:42&quot;&gt;they carry guns and they do all the stuff that we want&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:36:45&quot;&gt; we already got intelligent robots we need&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:36:48&quot;&gt; superhuman intelligence that's what&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:36:51&quot;&gt; we need and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:36:54&quot;&gt;so I&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:36:57&quot;&gt; I don't want to start a long discussion about&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:37:0&quot;&gt; you know but it happens that the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:37:3&quot;&gt; what J Judea Pearl calls curve&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:37:6&quot;&gt;fitting machine learning&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:37:9&quot;&gt; uh as you know&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:37:12&quot;&gt; also very well goes all the way back&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:37:15&quot;&gt; 20 30 40 years&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:37:18&quot;&gt; or 50 years or more Minsky's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:37:21&quot;&gt;thesis was actually one of the first perceptrons&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:37:24&quot;&gt; so the idea of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:37:27&quot;&gt; of finding complex&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:37:30&quot;&gt; transfer functions between lots of inputs and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:37:33&quot;&gt; fewer outputs is has been around for a while&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:37:36&quot;&gt; and uh it's definitely a a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:37:39&quot;&gt; big component of what's going on inside of our&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:37:42&quot;&gt; brains but&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:37:45&quot;&gt; the I I think&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:37:48&quot;&gt; the we should ask&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:37:51&quot;&gt; more for example uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:37:54&quot;&gt; I wouldn't want to use an&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:37:57&quot;&gt; AI that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:38:0&quot;&gt; couldn't be vetted in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:38:3&quot;&gt; some way and of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:38:6&quot;&gt; course uh the chat Bots&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:38:9&quot;&gt; uh can lie whenever it suits them&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:38:12&quot;&gt; and by the way I just saw that uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:38:15&quot;&gt; uh open AI chatbot&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:38:18&quot;&gt; has recently gone nuts&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:38:21&quot;&gt; which is really fun track this down&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:38:24&quot;&gt;it started something went wrong and it's now it's mostly&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:38:27&quot;&gt; hallucinating so these are&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:38:30&quot;&gt; like human beings these are creators&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:38:33&quot;&gt; that's what we are that's what we&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:38:36&quot;&gt; got inside there and I believe that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:38:39&quot;&gt; we're we're better than we&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:38:42&quot;&gt; were 100,000 years ago mainly&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:38:45&quot;&gt; because we invented&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:38:48&quot;&gt; methods for thinking&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:38:51&quot;&gt; the big one being science&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:38:54&quot;&gt; math allows you to in a consistent&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:38:57&quot;&gt; way but it&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:39:0&quot;&gt; it doesn't have any necessary connection to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:39:3&quot;&gt; reality where science wants to be able&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:39:6&quot;&gt; to do uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:39:9&quot;&gt; crisp thinking in a way that is anchored to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:39:12&quot;&gt; reality such that the uh the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:39:15&quot;&gt;cues might have something to do with reality also&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:39:18&quot;&gt; I think that is a very very good thing I think it would help&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:39:21&quot;&gt; our politics on both sides of the lanic&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:39:24&quot;&gt; tremendously if uh schools started&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:39:27&quot;&gt; teaching CH basically doing what engelbart&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:39:30&quot;&gt; said we have to insert better methods&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:39:33&quot;&gt; than the ones we were born with or&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:39:36&quot;&gt; simple uh large language models&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:39:39&quot;&gt; have uh in order to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:39:42&quot;&gt; uh be able to use them in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:39:45&quot;&gt; any reasonable way that's my my&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:39:48&quot;&gt;answer&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:39:51&quot;&gt; got it got it and then we also have one more&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:39:54&quot;&gt; question from the audience um I wanted to get a chance to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:39:57&quot;&gt; yeah have him ask hi professor Kate thank you&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:40:0&quot;&gt; for your talk today um I'm born in the 21st century&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:40:3&quot;&gt; so my uh I guess&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:40:6&quot;&gt; thoughts about zorx Park is the only one I know of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:40:9&quot;&gt;Steve Jobs's visit where he commercializes&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:40:12&quot;&gt; the guey that you guys invented into the apple one&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:40:15&quot;&gt; so I was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:40:18&quot;&gt; yeah so what he saw was what&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:40:21&quot;&gt; what he saw was what we did&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:40:24&quot;&gt; he visited it was a visit to my&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:40:27&quot;&gt; group uh and I was in the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:40:30&quot;&gt; room uh during that visit&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:40:33&quot;&gt; and the demo we gave him and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:40:36&quot;&gt; uh we became friends uh partly&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:40:39&quot;&gt; as the result of that visit so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:40:42&quot;&gt; ask me any question you want to ask about that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:40:45&quot;&gt; visit uh yeah I mean my first question was going&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:40:48&quot;&gt;if you happen to be in the room at all but now I know&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:40:51&quot;&gt; uh second of all would be Steve had or&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:40:54&quot;&gt; Mr jobs uh had a way of combining design&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:40:57&quot;&gt; and pushing the boundaries of engineering through that I&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:41:0&quot;&gt; was wondering how Zero's or&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:41:3&quot;&gt; the Park's attitude towards pushing research&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:41:6&quot;&gt; um the boundaries of research were or what&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:41:9&quot;&gt; influence so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:41:12&quot;&gt; the so let me answer it's a two-part&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:41:15&quot;&gt; question so one part uh is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:41:18&quot;&gt; early in the 80s I said to both Steve&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:41:21&quot;&gt; and Bill Gates uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:41:24&quot;&gt; this is during the controversy of whether apple and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:41:27&quot;&gt; Microsoft had stolen the ideas from&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:41:30&quot;&gt; Xerox and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:41:33&quot;&gt; you know I told I said to both of them I said&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:41:36&quot;&gt; look we want this we want you to steal the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:41:39&quot;&gt; ideas but for Christ's sake steal&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:41:42&quot;&gt;whole idea don't steal a protest&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:41:45&quot;&gt; caricature yeah the whole&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:41:48&quot;&gt; yeah that's why I say the the disappointing figures&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:41:51&quot;&gt;that I put there was the amount of actual&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:41:54&quot;&gt; takeup uh so the second thing is that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:41:57&quot;&gt;what Steve was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:42:0&quot;&gt; uh he was NE say the two words you said again designer&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:42:3&quot;&gt; and a pusher of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:42:6&quot;&gt; engineering yeah right okay so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:42:9&quot;&gt; Steve was not a designer&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:42:12&quot;&gt; and he was a pusher of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:42:15&quot;&gt; people so the key thing about Steve&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:42:18&quot;&gt; was that he had a lot of good&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:42:21&quot;&gt; woowoo&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:42:24&quot;&gt; so where he picked up&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:42:27&quot;&gt; he could feel the fireflies if he'd been a scientist&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:42:30&quot;&gt; it would have been much better for&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:42:33&quot;&gt; everybody because as he said and there's a famous&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:42:36&quot;&gt; interview you can find on YouTube where&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:42:39&quot;&gt; Steve says he says when I first went to Xerox&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:42:42&quot;&gt; I was so blinded by the user interface I couldn't see anything&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:42:45&quot;&gt; else I couldn't see object-oriented programming I&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:42:48&quot;&gt;see the networks he had to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:42:51&quot;&gt; wait until he did next years later when he ran into&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:42:54&quot;&gt;another contingent from the old Arbor Community&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:42:57&quot;&gt; to explain to them why you why you need&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:43:0&quot;&gt; those but we he didn't&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:43:3&quot;&gt; understand how the stuff and we couldn't tell&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:43:6&quot;&gt; him uh we were&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:43:9&quot;&gt; able to show him uh like one of the famous&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:43:12&quot;&gt; things that happened in the demo&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:43:15&quot;&gt; my my one of my favorite demo things and if I had had time&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:43:18&quot;&gt;because we recreated that system just for the shits&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:43:21&quot;&gt; of it so it actually runs the system that we showed&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:43:24&quot;&gt; him and um I occasionally will'll do&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:43:27&quot;&gt; it live in a talk um&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:43:30&quot;&gt; but Steve had two complaints while he was and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:43:33&quot;&gt; he was really watching he&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:43:36&quot;&gt; had his acolytes around him&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:43:39&quot;&gt; uh but Steve Steve was really paying&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:43:42&quot;&gt; attention to the thing and he&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:43:45&quot;&gt;said you know&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:43:48&quot;&gt; I don't like You' never seen a scroll bar before but he&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:43:51&quot;&gt; didn't like the fact that as you pulled it it&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:43:54&quot;&gt;went line by line he&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:43:57&quot;&gt; says can't that go be done&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:44:0&quot;&gt; continuously and Dan Engles who was giving the demo&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:44:3&quot;&gt; because small talk is live&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:44:6&quot;&gt; I mean live down to the operating systems so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:44:9&quot;&gt; Dan was able to do a couple of Clips&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:44:12&quot;&gt; here's where the slow scroll bar thing is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:44:15&quot;&gt; uh change a line of code&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:44:18&quot;&gt; quar a second later things are scrolling&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:44:21&quot;&gt; smoothly and later on&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:44:24&quot;&gt; uh when we were showing text&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:44:27&quot;&gt; selection um we liked&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:44:30&quot;&gt; we tried a lot of different ways of doing it but we' like the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:44:33&quot;&gt; complimenting the characters&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:44:36&quot;&gt; which is what basically is done&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:44:39&quot;&gt; today uh and Steve didn't like that he said&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:44:42&quot;&gt; can't you do an outline&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:44:45&quot;&gt; around the you know he's right because it's comp&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:44:48&quot;&gt;and white complimenting&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:44:51&quot;&gt; is a little bit too in your face&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:44:54&quot;&gt; face so he's right there&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:44:57&quot;&gt; and so my jaw was on the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:45:0&quot;&gt; floor because Dan Engles went in there&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:45:3&quot;&gt; that was not a trivial thing you know because if&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:45:6&quot;&gt; you think of the selection&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:45:9&quot;&gt; you have to find the actual boundary of the selection and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:45:12&quot;&gt; you have to uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:45:15&quot;&gt; treat it the right way and Dan went right to the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:45:18&quot;&gt; thing and basically what he did was to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:45:21&quot;&gt; just take the code that comp mented&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:45:24&quot;&gt; copy it and shift the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:45:27&quot;&gt; coordinates of the comp of the second&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:45:30&quot;&gt; complementation uh diagonally&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:45:33&quot;&gt; by two&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:45:36&quot;&gt; so you get to so what it would do in it before you could see it would do&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:45:39&quot;&gt;compliment then it would shift diagonally do another compliment&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:45:42&quot;&gt; and that would leave a a black line around the selection&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:45:45&quot;&gt; just what Steve asked for it's like one of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:45:48&quot;&gt; the greatest things I've ever seen done unprepared&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:45:51&quot;&gt; in a demo in a program progamming system in my&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:45:54&quot;&gt; life that was uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:45:57&quot;&gt; 1979 yeah so that was uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:46:0&quot;&gt;good and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:46:3&quot;&gt; uh uh Apple didn't steal&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:46:6&quot;&gt; you know Apple did do a great thing&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:46:9&quot;&gt; as the ba from the basis of that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:46:12&quot;&gt; stuff uh which was the Lisa&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:46:15&quot;&gt;done before the mac&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:46:18&quot;&gt; and the Lisa was done&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:46:21&quot;&gt; uh with Park people who are&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:46:24&quot;&gt; hired&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:46:27&quot;&gt; uh uh and with&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:46:30&quot;&gt; some very smart people who are at Apple like Bill&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:46:33&quot;&gt; ainson and the Lisa was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:46:36&quot;&gt; really nice it was the best thing you&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:46:39&quot;&gt; could possibly do for that day was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:46:42&quot;&gt; done on a 68,000&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:46:45&quot;&gt; microprocessor which meant an enormous amount&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:46:48&quot;&gt; of programming for to do the graphics that were so easy&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:46:51&quot;&gt; on the alto but they did it and it was really&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:46:54&quot;&gt; great and uh a system&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:46:57&quot;&gt; you would die for you could get&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:47:0&quot;&gt; for 10,000&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:47:3&quot;&gt; bucks and $10,000 happen to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:47:6&quot;&gt; be the average price of a car new car in the United&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:47:9&quot;&gt; States at that time um sorry to interrupt&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:47:12&quot;&gt; we're almost at the top of the second hour uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:47:15&quot;&gt; of the of the talk so almost at the end of the second hour of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:47:18&quot;&gt;the talk um so I just want to get a quick chance for people who have&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:47:21&quot;&gt; class um but first please Round of Applause for our&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:47:24&quot;&gt; speaker for the people who are&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:47:27&quot;&gt;left yeah&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:47:30&quot;&gt; so I&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:47:33&quot;&gt; love I I just expected&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:47:36&quot;&gt; uh that you would have you would give me&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:47:39&quot;&gt; one of your uh Barbed&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:47:45&quot;&gt;comments I love&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:47:48&quot;&gt;those&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:47:51&quot;&gt; okay thank you thank you than you one and all&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:47:54&quot;&gt; thank you for thank you thank&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:47:57&quot;&gt; you Alan thank you so much yeah but don't&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:48:0&quot;&gt; don't use your car while you're driving Glen&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:48:3&quot;&gt; well I had to meet Stella she's waiting for me&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:48:6&quot;&gt; and for an hour and now so sorry I had to step&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:48:9&quot;&gt; out that's good you listen to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:48:12&quot;&gt;Marvin&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:48:15&quot;&gt; of course happy wife happy&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:48:18&quot;&gt; life uh the number one&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:48:21&quot;&gt; that's rule zero&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:48:24&quot;&gt; not that's not even rule one that's rule&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:48:27&quot;&gt; zero you got it you got it&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:48:30&quot;&gt; thank you very much again Alan thank you thanks&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:48:33&quot;&gt; so much Allan&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:48:36&quot;&gt; thank you bye bye&lt;/subtitle&gt;</div>

Ezequiel http://tinlizzie.org/IA/index.php?title=Alan_Kay_talk_at_UCLA_CS_Connection_Lab&diff=3176 2025-03-18T15:02:34Z

<p>Ezequiel: Fix ICB annotation link. Subtitles first pass up until 1:12:9</p> <hr /> <div><br /> {{#evt:<br /> service=youtubeIA<br /> |id=dZQ7x0-MZcI<br /> |alignment=left<br /> |autoresize=true<br /> }}<br /> <br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:0:7&quot;&gt;I'm here today with Alan Kay. We're at the UCLA&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:0:10&quot;&gt;Connection Lab with professor Kleinrock and the rest&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:0:13&quot;&gt;of our students here. We are very lucky to have Alan&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:0:16&quot;&gt;who is presenting on a broad range of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:0:19&quot;&gt;topics ranging from technology society and future research&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:0:22&quot;&gt;and I'll keep it short so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:0:25&quot;&gt;Alan needs no further introduction. I will let him begin right&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:0:28&quot;&gt;away. —Thank you so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:0:31&quot;&gt;much! Okay! Onward we&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:0:37&quot;&gt;go! So the way this started off is my&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:0:40&quot;&gt;long long friend&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:0:43&quot;&gt;Len Kleinrock sent me an email&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:0:46&quot;&gt;saying would I do a talk&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:0:49&quot;&gt;and…, I wasn't&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:0:52&quot;&gt;sure…&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:0:55&quot;&gt;[then it] says “about the view of the current…” yeah, basically&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:0:58&quot;&gt;about everything… “most rewarding&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:1:1&quot;&gt; work in my life”. I'm 84&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:1:4&quot;&gt; years old guys&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:1:7&quot;&gt; and “can I do it in just a few&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:1:10&quot;&gt; minutes?”, and of course I said okay&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:1:13&quot;&gt; and uh the wonderful&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:1:16&quot;&gt; Jason gathered&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:1:19&quot;&gt; up a bunch of questions and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:1:22&quot;&gt; I endeavored to look at all all of them&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:1:25&quot;&gt; and combine them in one way or another&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:1:28&quot;&gt;but&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:1:31&quot;&gt; the short an answers here&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:1:34&quot;&gt; are “is it&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:1:37&quot;&gt; still feasible today to do something like Xerox PARC?” and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:1:40&quot;&gt; the answer is yes. I don't know of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:1:43&quot;&gt; anything like Xerox PARC in the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:1:46&quot;&gt; computer realm of things.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:1:49&quot;&gt; They're all so goal&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:1:52&quot;&gt; oriented, but there's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:1:55&quot;&gt; a great Biology Institute funded by the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:1:58&quot;&gt;Hughes Foundation called Janelia Labs&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:2:1&quot;&gt; in near Washington DC, and there's the famous&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:2:4&quot;&gt; Max plank Institute, and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:2:7&quot;&gt;we'll see in a little bit why I don't&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:2:10&quot;&gt; consider there's a lot with&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:2:13&quot;&gt; the same kind of spirit as Xerox PARC.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:2:16&quot;&gt;As I'll say in a moment, it wasn't Xerox&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:2:19&quot;&gt; PARC. Xerox PARC was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:2:22&quot;&gt; part of the much larger&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:2:25&quot;&gt; ARPA research&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:2:28&quot;&gt;community; and considered, it was just funded by&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:2:31&quot;&gt; Xerox because the Department of Defense had quit&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:2:34&quot;&gt; funding ARPA the right way, and put the D on and changed&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:2:37&quot;&gt; everything. So we'll see about that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:2:40&quot;&gt; in a minute and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:2:43&quot;&gt; short answer [to]: “do I believe young people today&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:2:46&quot;&gt; have to solve a harder problem in requiring&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:2:49&quot;&gt; resources?”; and my answer is yes&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:2:52&quot;&gt; absolutely. It is much much harder&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:2:55&quot;&gt; as the businesses&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:2:58&quot;&gt; have moved in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:3:1&quot;&gt; which started really strongly in the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:3:4&quot;&gt;80s after the inventions of personal Computing&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:3:7&quot;&gt; and pervasive and local&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:3:10&quot;&gt; networking, there was something&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:3:13&quot;&gt; that could be…&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:3:16&quot;&gt; and the GUI which&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:3:19&quot;&gt; opened up the computer to the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:3:25&quot;&gt;rest…&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:3:28&quot;&gt; Sorry go ahead. I could hear people talking&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:3:31&quot;&gt; yeah um yes, so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:3:34&quot;&gt; it's much harder, much much harder&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:3:37&quot;&gt; and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:3:40&quot;&gt; there isn't time to really answer&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:3:43&quot;&gt; these completely separately,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:3:46&quot;&gt; so I sort of wove them together.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:3:49&quot;&gt; I&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:3:52&quot;&gt; like this one. This is a recent one: “What are some&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:3:55&quot;&gt; of the most tragic illusions that adults get stuck&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:4:1&quot;&gt;with?”. That is the most flattering thing I've&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:4:4&quot;&gt; heard in years because it assumes I'm not an adult,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:4:7&quot;&gt; which I'm not.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:4:10&quot;&gt; Number two was: “What did you guys being there at Xerox&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:4:13&quot;&gt; Park do for them?”&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:4:16&quot;&gt; and then there's this dot dot dot one&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:4:19&quot;&gt; which I did do a little prep on it but I&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:4:22&quot;&gt; left it to the end in case we run out of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:4:25&quot;&gt; time because in 84 years&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:4:28&quot;&gt; I've had a lot of aha moments, but&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:4:31&quot;&gt; let's start off with number&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:4:34&quot;&gt; one. This is part&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:4:37&quot;&gt; of the tragic Illusions&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:4:40&quot;&gt; what we're doing right now and what we do in most&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:4:43&quot;&gt; classrooms is to recapitulate&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:4:46&quot;&gt; something that happened 150,000 years ago&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:4:49&quot;&gt; which is a bunch of people gathering around a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:4:52&quot;&gt; campfire listening to somebody&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:4:55&quot;&gt;talk. And just&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:4:58&quot;&gt; think about it for a second how crazy&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:5:1&quot;&gt; is it for me to be doing what I'm doing now&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:5:4&quot;&gt; this is why I sent a couple of papers along to read.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:5:7&quot;&gt; It's crazy to orally discuss&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:5:10&quot;&gt; ideas and inventions that required reading and writing&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:5:13&quot;&gt;to invent and explain. The&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:5:16&quot;&gt; oral medium is not good for what&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:5:19&quot;&gt; the best of the stuff that we&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:5:22&quot;&gt;do; but&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:5:25&quot;&gt; we all have the same pink brains&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:5:28&quot;&gt; they love stories and so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:5:31&quot;&gt; what this guy wants is a story&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:5:34&quot;&gt; and what I'm trying to do is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:5:37&quot;&gt; to comply to tell stories about&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:5:40&quot;&gt; things that really aren't very good as&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:5:43&quot;&gt; stories and the problem was we're still basically&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:5:46&quot;&gt; the same species&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:5:49&quot;&gt; with the same pink brain that wants&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:5:52&quot;&gt;stories. And systems&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:5:55&quot;&gt; aren't stories. I'm basically a systems&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:5:58&quot;&gt;guy&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:6:1&quot;&gt; If we take a look at what happened going back a few&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:6:4&quot;&gt; hundred thousand years, human genetics&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:6:7&quot;&gt; yeah it has changed a little bit.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:6:10&quot;&gt; some of us got to be able to digest milk&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:6:13&quot;&gt; and so forth.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:6:16&quot;&gt; And human&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:6:19&quot;&gt; inventions gradually took&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:6:22&quot;&gt; off. And with modern&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:6:25&quot;&gt; theories about origins of languages,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:6:28&quot;&gt; a lot more of language seems to be an invention&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:6:31&quot;&gt; via culture than&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:6:34&quot;&gt; we thought in the past. And then we&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:6:37&quot;&gt; have this problem, which I hope you can see&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:6:40&quot;&gt; there because my little thing is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:6:43&quot;&gt; blocking.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:6:46&quot;&gt; Our Collective wisdom&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:6:49&quot;&gt; started being informed by our inventions&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:6:52&quot;&gt; but it grew at a much slower rate because the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:6:55&quot;&gt; inventions are various forms of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:6:58&quot;&gt; technology including symbolic technologies.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:7:4&quot;&gt;They turned out to be really easy once we got the hang of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:7:7&quot;&gt; it. And so we've got this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:7:10&quot;&gt; huge gap.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:7:13&quot;&gt; So we can turn the guy's spear into a Tomahawk&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:7:16&quot;&gt; missile. We can increase his power of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:7:19&quot;&gt; Destruction by a factor of a million.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:7:22&quot;&gt; And we could do something much much worse which is to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:7:25&quot;&gt; turn him into a bureaucrat&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:7:28&quot;&gt; and create bureaucracy.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:7:31&quot;&gt; And bureaucracy has killed millions&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:7:34&quot;&gt; and millions more people than the worst Atomic&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:7:37&quot;&gt; weapons. So&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:7:40&quot;&gt; this is a huge problem.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:7:43&quot;&gt; And education&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:7:46&quot;&gt;is supposed to do something about it. We'll talk about that a little bit&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:7:49&quot;&gt; later. But think about it, we&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:7:52&quot;&gt; just went through the inability of most&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:7:55&quot;&gt; of the population of the planet to not&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:7:58&quot;&gt; understand how viruses and diseases work&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:8:1&quot;&gt; that was botched almost&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:8:4&quot;&gt; everywhere. And for&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:8:7&quot;&gt; the last 60 plus years we've been&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:8:10&quot;&gt; ignoring something smaller than a virus, the CO₂ molecule,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:8:13&quot;&gt;which is gradually&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:8:16&quot;&gt; changing the entire planet that we live&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:8:19&quot;&gt; on. So if you're looking for&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:8:22&quot;&gt; human wisdom, it's not up to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:8:25&quot;&gt; the scaling of what we've been able to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:8:28&quot;&gt;invent.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:8:31&quot;&gt; Okay, so, Cliff Notes for Human Beings.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:8:34&quot;&gt; I'll do this quickly&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:8:37&quot;&gt;but… So, we're basically&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:8:40&quot;&gt; Hamlet.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:8:43&quot;&gt; Our minds are like theaters.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:8:46&quot;&gt; We're more theatrical than we think. We threate…,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:8:49&quot;&gt; We create…, treat our beliefs as reality.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:8:52&quot;&gt; That is the worst thing about human&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:8:58&quot;&gt;beings. And these theaters are tiny. We can&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:9:1&quot;&gt; only think of a few things that once it's hard for us&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:9:4&quot;&gt; to take in larger&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:9:7&quot;&gt; things. And if you look into biology&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:9:10&quot;&gt; we find out that most of our mind is not&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:9:13&quot;&gt; human. And we're more non-human&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:9:16&quot;&gt; than we assume. And we tend to react&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:9:19&quot;&gt; much more than actual thinking. Thinking actually had&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:9:22&quot;&gt; to be invented. We grow up in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:9:25&quot;&gt;we were born into.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:9:28&quot;&gt; and that shapes so much of who we are and also&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:9:31&quot;&gt; how we look at the world. Our conclusions&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:9:34&quot;&gt; tend to be societal. That's a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:9:37&quot;&gt; disaster. And we have&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:9:40&quot;&gt; not just one mind, and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:9:43&quot;&gt; really not just one brain. We maybe have&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:9:46&quot;&gt; about eighty&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:9:49&quot;&gt; different conglomerations of things that could be&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:9:52&quot;&gt; called brainlets.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:9:55&quot;&gt; We have a special set of ones&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:9:58&quot;&gt; shared with most animals which is learning&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:10:1&quot;&gt; by touching things. We learn&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:10:4&quot;&gt;seeing things. We have a completely different set of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:10:7&quot;&gt; knowledges from how things look.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:10:10&quot;&gt; And we have this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:10:13&quot;&gt; symbolic mechanism&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:10:16&quot;&gt; which is both our&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:10:19&quot;&gt; downfall and our&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:10:22&quot;&gt; Salvation. So we're much&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:10:25&quot;&gt; more fragmented. We only have one body&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:10:28&quot;&gt; but uh what we want&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:10:31&quot;&gt; actually conflicts&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:10:34&quot;&gt; internally. So this is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:10:37&quot;&gt; a whole area that's really&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:10:40&quot;&gt; worthwhile studying. Especially in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:10:43&quot;&gt; this age of computation and especially&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:10:46&quot;&gt; this area. I'll leave it at.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:10:49&quot;&gt; Now let's go to the the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:10:52&quot;&gt; second question is “what did we ever do&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:10:55&quot;&gt;for Xerox anyway?”&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:10:58&quot;&gt; well we'll talk a little bit later about where Xerox&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:11:1&quot;&gt; PARC came from but here are some of the things that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:11:7&quot;&gt;we did. The first&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:11:10&quot;&gt; thing like a modern personal&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:11:13&quot;&gt; computer. The&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:11:16&quot;&gt; GUI with icons and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:11:19&quot;&gt;pointing.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:11:22&quot;&gt; Basically a way of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:11:25&quot;&gt; dealing with symmetrical&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:11:28&quot;&gt; reading and writing. That was also [called] What You See&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:11:34&quot;&gt;is What You Get. What we have to call real OOP today,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:11:37&quot;&gt; that we only called OOP back then. But it was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:11:40&quot;&gt; different than what is called OOP&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:11:43&quot;&gt; today. And we did the laser&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:11:46&quot;&gt; printer which just for the engineers in the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:11:49&quot;&gt; crowd, the very first laser printer was a page&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:11:52&quot;&gt; a second, which most people have never&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:11:55&quot;&gt; experienced today, at 500 pixels&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:11:58&quot;&gt; to the inch. That is a great&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:12:1&quot;&gt; story all by itself. How Gary Starkweather&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:12:4&quot;&gt; did that.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:12:7&quot;&gt; The outline fonts and postcript, the Ethernet.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:12:10&quot;&gt; Peer [to] peer, and client/server, and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:12:13&quot;&gt; about half the internet.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:12:16&quot;&gt;PARC had its own internet which is called the PARC&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:12:19&quot;&gt; Universal packets.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:12:22&quot;&gt; It was spread all over the country and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:12:25&quot;&gt; about, I don't know,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:12:28&quot;&gt; half the general meetings&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:12:31&quot;&gt; that were held at UCLA especially,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:12:34&quot;&gt; were done by PARC people. Some of whom&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:12:37&quot;&gt;had already done some of the things [… working at…]&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:12:40&quot;&gt; The thing is that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:12:43&quot;&gt; all of these things came out of a particular&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:12:46&quot;&gt; community. So we locked the claim we&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:12:49&quot;&gt; had eight and a half visible inventions. And&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:12:52&quot;&gt; of course what's interesting about all of this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:12:55&quot;&gt; is all the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:12:58&quot;&gt;technology that had to be invented that was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:13:1&quot;&gt; invisible. And according to Butler&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:13:4&quot;&gt; Lampson, this was done&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:13:7&quot;&gt; with about 25 researchers over about five&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:13:10&quot;&gt; years. These particular ones I'm showing&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:13:13&quot;&gt; here. And PARC&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:13:16&quot;&gt; itself, existed in the form it was for&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:13:19&quot;&gt; about 10 years. So in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:13:22&quot;&gt; total today's dollars&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:13:25&quot;&gt; here is like, I don't know 15&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:13:28&quot;&gt; years ago or so, when I made the slide&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:13:31&quot;&gt; so it was in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:13:34&quot;&gt; dollars of 15 years ago, it was about 10&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:13:37&quot;&gt; million dollars a year, or about 100&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:13:40&quot;&gt; million to 120 million for the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:13:43&quot;&gt; for the 10 years. And PARC had four Labs&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:13:46&quot;&gt; so there was System Science, Computer Science,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:13:49&quot;&gt; Optical science and Physical science.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:13:52&quot;&gt; So this is the total budget of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:13:55&quot;&gt; Park. And when I&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:13:58&quot;&gt; first did this slide of, 15&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:14:1&quot;&gt; years years ago or so, the return was about $35&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:14:4&quot;&gt; trillion dollars to the world. Now&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:14:7&quot;&gt; I think it's up past 50 trillion&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:14:10&quot;&gt; or so and, to get back to the question&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:14:13&quot;&gt; is uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:14:16&quot;&gt; oh and this is an important idea, that the thing that confused&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:14:19&quot;&gt; people and Confused Xerox was, if you can&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:14:22&quot;&gt;these eight and a half inventions you see in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:14:25&quot;&gt; in Industry, it is the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:14:28&quot;&gt; basis of one of the main&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:14:31&quot;&gt; large Industries that we have&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:14:34&quot;&gt;today.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:14:37&quot;&gt; Now what about return to PARC. Well, PARC&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:14:40&quot;&gt; missed, I mean Xerox missed most of these.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:14:43&quot;&gt; But it doesn't matter because the return&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:14:46&quot;&gt; on the laser printer all by itself&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:14:49&quot;&gt; was about a factor of 200&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:14:52&quot;&gt; on the entire investment for park over the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:14:55&quot;&gt;entire 10 years. So&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:14:58&quot;&gt; Xerox made billions and billions just&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:15:1&quot;&gt; from this one thing. They missed the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:15:4&quot;&gt; trillions but&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:15:7&quot;&gt; if you look at it from a positive direction,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:15:10&quot;&gt; thank goodness they were willing to fund&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:15:13&quot;&gt; people that no business person in their right mind would&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:15:16&quot;&gt; fund. So we got what we&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:15:19&quot;&gt;got. Now,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:15:22&quot;&gt; the real story here is that back in the 40s&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:15:25&quot;&gt; the Cold War started with the Russian A&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:15:28&quot;&gt; bomb, after World War II, and that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:15:31&quot;&gt; gave rise to a bunch&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:15:34&quot;&gt; of DOD funding, which included Whirlwind&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:15:37&quot;&gt; which we'll talk about in a minute, the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:15:40&quot;&gt; SAGE air defense system.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:15:43&quot;&gt; We'll talk about in a minute, and then in 57 Sputnik&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:15:46&quot;&gt; came along and that created ARPA.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:15:49&quot;&gt; We'll talk about that in a minute. And here are some&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:15:52&quot;&gt;the things that ARPA did&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:15:55&quot;&gt; up to the time when the Vietnam War and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:15:58&quot;&gt; Congress decided to kill ARPA funding&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:16:1&quot;&gt; for public domain&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:16:4&quot;&gt; Computing. You can look at these yourself.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:16:7&quot;&gt; Things like personal Computing,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:16:10&quot;&gt; computer Graphics,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:16:13&quot;&gt; packet switching. That handsome guy in the patch packing&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:16:16&quot;&gt; switching thing on the the right is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:16:19&quot;&gt; none other than Len&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:16:22&quot;&gt;Kleinrock. Looking very confident as we all were&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:16:25&quot;&gt; back then. That led to the ARPANET,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:16:28&quot;&gt; and that led to the Internet,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:16:31&quot;&gt; and… The first tablet that was areally&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:16:34&quot;&gt; good one, that was done back in 1964, and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:16:37&quot;&gt; then there was the Engelbart system and so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:16:40&quot;&gt; forth. So PARC was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:16:43&quot;&gt; actually set up&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:16:46&quot;&gt; because one of the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:16:49&quot;&gt; Deputy directors of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:16:52&quot;&gt; ARPA&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:16:55&quot;&gt; IPTO feared that this work was not&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:16:58&quot;&gt; going to be continued to some kind of fruition.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:17:1&quot;&gt;So he started looking around and it happened that Xerox&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:17:4&quot;&gt; was looking around for a long range research&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:17:7&quot;&gt; lab, and they got together and the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:17:10&quot;&gt; the lab was put as far away from corporate&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:17:13&quot;&gt; headquarters as possible.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:17:16&quot;&gt; Next to a university so it's either going to be Berkeley&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:17:19&quot;&gt; or Stanford. They put it next to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:17:22&quot;&gt; Stanford.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:17:25&quot;&gt; Park completely thought of itself as&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:17:28&quot;&gt; being part of the ARPA Community. Almost every computer&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:17:31&quot;&gt; researcher there had been a graduate&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:17:34&quot;&gt; student at and had their degrees&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:17:37&quot;&gt; paid for by ARPA and so forth. So I never&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:17:40&quot;&gt; talk about PARC without bringing in this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:17:43&quot;&gt;larger context. And in fact&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:17:46&quot;&gt; it the larger context was the reason that PARC&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:17:49&quot;&gt; was able to do so many things&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:17:52&quot;&gt; with so few researchers. There was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:17:55&quot;&gt; all of this prior art available&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:17:58&quot;&gt; in the research community, and the research&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:18:1&quot;&gt; community also taught the grad students how to work&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:18:4&quot;&gt; together. I'll talk about that in a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:18:7&quot;&gt;minute.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:18:10&quot;&gt; Okay here's feedback from&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:18:13&quot;&gt;world pushback. Look at some&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:18:16&quot;&gt;of these numbers&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:18:19&quot;&gt; are dismally low. Like here are the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:18:22&quot;&gt;heartbreakers. On the other hand 100%&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:18:25&quot;&gt; of the internet, 100% of the Ethernet,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:18:28&quot;&gt; 100% of the laser printer, outline&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:18:31&quot;&gt; fonts. Peer-peer and all that stuff were accepted&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:18:34&quot;&gt; and this is in large part because there weren't&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:18:37&quot;&gt; good solutions already out&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:18:40&quot;&gt;there. The&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:18:43&quot;&gt; 50% on the pop modern personal computer&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:18:46&quot;&gt; is because the people who adapted&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:18:49&quot;&gt; this to the commercial World&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:18:52&quot;&gt; basically adapted it&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:18:55&quot;&gt; in its appearances. They didn't&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:18:58&quot;&gt;look any deeper.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:19:1&quot;&gt; Most of the hackers in the 80s thought they knew&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:19:4&quot;&gt; how to program so their interest in doing&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:19:7&quot;&gt; really new ways of programming was very low. So the least accepted&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:19:10&quot;&gt; thing was the way we did successful&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:19:13&quot;&gt; software at PARC.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:19:16&quot;&gt; Some of the deepest&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:19:19&quot;&gt; ideas uh that our field has ever come up with&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:19:22&quot;&gt; were done by Engelbart and his group&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:19:25&quot;&gt; and almost none of those have even&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:19:28&quot;&gt; be understood. And you know if I were there and person,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:19:31&quot;&gt; what I always do is ask students&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:19:34&quot;&gt; what Engelbart did, and they usually can't tell me.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:19:37&quot;&gt; And it's hard to find a student…&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:19:40&quot;&gt; In fact let's do it right now, just for the hell&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:19:43&quot;&gt; of it. Okay students&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:19:46&quot;&gt; can you hear me? Raise your&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:19:49&quot;&gt;hand?&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:19:52&quot;&gt;Okay. Let's see,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:19:55&quot;&gt; what do I want here?…&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:19:58&quot;&gt; Yes; so… Students&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:20:1&quot;&gt; please tell me anybody who's T&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:20:4&quot;&gt; typed “E N G E L B A&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:20:7&quot;&gt; R T” into Google.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:20:10&quot;&gt; Raise your&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:20:13&quot;&gt;hand.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:20:16&quot;&gt; [TA's answers]– I think one hand is Professor Kleinrock. [Alan Kay] Well&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:20:19&quot;&gt; of course. Okay so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:20:22&quot;&gt; this is basically being in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:20:25&quot;&gt; in physics, being&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:20:28&quot;&gt; a physics major, and not being curious about&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:20:34&quot;&gt;Newton. So this is not an&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:20:40&quot;&gt;exaggeration. Think about it.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:20:43&quot;&gt;And you know if you want some bitching from an old&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:20:46&quot;&gt; fart, a lot of us back in the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:20:49&quot;&gt; old days put out a lot of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:20:52&quot;&gt; effort, including Len in the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:20:55&quot;&gt; room, to get you guys personal&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:20:58&quot;&gt; computers, which you have with you.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:21:1&quot;&gt; And to get you guys networks that can connect&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:21:4&quot;&gt; to things, and to get you so you can be&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:21:7&quot;&gt; just a few characters and a mouse push&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:21:10&quot;&gt; away from satisfying your curiosity&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:21:13&quot;&gt; about the heroes of your own profession.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:21:16&quot;&gt; Think about that and none of you have done&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:21:19&quot;&gt; that. What do you think about&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:21:25&quot;&gt;that? Okay&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:21:28&quot;&gt; so let's now go quickly back again.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:21:31&quot;&gt; Russian A-bomb…&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:21:40&quot;&gt;Here's Whirlwind. So&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:21:43&quot;&gt; this is just a few racks of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:21:46&quot;&gt; Whirlwind. At MIT. Was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:21:49&quot;&gt; actually just a 16bit&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:21:52&quot;&gt; bit parallel real-time mini computer&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:21:55&quot;&gt; but took this amount of space. Had about 5,000 vacuum&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:21:58&quot;&gt; tubes. And the memory&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:22:1&quot;&gt; devices back around 1950&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:22:4&quot;&gt; were so bad for storage,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:22:7&quot;&gt; for RAM that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:22:10&quot;&gt; it forced uh one of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:22:13&quot;&gt; the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:22:16&quot;&gt; the guy in the middle there&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:22:19&quot;&gt; Jay Forrester to invent core memory&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:22:22&quot;&gt; which was the technology that let computers&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:22:25&quot;&gt; uh go commercial for the first&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:22:28&quot;&gt; time. And the guy to his&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:22:31&quot;&gt; uh let's see, to his left the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:22:34&quot;&gt; guy who's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:22:37&quot;&gt; standing behind them in the middle of the picture&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:22:40&quot;&gt; there Jay&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:22:43&quot;&gt; Everett&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:22:58&quot;&gt;Whoops! Oh now it's not letting me…&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:23:1&quot;&gt;I hate Zoom&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:23:7&quot;&gt;okay&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:23:10&quot;&gt; Sorry&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:23:13&quot;&gt; Also with this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:23:16&quot;&gt; was uh one of the earliest displays&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:23:19&quot;&gt; and Everett had&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:23:22&quot;&gt; had&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:23:28&quot;&gt;actually…&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:23:37&quot;&gt;sorry. Everett had&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:23:40&quot;&gt; actually invented a way to point at the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:23:43&quot;&gt; screen, and this is the as far as&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:23:46&quot;&gt;the first time there was computer&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:23:49&quot;&gt; graphics with a pointing&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:23:52&quot;&gt; device. And they did this because&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:23:55&quot;&gt; the Cold War changed their original&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:23:58&quot;&gt; theory about what they were doing which was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:24:1&quot;&gt; to make flight simulators&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:24:4&quot;&gt; and they were starting to lose their funding for&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:24:7&quot;&gt; that but the atomic bomb&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:24:10&quot;&gt; of the Russians got the military&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:24:13&quot;&gt; interested in whether you could hook a computer&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:24:16&quot;&gt; up to radar and track it. And they were&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:24:19&quot;&gt; the first to do this and that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:24:22&quot;&gt;hey built back then morphed its way into the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:24:25&quot;&gt; worldwide airplane&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:24:28&quot;&gt; tracking system that we use today.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:24:31&quot;&gt; Then the second phase of Whirlwind&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:24:34&quot;&gt; was to go&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:24:37&quot;&gt; all out and see if we could&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:24:40&quot;&gt; track Russian bombers&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:24:43&quot;&gt; before they could get to us.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:24:46&quot;&gt; And so they built these monstrous&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:24:49&quot;&gt; block houses out of concrete.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:24:52&quot;&gt; This is about the size they&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:24:55&quot;&gt; were. Bottom floor there is just the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:24:58&quot;&gt;power supply. The second second floor here&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;note for=&quot;0:25:1&quot;&gt;<br /> The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AN/FSQ-7_Combat_Direction_Central AN/FSQ-7 Combat Direction Central], referred to as the Q7 for short, was a computerized air defence command and control system.&lt;/note&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:25:1&quot;&gt; are two really big Q7&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:25:4&quot;&gt; computers with maybe 55,000&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:25:7&quot;&gt; vacuum tubes hanged&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:25:10&quot;&gt; together, uh they're really something&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:25:13&quot;&gt;to walk around in.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:25:16&quot;&gt; Here's a block house. So&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:25:19&quot;&gt; 24 of these were built in the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:25:22&quot;&gt;US. Then up on the top&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:25:25&quot;&gt; floor were 100 to about&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:25:28&quot;&gt; 150 graphic terminals&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:25:31&quot;&gt; with pointing devices for dealing with various&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:25:34&quot;&gt;of information; and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:25:37&quot;&gt; here's what one row of them look&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:25:40&quot;&gt;like. So there are zillions&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:25:43&quot;&gt; of them, and this is about maybe 1956&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:25:46&quot;&gt; 57 now.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:25:52&quot;&gt; And… they had a network! Wasn't&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:25:55&quot;&gt; a great Network. It wasn't a packet switching&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:25:58&quot;&gt; network but they' gotten used to the idea&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:26:1&quot;&gt; that if you're going to build computers and have people&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:26:4&quot;&gt;work together you better have a network and some&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:26:7&quot;&gt; way of doing that. So this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:26:10&quot;&gt; crowning glory was just coming to fruition&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:26:13&quot;&gt; when the Russians decided, oh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:26:16&quot;&gt; well let's just shoot some&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:26:19&quot;&gt;Rockets to show The Americans that we don't need to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;note for=&quot;0:26:22&quot;&gt;<br /> [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercontinental_ballistic_missile Intercontinental ballistic missile].&lt;/note&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:26:22&quot;&gt; deliver bombs by a bomber. We can&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:26:25&quot;&gt; make ICBMs.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:26:28&quot;&gt; So this shocked the nation and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:26:31&quot;&gt; Congress and they set up ARPA:&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:26:34&quot;&gt; Advanced Research Projects Agency.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:26:37&quot;&gt; The director uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:26:40&quot;&gt; in the early 60s was Jack&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:26:42&quot;&gt; Ruina, and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:26:45&quot;&gt; he decided to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:26:48&quot;&gt; uh, give this guy uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:26:51&quot;&gt; Jacob Licklider known as Lick,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:26:54&quot;&gt; some leftover money they had which&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:26:57&quot;&gt;by DoD standards wasn't a lot but by computer computer&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:27:0&quot;&gt; standards it was millions.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:27:3&quot;&gt; And they they gave it to him because they liked him, and you'll&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:27:6&quot;&gt; you'll get an idea about this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:27:9&quot;&gt; soon. So here are the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:27:12&quot;&gt; 1960s directors of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:27:15&quot;&gt; ARPA. Not a military person among them these were all&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:27:18&quot;&gt; PhD&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:27:21&quot;&gt;scientists. And the four ARPA&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:27:24&quot;&gt; computer research directors were all&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:27:27&quot;&gt; scientists. And this is because&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:27:30&quot;&gt; the powers that set this up&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:27:33&quot;&gt; realized that having something like the military&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:27:36&quot;&gt; and something like congress,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:27:39&quot;&gt; with a dire threat&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:27:42&quot;&gt;that they were trying to deal with, would just botch things up.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:27:45&quot;&gt; Still true today.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:27:48&quot;&gt; So… but&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:27:51&quot;&gt; of course Congress ultimately control&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:27:54&quot;&gt; the budget, but they didn't have&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:27:57&quot;&gt; much power because the Americans were&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:28:0&quot;&gt; frightened of the Russians&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:28:3&quot;&gt; and, so they weren't&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:28:6&quot;&gt; going to curtail military spending.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:28:9&quot;&gt; But people in Congress would say&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:28:12&quot;&gt; these words that everybody has heard still today:&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:28:15&quot;&gt; “How is this relevant? Tell me why this work that you're doing is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:28:18&quot;&gt; relevant to the Department of Defense”, and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:28:21&quot;&gt; they would get push back from these&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:28:24&quot;&gt; scientist. Jack would say “That's not the right&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:28:27&quot;&gt; question to ask”. Bob Sproull Sr. would say the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:28:30&quot;&gt; right question to ask is “How is this going to help the United&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:28:33&quot;&gt; States, or this technology, or our society or our&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:28:36&quot;&gt; culture generally?”. Holy shit!&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:28:39&quot;&gt; Bob Taylor's remark&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:28:42&quot;&gt; was “They would stand up to these guys,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:28:45&quot;&gt; and in a polite civilized way attack their&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:28:48&quot;&gt; myopia because these ARPA directors were scientific&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:28:51&quot;&gt; statesmen”.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:28:54&quot;&gt; And Bob reflects we've had too few of those people&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:28:57&quot;&gt; in the job since then.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:29:0&quot;&gt;And around 1966&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:29:3&quot;&gt; Charlie Herzfield asked Bob “What&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:29:6&quot;&gt; what do you want?”. And Bob said “This network&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:29:9&quot;&gt; is what I want to do and here's why”.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:29:12&quot;&gt; And Charlie said&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:29:15&quot;&gt; “Okay”. And, Bob's recollection, that was a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:29:18&quot;&gt;15 minute conversation.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:29:21&quot;&gt; Charlie asked “How much money do you need?”, and Bob said “well a million&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:29:24&quot;&gt; dollars”. it's like seven or eight billion seven or eight&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:29:27&quot;&gt; million dollars today, just to get it organized.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:29:30&quot;&gt; And Herzfeld said&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:29:33&quot;&gt; “okay” and Bob's recollection was that there was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:29:36&quot;&gt; no actual ARPA paperwork order written or anything&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:29:39&quot;&gt; for months maybe even a year.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:29:42&quot;&gt; These people all trusted each other and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:29:45&quot;&gt; did a lot of things very quickly this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:29:48&quot;&gt; way. Now a key idea here if you can see&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:29:51&quot;&gt; him, is that Bob&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:29:54&quot;&gt; Taylor uh after&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:29:57&quot;&gt; ARPA went on to be the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:30:0&quot;&gt; founder uh of the computer science&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:30:3&quot;&gt; research at Xerox PARC. So he was the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:30:6&quot;&gt; connection as, of course, the computer science&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:30:9&quot;&gt; research PARC…, at PARC, was set up like&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:30:12&quot;&gt; the computer science research of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:30:15&quot;&gt; ARPA. And so when we look at&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:30:18&quot;&gt; this, we want to see:&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:30:21&quot;&gt; What, what did these people, way back then,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:30:24&quot;&gt; think about this? We have all&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:30:27&quot;&gt; these questions that we can't answer all of them today.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:30:30&quot;&gt; We can look at the first couple there. And we can get a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:30:33&quot;&gt; couple of samples of what they were saying.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:30:36&quot;&gt; so Vannevar&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:30:39&quot;&gt; Bush, uh pronounced the way&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:30:42&quot;&gt; Beaver is pronounced in New England: “beava”&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:30:45&quot;&gt; “Vanneeva”. Bush, who is president&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:30:48&quot;&gt; Roosevelt science advisor, said&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:30:51&quot;&gt; in the 40s holy new forms of encyclopedias&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:30:54&quot;&gt; will appear. Ready-made with a mesh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:30:57&quot;&gt; of associative trails running through them, ready to be&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:31:0&quot;&gt; dropped into the Memex, and there amplified”. So&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:31:3&quot;&gt; that got a lot of people&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:31:6&quot;&gt;thinking. Licklider said in a few years&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:31:9&quot;&gt;the combination of humans and computers will think as no&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:31:12&quot;&gt; humans have ever thought&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:31:15&quot;&gt; before. John McCarthy looked at&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:31:18&quot;&gt; the SAGE system and said every home will have one&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:31:21&quot;&gt;and with an intelligent interface. Because&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:31:24&quot;&gt; he thought… way…, McCarthy thought about it is: Well this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:31:27&quot;&gt; is just like, uh getting gas and water,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:31:30&quot;&gt; and electric power, and so forth into a house.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:31:33&quot;&gt; It's a utility so every house&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:31:36&quot;&gt; will have a uh a terminal connected to a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:31:39&quot;&gt; worldwide utility. That was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:31:42&quot;&gt; 1958. That affected the work at MIT&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:31:45&quot;&gt; by uh Corby: Fernando&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:31:48&quot;&gt; Corbató. Ivan Sutherland,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:31:51&quot;&gt; the inventor of computer graphics said “A graphic input&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:31:54&quot;&gt; coupled to some kind of computation which&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:31:57&quot;&gt; is in turn coupled to a graphical output is a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:32:0&quot;&gt; truly powerful tool for education and design”.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:32:3&quot;&gt;And Engelbart here said “We can boost Mankind's capability&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:32:6&quot;&gt; for coping with complex urgent problems&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:32:9&quot;&gt; by augmenting the collective IQ&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:32:12&quot;&gt; of groups”. Not just augmenting people&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:32:15&quot;&gt; but augmenting&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:32:18&quot;&gt;groups.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:32:21&quot;&gt; And I'm going to more concentrate more&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:32:24&quot;&gt; on these two, but we'll get a look at a bit.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:32:27&quot;&gt; Okay, so what what with these guys&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:32:30&quot;&gt; [were] looking for as far as people. Lick was just&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:32:33&quot;&gt; looking for the best people, Ivan was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:32:36&quot;&gt; looking for people uh who could “choose their own problems and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:32:39&quot;&gt; methods”, Taylor &lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:32:42&quot;&gt; thought his job was to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:32:45&quot;&gt; fix up the social environment “so that when the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:32:48&quot;&gt; lone Wolves scientists need to cooperate&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:32:51&quot;&gt; they will”. And&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:32:54&quot;&gt; Larry uh said,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:32:57&quot;&gt; everybody understood the game&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:33:0&quot;&gt; here which was ARPA&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:33:3&quot;&gt; IPTO was allowed to help the country as long as it was helping&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:33:6&quot;&gt; the military. And so what&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:33:9&quot;&gt; kind of people were they looking for?<br /> &lt;note for=&quot;0:33:12&quot;&gt;<br /> An extract of the full [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m_MaJDK3VNE EDS, an HP Company 'Cat Herders' commercial].<br /> &lt;/note&gt;<br /> —This man right here is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:33:12&quot;&gt;my great-grandfather. He's the first cat herder in our&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:33:18&quot;&gt;family. —Don't let anybody tell you it's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:33:21&quot;&gt; easy. —Anybody can herd cattle&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:33:24&quot;&gt; holding together 10000 half wild short hairs&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:33:27&quot;&gt; that's another thing all together&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:33:30&quot;&gt;Well, you get you get the idea&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:33:33&quot;&gt; and so the real question here is what if only cats can do this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:33:36&quot;&gt; stuff and adults don't&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:33:39&quot;&gt; get it. Adults are into command and control&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:33:42&quot;&gt; and command and control doesn't work with cats.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:33:45&quot;&gt; I have a jar filled with all the names of the toys we have&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:33:48&quot;&gt; sitting right next to us, and we're going to take the jar one by&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:33:51&quot;&gt; one open up these toys. —All right. —Would you like to go first&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:33:54&quot;&gt; picking something from the jar? —Yes. —All right.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:33:57&quot;&gt; A mouse on a spring… I like this one.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:34:0&quot;&gt;All right.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:34:3&quot;&gt; It's inside this box right here.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:34:6&quot;&gt;There's this little mouse on a spring. It goes up and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:34:9&quot;&gt; down, and cats are going to try to catch it. —All righty. —Our cats&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:34:12&quot;&gt;like having mouses but they keep on tearing them apart, cos&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:34:15&quot;&gt; they're kind of vicious so, we've got another one&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:34:18&quot;&gt; Okay. And this is the toy&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:34:24&quot;&gt;mouse. What is this?&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:34:27&quot;&gt; What is this mysterious&lt;/ subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:34:33&quot;&gt;George?! —I think you get&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:34:36&quot;&gt; it. Gotta have some feel for what cats&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:34:39&quot;&gt; want. So&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:34:42&quot;&gt; lick pointed out right at&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:34:45&quot;&gt; the beginning that great visions are not the same as&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:34:48&quot;&gt; goals but they are the ultimate cat&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:34:51&quot;&gt;toy. So&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:34:54&quot;&gt; he stuck to this vision which is not&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:34:57&quot;&gt; phrased as a goal he said: “computers are destined&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:35:0&quot;&gt; to become interactive intellectual&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:35:3&quot;&gt; amplifiers for everyone universally networked&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:35:6&quot;&gt; worldwide”. He did not know&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:35:9&quot;&gt; what this meant and in fact he was a psychologist&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:35:12&quot;&gt; not a what we call a card carrying&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:35:15&quot;&gt; engineer. But he&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:35:18&quot;&gt; understood a lot.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:35:21&quot;&gt; That if you hide… If you take this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:35:24&quot;&gt; vision and stick it behind the mountain&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:35:27&quot;&gt; range, it sends out a magnetic field which is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:35:30&quot;&gt; Marvin Minsky like to point out: “If you don't&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:35:33&quot;&gt; know what to do, get lots of people to do lots of things!”&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:35:36&quot;&gt; That's what Lick was doing.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:35:39&quot;&gt; And so the number one principle here of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:35:42&quot;&gt; doing anything like this where you are going to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:35:45&quot;&gt; get… have the possibility of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:35:48&quot;&gt; really large new things is: The goodness&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:35:51&quot;&gt; of the results correlates most strongly with the goodness of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:35:54&quot;&gt; the funders. That is my&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:35:57&quot;&gt; reflection uh, from the past&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:36:0&quot;&gt; because every era has really&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:36:3&quot;&gt; smart people. I've never&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:36:6&quot;&gt; been in an era that didn't have people as smart as the people I&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:36:9&quot;&gt; worked with back then, but the funders&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:36:12&quot;&gt; have… were wonderful in the 60s&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:36:15&quot;&gt; and uh 70s and they've been&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:36:18&quot;&gt; uh… ever more terrible ever&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:36:21&quot;&gt;since.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:36:24&quot;&gt; And so two of the main things that came&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:36:27&quot;&gt; out of this was human humans and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:36:30&quot;&gt; computers working together as an idea and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:36:33&quot;&gt; then this larger idea of augmenting human intellect&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:36:36&quot;&gt; in general. So I'll just go through these quickly&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:36:39&quot;&gt;There is a million of them. They're in one of the papers I handed&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:36:42&quot;&gt; out. But basically, go against&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:36:45&quot;&gt; conventional wisdom. Do visions&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:36:48&quot;&gt; not goals. Let&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:36:51&quot;&gt; somebody else do the goals. Fund problem finding,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:36:54&quot;&gt; not just problem solving. This is a key&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:36:57&quot;&gt; one because a problem&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:37:0&quot;&gt; is often too rooted in the uh… context&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:37:3&quot;&gt;of the present.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:37:6&quot;&gt; And so, if you're just doing that which is kind of what's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:37:9&quot;&gt; going on, this is what NSF likes to fund.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:37:12&quot;&gt; Problems that peer reviewers can understand in the present&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:37:15&quot;&gt; and most most of them uh don't make&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:37:18&quot;&gt; big contributions.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:37:21&quot;&gt; Problem finding on the other hand, is difficult for&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:37:24&quot;&gt; everybody, but it gives you a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:37:27&quot;&gt; chance. Fund people not&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:37:30&quot;&gt; projects. So in other words, don't&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:37:33&quot;&gt; even worry, you know if you've got some crazy guy who's really&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:37:36&quot;&gt; good, or girl, who's really good,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:37:39&quot;&gt; don't worry about what they want to do.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:37:42&quot;&gt; Give them some money and see what happens.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:37:45&quot;&gt; Uh corollary: “Fund the very best people”.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:37:48&quot;&gt; I don't think that's being done&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:37:51&quot;&gt; today. And, an important part of the research&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:37:54&quot;&gt; results are new and better researchers.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:37:57&quot;&gt; And in in a sense&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:38:0&quot;&gt; NSF is paying for some of this,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:38:3&quot;&gt; but I don't think a lot of research is being done. I think&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:38:6&quot;&gt; it's mostly engineering. So what I think is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:38:9&quot;&gt; NSF is paying for are, new and better&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:38:12&quot;&gt; uh uh… practical&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:38:15&quot;&gt;engineers. And what we need is new and better&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:38:18&quot;&gt; researchers. Really advance something very important.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:38:21&quot;&gt; Well that's controversial because it probably&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:38:24&quot;&gt; uh is something&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:38:27&quot;&gt; new. And here's a key one: Design&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:38:30&quot;&gt;build in the future and bring back to the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:38:33&quot;&gt; present. And one that costs a lot of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:38:36&quot;&gt; money was: Make enough of the inventions&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:38:39&quot;&gt; and in a practical enough manner so that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:38:42&quot;&gt; many people can use them. In other words live&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:38:45&quot;&gt; in your own uh your own mess that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:38:48&quot;&gt;you've made. Then: Milestones&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:38:51&quot;&gt; not deadlines.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:38:54&quot;&gt;That's a tough one.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:38:57&quot;&gt; Okay so,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:0&quot;&gt; here are five things that —of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:3&quot;&gt; many things— that people&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:6&quot;&gt; in the individual stars there are&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:9&quot;&gt; people get interested in aesthetics,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:12&quot;&gt; or they prefer to tinker. They prefer to do&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:15&quot;&gt; engineering. But the problem is the sweet&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:18&quot;&gt; spot in the center.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:21&quot;&gt; Is something we have to get to because as Marvin says&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:22&quot;&gt; “You don't understand&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:24&quot;&gt; something if you only understand it one way”.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:27&quot;&gt; This is a key phrase for the 20&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:30&quot;&gt; 20th and 21st centuries&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:33&quot;&gt; and so —no matter what&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:36&quot;&gt; your favorite one of these is— you have to get fluent&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:39&quot;&gt; in all of them. And this is a not&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:42&quot;&gt;the way universities are set up. Not the way companies&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:45&quot;&gt; are set up. But you got to do it&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:48&quot;&gt; The best people I know all are in the center&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:51&quot;&gt; here. And then there's a question about…&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:54&quot;&gt; regarding computing is, is: Could there actually&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:57&quot;&gt; be a science of computing? They&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:40:0&quot;&gt; are artificial objects after all.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:40:3&quot;&gt; We're not looking at molecules so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:40:6&quot;&gt; forth, we're looking at constructed&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:40:9&quot;&gt; things. And what does that mean as a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:40:12&quot;&gt;science?&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:40:15&quot;&gt; So go back into the 50s&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:40:18&quot;&gt; again we've got&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:40:21&quot;&gt; phenomena. We can see these artifacts. They've got&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:40:24&quot;&gt; wires, and vacuum tubes, and we can program them.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:40:27&quot;&gt; and we can make a higher-level language for them like Fortran.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:40:30&quot;&gt; And so forth. And that isn't really&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:40:33&quot;&gt; science. What is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:40:36&quot;&gt;science. Well, I've&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:40:39&quot;&gt; got this cryptic phrase here: “Scientists try to ‘find&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:40:42&quot;&gt; fireflies’ and ‘make&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:40:45&quot;&gt;t-shirts’”. What does that mean?&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:40:48&quot;&gt; It means that behind the stuff&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:40:51&quot;&gt; that distracts us,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:40:54&quot;&gt; there are hidden,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:40:57&quot;&gt; deeper properties. The properties&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:41:0&quot;&gt; might not even be in there explicitly but they're&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:41:3&quot;&gt; there. What scientists do&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:41:6&quot;&gt; is good what I call good&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:41:9&quot;&gt; wooo-wooo. Which is,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:41:12&quot;&gt; they let their brain relax to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:41:15&quot;&gt;point where they can start thinking beneath the surface of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:41:18&quot;&gt; things. And here's one of the first computer&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:41:21&quot;&gt; scientists, John McCarthy, and he&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:41:24&quot;&gt; looked at this stuff in the 50s, and decided to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:41:27&quot;&gt; make a t-shirt of it, and the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:41:30&quot;&gt; t-shirt looks like&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:41:33&quot;&gt; this. So it's kind of Maxwell&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:41:36&quot;&gt;equations of computing and, what's interesting about&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:41:39&quot;&gt; it is that it doesn't look like&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:41:42&quot;&gt; the hardware and it doesn't look like the software. It's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:41:45&quot;&gt; actually a mathematical&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:41:48&quot;&gt;formulation of what John thought the most important&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:41:51&quot;&gt; relationships were, so I would call this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:41:54&quot;&gt;maxwellian. Then he de did something even&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:41:57&quot;&gt;stronger&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:42:0&quot;&gt; along the lines of Newton which is to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:42:3&quot;&gt; explain important ideas&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:42:6&quot;&gt; here about what was lying beneath&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:42:9&quot;&gt; the surface. And why it was really useful&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:42:12&quot;&gt; to think of doing things in a particular&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:42:15&quot;&gt; way. And, the thing&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:42:18&quot;&gt; about math is it has to be consistent, meaning&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:42:21&quot;&gt; neat, but it doesn't have to be&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:42:24&quot;&gt; real. And so this thing that John did was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:42:27&quot;&gt; not real, but another hero&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:42:30&quot;&gt; of mine, Steve Russell, the guy who invented “Spacewar!”&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:42:33&quot;&gt; was at MIT, and he looked at&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:42:36&quot;&gt; John's math and he said “that's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:42:39&quot;&gt; a program, if I implement it, we'll have a running system”.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:42:42&quot;&gt; And John McCarthy said well “He did, and we did”.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:42:45&quot;&gt; And that was the birth of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:42:48&quot;&gt;lisp. And here's the cool thing about computing:&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:42:51&quot;&gt; The theory can also be the model ''and'' the artifact&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:42:54&quot;&gt; and you can make it&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:42:57&quot;&gt; real! But there are a lot of complaints about&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:43:0&quot;&gt; dealing with pure semantics is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:43:3&quot;&gt; too slow. Even after&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:43:6&quot;&gt; factor of a million or a billion&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:43:9&quot;&gt; of or more of more Moore's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:43:12&quot;&gt; law still seems to be too slow.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:43:15&quot;&gt; On the other hand&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:43:18&quot;&gt; you can build a special machine for&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:43:21&quot;&gt;these semantics that don't fit on regular&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:43:24&quot;&gt;machines. Because remember:&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:43:27&quot;&gt; our computer's only there to run programs, so why not make&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:43:30&quot;&gt; a computer that will run the programs you want to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:43:33&quot;&gt; run? And if you try to optimize too early,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:43:36&quot;&gt; like buying a computer before&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:43:39&quot;&gt; that isn't a supercomputer before you've done your&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:43:42&quot;&gt; research. you're in trouble. Because now you're&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:43:45&quot;&gt; forced to deal with its problems, rather than your&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:43:48&quot;&gt; own. So this is the kind of process&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:43:51&quot;&gt; that the ARPA community went&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:43:54&quot;&gt;through.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:43:57&quot;&gt; And this is a fun story but&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:44:0&quot;&gt; I want to bring up the fireflies again.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:44:3&quot;&gt; You can't replicate what John&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:44:6&quot;&gt;McCarthy did, because the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:44:9&quot;&gt; times are different now. But the fireflies&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:44:12&quot;&gt; in what he did are still there, and they can still&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:44:15&quot;&gt;what to do&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:44:18&quot;&gt; Okay? Here's uh… Story&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:44:21&quot;&gt; number two. 62&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:44:24&quot;&gt; years ago in 1962.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:44:27&quot;&gt; This is in the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:44:30&quot;&gt;uh SAGE experimental&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:44:33&quot;&gt; uh test computer called the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:44:36&quot;&gt; TX-2 it was one of the la… one one of these&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:44:39&quot;&gt; computers that was the building.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:44:42&quot;&gt; And right down at the end of one corner was this guy sitting&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:44:45&quot;&gt;of a oscilloscope&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:44:54&quot;&gt;screen… And what was he doing?&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:44:57&quot;&gt; well…&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:45:0&quot;&gt;Here's the light pen, he was grabbing some ink&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:45:6&quot;&gt;and… now this display&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:45:9&quot;&gt; doesn't… isn't a line drawing display. It just makes a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:45:12&quot;&gt; dot. So the there's a program&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:45:15&quot;&gt; making these lines. Now he tells Sketchpad&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:45:18&quot;&gt; to make them all mutually perpendicular. And you&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:45:21&quot;&gt; just saw it automatically&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:45:24&quot;&gt; uh clean up the drawing. This is why it's called Sketchpad. Because&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:45:27&quot;&gt; you can just draw roughly he may wants&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:45:30&quot;&gt; to make a hole in this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:45:33&quot;&gt;flange. So he says here make&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:45:36&quot;&gt; these both uh uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:45:39&quot;&gt; parallel and perpendicular and,…&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:45:42&quot;&gt; Now the constraint is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:45:45&quot;&gt; make these lines I'm drawing to be collinear with the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:45:48&quot;&gt; guidelines below, so this allows&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:45:51&quot;&gt; him to quickly draw a dotted&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:45:54&quot;&gt;line…&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:45:57&quot;&gt; Now he's going going to make the guidelines&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:46:0&quot;&gt; transparent. We get a hole in the flange.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:46:3&quot;&gt;And notice this is the first system to have a clipping&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:46:6&quot;&gt; window. He's actually drawing on a canvas&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:46:9&quot;&gt; about a third of a mile on a side being windowed&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:46:15&quot;&gt;here. He needs a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:46:18&quot;&gt;rivet.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:46:21&quot;&gt; So this is the rough shape of a rivet.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:46:24&quot;&gt; Draws this because he wants this as&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:46:27&quot;&gt; a center for an arc, for the top of the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:46:30&quot;&gt; rivet. And now he says okay make&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:46:33&quot;&gt; all these lines I'm pointing to here,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:46:36&quot;&gt; make these mutually perpendicular.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:46:39&quot;&gt; And that will force the drawing into&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:46:42&quot;&gt; something like a rivet. Maybe he doesn't&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:46:51&quot;&gt;shape.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:46:54&quot;&gt; Because he didn't constrain the size of the thing, so here's another&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:46:57&quot;&gt;solution with that those starting&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:47:0&quot;&gt; conditions. but he said… decides he likes the one&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:47:9&quot;&gt;first… Now here's another cool idea Ivan&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:47:12&quot;&gt; Sutherland did,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:47:15&quot;&gt; which was to have masters and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:47:18&quot;&gt; instances. So&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:47:21&quot;&gt; this is not the rivet he drew,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:47:24&quot;&gt; this is an instance of the rivet he drew.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:47:27&quot;&gt; And the rotation and the scaling&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:47:30&quot;&gt; are done by knobs that he has on&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:47:36&quot;&gt;console. Okay?…&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:47:39&quot;&gt; And wants to show you&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:47:42&quot;&gt; he can make more instances and that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:47:45&quot;&gt; these instances can be different sizes… and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:47:48&quot;&gt; says “whoops! I forgot&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:47:51&quot;&gt; I left the crossbow on there I should make these guys transparent”.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:47:54&quot;&gt; So he goes to the master drawing and makes them&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:47:57&quot;&gt; transparent. And lo and behold,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:48:0&quot;&gt; all of the instances uh…&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:48:3&quot;&gt; obey. So he gets rid of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:48:6&quot;&gt;the thing, and he says okay&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:48:9&quot;&gt; make that construction I just did into a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:48:12&quot;&gt; master. Now I'm going to make instances&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:48:24&quot;&gt;of the master&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:48:36&quot;&gt;Right? Here's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:48:39&quot;&gt; instances of the master&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:48:42&quot;&gt; that he made of the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:48:54&quot;&gt;conglomerate.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:49:3&quot;&gt;Yeah, okay.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:49:6&quot;&gt; So here's a high resolution picture of Ivan&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:49:9&quot;&gt; at the console and he's doing a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:49:12&quot;&gt; something much more complicated, which is to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:49:15&quot;&gt; draw in a bridge.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:49:18&quot;&gt; And uh, unfortunately the movie&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:49:21&quot;&gt;for this has been lost. It's probably somewhere in Ivan's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:49:24&quot;&gt; garage. But uh… for fun a couple of years ago&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:49:27&quot;&gt; we we uh did a an&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:49:30&quot;&gt; emulation of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:49:33&quot;&gt;it. So here's a simple truss&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:49:36&quot;&gt; bridge and…&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:49:39&quot;&gt; We can connect things up and… we turn gravity&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:49:42&quot;&gt; on, which is a constraint&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:49:45&quot;&gt; You see it's computing all the stresses and the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:49:48&quot;&gt; strains on the bridge.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:49:51&quot;&gt; And it's continuously Computing, so if we add in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:49:54&quot;&gt; another strut&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:49:57&quot;&gt; here guess what, it ripples over the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:50:0&quot;&gt; entire bridge. If we hang a weight on&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:50:3&quot;&gt;it, we can… stress&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:50:9&quot;&gt;this bridge. And so the big idea here&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:50:12&quot;&gt; is it's not just about imitating&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:50:15&quot;&gt; drafting. It's that we can&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:50:18&quot;&gt; simulate uh any kind&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:50:21&quot;&gt; of computer aided design drawing that we do&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:50:24&quot;&gt; or model. And uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:50:27&quot;&gt; we get not just CAD, but CAD&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:50:30&quot;&gt; Sim. So this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:50:33&quot;&gt; is a huge huge idea&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:50:36&quot;&gt; that's still done extremely poorly today&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:50:39&quot;&gt; for most&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:50:42&quot;&gt;people. So&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:50:45&quot;&gt; interact… This is Ivan's PhD&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:50:48&quot;&gt; thesis in 1962&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:50:51&quot;&gt; inventing interactive computer graphics,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:50:54&quot;&gt; clipping windowon pointing iconic IQ [sic]… Objects&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:50:57&quot;&gt; masters and instances, we'd call that object…&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:51:0&quot;&gt;first object-oriented&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:51:3&quot;&gt; programming system that I know of.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:51:6&quot;&gt; Lots of nice technical things in it. Automatic&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:51:9&quot;&gt; dynamic simulations from&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:51:12&quot;&gt; designs, and you programmed it not in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:51:15&quot;&gt; the standard, uh programming&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:51:18&quot;&gt; languages but you programmed it in terms of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:51:21&quot;&gt; goals. In terms of the constraints that you want&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:51:24&quot;&gt;and sketchpad had three problem solvers that would solve&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:51:27&quot;&gt; problems say you could see. So I once&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:51:30&quot;&gt; asked Ivan “How could you do this in one year all by yourself?”&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:51:33&quot;&gt; and he said “Well, I didn't know it was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:51:39&quot;&gt;hard!”. Check out the fireflies from this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:51:42&quot;&gt; one.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:51:45&quot;&gt; ''Today!'' Think about what the fireflies&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:51:48&quot;&gt; from this one are. Okay and also in 1962 we&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:51:51&quot;&gt; had this guy who was kind of like Moses opening&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:51:54&quot;&gt;the Read Sea.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:51:57&quot;&gt; He's really interested&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:52:0&quot;&gt; in saving the world, and trying to make people&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:52:3&quot;&gt; better so they can save the world. So&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:52:6&quot;&gt; his idea in 62 was to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:52:9&quot;&gt; have a screen much… he knew about sketch pad; he wanted a screen&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:52:12&quot;&gt;much larger than that. He wanted to hang the light pen&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:52:15&quot;&gt; from a a gimbal. So you're&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:52:18&quot;&gt; you could just pull it down to the table and use it like a pencil&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:52:21&quot;&gt; and not have the blood run out of your hand&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:52:24&quot;&gt; when you're using it. And there's this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:52:27&quot;&gt; problem of that he thought about very&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:52:30&quot;&gt; deeply, which was, humans are not very&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:52:33&quot;&gt;good learners&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:52:36&quot;&gt; from using tools. We&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:52:39&quot;&gt; have this pink brain. We use tools&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:52:42&quot;&gt;in a very pink brain kind of way…&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:52:45&quot;&gt; So like a hammer we can use to hammer&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:52:48&quot;&gt; a nail into something but we can break something with a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:52:51&quot;&gt; hammer. We can do a lot of things with a hammer&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:52:54&quot;&gt; and we kind of get a hammerness into&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:52:57&quot;&gt; our brain but we get very little&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:53:0&quot;&gt; wisdom about tools and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:53:3&quot;&gt; hammers in our brain and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:53:6&quot;&gt; we become a hammerer!&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:53:9&quot;&gt; 100 thousand years later we might decide to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:53:12&quot;&gt; use nuclear weapons on a city. That's a way&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:53:15&quot;&gt; of hammering them into&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:53:18&quot;&gt;submission. So part of Engelbert's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:53:21&quot;&gt; idea was, if you're going to augment human&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:53:24&quot;&gt; intellect —for crying out loud—&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:53:27&quot;&gt; you must insert education and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:53:30&quot;&gt; training. Because what's happened is that the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:53:33&quot;&gt; powerful agencies have gone up in power by factors&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:53:36&quot;&gt; of millions, and our brains&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:53:39&quot;&gt; haven't. So you want the education&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:53:42&quot;&gt; to turn parts of our brain this nice&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:53:45&quot;&gt; bluish cast, and perhaps give us&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:53:48&quot;&gt; a little more wisdom on using our tools, and then&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:53:51&quot;&gt;a little safer using powerful methods and Powerful languages&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:53:54&quot;&gt; and so forth to do things.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:53:57&quot;&gt; So this is this five unit thing&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:54:0&quot;&gt;Engelbart's idea of what you really had to do if you're&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:54:3&quot;&gt; going to do this thing. And you had to do it not just&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:54:6&quot;&gt; for a person but people in groups. So the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:54:9&quot;&gt;groups have to be&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:54:12&quot;&gt; organized pretty much the same way.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:54:15&quot;&gt; This allows to get enormous amounts of synergy&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:54:18&quot;&gt; between the individuals they can be&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:54:21&quot;&gt; the different stars on the diagram&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:54:24&quot;&gt; I just showed you cooperating together.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:54:30&quot;&gt;And four years later, they&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:54:33&quot;&gt; did a first pass at this which was incredibly&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:54:36&quot;&gt;impressive. It's called the mother of all demos&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:54:39&quot;&gt; and uh if you type E n g l&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:54:42&quot;&gt; b a r t into&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:54:45&quot;&gt; uh Google uh in the first page of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:54:48&quot;&gt;hits you'll find a reference to the movie of that demo.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:54:51&quot;&gt; You should see what they were able to do back&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:54:54&quot;&gt;little machine.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:54:57&quot;&gt; And you know when Engelbart's name come up&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:55:0&quot;&gt; comes up and even in his obituaries&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:55:3&quot;&gt; the the only thing I could really talk about was the mouse&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:55:6&quot;&gt; and this really bugged&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:55:9&quot;&gt; Doug. He said the mouse, the mouse is just&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:55:12&quot;&gt; a dial on a car radio. We invented a whole&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:55:15&quot;&gt;car! They won't look at it!&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:55:18&quot;&gt; You can get an idea of this there are about 70&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:55:21&quot;&gt; papers on the website devoted to him&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:55:24&quot;&gt; talking about these deep ideas. As I&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:55:27&quot;&gt; me mentioned… previously only about 30%&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:55:30&quot;&gt; of what Engelbart was talking about&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:55:33&quot;&gt; got taken up uh in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:55:36&quot;&gt; computing today. So this is a big huge area&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:55:39&quot;&gt; that's got fireflies everywhere. And these are just&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:55:42&quot;&gt; three of the 17 or&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:55:45&quot;&gt; 18 uh principal invest…&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:55:48&quot;&gt; investigators that ARPA put together.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:55:51&quot;&gt; So these are the kind of people and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:55:54&quot;&gt; if we talk about cooperation and methods we've&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:55:57&quot;&gt; got to talk about the blind&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:56:0&quot;&gt; philosophers trying to figure out an elephant.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:56:3&quot;&gt; This is a claaassic thing and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:56:6&quot;&gt; they all have this flaw that I&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:56:9&quot;&gt;in the beginning that they think what's between their&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:56:12&quot;&gt; ears is uh not belief&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:56:15&quot;&gt; but reality. So of course this leads to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:56:18&quot;&gt;war.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:56:21&quot;&gt; And after thousands of years the idea of compromise&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:56:24&quot;&gt; comes about but this does not&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:56:27&quot;&gt; lead to a pretty picture of an elephant, or a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:56:30&quot;&gt; way to make an elephant. And in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:56:33&quot;&gt; fact this is my picture of the way computing is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:56:36&quot;&gt; today. Practical Computing is just a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:56:39&quot;&gt; horrendous compromise.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:56:42&quot;&gt; Almost none of it was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:56:45&quot;&gt;necessary.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:56:48&quot;&gt; Now if you get scientific&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:56:51&quot;&gt; philosophers, they've learned how to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:56:54&quot;&gt; cooperate. And science works by looking at&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:56:57&quot;&gt;parts of things and looking&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:57:0&quot;&gt; at what other people have looked at other parts of things&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:57:3&quot;&gt; and other people looked at other parts of things&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:57:6&quot;&gt; and eventually coming to conclusions about the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:57:9&quot;&gt; whole. So that's a really good&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:57:12&quot;&gt; idea. But in fact science,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:57:15&quot;&gt; because our brains want to believe rather than think,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:57:18&quot;&gt; these can turn into something like a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:57:21&quot;&gt; religion and the reason uh we don't&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:57:24&quot;&gt; want to come up with blind belief…&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:57:36&quot;&gt;There's always&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:57:39&quot;&gt;more! There's always more and what&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:57:42&quot;&gt; it is, is something that we can't&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:57:48&quot;&gt;imagine. So when we give a a name&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:57:51&quot;&gt; to something, we're hurting our&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:57:54&quot;&gt; belief in, because we&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:57:57&quot;&gt; defined it it's a category now,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:58:0&quot;&gt; we've hurt our ability&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:58:3&quot;&gt; to think more about it because it already has a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:58:6&quot;&gt; set of properties. It already is the thing that the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:58:12&quot;&gt;denotes. And here's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:58:15&quot;&gt; a, an ad I suggested to Apple&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:58:18&quot;&gt; many years ago, uh for the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:58:21&quot;&gt; kind of people they wanted to have at Apple what kind should they be and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:58:24&quot;&gt; I suggested, well, do, make a picture of something&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:58:27&quot;&gt; like this: Uh, the right hand&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:58:30&quot;&gt;has to be able to do with&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:58:33&quot;&gt; good “p ⊃ q” and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:58:36&quot;&gt; the left hand, the right brain has to be able to do good woowoo.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:58:45&quot;&gt; And what is good woowoo? Cos,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:58:48&quot;&gt; uh, the thing the thing to understand here, let me just&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:58:51&quot;&gt;take a second here. The thing to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:58:54&quot;&gt; understand here is it was really hard to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:58:57&quot;&gt; invent good “p ⊃ q”,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:59:0&quot;&gt; it was only invented a few thousand years ago but once we did&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:59:3&quot;&gt; it, it turned out to be fairly easy for us to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:59:6&quot;&gt; do. And humans&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:59:9&quot;&gt; are more or less born, babies are born with good&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:59:12&quot;&gt; woowoo, uh and woowoo&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:59:15&quot;&gt; in general. And the problem&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:59:18&quot;&gt; is that most woowoo is actually, uh quite&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:59:21&quot;&gt; dangerous for the human mind, so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:59:24&quot;&gt;to find good woowoo.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:59:27&quot;&gt; So here's one&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:59:30&quot;&gt;definition: “Art is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:59:33&quot;&gt; a lie that tells the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:59:36&quot;&gt;truth”.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:59:39&quot;&gt;And… “Learn&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:59:42&quot;&gt; the rules like a pro…”, that's the stuff you can do on the right&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:59:45&quot;&gt; hand side of the board, “…so you can break them like artist…,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:59:48&quot;&gt; like an artist”, on the left hand side of the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:59:51&quot;&gt; board. You've got to do both, or else&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:59:54&quot;&gt;you're just bullshitting around.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:0:0&quot;&gt;And this is hard to do in school because as Marvin&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:0:3&quot;&gt; said “School is the best thing ever invented to keep you from thinking&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:0:6&quot;&gt;about something important for more than a few&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:0:9&quot;&gt; minutes”. And you have to ask that about where you are&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:0:12&quot;&gt; right now. Even though I'm a professor&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:0:15&quot;&gt; there, and Len is a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:0:18&quot;&gt; professor, uh, schools have their own way about&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:0:21&quot;&gt; them. Like the fact&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:0:24&quot;&gt; this talk actually has a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:0:27&quot;&gt; uh, designed end. Back at&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:0:30&quot;&gt; MIT they would just get Marvin talking, and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:0:33&quot;&gt;he would run out of steam in about six hours or so, and everybody was happy.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:0:39&quot;&gt; Here's another genius, huge&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:0:42&quot;&gt; influence on me. He said: “Institutional&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:0:45&quot;&gt; Education seeks to make the strange familiar”.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:0:48&quot;&gt; Well that that sounds kind of reasonable!&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:0:51&quot;&gt; Yeah! that's what we're you're paying them for.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:0:54&quot;&gt; Things you don't understand, you want to now understand it; but&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:0:57&quot;&gt; Jerry says: “The job of Real Education&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:1:0&quot;&gt; is to make the familiar strange again”.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:1:3&quot;&gt; It's the stuff that we've… that has&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:1:6&quot;&gt; come embedded into our belief system about&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:1:9&quot;&gt; normal, that is keeping us&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:1:12&quot;&gt; being pedestrian.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:1:15&quot;&gt;So he says: “What kind of thinking would you do if ‘normal’ could seem strange&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:1:21&quot;&gt; and ‘not-normal’?. You would have been able to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:1:24&quot;&gt; escape your present. If you escape your present&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:1:27&quot;&gt; don't forget to use a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:1:30&quot;&gt;life line!”. How do we measure&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:1:33&quot;&gt; things? Well usually with graphs that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:1:36&quot;&gt; go from the left in the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:1:39&quot;&gt; past, towards the future going towards&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:1:42&quot;&gt; the right and, if something goes up&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:1:45&quot;&gt; we say “Yay!” and if it goes down we say “Boo!”, and so on and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:1:48&quot;&gt; so forth. And if you think about this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:1:51&quot;&gt; graphs like this are complete bullshit.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:1:54&quot;&gt; And the reason is, in order to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:1:57&quot;&gt;understand whether we should say ”yay” or not,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:2:0&quot;&gt; we have to have a threshold. And the threshold&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:2:6&quot;&gt; might be up here. Like these could be uh reading&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:2:9&quot;&gt;scores for children and uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:2:12&quot;&gt; the children are never learning to read here.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:2:15&quot;&gt; They're getting better or worse&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:2:18&quot;&gt; at what they're not being able to do.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:2:21&quot;&gt; And so the key to make progress here&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:2:24&quot;&gt;is to understand that both “better and perfect are the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:2:27&quot;&gt; enemies of what is actually needed”. Better is the tough one&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:2:30&quot;&gt;in engineering school because you get rewards for doing something&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:2:33&quot;&gt; better. But what we're looking for here is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:2:36&quot;&gt; something new, and to get something new we&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:2:39&quot;&gt; have to come up with the low the minimal&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:2:42&quot;&gt; idea that is just above the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:2:45&quot;&gt; threshold. It's just into the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:2:48&quot;&gt;blue.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:2:51&quot;&gt; And we've once we've stepped into the blue we're actually in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:2:54&quot;&gt; a different way of thinking about things.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:2:57&quot;&gt; So this is you know like going from&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:3:0&quot;&gt; uh not having mathematics to mathematics&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:3:3&quot;&gt; or not going from not having writing to having&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:3:6&quot;&gt; writing, or going from not having science&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:3:9&quot;&gt; to having science. These are big&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:3:12&quot;&gt; things. So you want to look for that star.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:3:15&quot;&gt;And the learning curve, you might have to start off&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:3:18&quot;&gt; below where other people&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:3:21&quot;&gt; think you should be. But the main thing is to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:3:24&quot;&gt;up there. Okay so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:3:27&quot;&gt; here's another example. World's greatest&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:3:30&quot;&gt; hockey player. Made many many more goals&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:3:33&quot;&gt; than anybody and he was not a big&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:3:36&quot;&gt;guy.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:3:39&quot;&gt; Uh… Had a couple of nice sayings: “You miss&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:3:42&quot;&gt; 100% of the shots you don't take”. People do&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:3:45&quot;&gt; that all the time, you don't try enough.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:3:48&quot;&gt; And here's this big one: “A good hockey player goes to where the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:3:51&quot;&gt; puck is; a great one goes to where&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:3:54&quot;&gt; the puck will be!”. And he didn't mean calculating&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:3:57&quot;&gt; the trajectory of the puck. He meant getting to a place&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:4:0&quot;&gt; where one of his teammates could pass him so he could&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:4:3&quot;&gt;do a quick shot and goal.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:4:6&quot;&gt; That was the Wayne Gretzky game, and we can play it in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:4:9&quot;&gt; technology. So here's an example from my&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:4:12&quot;&gt; own career. I had a woowoo intuition&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:4:15&quot;&gt; about children having their own&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:4:18&quot;&gt; portable tablet computers in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:4:21&quot;&gt; 1968. Which was impossible,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:4:24&quot;&gt; back then. But the second&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:4:27&quot;&gt; stage is, can you find a favorable exponential? And there was one called&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:4:30&quot;&gt;Moore's Law.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:4:33&quot;&gt; And this allows you to take this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:4:36&quot;&gt; intuition out 30 years,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:4:39&quot;&gt; and out 30 years in the future&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:4:42&quot;&gt;could say, you can ask&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:4:45&quot;&gt; “would it be ridiculous if we didn't have this?” and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:4:48&quot;&gt; 30 years that's 1995 the answer is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:4:51&quot;&gt; yeah it' be ridiculous if we didn't have tablet computers&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:4:54&quot;&gt; by 1995.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:4:57&quot;&gt;Okay so you bring it bring the idea back to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:5:0&quot;&gt; the mid 80s, can we do&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:5:3&quot;&gt; something by the mid 80s?&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:5:6&quot;&gt; yes! But&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:5:9&quot;&gt; software takes a long long time&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:5:12&quot;&gt; And we're in 1972 now so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:5:15&quot;&gt; what we need to do is to make a bunch of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:5:18&quot;&gt; flexible supercomputer time machines.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:5:21&quot;&gt; Personal. Make a lot of them.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:5:24&quot;&gt; So the researchers can live and work in the future.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:5:27&quot;&gt; That is what we did at Parc. That dollar&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:5:30&quot;&gt; sign says: Moore's Law&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:5:33&quot;&gt; means that for most&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:5:36&quot;&gt; points in the future you can have&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:5:39&quot;&gt; them now if you're willing to spend a lot more&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:5:42&quot;&gt; money. The commodity thing in the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:5:45&quot;&gt; future is the supercomputer of the present&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:5:48&quot;&gt;build the right kind of supercomputer in the present&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:5:51&quot;&gt; and you now have years to work on these really hard&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:5:54&quot;&gt; software ideas. And that is where the star&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:5:57&quot;&gt; was at Parc.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:6:0&quot;&gt; Uh, the dotted line there says: you better&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:6:3&quot;&gt;do this really quickly or else you're going to get&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:6:6&quot;&gt; submerged into tool building.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:6:9&quot;&gt; You're going to be doing uh just computers and operating&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:6:12&quot;&gt; systems and you're not going to be doing what you're originally&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:6:15&quot;&gt; trying to do, so you have to be… have to be…&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:6:18&quot;&gt; have a lot of chops to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:6:21&quot;&gt; do this; and in fact the alto was done in a period of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:6:24&quot;&gt; about three and a half months by an absolute genius&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:6:27&quot;&gt; uh, Chuck&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:6:30&quot;&gt;Thacker. And once you've got this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:6:33&quot;&gt; you can start inventing the software of the future; and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:6:36&quot;&gt; the supercomputer nature of it means&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:6:39&quot;&gt; something like user interface.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:6:42&quot;&gt; You can… you don't&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:6:45&quot;&gt; have to optimize. You can just&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:6:48&quot;&gt; uh, do 10 experiments a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:6:51&quot;&gt; day for a week; throw away your code,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:6:54&quot;&gt; don't even bother stick… because uh you could put a higher level&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:6:57&quot;&gt; language on it, you can do experiments, you don't have to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:7:0&quot;&gt; optimize, you need to find out what the…&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:7:3&quot;&gt; how the users respond to things. And then&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:7:6&quot;&gt;on the right hand side, uh… if you're&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:7:9&quot;&gt; willing to optimize you can do software like is going to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:7:12&quot;&gt; exist in quantity in the 80s.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:7:15&quot;&gt; That happens to be uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:7:18&quot;&gt; the first version of Microsoft Word, which was done at&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:7:21&quot;&gt; Xerox Parc. It made uh Microsoft&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:7:24&quot;&gt; many many billions of dollars when it was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:7:27&quot;&gt; released uh 15 years&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:7:30&quot;&gt; later. Right?&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:7:33&quot;&gt; Okay okay, we're coming down to the end here.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:7:36&quot;&gt; So 1963, Lick wrote a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:7:39&quot;&gt; memo. Members and Affiliates&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:7:42&quot;&gt; of The Intergalactic Computer&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:7:45&quot;&gt;Network. They asked him “Why intergalactic?”&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:7:48&quot;&gt; He said “well Engineers always give you less than you're asking&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:7:51&quot;&gt; for, so I want a worldwide network, so I'm going to ask&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:7:54&quot;&gt; for an Intergalactic one”. And&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:7:57&quot;&gt; when they when they quit bitching and moaning and scale it down, it's still going&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:8:0&quot;&gt; to be worldwide. Aad&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:8:3&quot;&gt; this great line here: ”if we succeed&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:8:6&quot;&gt;an Intergalactic Network then our main problem&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:8:9&quot;&gt; will be learning to communicate with&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:8:12&quot;&gt; aliens”. We'll look at that for in a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:8:15&quot;&gt;minute. And&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:8:18&quot;&gt; to this psychologist he said ”at this extreme&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:8:21&quot;&gt; the problem is essentially the one discussed by science&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:8:24&quot;&gt;fiction writers ‘how do you get&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:8:27&quot;&gt; communication started among totally&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:8:30&quot;&gt; uncorrelated “sapient” beings?…’” and he thought&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:8:33&quot;&gt; here of that scaling&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:8:36&quot;&gt; more or less destroys communication.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:8:39&quot;&gt; Even amongst humans. cnd scaling&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:8:42&quot;&gt; and technology is going to destroy Communications&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:8:45&quot;&gt; and so forth. So&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:8:48&quot;&gt; this is the… this is what we need to think&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:8:51&quot;&gt; about. And he and Bob Taylor wrote a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:8:54&quot;&gt; paper of which I've expanded on a little&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:8:57&quot;&gt; bit. So the idea is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:9:0&quot;&gt; uh here's a human&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:9:3&quot;&gt; who's trying to say “I'm come in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:9:6&quot;&gt; peace”, and the alien is saying “uh…&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:9:9&quot;&gt; maybe I should kill this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:9:12&quot;&gt;guy”. Between two humans&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:9:15&quot;&gt; uh, a description of something with a mane and ho…&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:9:18&quot;&gt; hooves and a tail could be a horse for one&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:9:21&quot;&gt; guy and a zebra for&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:9:24&quot;&gt;another. Here's our multiple&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:9:27&quot;&gt; brains I talked about. One part of my&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:9:30&quot;&gt; brain wants chocolate, and the other one realizes I should have an&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:9:33&quot;&gt; apple. Then we've got this new thing&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:9:36&quot;&gt; the computer.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:9:39&quot;&gt; What is what's on its mind? Not much.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:9:42&quot;&gt; And uh it doesn't understand what a horse is that's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:9:48&quot;&gt;for sure. So when we're talking with somebody&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:9:51&quot;&gt;else we might not be able to get together on what a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:9:54&quot;&gt; horse or a zebra is, but we have a better&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:9:57&quot;&gt;hamburger worldwide. So&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:10:0&quot;&gt; shared context is what we're looking&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:10:3&quot;&gt; for. And if we find a way… And&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:10:6&quot;&gt; what we do with language, is to try and point&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:10:9&quot;&gt;into what we think is the shared context between us&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:10:15&quot;&gt;and the other person. So if we look back at the theater here,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:10:18&quot;&gt; what is it? What is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:10:21&quot;&gt; shared? What the theater is for, is to reflect&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:10:24&quot;&gt; the intelligence of the audience back to them; you're not&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:10:27&quot;&gt; trying to teach them. I'm not trying to teach&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:10:30&quot;&gt; you, right now. I'm trying to give you something&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:10:33&quot;&gt; that you can reflect your intelligence back&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:10:36&quot;&gt; on. So the theater has to do&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:10:39&quot;&gt; most of the negotiations for the audience, that's too&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:10:42&quot;&gt; bad. But writing and reading are the same&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:10:45&quot;&gt; thing. Same idea,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:10:48&quot;&gt; and there's a huge difference between a good writer&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:10:51&quot;&gt; and a bad writer for these&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:10:54&quot;&gt;reasons. So let's think of communication&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:10:57&quot;&gt; as an extension of the gesture.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:11:0&quot;&gt; So what could two different computers have in common?&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:11:3&quot;&gt; Well?… could be something like the dynamic messaging&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:11:6&quot;&gt; of real object-oriented&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:11:9&quot;&gt; programming. Could be something like what Linda&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:11:12&quot;&gt; did but…, with David Gelerntner. We&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:11:15&quot;&gt;still have the problem of real aliens, but let's look&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:11:18&quot;&gt; at the problem with the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:11:21&quot;&gt; person… people and computer. What&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:11:24&quot;&gt; could they have in common?&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:11:27&quot;&gt;And…&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:11:30&quot;&gt; So…&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:11:33&quot;&gt; What can we make that is going to beam the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:11:36&quot;&gt;audience's intelligence and knowledge, back out&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:11:39&quot;&gt; at them? What should we put on the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:11:42&quot;&gt;stage?&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:11:45&quot;&gt; And so the GUI is a representation of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:11:48&quot;&gt; what the computer is thinking about,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:11:51&quot;&gt; in a form that humans can uh,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:11:54&quot;&gt; understand. The human can&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:11:57&quot;&gt; actually gesture at the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:12:0&quot;&gt;topic that he wants to talk&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:12:3&quot;&gt; about. Each window holds a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:12:6&quot;&gt; context and is a topic for conversation. All the possible&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:12:9&quot;&gt; conversation are active: “No modes!”&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;note for=&quot;1:12:9&quot;&gt;<br /> Larry Tesler discovered and championed modeless editing; his motto “NO MODES” was printed on his car's [https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6552d0259e101063e7efcac9/e460cd03-25a6-41ff-8409-681786036b6b/NOMODES.png license plate]. See [https://worrydream.com/refs/Tesler_2012_-_A_Personal_History_of_Modeless_Text_Editing_and_Cut-Copy-Paste.pdf A personal history of modeless text editing and cut/copy-paste], ACM Interactions, July-August 2012, [https://archive.org/details/byte-magazine-1981-08/page/n103/mode/2up The Smalltalk Environment], Byte Magazine, volume 6, number 8, and [https://youtu.be/OW-atKrg0T4?si=PJScaBDRpvaHUPPY&amp;t=395 Origins of the Apple Human Interface], a lecture delivered by Larry Tesler and Chris Espinosa, October 28, 1997. Computer History Musem.<br /> &lt;/note&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:12:12&quot;&gt; undoing is critical everywhere gesturing and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:12:15&quot;&gt; dragging and J Eng gauges the body&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:12:18&quot;&gt; brain pictures are more memorable than&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:12:21&quot;&gt; words so use those doing with images make&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:12:24&quot;&gt; symbols and this is kind of Jerome Bruner&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:12:27&quot;&gt; 101 this one is particularly&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:12:30&quot;&gt;important okay so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:12:33&quot;&gt; this is kind of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:12:36&quot;&gt;a summary&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:12:39&quot;&gt; of the way&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:12:42&quot;&gt; people were thinking back then&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:12:45&quot;&gt; and if you think about the park&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:12:48&quot;&gt; guey of all the things that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:12:51&quot;&gt; this research community did back then&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:12:54&quot;&gt; the thing that made the trillion ion dollar&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:12:57&quot;&gt; Industries was not just Mo's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:13:0&quot;&gt; law because&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:13:3&quot;&gt; there was nobody to sell Mo's law or&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:13:6&quot;&gt; even any reason to do Mo's law&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:13:9&quot;&gt; at the scale it which was done unless&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:13:12&quot;&gt; millions and billions of people could actually use this stuff and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:13:15&quot;&gt;reason millions and billions of people can use the stuff&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:13:18&quot;&gt; is because of the invention of the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:13:21&quot;&gt;guy&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:13:24&quot;&gt; okay so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:13:27&quot;&gt; I don't even know what time it is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:13:30&quot;&gt; but um I'm up to the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:13:33&quot;&gt; dot dot dot question about what my greatest&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:13:36&quot;&gt; aha Etc was and but I'm gonna pause&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:13:39&quot;&gt; here and just check in with&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:13:45&quot;&gt;Lenny&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:13:48&quot;&gt;hello um&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:13:51&quot;&gt; how long how long was that by the way uh we&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:13:54&quot;&gt; are uh we uh we still have time so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:13:57&quot;&gt; if you have uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:14:0&quot;&gt; okay so um&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:14:3&quot;&gt; the so now now the choice&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:14:6&quot;&gt; uh uh can get&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:14:9&quot;&gt; a another question from the audience we can&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:14:12&quot;&gt; do this dot dot dot thing whatever you'd&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:14:15&quot;&gt; like um we have one&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:14:21&quot;&gt;question so Len&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:14:24&quot;&gt; was this uh was this recognizable to you&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:14:27&quot;&gt; oh my god totally I mean there anecdotes all&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:14:30&quot;&gt; over the presentation that would add to it&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:14:33&quot;&gt; but you nailed it beautifully you captured that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:14:36&quot;&gt; there and the characters&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:14:39&quot;&gt; and the uh mix between&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:14:42&quot;&gt; highly Cooperative groups and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:14:45&quot;&gt; individual working on their own&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:14:48&quot;&gt;things happen there's a lot of individual&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:14:51&quot;&gt; yet the group action came in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:14:54&quot;&gt;and out in and out it was an interest it wasn't&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:14:57&quot;&gt; pure you know one versus many&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:15:0&quot;&gt; it was so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:15:3&quot;&gt; I think I forgot to mention was uh that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:15:6&quot;&gt; I don't think uh lick intended it or maybe&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:15:9&quot;&gt; he did but uh what turned out to be the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:15:12&quot;&gt; messenger uh mechanism&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:15:15&quot;&gt; and there happened to be graduate students and interns&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:15:18&quot;&gt; including you for example&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:15:21&quot;&gt; I mean I flew 140,000 miles as a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:15:24&quot;&gt; grad student Dave Evans had a huge budget&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:15:27&quot;&gt; for airplane travel for his grad&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:15:30&quot;&gt;students well Steve managed&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:15:33&quot;&gt; to basically bankrupt mine&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:15:36&quot;&gt; doing the same thing yeah because you gota&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:15:39&quot;&gt; these and and ARP I should have mentioned&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:15:42&quot;&gt; that arpa in uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:15:45&quot;&gt; 1968 funded the first arpa&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:15:48&quot;&gt; graduate student conference which was modeled&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:15:51&quot;&gt; on the arpa contractors meetings&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:15:54&quot;&gt; that's another story about how that happened but&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:15:57&quot;&gt; uh that was really great because uh things went&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:16:0&quot;&gt; in the amount of intercommunication&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:16:3&quot;&gt; and Trust because a lot&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:16:6&quot;&gt;about trust and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:16:9&quot;&gt; yet it was not um what shall I&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:16:12&quot;&gt;say a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:16:15&quot;&gt; a bowl of soup it was contentious&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:16:18&quot;&gt; in a positive way I'll give you one example&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:16:21&quot;&gt;we had this principal investigators meeting John McCarthy&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:16:24&quot;&gt; arrived about 20 minutes late someone was presenting&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:16:27&quot;&gt;minutes later McCarthy raised his hand and says excuse&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:16:30&quot;&gt; me I have no idea what you're talking about&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:16:33&quot;&gt; he says but I was late&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:16:36&quot;&gt; however if I came in in time I still think I with no idea&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:16:39&quot;&gt; what you're talking about B can imagine your interaction&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:16:42&quot;&gt;was wonderful yeah I should have&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:16:45&quot;&gt;that the one of the main things I learned in grad school&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:16:48&quot;&gt; and everybody at Park knew was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:16:51&quot;&gt; uh that the purpose of arguing is not to win&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:16:54&quot;&gt; but to to illuminate&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:16:57&quot;&gt; and uh in fact when people started getting&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:17:0&quot;&gt; he in an argument Taylor would&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:17:3&quot;&gt; say type two type two&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:17:6&quot;&gt; and a type two argument was all&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:17:9&quot;&gt;sudden you had to explain the other person's position&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:17:12&quot;&gt; back to them until they agreed with&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:17:15&quot;&gt; it and then they had to explain your&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:17:18&quot;&gt;position back to you until you agreed with it and by&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:17:21&quot;&gt;happened you'd forgotten what you're arguing about and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:17:24&quot;&gt; you okay let's go to the question&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:17:27&quot;&gt; all right we have a question here yeah hello&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:17:30&quot;&gt; um and I I agree and I guess I kind of apologize&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:17:33&quot;&gt; for the uh structure&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:17:36&quot;&gt; that we have because it does impose any limitations on the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:17:39&quot;&gt; discussion um I'm on on the faculty&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:17:42&quot;&gt; too so uh but&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:17:45&quot;&gt; you know faculty meetings uh there's too&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:17:48&quot;&gt;much contention because the stakes are too&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:17:51&quot;&gt;low I&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:17:54&quot;&gt; quit going um so I have two questions which are&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:17:57&quot;&gt; a little related um so so number&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:18:0&quot;&gt; one was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:18:3&quot;&gt; do you think and and maybe you'll agree that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:18:6&quot;&gt; there's kind of been a split between the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:18:9&quot;&gt; practicers of technology which are the software engineers&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:18:12&quot;&gt; and the systems thinkers who are like the theoreticians&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:18:15&quot;&gt; and the inventors um if so why&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:18:18&quot;&gt; any suggestions to remediate this uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:18:21&quot;&gt;also asking to Professor kleinrock if he has any&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:18:24&quot;&gt; input on that and my second question is probably a little&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:18:27&quot;&gt; related um which is what are your&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:18:30&quot;&gt; thoughts on I guess all of this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:18:33&quot;&gt; development most like a lot of it has been going into private&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:18:36&quot;&gt;research Labs like Google X and Microsoft&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:18:39&quot;&gt; research um do do you think it's still kind of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:18:42&quot;&gt; analogous to Bell labs in back in the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:18:45&quot;&gt; day uh no&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:18:48&quot;&gt; B for instance at Bell Labs&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:18:51&quot;&gt; if you walked around back before&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:18:54&quot;&gt; the divesture uh you&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:18:57&quot;&gt;that would say&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:19:0&quot;&gt; either do something very useful or very&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:19:3&quot;&gt;beautiful&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:19:6&quot;&gt; I've never seen a sign like that at&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:19:12&quot;&gt;research okay so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:19:15&quot;&gt; because that's a pro that's a huge&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:19:18&quot;&gt; problem I&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:19:21&quot;&gt; guess go ahead yeah go ahead oh no I guess I have a follow-up&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:19:24&quot;&gt;question to that which is uh you mentioned a bit earlier in the talk&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:19:27&quot;&gt; one of the questions I sent over which is uh do you think&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:19:30&quot;&gt; younger people have a harder problem these days in you know living&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:19:33&quot;&gt; in this more materialistic world world so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:19:36&quot;&gt; to speak yeah you know&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:19:39&quot;&gt; just just one example I I was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:19:42&quot;&gt; at Park in Palo Alto and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:19:45&quot;&gt; um&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:19:48&quot;&gt; the general inflation has been about&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:19:51&quot;&gt; a factor of seven since then&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:19:54&quot;&gt; or so and when I&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:19:57&quot;&gt; factor that into the salary I got at Park it's about what&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:0&quot;&gt;I would get just you&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:3&quot;&gt; know I was just a year out of grad school when I went to park&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:6&quot;&gt; so uh really uh not a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:9&quot;&gt; huge wasn't a lot of money but&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:12&quot;&gt;with today&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:15&quot;&gt; however I was able to buy a house in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:18&quot;&gt; paloalto uh right near&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:21&quot;&gt; Park and it only cost twice my yearly&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:24&quot;&gt; salary&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:27&quot;&gt;okay that house has inflated&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:30&quot;&gt; by a factor of 70 not seven&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:33&quot;&gt; so then do you go go ahead&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:36&quot;&gt; go ahead so the uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:39&quot;&gt; so if Park existed today&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:39&quot;&gt; so if Park existed today&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:42&quot;&gt; uh none of us&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:45&quot;&gt; and and Taylor wanted to hire he only hired older&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:48&quot;&gt; people uh from the arpa community&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:51&quot;&gt; as advisers&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:54&quot;&gt; he didn't want I was the oldest person there and I&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:57&quot;&gt; was 30 he didn't&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:21:0&quot;&gt; he wanted a new know he wanted the researchers that ARA&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:21:3&quot;&gt; had Jed out there and he used&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:21:6&quot;&gt; the uh the generation before us as as advisers&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:21:9&quot;&gt; and so if&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:21:12&quot;&gt; if I if they had tried to set this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:21:15&quot;&gt; up uh somebody would have had to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:21:18&quot;&gt; buy a lot of housing in Palo Alo&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:21:21&quot;&gt; and you know when when Google is being&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:21:24&quot;&gt; set up and when HP was being set up I said hey look&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:21:27&quot;&gt; at Stanford Stanford figured this out a long time ago&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:21:30&quot;&gt; because if you get an associate professorship at&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:21:33&quot;&gt; Stanford one of the perks is a 99-year&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:21:36&quot;&gt; lease at a very low interest rate&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:21:39&quot;&gt; on Stanford land for a house&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:21:42&quot;&gt; and Stanford was owns a lot&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:21:45&quot;&gt;houses in Palo Alta they bought them up before the Big&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:21:48&quot;&gt; Deck companies got there because they&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:21:51&quot;&gt; understood that people have a life might&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:21:54&quot;&gt; not be much of a life outside the lab but they still got&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:21:57&quot;&gt; one by the way&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:22:0&quot;&gt; Lan will love the the story that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:22:3&quot;&gt; metf and bogs had the record&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:22:6&quot;&gt;longest period uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:22:9&quot;&gt; inside of Park without leaving it&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:22:12&quot;&gt; which uh during the critical period of the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:22:15&quot;&gt; the ethernet which was two and a half&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:22:18&quot;&gt;months they had a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:22:21&quot;&gt; cafeteria you know it had plenty of places you could sleep&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:22:24&quot;&gt; it had showers&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:22:27&quot;&gt;um wasn't wasn't that helpful on&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:22:30&quot;&gt; if you had a marriage that didn't&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:22:33&quot;&gt; get this idea uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:22:36&quot;&gt; they would suffer but yeah so to so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:22:39&quot;&gt; the the a big problem today and and you know&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:22:42&quot;&gt; I run run various&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:22:45&quot;&gt; kinds of I've been able to fund until&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:22:48&quot;&gt; about I don't know five six years ago I was able to fund&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:22:51&quot;&gt; a nonprofit research thing that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:22:54&quot;&gt; was about to size of the group I had at Park&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:22:57&quot;&gt; and uh and to get people who are&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:23:0&quot;&gt; as good as the people I had at Park&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:23:3&quot;&gt; but it wasn't the same as Park similarly&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:23:6&quot;&gt; Butler Lamson and Chuck ther went with deck&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:23:9&quot;&gt; initially and then with&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:23:12&quot;&gt; Microsoft and it wasn't the same as park&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:23:15&quot;&gt; because they&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:23:18&quot;&gt; uh you know for example&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:23:21&quot;&gt; my habit when when I would get confused&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:23:24&quot;&gt; about something was to go down and have&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:23:27&quot;&gt; Butler tear it to shreds&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:23:30&quot;&gt; and I miss missmiss&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:23:33&quot;&gt; being able to just walk down the hall into&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:23:36&quot;&gt; that crystallin Palace of his&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:23:39&quot;&gt; mind and you could&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:23:42&quot;&gt; never top Butler on the same&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:23:45&quot;&gt;least I couldn't but Butler&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:23:48&quot;&gt; was an was honest if you came back three days&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:23:51&quot;&gt; later and said now here is the real point&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:23:54&quot;&gt; you would say you're&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:23:57&quot;&gt; right so that's a really great C it's a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:24:0&quot;&gt; genius there's no question he's one of the most brilliant&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:24:3&quot;&gt; people I've ever met and an honest&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:24:6&quot;&gt; genius and a guy who by the way&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:24:9&quot;&gt; helped my group whenever he could&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:24:12&quot;&gt; despite the fact that our theory of programming language&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:24:15&quot;&gt; design was quite different from&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:24:18&quot;&gt; his he didn't give a about&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:24:21&quot;&gt; that so he was Butler was a big man&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:24:24&quot;&gt; in my opinion just a big fantastic&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:24:27&quot;&gt; so it's that Synergy&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:24:30&quot;&gt; it's what happens in the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:24:33&quot;&gt; halls and it's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:24:36&quot;&gt; what happens when you're having like&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:24:39&quot;&gt; EP uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:24:42&quot;&gt; you know how how many beer beer Laden lunches&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:24:45&quot;&gt; do you have how many bike rides up to the top&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:24:48&quot;&gt; of the uh the hills around&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:24:51&quot;&gt; Palo Alto with all these people no&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:24:54&quot;&gt; there's a whole whole thing there that is going to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:24:57&quot;&gt; pay off by&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:25:0&quot;&gt; what the group is willing to do and reason I kept on&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:25:3&quot;&gt; showing theater is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:25:6&quot;&gt; arpa at its best park at its best was like&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:25:9&quot;&gt; theater at its best you've got the most diverse&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:25:12&quot;&gt; group of people you ever saw&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:25:15&quot;&gt; some of which some of whom can't even&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:25:18&quot;&gt; stand each other&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:25:21&quot;&gt; but the whole point of the thing is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:25:24&quot;&gt;audience that's going to be there&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:25:27&quot;&gt; six weeks from now or six months&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:25:30&quot;&gt; from now and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:25:33&quot;&gt; so you get this thing where people&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:25:36&quot;&gt; work 24 hours a day and they just find&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:25:39&quot;&gt; ways to solve everything they&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:25:42&quot;&gt; do the woo woo on the leftand side that's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:25:45&quot;&gt; what theater is about and they&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:25:48&quot;&gt; do all of the stuff you have to do in the physical&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:25:51&quot;&gt; world to make it work and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:25:54&quot;&gt; know if you don't have those and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:25:57&quot;&gt; if they don't like Len did&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:26:0&quot;&gt; this if those people don't have some of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:26:3&quot;&gt; the other in them to have this shared context&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:26:6&quot;&gt; there has to be a place where you go and it's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:26:9&quot;&gt; the love of what you're gonna&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:26:12&quot;&gt; get the audience to try to think about&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:26:15&quot;&gt; because you can't tell the audience&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:26:18&quot;&gt; anything can't people only remember&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:26:21&quot;&gt;you make them feel&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:26:24&quot;&gt; so so you have to lay it this is why I&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:26:27&quot;&gt;all these pictures and stuff because I want the pictures&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:26:30&quot;&gt; to do things you can't do in regular&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:26:33&quot;&gt; words and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:26:36&quot;&gt; yeah so the question is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:26:39&quot;&gt; uh the way I look&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:26:42&quot;&gt; at playing the blame game&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:26:45&quot;&gt; here is businesses&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:26:48&quot;&gt; are in a terrible position&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:26:51&quot;&gt; fidu in a fiduciary responsibility way&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:26:54&quot;&gt; for doing the kind of stuff that arpa&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:26:57&quot;&gt; and park did they have every&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:27:0&quot;&gt; and especially the Milton Freedman American businesses&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:27:3&quot;&gt; which are a terrible way to do business in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:27:6&quot;&gt; general there you know Peter Dreer used to say&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:27:9&quot;&gt; that that business's main obligation&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:27:12&quot;&gt; is to their uh customers&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:27:15&quot;&gt; and Milton fredman said no business's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:27:18&quot;&gt; main obligation is to their stockholders&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:27:21&quot;&gt; and that has turned really ugly that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:27:24&quot;&gt; is really ugly so but in any case&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:27:27&quot;&gt; good or bad they're in a bad place for it&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:27:30&quot;&gt; uh research can only be&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:27:33&quot;&gt;xpensed eeks&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:27:36&quot;&gt; you could be sitting on a ton of cash tough&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:27:39&quot;&gt; comes out of the bottom&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:27:42&quot;&gt; line so so when I when&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:27:45&quot;&gt; I look there I Look to society and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:27:48&quot;&gt; government part of the idea&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:27:51&quot;&gt; of getting people to pay&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:27:54&quot;&gt; taxes is to deal with things&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:27:57&quot;&gt; in a way that is hard for&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:28:0&quot;&gt; scattered groups to deal with with or without&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:28:3&quot;&gt; engelbart stuff and I think the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:28:6&quot;&gt; the woo woo research stuff done&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:28:9&quot;&gt; right is one of those things and I just happened&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:28:12&quot;&gt; to stumble into it I didn't go to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:28:15&quot;&gt; Utah knowing anything about arpa I'd never heard of arpa&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:28:18&quot;&gt; I just stumbled in there by by and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:28:21&quot;&gt; chance and I found out I was in Paradise&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:28:24&quot;&gt;because&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:28:27&quot;&gt; and the dod was doing fine because&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:28:30&quot;&gt; uh arpa ipto cost almost nothing compared to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:28:33&quot;&gt; the the whole DOD&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:28:36&quot;&gt; budget it was just fingernail clipping so it's the perfect&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:28:39&quot;&gt; place for doing this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:28:42&quot;&gt; uh enlightened public&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:28:45&quot;&gt; domain uh research and you had the ultimate&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:28:48&quot;&gt; enlightened public domain mind in lick&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:28:51&quot;&gt; to do that the key thing&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:28:54&quot;&gt;Park was that Taylor loved&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:28:57&quot;&gt; lick he he was a psychologist&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:29:0&quot;&gt; also he truly loved&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:29:3&quot;&gt; lick and I'll I'll&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:29:6&quot;&gt; finish in one second Jason and he&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:29:9&quot;&gt;uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:29:12&quot;&gt; he studied lick so lick&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:29:15&quot;&gt; was intu&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:29:18&quot;&gt; intuition he had great inter but Taylor&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:29:21&quot;&gt; codified lick those rules&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:29:24&quot;&gt;put up there were not Lick's rules but Taylor's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:29:27&quot;&gt; rules and anytime you wanted to park you could&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:29:30&quot;&gt; go and lie on the floor in Taylor's office we we were floor culture&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:29:33&quot;&gt; we had thick carpets that were&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:29:36&quot;&gt;padding underneath so you could just roll around on the floor we had bean&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:29:39&quot;&gt; bags and inste of chairs so you go&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:29:42&quot;&gt;there and lie in there for an hour and let Taylor tell&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:29:45&quot;&gt; you what he was why he was doing what he was doing at&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:29:48&quot;&gt; Park and it was mostly these rules&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:29:51&quot;&gt;I wrote down you got to do this you got to do that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:29:54&quot;&gt; uh etc etc like&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:29:57&quot;&gt; okay so um&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:30:0&quot;&gt; yeah so I point I point my finger&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:30:3&quot;&gt; at the government and if you point your finger at the government you&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:30:6&quot;&gt;have to point your finger at the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:30:9&quot;&gt; uh uh the American&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:30:12&quot;&gt; Body politic and if you point your finger at them you have&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:30:15&quot;&gt; to point your finger at education&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:30:18&quot;&gt; public education if you point your finger at publication&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:30:21&quot;&gt; public education you point your finger at the government&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:30:24&quot;&gt; again so the government has not&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:30:27&quot;&gt; done its job and by the way over here in London in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:30:30&quot;&gt;the UK it's it's worse&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:30:33&quot;&gt; uh the politicians are a little nicer over here&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:30:36&quot;&gt; but they're equally uh incompetent&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:30:39&quot;&gt; they just don't do not understand and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:30:42&quot;&gt; their financial base is much smaller over here&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:30:45&quot;&gt; so they're in more desperate need&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:30:48&quot;&gt; of the kind of Industries they can afford&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:30:51&quot;&gt; that actually work in the 21st century&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:30:54&quot;&gt;need this um&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:30:57&quot;&gt; yeah so uh but when&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:31:0&quot;&gt;after the government&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:31:3&quot;&gt; should be doing this that and the other thing&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:31:6&quot;&gt; I I can't get far from the educ&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:31:9&quot;&gt;from the University because the university used to be the co&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:31:12&quot;&gt;the flame the whole&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:31:15&quot;&gt; point there was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:31:18&quot;&gt; the universities were not beholden to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:31:21&quot;&gt; business their job was not to do job&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:31:24&quot;&gt; training in obsolete software&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:31:27&quot;&gt; systems to deal with business's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:31:30&quot;&gt; problems with Legacy systems that is not the job&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:31:33&quot;&gt;university that's a trade school and there's nothing&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:31:36&quot;&gt; I love trade schools the high school I&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:31:39&quot;&gt; went to was a was a one you had to take&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:31:42&quot;&gt; a test to get into but it was a glorified trade school Lenny&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:31:45&quot;&gt; will tell you and uh I learned a lot&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:31:48&quot;&gt; there but Jesus the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:31:51&quot;&gt; universities have got to uphold&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:31:54&quot;&gt; something like the way the 21st century&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:31:57&quot;&gt; should be for the students or the students&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:32:0&quot;&gt; are just going to go there and buy degrees in order&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:32:3&quot;&gt; to get jobs that is my general&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:32:6&quot;&gt; picture so the university&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:32:9&quot;&gt; could put us you know I when I was active&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:32:12&quot;&gt; around UCLA at some faculty&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:32:15&quot;&gt; meeting uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:32:18&quot;&gt; maybe more than one&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:32:21&quot;&gt; I brought up the idea hey wait a minute UCLA is one of the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:32:24&quot;&gt; top 10 schools and uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:32:27&quot;&gt; there are other top 10 schools in the nation&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:32:30&quot;&gt;in the University of California&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:32:33&quot;&gt; you know basically you&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:32:36&quot;&gt; know why are we letting the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:32:39&quot;&gt; Regents determine that tenure&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:32:42&quot;&gt; uh re requires paper&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:32:45&quot;&gt;counting&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:32:48&quot;&gt; UCLA should be able to say well you know Screw You&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:32:51&quot;&gt; Regents screw you and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:32:54&quot;&gt; Davis and uh San Diego&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:32:57&quot;&gt; and Santa Barbara screw you Regents&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:33:0&quot;&gt; we're not going to do it that way&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:33:3&quot;&gt; we're not gonna count papers for Christ's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:33:6&quot;&gt; sake you know&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:33:9&quot;&gt; if you got to count a paper you at least have to put a weight on it&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:33:12&quot;&gt; and it's hard to put a weight on a paper until 10 years&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:33:15&quot;&gt; have passed you&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:33:18&quot;&gt; just can't do it that way or you're going to turn it into&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:33:21&quot;&gt; a Job Shop and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:33:24&quot;&gt; uh you know uh I pointed out&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:33:27&quot;&gt; to the UCLA faculty that because of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:33:30&quot;&gt; you know the the discussion was wow&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:33:33&quot;&gt; our department is really popular now we've got more&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:33:36&quot;&gt; students than we can handle I said well godamn it&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:33:39&quot;&gt; if you got that that's what the bean counters&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:33:42&quot;&gt; in the University care&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:33:45&quot;&gt; about is retention because it's money&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:33:48&quot;&gt; you've got them just say&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:33:51&quot;&gt; okay all right&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:33:54&quot;&gt; we're going to do tenure differently we're going to hire&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:33:57&quot;&gt;differently we're going to have a different set of Standards&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:34:0&quot;&gt; here&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:34:3&quot;&gt; or we're just goingon to uh you know etc&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:34:6&quot;&gt; etc but the 60s were&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:34:9&quot;&gt; long over by the time I made that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:34:12&quot;&gt;stand&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:34:18&quot;&gt;okay next question&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:34:21&quot;&gt; I have a question yes&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:34:24&quot;&gt;this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:34:27&quot;&gt; was sorry&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:34:30&quot;&gt; this was a and I've heard you many&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:34:33&quot;&gt; times and always I I recognize&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:34:36&quot;&gt; this accent always&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:34:39&quot;&gt; yes I'm ready I'm ready&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:34:42&quot;&gt; I'm ready always very entertaining&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:34:45&quot;&gt; and uh thoughtful&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:34:48&quot;&gt; but I I feel there is now&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:34:51&quot;&gt;a huge crra a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:34:54&quot;&gt; Gap uh which we didn't you didn't&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:34:57&quot;&gt;would be nice if you could have a thought or address&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:35:0&quot;&gt; which is everything in the past&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:35:3&quot;&gt; seems to me have to do let's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:35:6&quot;&gt; call it with mathematics has&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:35:9&quot;&gt; Precision prob language is not&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:35:12&quot;&gt;we talk it has precision&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:35:15&quot;&gt; and suddenly I think the new&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:35:18&quot;&gt; Queen the new the new thing in the helm&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:35:21&quot;&gt;the new Revolution is is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:35:24&quot;&gt; without Precision it's without&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:35:27&quot;&gt; and we built machine that we do not&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:35:30&quot;&gt; understand how they work but&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:35:33&quot;&gt; they work they perform they&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:35:36&quot;&gt; perform not in Precision&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:35:39&quot;&gt; you know if there will be a a self-driving&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:35:42&quot;&gt; car it will kill somebody there is no question you&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:35:45&quot;&gt; cannot guarantee that this will not happen&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:35:48&quot;&gt;it's a new thing and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:35:51&quot;&gt; I feel most of us here on this list&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:35:54&quot;&gt; on the nine people that are left&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:35:57&quot;&gt; we are dinosaurs of the past&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:36:0&quot;&gt; and what do you have any thoughts about&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:36:3&quot;&gt; this well uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:36:6&quot;&gt; just by chance in the late 60s&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:36:9&quot;&gt; I was visiting MIT and there was a meeting&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:36:12&quot;&gt; of DOD people with&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:36:15&quot;&gt; uh the AI people at MIT&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:36:18&quot;&gt; and I think mensky was saying&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:36:21&quot;&gt; you know in a few years we might be able to do what a dog can&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:36:24&quot;&gt; do and uh the fourstar&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:36:27&quot;&gt; general said a dog&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:36:30&quot;&gt; he said look we don't even want what ordinary humans can&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:36:33&quot;&gt; do we can draft them we've got two million&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:36:36&quot;&gt; robots in the in the Department of Defense already&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:36:39&quot;&gt; we train them and they learn well and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:36:42&quot;&gt;they carry guns and they do all the stuff that we want&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:36:45&quot;&gt; we already got intelligent robots we need&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:36:48&quot;&gt; superhuman intelligence that's what&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:36:51&quot;&gt; we need and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:36:54&quot;&gt;so I&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:36:57&quot;&gt; I don't want to start a long discussion about&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:37:0&quot;&gt; you know but it happens that the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:37:3&quot;&gt; what J Judea Pearl calls curve&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:37:6&quot;&gt;fitting machine learning&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:37:9&quot;&gt; uh as you know&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:37:12&quot;&gt; also very well goes all the way back&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:37:15&quot;&gt; 20 30 40 years&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:37:18&quot;&gt; or 50 years or more Minsky's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:37:21&quot;&gt;thesis was actually one of the first perceptrons&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:37:24&quot;&gt; so the idea of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:37:27&quot;&gt; of finding complex&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:37:30&quot;&gt; transfer functions between lots of inputs and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:37:33&quot;&gt; fewer outputs is has been around for a while&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:37:36&quot;&gt; and uh it's definitely a a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:37:39&quot;&gt; big component of what's going on inside of our&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:37:42&quot;&gt; brains but&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:37:45&quot;&gt; the I I think&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:37:48&quot;&gt; the we should ask&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:37:51&quot;&gt; more for example uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:37:54&quot;&gt; I wouldn't want to use an&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:37:57&quot;&gt; AI that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:38:0&quot;&gt; couldn't be vetted in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:38:3&quot;&gt; some way and of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:38:6&quot;&gt; course uh the chat Bots&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:38:9&quot;&gt; uh can lie whenever it suits them&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:38:12&quot;&gt; and by the way I just saw that uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:38:15&quot;&gt; uh open AI chatbot&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:38:18&quot;&gt; has recently gone nuts&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:38:21&quot;&gt; which is really fun track this down&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:38:24&quot;&gt;it started something went wrong and it's now it's mostly&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:38:27&quot;&gt; hallucinating so these are&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:38:30&quot;&gt; like human beings these are creators&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:38:33&quot;&gt; that's what we are that's what we&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:38:36&quot;&gt; got inside there and I believe that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:38:39&quot;&gt; we're we're better than we&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:38:42&quot;&gt; were 100,000 years ago mainly&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:38:45&quot;&gt; because we invented&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:38:48&quot;&gt; methods for thinking&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:38:51&quot;&gt; the big one being science&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:38:54&quot;&gt; math allows you to in a consistent&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:38:57&quot;&gt; way but it&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:39:0&quot;&gt; it doesn't have any necessary connection to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:39:3&quot;&gt; reality where science wants to be able&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:39:6&quot;&gt; to do uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:39:9&quot;&gt; crisp thinking in a way that is anchored to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:39:12&quot;&gt; reality such that the uh the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:39:15&quot;&gt;cues might have something to do with reality also&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:39:18&quot;&gt; I think that is a very very good thing I think it would help&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:39:21&quot;&gt; our politics on both sides of the lanic&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:39:24&quot;&gt; tremendously if uh schools started&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:39:27&quot;&gt; teaching CH basically doing what engelbart&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:39:30&quot;&gt; said we have to insert better methods&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:39:33&quot;&gt; than the ones we were born with or&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:39:36&quot;&gt; simple uh large language models&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:39:39&quot;&gt; have uh in order to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:39:42&quot;&gt; uh be able to use them in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:39:45&quot;&gt; any reasonable way that's my my&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:39:48&quot;&gt;answer&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:39:51&quot;&gt; got it got it and then we also have one more&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:39:54&quot;&gt; question from the audience um I wanted to get a chance to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:39:57&quot;&gt; yeah have him ask hi professor Kate thank you&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:40:0&quot;&gt; for your talk today um I'm born in the 21st century&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:40:3&quot;&gt; so my uh I guess&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:40:6&quot;&gt; thoughts about zorx Park is the only one I know of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:40:9&quot;&gt;Steve Jobs's visit where he commercializes&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:40:12&quot;&gt; the guey that you guys invented into the apple one&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:40:15&quot;&gt; so I was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:40:18&quot;&gt; yeah so what he saw was what&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:40:21&quot;&gt; what he saw was what we did&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:40:24&quot;&gt; he visited it was a visit to my&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:40:27&quot;&gt; group uh and I was in the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:40:30&quot;&gt; room uh during that visit&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:40:33&quot;&gt; and the demo we gave him and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:40:36&quot;&gt; uh we became friends uh partly&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:40:39&quot;&gt; as the result of that visit so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:40:42&quot;&gt; ask me any question you want to ask about that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:40:45&quot;&gt; visit uh yeah I mean my first question was going&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:40:48&quot;&gt;if you happen to be in the room at all but now I know&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:40:51&quot;&gt; uh second of all would be Steve had or&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:40:54&quot;&gt; Mr jobs uh had a way of combining design&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:40:57&quot;&gt; and pushing the boundaries of engineering through that I&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:41:0&quot;&gt; was wondering how Zero's or&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:41:3&quot;&gt; the Park's attitude towards pushing research&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:41:6&quot;&gt; um the boundaries of research were or what&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:41:9&quot;&gt; influence so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:41:12&quot;&gt; the so let me answer it's a two-part&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:41:15&quot;&gt; question so one part uh is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:41:18&quot;&gt; early in the 80s I said to both Steve&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:41:21&quot;&gt; and Bill Gates uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:41:24&quot;&gt; this is during the controversy of whether apple and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:41:27&quot;&gt; Microsoft had stolen the ideas from&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:41:30&quot;&gt; Xerox and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:41:33&quot;&gt; you know I told I said to both of them I said&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:41:36&quot;&gt; look we want this we want you to steal the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:41:39&quot;&gt; ideas but for Christ's sake steal&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:41:42&quot;&gt;whole idea don't steal a protest&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:41:45&quot;&gt; caricature yeah the whole&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:41:48&quot;&gt; yeah that's why I say the the disappointing figures&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:41:51&quot;&gt;that I put there was the amount of actual&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:41:54&quot;&gt; takeup uh so the second thing is that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:41:57&quot;&gt;what Steve was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:42:0&quot;&gt; uh he was NE say the two words you said again designer&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:42:3&quot;&gt; and a pusher of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:42:6&quot;&gt; engineering yeah right okay so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:42:9&quot;&gt; Steve was not a designer&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:42:12&quot;&gt; and he was a pusher of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:42:15&quot;&gt; people so the key thing about Steve&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:42:18&quot;&gt; was that he had a lot of good&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:42:21&quot;&gt; woowoo&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:42:24&quot;&gt; so where he picked up&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:42:27&quot;&gt; he could feel the fireflies if he'd been a scientist&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:42:30&quot;&gt; it would have been much better for&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:42:33&quot;&gt; everybody because as he said and there's a famous&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:42:36&quot;&gt; interview you can find on YouTube where&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:42:39&quot;&gt; Steve says he says when I first went to Xerox&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:42:42&quot;&gt; I was so blinded by the user interface I couldn't see anything&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:42:45&quot;&gt; else I couldn't see object-oriented programming I&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:42:48&quot;&gt;see the networks he had to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:42:51&quot;&gt; wait until he did next years later when he ran into&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:42:54&quot;&gt;another contingent from the old Arbor Community&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:42:57&quot;&gt; to explain to them why you why you need&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:43:0&quot;&gt; those but we he didn't&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:43:3&quot;&gt; understand how the stuff and we couldn't tell&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:43:6&quot;&gt; him uh we were&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:43:9&quot;&gt; able to show him uh like one of the famous&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:43:12&quot;&gt; things that happened in the demo&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:43:15&quot;&gt; my my one of my favorite demo things and if I had had time&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:43:18&quot;&gt;because we recreated that system just for the shits&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:43:21&quot;&gt; of it so it actually runs the system that we showed&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:43:24&quot;&gt; him and um I occasionally will'll do&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:43:27&quot;&gt; it live in a talk um&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:43:30&quot;&gt; but Steve had two complaints while he was and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:43:33&quot;&gt; he was really watching he&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:43:36&quot;&gt; had his acolytes around him&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:43:39&quot;&gt; uh but Steve Steve was really paying&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:43:42&quot;&gt; attention to the thing and he&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:43:45&quot;&gt;said you know&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:43:48&quot;&gt; I don't like You' never seen a scroll bar before but he&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:43:51&quot;&gt; didn't like the fact that as you pulled it it&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:43:54&quot;&gt;went line by line he&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:43:57&quot;&gt; says can't that go be done&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:44:0&quot;&gt; continuously and Dan Engles who was giving the demo&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:44:3&quot;&gt; because small talk is live&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:44:6&quot;&gt; I mean live down to the operating systems so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:44:9&quot;&gt; Dan was able to do a couple of Clips&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:44:12&quot;&gt; here's where the slow scroll bar thing is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:44:15&quot;&gt; uh change a line of code&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:44:18&quot;&gt; quar a second later things are scrolling&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:44:21&quot;&gt; smoothly and later on&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:44:24&quot;&gt; uh when we were showing text&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:44:27&quot;&gt; selection um we liked&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:44:30&quot;&gt; we tried a lot of different ways of doing it but we' like the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:44:33&quot;&gt; complimenting the characters&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:44:36&quot;&gt; which is what basically is done&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:44:39&quot;&gt; today uh and Steve didn't like that he said&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:44:42&quot;&gt; can't you do an outline&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:44:45&quot;&gt; around the you know he's right because it's comp&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:44:48&quot;&gt;and white complimenting&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:44:51&quot;&gt; is a little bit too in your face&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:44:54&quot;&gt; face so he's right there&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:44:57&quot;&gt; and so my jaw was on the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:45:0&quot;&gt; floor because Dan Engles went in there&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:45:3&quot;&gt; that was not a trivial thing you know because if&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:45:6&quot;&gt; you think of the selection&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:45:9&quot;&gt; you have to find the actual boundary of the selection and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:45:12&quot;&gt; you have to uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:45:15&quot;&gt; treat it the right way and Dan went right to the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:45:18&quot;&gt; thing and basically what he did was to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:45:21&quot;&gt; just take the code that comp mented&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:45:24&quot;&gt; copy it and shift the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:45:27&quot;&gt; coordinates of the comp of the second&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:45:30&quot;&gt; complementation uh diagonally&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:45:33&quot;&gt; by two&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:45:36&quot;&gt; so you get to so what it would do in it before you could see it would do&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:45:39&quot;&gt;compliment then it would shift diagonally do another compliment&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:45:42&quot;&gt; and that would leave a a black line around the selection&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:45:45&quot;&gt; just what Steve asked for it's like one of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:45:48&quot;&gt; the greatest things I've ever seen done unprepared&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:45:51&quot;&gt; in a demo in a program progamming system in my&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:45:54&quot;&gt; life that was uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:45:57&quot;&gt; 1979 yeah so that was uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:46:0&quot;&gt;good and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:46:3&quot;&gt; uh uh Apple didn't steal&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:46:6&quot;&gt; you know Apple did do a great thing&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:46:9&quot;&gt; as the ba from the basis of that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:46:12&quot;&gt; stuff uh which was the Lisa&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:46:15&quot;&gt;done before the mac&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:46:18&quot;&gt; and the Lisa was done&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:46:21&quot;&gt; uh with Park people who are&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:46:24&quot;&gt; hired&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:46:27&quot;&gt; uh uh and with&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:46:30&quot;&gt; some very smart people who are at Apple like Bill&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:46:33&quot;&gt; ainson and the Lisa was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:46:36&quot;&gt; really nice it was the best thing you&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:46:39&quot;&gt; could possibly do for that day was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:46:42&quot;&gt; done on a 68,000&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:46:45&quot;&gt; microprocessor which meant an enormous amount&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:46:48&quot;&gt; of programming for to do the graphics that were so easy&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:46:51&quot;&gt; on the alto but they did it and it was really&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:46:54&quot;&gt; great and uh a system&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:46:57&quot;&gt; you would die for you could get&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:47:0&quot;&gt; for 10,000&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:47:3&quot;&gt; bucks and $10,000 happen to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:47:6&quot;&gt; be the average price of a car new car in the United&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:47:9&quot;&gt; States at that time um sorry to interrupt&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:47:12&quot;&gt; we're almost at the top of the second hour uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:47:15&quot;&gt; of the of the talk so almost at the end of the second hour of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:47:18&quot;&gt;the talk um so I just want to get a quick chance for people who have&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:47:21&quot;&gt; class um but first please Round of Applause for our&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:47:24&quot;&gt; speaker for the people who are&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:47:27&quot;&gt;left yeah&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:47:30&quot;&gt; so I&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:47:33&quot;&gt; love I I just expected&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:47:36&quot;&gt; uh that you would have you would give me&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:47:39&quot;&gt; one of your uh Barbed&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:47:45&quot;&gt;comments I love&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:47:48&quot;&gt;those&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:47:51&quot;&gt; okay thank you thank you than you one and all&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:47:54&quot;&gt; thank you for thank you thank&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:47:57&quot;&gt; you Alan thank you so much yeah but don't&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:48:0&quot;&gt; don't use your car while you're driving Glen&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:48:3&quot;&gt; well I had to meet Stella she's waiting for me&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:48:6&quot;&gt; and for an hour and now so sorry I had to step&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:48:9&quot;&gt; out that's good you listen to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:48:12&quot;&gt;Marvin&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:48:15&quot;&gt; of course happy wife happy&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:48:18&quot;&gt; life uh the number one&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:48:21&quot;&gt; that's rule zero&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:48:24&quot;&gt; not that's not even rule one that's rule&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:48:27&quot;&gt; zero you got it you got it&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:48:30&quot;&gt; thank you very much again Alan thank you thanks&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:48:33&quot;&gt; so much Allan&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:48:36&quot;&gt; thank you bye bye&lt;/subtitle&gt;</div>

Ezequiel http://tinlizzie.org/IA/index.php?title=Alan_Kay_talk_at_UCLA_CS_Connection_Lab&diff=3175 2025-03-10T15:31:57Z

<p>Ezequiel: Subtitles first pass up until 1:05:00</p> <hr /> <div><br /> {{#evt:<br /> service=youtubeIA<br /> |id=dZQ7x0-MZcI<br /> |alignment=left<br /> |autoresize=true<br /> }}<br /> <br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:0:7&quot;&gt;I'm here today with Alan Kay. We're at the UCLA&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:0:10&quot;&gt;Connection Lab with professor Kleinrock and the rest&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:0:13&quot;&gt;of our students here. We are very lucky to have Alan&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:0:16&quot;&gt;who is presenting on a broad range of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:0:19&quot;&gt;topics ranging from technology society and future research&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:0:22&quot;&gt;and I'll keep it short so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:0:25&quot;&gt;Alan needs no further introduction. I will let him begin right&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:0:28&quot;&gt;away. —Thank you so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:0:31&quot;&gt;much! Okay! Onward we&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:0:37&quot;&gt;go! So the way this started off is my&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:0:40&quot;&gt;long long friend&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:0:43&quot;&gt;Len Kleinrock sent me an email&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:0:46&quot;&gt;saying would I do a talk&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:0:49&quot;&gt;and…, I wasn't&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:0:52&quot;&gt;sure…&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:0:55&quot;&gt;[then it] says “about the view of the current…” yeah, basically&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:0:58&quot;&gt;about everything… “most rewarding&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:1:1&quot;&gt; work in my life”. I'm 84&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:1:4&quot;&gt; years old guys&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:1:7&quot;&gt; and “can I do it in just a few&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:1:10&quot;&gt; minutes?”, and of course I said okay&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:1:13&quot;&gt; and uh the wonderful&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:1:16&quot;&gt; Jason gathered&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:1:19&quot;&gt; up a bunch of questions and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:1:22&quot;&gt; I endeavored to look at all all of them&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:1:25&quot;&gt; and combine them in one way or another&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:1:28&quot;&gt;but&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:1:31&quot;&gt; the short an answers here&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:1:34&quot;&gt; are “is it&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:1:37&quot;&gt; still feasible today to do something like Xerox PARC?” and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:1:40&quot;&gt; the answer is yes. I don't know of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:1:43&quot;&gt; anything like Xerox PARC in the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:1:46&quot;&gt; computer realm of things.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:1:49&quot;&gt; They're all so goal&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:1:52&quot;&gt; oriented, but there's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:1:55&quot;&gt; a great Biology Institute funded by the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:1:58&quot;&gt;Hughes Foundation called Janelia Labs&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:2:1&quot;&gt; in near Washington DC, and there's the famous&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:2:4&quot;&gt; Max plank Institute, and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:2:7&quot;&gt;we'll see in a little bit why I don't&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:2:10&quot;&gt; consider there's a lot with&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:2:13&quot;&gt; the same kind of spirit as Xerox PARC.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:2:16&quot;&gt;As I'll say in a moment, it wasn't Xerox&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:2:19&quot;&gt; PARC. Xerox PARC was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:2:22&quot;&gt; part of the much larger&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:2:25&quot;&gt; ARPA research&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:2:28&quot;&gt;community; and considered, it was just funded by&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:2:31&quot;&gt; Xerox because the Department of Defense had quit&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:2:34&quot;&gt; funding ARPA the right way, and put the D on and changed&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:2:37&quot;&gt; everything. So we'll see about that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:2:40&quot;&gt; in a minute and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:2:43&quot;&gt; short answer [to]: “do I believe young people today&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:2:46&quot;&gt; have to solve a harder problem in requiring&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:2:49&quot;&gt; resources?”; and my answer is yes&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:2:52&quot;&gt; absolutely. It is much much harder&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:2:55&quot;&gt; as the businesses&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:2:58&quot;&gt; have moved in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:3:1&quot;&gt; which started really strongly in the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:3:4&quot;&gt;80s after the inventions of personal Computing&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:3:7&quot;&gt; and pervasive and local&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:3:10&quot;&gt; networking, there was something&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:3:13&quot;&gt; that could be…&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:3:16&quot;&gt; and the GUI which&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:3:19&quot;&gt; opened up the computer to the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:3:25&quot;&gt;rest…&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:3:28&quot;&gt; Sorry go ahead. I could hear people talking&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:3:31&quot;&gt; yeah um yes, so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:3:34&quot;&gt; it's much harder, much much harder&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:3:37&quot;&gt; and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:3:40&quot;&gt; there isn't time to really answer&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:3:43&quot;&gt; these completely separately,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:3:46&quot;&gt; so I sort of wove them together.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:3:49&quot;&gt; I&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:3:52&quot;&gt; like this one. This is a recent one: “What are some&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:3:55&quot;&gt; of the most tragic illusions that adults get stuck&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:4:1&quot;&gt;with?”. That is the most flattering thing I've&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:4:4&quot;&gt; heard in years because it assumes I'm not an adult,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:4:7&quot;&gt; which I'm not.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:4:10&quot;&gt; Number two was: “What did you guys being there at Xerox&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:4:13&quot;&gt; Park do for them?”&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:4:16&quot;&gt; and then there's this dot dot dot one&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:4:19&quot;&gt; which I did do a little prep on it but I&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:4:22&quot;&gt; left it to the end in case we run out of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:4:25&quot;&gt; time because in 84 years&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:4:28&quot;&gt; I've had a lot of aha moments, but&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:4:31&quot;&gt; let's start off with number&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:4:34&quot;&gt; one. This is part&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:4:37&quot;&gt; of the tragic Illusions&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:4:40&quot;&gt; what we're doing right now and what we do in most&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:4:43&quot;&gt; classrooms is to recapitulate&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:4:46&quot;&gt; something that happened 150,000 years ago&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:4:49&quot;&gt; which is a bunch of people gathering around a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:4:52&quot;&gt; campfire listening to somebody&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:4:55&quot;&gt;talk. And just&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:4:58&quot;&gt; think about it for a second how crazy&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:5:1&quot;&gt; is it for me to be doing what I'm doing now&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:5:4&quot;&gt; this is why I sent a couple of papers along to read.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:5:7&quot;&gt; It's crazy to orally discuss&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:5:10&quot;&gt; ideas and inventions that required reading and writing&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:5:13&quot;&gt;to invent and explain. The&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:5:16&quot;&gt; oral medium is not good for what&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:5:19&quot;&gt; the best of the stuff that we&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:5:22&quot;&gt;do; but&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:5:25&quot;&gt; we all have the same pink brains&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:5:28&quot;&gt; they love stories and so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:5:31&quot;&gt; what this guy wants is a story&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:5:34&quot;&gt; and what I'm trying to do is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:5:37&quot;&gt; to comply to tell stories about&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:5:40&quot;&gt; things that really aren't very good as&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:5:43&quot;&gt; stories and the problem was we're still basically&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:5:46&quot;&gt; the same species&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:5:49&quot;&gt; with the same pink brain that wants&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:5:52&quot;&gt;stories. And systems&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:5:55&quot;&gt; aren't stories. I'm basically a systems&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:5:58&quot;&gt;guy&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:6:1&quot;&gt; If we take a look at what happened going back a few&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:6:4&quot;&gt; hundred thousand years, human genetics&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:6:7&quot;&gt; yeah it has changed a little bit.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:6:10&quot;&gt; some of us got to be able to digest milk&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:6:13&quot;&gt; and so forth.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:6:16&quot;&gt; And human&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:6:19&quot;&gt; inventions gradually took&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:6:22&quot;&gt; off. And with modern&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:6:25&quot;&gt; theories about origins of languages,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:6:28&quot;&gt; a lot more of language seems to be an invention&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:6:31&quot;&gt; via culture than&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:6:34&quot;&gt; we thought in the past. And then we&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:6:37&quot;&gt; have this problem, which I hope you can see&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:6:40&quot;&gt; there because my little thing is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:6:43&quot;&gt; blocking.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:6:46&quot;&gt; Our Collective wisdom&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:6:49&quot;&gt; started being informed by our inventions&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:6:52&quot;&gt; but it grew at a much slower rate because the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:6:55&quot;&gt; inventions are various forms of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:6:58&quot;&gt; technology including symbolic technologies.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:7:4&quot;&gt;They turned out to be really easy once we got the hang of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:7:7&quot;&gt; it. And so we've got this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:7:10&quot;&gt; huge gap.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:7:13&quot;&gt; So we can turn the guy's spear into a Tomahawk&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:7:16&quot;&gt; missile. We can increase his power of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:7:19&quot;&gt; Destruction by a factor of a million.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:7:22&quot;&gt; And we could do something much much worse which is to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:7:25&quot;&gt; turn him into a bureaucrat&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:7:28&quot;&gt; and create bureaucracy.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:7:31&quot;&gt; And bureaucracy has killed millions&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:7:34&quot;&gt; and millions more people than the worst Atomic&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:7:37&quot;&gt; weapons. So&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:7:40&quot;&gt; this is a huge problem.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:7:43&quot;&gt; And education&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:7:46&quot;&gt;is supposed to do something about it. We'll talk about that a little bit&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:7:49&quot;&gt; later. But think about it, we&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:7:52&quot;&gt; just went through the inability of most&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:7:55&quot;&gt; of the population of the planet to not&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:7:58&quot;&gt; understand how viruses and diseases work&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:8:1&quot;&gt; that was botched almost&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:8:4&quot;&gt; everywhere. And for&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:8:7&quot;&gt; the last 60 plus years we've been&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:8:10&quot;&gt; ignoring something smaller than a virus, the CO₂ molecule,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:8:13&quot;&gt;which is gradually&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:8:16&quot;&gt; changing the entire planet that we live&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:8:19&quot;&gt; on. So if you're looking for&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:8:22&quot;&gt; human wisdom, it's not up to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:8:25&quot;&gt; the scaling of what we've been able to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:8:28&quot;&gt;invent.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:8:31&quot;&gt; Okay, so, Cliff Notes for Human Beings.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:8:34&quot;&gt; I'll do this quickly&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:8:37&quot;&gt;but… So, we're basically&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:8:40&quot;&gt; Hamlet.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:8:43&quot;&gt; Our minds are like theaters.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:8:46&quot;&gt; We're more theatrical than we think. We threate…,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:8:49&quot;&gt; We create…, treat our beliefs as reality.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:8:52&quot;&gt; That is the worst thing about human&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:8:58&quot;&gt;beings. And these theaters are tiny. We can&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:9:1&quot;&gt; only think of a few things that once it's hard for us&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:9:4&quot;&gt; to take in larger&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:9:7&quot;&gt; things. And if you look into biology&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:9:10&quot;&gt; we find out that most of our mind is not&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:9:13&quot;&gt; human. And we're more non-human&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:9:16&quot;&gt; than we assume. And we tend to react&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:9:19&quot;&gt; much more than actual thinking. Thinking actually had&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:9:22&quot;&gt; to be invented. We grow up in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:9:25&quot;&gt;we were born into.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:9:28&quot;&gt; and that shapes so much of who we are and also&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:9:31&quot;&gt; how we look at the world. Our conclusions&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:9:34&quot;&gt; tend to be societal. That's a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:9:37&quot;&gt; disaster. And we have&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:9:40&quot;&gt; not just one mind, and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:9:43&quot;&gt; really not just one brain. We maybe have&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:9:46&quot;&gt; about eighty&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:9:49&quot;&gt; different conglomerations of things that could be&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:9:52&quot;&gt; called brainlets.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:9:55&quot;&gt; We have a special set of ones&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:9:58&quot;&gt; shared with most animals which is learning&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:10:1&quot;&gt; by touching things. We learn&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:10:4&quot;&gt;seeing things. We have a completely different set of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:10:7&quot;&gt; knowledges from how things look.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:10:10&quot;&gt; And we have this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:10:13&quot;&gt; symbolic mechanism&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:10:16&quot;&gt; which is both our&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:10:19&quot;&gt; downfall and our&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:10:22&quot;&gt; Salvation. So we're much&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:10:25&quot;&gt; more fragmented. We only have one body&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:10:28&quot;&gt; but uh what we want&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:10:31&quot;&gt; actually conflicts&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:10:34&quot;&gt; internally. So this is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:10:37&quot;&gt; a whole area that's really&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:10:40&quot;&gt; worthwhile studying. Especially in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:10:43&quot;&gt; this age of computation and especially&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:10:46&quot;&gt; this area. I'll leave it at.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:10:49&quot;&gt; Now let's go to the the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:10:52&quot;&gt; second question is “what did we ever do&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:10:55&quot;&gt;for Xerox anyway?”&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:10:58&quot;&gt; well we'll talk a little bit later about where Xerox&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:11:1&quot;&gt; PARC came from but here are some of the things that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:11:7&quot;&gt;we did. The first&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:11:10&quot;&gt; thing like a modern personal&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:11:13&quot;&gt; computer. The&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:11:16&quot;&gt; GUI with icons and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:11:19&quot;&gt;pointing.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:11:22&quot;&gt; Basically a way of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:11:25&quot;&gt; dealing with symmetrical&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:11:28&quot;&gt; reading and writing. That was also [called] What You See&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:11:34&quot;&gt;is What You Get. What we have to call real OOP today,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:11:37&quot;&gt; that we only called OOP back then. But it was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:11:40&quot;&gt; different than what is called OOP&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:11:43&quot;&gt; today. And we did the laser&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:11:46&quot;&gt; printer which just for the engineers in the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:11:49&quot;&gt; crowd, the very first laser printer was a page&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:11:52&quot;&gt; a second, which most people have never&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:11:55&quot;&gt; experienced today, at 500 pixels&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:11:58&quot;&gt; to the inch. That is a great&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:12:1&quot;&gt; story all by itself. How Gary Starkweather&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:12:4&quot;&gt; did that.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:12:7&quot;&gt; The outline fonts and postcript, the Ethernet.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:12:10&quot;&gt; Peer [to] peer, and client/server, and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:12:13&quot;&gt; about half the internet.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:12:16&quot;&gt;PARC had its own internet which is called the PARC&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:12:19&quot;&gt; Universal packets.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:12:22&quot;&gt; It was spread all over the country and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:12:25&quot;&gt; about, I don't know,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:12:28&quot;&gt; half the general meetings&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:12:31&quot;&gt; that were held at UCLA especially,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:12:34&quot;&gt; were done by PARC people. Some of whom&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:12:37&quot;&gt;had already done some of the things [… working at…]&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:12:40&quot;&gt; The thing is that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:12:43&quot;&gt; all of these things came out of a particular&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:12:46&quot;&gt; community. So we locked the claim we&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:12:49&quot;&gt; had eight and a half visible inventions. And&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:12:52&quot;&gt; of course what's interesting about all of this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:12:55&quot;&gt; is all the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:12:58&quot;&gt;technology that had to be invented that was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:13:1&quot;&gt; invisible. And according to Butler&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:13:4&quot;&gt; Lampson, this was done&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:13:7&quot;&gt; with about 25 researchers over about five&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:13:10&quot;&gt; years. These particular ones I'm showing&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:13:13&quot;&gt; here. And PARC&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:13:16&quot;&gt; itself, existed in the form it was for&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:13:19&quot;&gt; about 10 years. So in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:13:22&quot;&gt; total today's dollars&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:13:25&quot;&gt; here is like, I don't know 15&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:13:28&quot;&gt; years ago or so, when I made the slide&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:13:31&quot;&gt; so it was in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:13:34&quot;&gt; dollars of 15 years ago, it was about 10&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:13:37&quot;&gt; million dollars a year, or about 100&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:13:40&quot;&gt; million to 120 million for the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:13:43&quot;&gt; for the 10 years. And PARC had four Labs&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:13:46&quot;&gt; so there was System Science, Computer Science,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:13:49&quot;&gt; Optical science and Physical science.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:13:52&quot;&gt; So this is the total budget of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:13:55&quot;&gt; Park. And when I&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:13:58&quot;&gt; first did this slide of, 15&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:14:1&quot;&gt; years years ago or so, the return was about $35&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:14:4&quot;&gt; trillion dollars to the world. Now&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:14:7&quot;&gt; I think it's up past 50 trillion&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:14:10&quot;&gt; or so and, to get back to the question&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:14:13&quot;&gt; is uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:14:16&quot;&gt; oh and this is an important idea, that the thing that confused&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:14:19&quot;&gt; people and Confused Xerox was, if you can&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:14:22&quot;&gt;these eight and a half inventions you see in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:14:25&quot;&gt; in Industry, it is the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:14:28&quot;&gt; basis of one of the main&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:14:31&quot;&gt; large Industries that we have&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:14:34&quot;&gt;today.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:14:37&quot;&gt; Now what about return to PARC. Well, PARC&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:14:40&quot;&gt; missed, I mean Xerox missed most of these.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:14:43&quot;&gt; But it doesn't matter because the return&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:14:46&quot;&gt; on the laser printer all by itself&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:14:49&quot;&gt; was about a factor of 200&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:14:52&quot;&gt; on the entire investment for park over the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:14:55&quot;&gt;entire 10 years. So&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:14:58&quot;&gt; Xerox made billions and billions just&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:15:1&quot;&gt; from this one thing. They missed the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:15:4&quot;&gt; trillions but&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:15:7&quot;&gt; if you look at it from a positive direction,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:15:10&quot;&gt; thank goodness they were willing to fund&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:15:13&quot;&gt; people that no business person in their right mind would&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:15:16&quot;&gt; fund. So we got what we&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:15:19&quot;&gt;got. Now,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:15:22&quot;&gt; the real story here is that back in the 40s&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:15:25&quot;&gt; the Cold War started with the Russian A&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:15:28&quot;&gt; bomb, after World War II, and that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:15:31&quot;&gt; gave rise to a bunch&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:15:34&quot;&gt; of DOD funding, which included Whirlwind&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:15:37&quot;&gt; which we'll talk about in a minute, the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:15:40&quot;&gt; SAGE air defense system.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:15:43&quot;&gt; We'll talk about in a minute, and then in 57 Sputnik&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:15:46&quot;&gt; came along and that created ARPA.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:15:49&quot;&gt; We'll talk about that in a minute. And here are some&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:15:52&quot;&gt;the things that ARPA did&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:15:55&quot;&gt; up to the time when the Vietnam War and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:15:58&quot;&gt; Congress decided to kill ARPA funding&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:16:1&quot;&gt; for public domain&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:16:4&quot;&gt; Computing. You can look at these yourself.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:16:7&quot;&gt; Things like personal Computing,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:16:10&quot;&gt; computer Graphics,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:16:13&quot;&gt; packet switching. That handsome guy in the patch packing&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:16:16&quot;&gt; switching thing on the the right is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:16:19&quot;&gt; none other than Len&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:16:22&quot;&gt;Kleinrock. Looking very confident as we all were&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:16:25&quot;&gt; back then. That led to the ARPANET,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:16:28&quot;&gt; and that led to the Internet,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:16:31&quot;&gt; and… The first tablet that was areally&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:16:34&quot;&gt; good one, that was done back in 1964, and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:16:37&quot;&gt; then there was the Engelbart system and so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:16:40&quot;&gt; forth. So PARC was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:16:43&quot;&gt; actually set up&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:16:46&quot;&gt; because one of the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:16:49&quot;&gt; Deputy directors of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:16:52&quot;&gt; ARPA&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:16:55&quot;&gt; IPTO feared that this work was not&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:16:58&quot;&gt; going to be continued to some kind of fruition.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:17:1&quot;&gt;So he started looking around and it happened that Xerox&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:17:4&quot;&gt; was looking around for a long range research&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:17:7&quot;&gt; lab, and they got together and the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:17:10&quot;&gt; the lab was put as far away from corporate&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:17:13&quot;&gt; headquarters as possible.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:17:16&quot;&gt; Next to a university so it's either going to be Berkeley&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:17:19&quot;&gt; or Stanford. They put it next to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:17:22&quot;&gt; Stanford.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:17:25&quot;&gt; Park completely thought of itself as&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:17:28&quot;&gt; being part of the ARPA Community. Almost every computer&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:17:31&quot;&gt; researcher there had been a graduate&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:17:34&quot;&gt; student at and had their degrees&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:17:37&quot;&gt; paid for by ARPA and so forth. So I never&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:17:40&quot;&gt; talk about PARC without bringing in this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:17:43&quot;&gt;larger context. And in fact&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:17:46&quot;&gt; it the larger context was the reason that PARC&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:17:49&quot;&gt; was able to do so many things&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:17:52&quot;&gt; with so few researchers. There was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:17:55&quot;&gt; all of this prior art available&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:17:58&quot;&gt; in the research community, and the research&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:18:1&quot;&gt; community also taught the grad students how to work&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:18:4&quot;&gt; together. I'll talk about that in a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:18:7&quot;&gt;minute.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:18:10&quot;&gt; Okay here's feedback from&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:18:13&quot;&gt;world pushback. Look at some&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:18:16&quot;&gt;of these numbers&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:18:19&quot;&gt; are dismally low. Like here are the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:18:22&quot;&gt;heartbreakers. On the other hand 100%&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:18:25&quot;&gt; of the internet, 100% of the Ethernet,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:18:28&quot;&gt; 100% of the laser printer, outline&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:18:31&quot;&gt; fonts. Peer-peer and all that stuff were accepted&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:18:34&quot;&gt; and this is in large part because there weren't&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:18:37&quot;&gt; good solutions already out&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:18:40&quot;&gt;there. The&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:18:43&quot;&gt; 50% on the pop modern personal computer&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:18:46&quot;&gt; is because the people who adapted&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:18:49&quot;&gt; this to the commercial World&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:18:52&quot;&gt; basically adapted it&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:18:55&quot;&gt; in its appearances. They didn't&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:18:58&quot;&gt;look any deeper.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:19:1&quot;&gt; Most of the hackers in the 80s thought they knew&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:19:4&quot;&gt; how to program so their interest in doing&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:19:7&quot;&gt; really new ways of programming was very low. So the least accepted&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:19:10&quot;&gt; thing was the way we did successful&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:19:13&quot;&gt; software at PARC.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:19:16&quot;&gt; Some of the deepest&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:19:19&quot;&gt; ideas uh that our field has ever come up with&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:19:22&quot;&gt; were done by Engelbart and his group&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:19:25&quot;&gt; and almost none of those have even&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:19:28&quot;&gt; be understood. And you know if I were there and person,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:19:31&quot;&gt; what I always do is ask students&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:19:34&quot;&gt; what Engelbart did, and they usually can't tell me.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:19:37&quot;&gt; And it's hard to find a student…&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:19:40&quot;&gt; In fact let's do it right now, just for the hell&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:19:43&quot;&gt; of it. Okay students&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:19:46&quot;&gt; can you hear me? Raise your&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:19:49&quot;&gt;hand?&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:19:52&quot;&gt;Okay. Let's see,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:19:55&quot;&gt; what do I want here?…&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:19:58&quot;&gt; Yes; so… Students&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:20:1&quot;&gt; please tell me anybody who's T&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:20:4&quot;&gt; typed “E N G E L B A&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:20:7&quot;&gt; R T” into Google.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:20:10&quot;&gt; Raise your&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:20:13&quot;&gt;hand.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:20:16&quot;&gt; [TA's answers]– I think one hand is Professor Kleinrock. [Alan Kay] Well&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:20:19&quot;&gt; of course. Okay so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:20:22&quot;&gt; this is basically being in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:20:25&quot;&gt; in physics, being&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:20:28&quot;&gt; a physics major, and not being curious about&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:20:34&quot;&gt;Newton. So this is not an&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:20:40&quot;&gt;exaggeration. Think about it.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:20:43&quot;&gt;And you know if you want some bitching from an old&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:20:46&quot;&gt; fart, a lot of us back in the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:20:49&quot;&gt; old days put out a lot of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:20:52&quot;&gt; effort, including Len in the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:20:55&quot;&gt; room, to get you guys personal&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:20:58&quot;&gt; computers, which you have with you.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:21:1&quot;&gt; And to get you guys networks that can connect&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:21:4&quot;&gt; to things, and to get you so you can be&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:21:7&quot;&gt; just a few characters and a mouse push&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:21:10&quot;&gt; away from satisfying your curiosity&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:21:13&quot;&gt; about the heroes of your own profession.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:21:16&quot;&gt; Think about that and none of you have done&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:21:19&quot;&gt; that. What do you think about&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:21:25&quot;&gt;that? Okay&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:21:28&quot;&gt; so let's now go quickly back again.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:21:31&quot;&gt; Russian A-bomb…&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:21:40&quot;&gt;Here's Whirlwind. So&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:21:43&quot;&gt; this is just a few racks of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:21:46&quot;&gt; Whirlwind. At MIT. Was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:21:49&quot;&gt; actually just a 16bit&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:21:52&quot;&gt; bit parallel real-time mini computer&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:21:55&quot;&gt; but took this amount of space. Had about 5,000 vacuum&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:21:58&quot;&gt; tubes. And the memory&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:22:1&quot;&gt; devices back around 1950&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:22:4&quot;&gt; were so bad for storage,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:22:7&quot;&gt; for RAM that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:22:10&quot;&gt; it forced uh one of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:22:13&quot;&gt; the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:22:16&quot;&gt; the guy in the middle there&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:22:19&quot;&gt; Jay Forrester to invent core memory&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:22:22&quot;&gt; which was the technology that let computers&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:22:25&quot;&gt; uh go commercial for the first&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:22:28&quot;&gt; time. And the guy to his&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:22:31&quot;&gt; uh let's see, to his left the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:22:34&quot;&gt; guy who's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:22:37&quot;&gt; standing behind them in the middle of the picture&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:22:40&quot;&gt; there Jay&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:22:43&quot;&gt; Everett&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:22:58&quot;&gt;Whoops! Oh now it's not letting me…&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:23:1&quot;&gt;I hate Zoom&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:23:7&quot;&gt;okay&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:23:10&quot;&gt; Sorry&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:23:13&quot;&gt; Also with this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:23:16&quot;&gt; was uh one of the earliest displays&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:23:19&quot;&gt; and Everett had&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:23:22&quot;&gt; had&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:23:28&quot;&gt;actually…&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:23:37&quot;&gt;sorry. Everett had&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:23:40&quot;&gt; actually invented a way to point at the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:23:43&quot;&gt; screen, and this is the as far as&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:23:46&quot;&gt;the first time there was computer&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:23:49&quot;&gt; graphics with a pointing&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:23:52&quot;&gt; device. And they did this because&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:23:55&quot;&gt; the Cold War changed their original&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:23:58&quot;&gt; theory about what they were doing which was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:24:1&quot;&gt; to make flight simulators&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:24:4&quot;&gt; and they were starting to lose their funding for&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:24:7&quot;&gt; that but the atomic bomb&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:24:10&quot;&gt; of the Russians got the military&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:24:13&quot;&gt; interested in whether you could hook a computer&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:24:16&quot;&gt; up to radar and track it. And they were&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:24:19&quot;&gt; the first to do this and that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:24:22&quot;&gt;hey built back then morphed its way into the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:24:25&quot;&gt; worldwide airplane&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:24:28&quot;&gt; tracking system that we use today.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:24:31&quot;&gt; Then the second phase of Whirlwind&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:24:34&quot;&gt; was to go&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:24:37&quot;&gt; all out and see if we could&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:24:40&quot;&gt; track Russian bombers&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:24:43&quot;&gt; before they could get to us.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:24:46&quot;&gt; And so they built these monstrous&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:24:49&quot;&gt; block houses out of concrete.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:24:52&quot;&gt; This is about the size they&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:24:55&quot;&gt; were. Bottom floor there is just the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:24:58&quot;&gt;power supply. The second second floor here&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;note for=&quot;0:25:1&quot;&gt;<br /> The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AN/FSQ-7_Combat_Direction_Central AN/FSQ-7 Combat Direction Central], referred to as the Q7 for short, was a computerized air defence command and control system.&lt;/note&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:25:1&quot;&gt; are two really big Q7&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:25:4&quot;&gt; computers with maybe 55,000&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:25:7&quot;&gt; vacuum tubes hanged&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:25:10&quot;&gt; together, uh they're really something&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:25:13&quot;&gt;to walk around in.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:25:16&quot;&gt; Here's a block house. So&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:25:19&quot;&gt; 24 of these were built in the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:25:22&quot;&gt;US. Then up on the top&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:25:25&quot;&gt; floor were 100 to about&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:25:28&quot;&gt; 150 graphic terminals&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:25:31&quot;&gt; with pointing devices for dealing with various&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:25:34&quot;&gt;of information; and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:25:37&quot;&gt; here's what one row of them look&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:25:40&quot;&gt;like. So there are zillions&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:25:43&quot;&gt; of them, and this is about maybe 1956&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:25:46&quot;&gt; 57 now.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:25:52&quot;&gt; And… they had a network! Wasn't&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:25:55&quot;&gt; a great Network. It wasn't a packet switching&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:25:58&quot;&gt; network but they' gotten used to the idea&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:26:1&quot;&gt; that if you're going to build computers and have people&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:26:4&quot;&gt;work together you better have a network and some&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:26:7&quot;&gt; way of doing that. So this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:26:10&quot;&gt; crowning glory was just coming to fruition&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:26:13&quot;&gt; when the Russians decided, oh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:26:16&quot;&gt; well let's just shoot some&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:26:19&quot;&gt;Rockets to show The Americans that we don't need to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;note for=&quot;0:26:22&quot;&gt;<br /> Intercontinental ballistic missile[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercontinental_ballistic_missile].&lt;/note&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:26:22&quot;&gt; deliver bombs by a bomber. We can&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:26:25&quot;&gt; make ICBMs.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:26:28&quot;&gt; So this shocked the nation and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:26:31&quot;&gt; Congress and they set up ARPA:&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:26:34&quot;&gt; Advanced Research Projects Agency.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:26:37&quot;&gt; The director uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:26:40&quot;&gt; in the early 60s was Jack&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:26:42&quot;&gt; Ruina, and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:26:45&quot;&gt; he decided to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:26:48&quot;&gt; uh, give this guy uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:26:51&quot;&gt; Jacob Licklider known as Lick,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:26:54&quot;&gt; some leftover money they had which&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:26:57&quot;&gt;by DoD standards wasn't a lot but by computer computer&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:27:0&quot;&gt; standards it was millions.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:27:3&quot;&gt; And they they gave it to him because they liked him, and you'll&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:27:6&quot;&gt; you'll get an idea about this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:27:9&quot;&gt; soon. So here are the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:27:12&quot;&gt; 1960s directors of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:27:15&quot;&gt; ARPA. Not a military person among them these were all&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:27:18&quot;&gt; PhD&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:27:21&quot;&gt;scientists. And the four ARPA&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:27:24&quot;&gt; computer research directors were all&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:27:27&quot;&gt; scientists. And this is because&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:27:30&quot;&gt; the powers that set this up&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:27:33&quot;&gt; realized that having something like the military&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:27:36&quot;&gt; and something like congress,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:27:39&quot;&gt; with a dire threat&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:27:42&quot;&gt;that they were trying to deal with, would just botch things up.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:27:45&quot;&gt; Still true today.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:27:48&quot;&gt; So… but&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:27:51&quot;&gt; of course Congress ultimately control&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:27:54&quot;&gt; the budget, but they didn't have&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:27:57&quot;&gt; much power because the Americans were&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:28:0&quot;&gt; frightened of the Russians&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:28:3&quot;&gt; and, so they weren't&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:28:6&quot;&gt; going to curtail military spending.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:28:9&quot;&gt; But people in Congress would say&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:28:12&quot;&gt; these words that everybody has heard still today:&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:28:15&quot;&gt; “How is this relevant? Tell me why this work that you're doing is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:28:18&quot;&gt; relevant to the Department of Defense”, and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:28:21&quot;&gt; they would get push back from these&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:28:24&quot;&gt; scientist. Jack would say “That's not the right&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:28:27&quot;&gt; question to ask”. Bob Sproull Sr. would say the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:28:30&quot;&gt; right question to ask is “How is this going to help the United&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:28:33&quot;&gt; States, or this technology, or our society or our&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:28:36&quot;&gt; culture generally?”. Holy shit!&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:28:39&quot;&gt; Bob Taylor's remark&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:28:42&quot;&gt; was “They would stand up to these guys,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:28:45&quot;&gt; and in a polite civilized way attack their&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:28:48&quot;&gt; myopia because these ARPA directors were scientific&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:28:51&quot;&gt; statesmen”.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:28:54&quot;&gt; And Bob reflects we've had too few of those people&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:28:57&quot;&gt; in the job since then.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:29:0&quot;&gt;And around 1966&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:29:3&quot;&gt; Charlie Herzfield asked Bob “What&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:29:6&quot;&gt; what do you want?”. And Bob said “This network&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:29:9&quot;&gt; is what I want to do and here's why”.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:29:12&quot;&gt; And Charlie said&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:29:15&quot;&gt; “Okay”. And, Bob's recollection, that was a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:29:18&quot;&gt;15 minute conversation.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:29:21&quot;&gt; Charlie asked “How much money do you need?”, and Bob said “well a million&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:29:24&quot;&gt; dollars”. it's like seven or eight billion seven or eight&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:29:27&quot;&gt; million dollars today, just to get it organized.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:29:30&quot;&gt; And Herzfeld said&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:29:33&quot;&gt; “okay” and Bob's recollection was that there was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:29:36&quot;&gt; no actual ARPA paperwork order written or anything&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:29:39&quot;&gt; for months maybe even a year.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:29:42&quot;&gt; These people all trusted each other and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:29:45&quot;&gt; did a lot of things very quickly this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:29:48&quot;&gt; way. Now a key idea here if you can see&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:29:51&quot;&gt; him, is that Bob&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:29:54&quot;&gt; Taylor uh after&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:29:57&quot;&gt; ARPA went on to be the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:30:0&quot;&gt; founder uh of the computer science&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:30:3&quot;&gt; research at Xerox PARC. So he was the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:30:6&quot;&gt; connection as, of course, the computer science&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:30:9&quot;&gt; research PARC…, at PARC, was set up like&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:30:12&quot;&gt; the computer science research of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:30:15&quot;&gt; ARPA. And so when we look at&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:30:18&quot;&gt; this, we want to see:&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:30:21&quot;&gt; What, what did these people, way back then,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:30:24&quot;&gt; think about this? We have all&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:30:27&quot;&gt; these questions that we can't answer all of them today.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:30:30&quot;&gt; We can look at the first couple there. And we can get a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:30:33&quot;&gt; couple of samples of what they were saying.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:30:36&quot;&gt; so Vannevar&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:30:39&quot;&gt; Bush, uh pronounced the way&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:30:42&quot;&gt; Beaver is pronounced in New England: “beava”&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:30:45&quot;&gt; “Vanneeva”. Bush, who is president&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:30:48&quot;&gt; Roosevelt science advisor, said&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:30:51&quot;&gt; in the 40s holy new forms of encyclopedias&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:30:54&quot;&gt; will appear. Ready-made with a mesh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:30:57&quot;&gt; of associative trails running through them, ready to be&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:31:0&quot;&gt; dropped into the Memex, and there amplified”. So&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:31:3&quot;&gt; that got a lot of people&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:31:6&quot;&gt;thinking. Licklider said in a few years&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:31:9&quot;&gt;the combination of humans and computers will think as no&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:31:12&quot;&gt; humans have ever thought&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:31:15&quot;&gt; before. John McCarthy looked at&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:31:18&quot;&gt; the SAGE system and said every home will have one&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:31:21&quot;&gt;and with an intelligent interface. Because&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:31:24&quot;&gt; he thought… way…, McCarthy thought about it is: Well this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:31:27&quot;&gt; is just like, uh getting gas and water,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:31:30&quot;&gt; and electric power, and so forth into a house.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:31:33&quot;&gt; It's a utility so every house&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:31:36&quot;&gt; will have a uh a terminal connected to a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:31:39&quot;&gt; worldwide utility. That was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:31:42&quot;&gt; 1958. That affected the work at MIT&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:31:45&quot;&gt; by uh Corby: Fernando&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:31:48&quot;&gt; Corbató. Ivan Sutherland,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:31:51&quot;&gt; the inventor of computer graphics said “A graphic input&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:31:54&quot;&gt; coupled to some kind of computation which&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:31:57&quot;&gt; is in turn coupled to a graphical output is a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:32:0&quot;&gt; truly powerful tool for education and design”.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:32:3&quot;&gt;And Engelbart here said “We can boost Mankind's capability&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:32:6&quot;&gt; for coping with complex urgent problems&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:32:9&quot;&gt; by augmenting the collective IQ&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:32:12&quot;&gt; of groups”. Not just augmenting people&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:32:15&quot;&gt; but augmenting&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:32:18&quot;&gt;groups.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:32:21&quot;&gt; And I'm going to more concentrate more&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:32:24&quot;&gt; on these two, but we'll get a look at a bit.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:32:27&quot;&gt; Okay, so what what with these guys&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:32:30&quot;&gt; [were] looking for as far as people. Lick was just&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:32:33&quot;&gt; looking for the best people, Ivan was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:32:36&quot;&gt; looking for people uh who could “choose their own problems and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:32:39&quot;&gt; methods”, Taylor &lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:32:42&quot;&gt; thought his job was to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:32:45&quot;&gt; fix up the social environment “so that when the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:32:48&quot;&gt; lone Wolves scientists need to cooperate&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:32:51&quot;&gt; they will”. And&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:32:54&quot;&gt; Larry uh said,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:32:57&quot;&gt; everybody understood the game&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:33:0&quot;&gt; here which was ARPA&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:33:3&quot;&gt; IPTO was allowed to help the country as long as it was helping&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:33:6&quot;&gt; the military. And so what&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:33:9&quot;&gt; kind of people were they looking for?<br /> &lt;note for=&quot;0:33:12&quot;&gt;<br /> An extract of the full [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m_MaJDK3VNE EDS, an HP Company 'Cat Herders' commercial].<br /> &lt;/note&gt;<br /> —This man right here is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:33:12&quot;&gt;my great-grandfather. He's the first cat herder in our&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:33:18&quot;&gt;family. —Don't let anybody tell you it's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:33:21&quot;&gt; easy. —Anybody can herd cattle&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:33:24&quot;&gt; holding together 10000 half wild short hairs&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:33:27&quot;&gt; that's another thing all together&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:33:30&quot;&gt;Well, you get you get the idea&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:33:33&quot;&gt; and so the real question here is what if only cats can do this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:33:36&quot;&gt; stuff and adults don't&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:33:39&quot;&gt; get it. Adults are into command and control&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:33:42&quot;&gt; and command and control doesn't work with cats.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:33:45&quot;&gt; I have a jar filled with all the names of the toys we have&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:33:48&quot;&gt; sitting right next to us, and we're going to take the jar one by&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:33:51&quot;&gt; one open up these toys. —All right. —Would you like to go first&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:33:54&quot;&gt; picking something from the jar? —Yes. —All right.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:33:57&quot;&gt; A mouse on a spring… I like this one.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:34:0&quot;&gt;All right.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:34:3&quot;&gt; It's inside this box right here.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:34:6&quot;&gt;There's this little mouse on a spring. It goes up and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:34:9&quot;&gt; down, and cats are going to try to catch it. —All righty. —Our cats&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:34:12&quot;&gt;like having mouses but they keep on tearing them apart, cos&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:34:15&quot;&gt; they're kind of vicious so, we've got another one&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:34:18&quot;&gt; Okay. And this is the toy&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:34:24&quot;&gt;mouse. What is this?&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:34:27&quot;&gt; What is this mysterious&lt;/ subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:34:33&quot;&gt;George?! —I think you get&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:34:36&quot;&gt; it. Gotta have some feel for what cats&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:34:39&quot;&gt; want. So&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:34:42&quot;&gt; lick pointed out right at&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:34:45&quot;&gt; the beginning that great visions are not the same as&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:34:48&quot;&gt; goals but they are the ultimate cat&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:34:51&quot;&gt;toy. So&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:34:54&quot;&gt; he stuck to this vision which is not&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:34:57&quot;&gt; phrased as a goal he said: “computers are destined&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:35:0&quot;&gt; to become interactive intellectual&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:35:3&quot;&gt; amplifiers for everyone universally networked&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:35:6&quot;&gt; worldwide”. He did not know&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:35:9&quot;&gt; what this meant and in fact he was a psychologist&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:35:12&quot;&gt; not a what we call a card carrying&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:35:15&quot;&gt; engineer. But he&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:35:18&quot;&gt; understood a lot.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:35:21&quot;&gt; That if you hide… If you take this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:35:24&quot;&gt; vision and stick it behind the mountain&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:35:27&quot;&gt; range, it sends out a magnetic field which is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:35:30&quot;&gt; Marvin Minsky like to point out: “If you don't&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:35:33&quot;&gt; know what to do, get lots of people to do lots of things!”&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:35:36&quot;&gt; That's what Lick was doing.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:35:39&quot;&gt; And so the number one principle here of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:35:42&quot;&gt; doing anything like this where you are going to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:35:45&quot;&gt; get… have the possibility of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:35:48&quot;&gt; really large new things is: The goodness&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:35:51&quot;&gt; of the results correlates most strongly with the goodness of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:35:54&quot;&gt; the funders. That is my&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:35:57&quot;&gt; reflection uh, from the past&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:36:0&quot;&gt; because every era has really&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:36:3&quot;&gt; smart people. I've never&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:36:6&quot;&gt; been in an era that didn't have people as smart as the people I&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:36:9&quot;&gt; worked with back then, but the funders&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:36:12&quot;&gt; have… were wonderful in the 60s&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:36:15&quot;&gt; and uh 70s and they've been&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:36:18&quot;&gt; uh… ever more terrible ever&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:36:21&quot;&gt;since.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:36:24&quot;&gt; And so two of the main things that came&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:36:27&quot;&gt; out of this was human humans and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:36:30&quot;&gt; computers working together as an idea and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:36:33&quot;&gt; then this larger idea of augmenting human intellect&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:36:36&quot;&gt; in general. So I'll just go through these quickly&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:36:39&quot;&gt;There is a million of them. They're in one of the papers I handed&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:36:42&quot;&gt; out. But basically, go against&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:36:45&quot;&gt; conventional wisdom. Do visions&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:36:48&quot;&gt; not goals. Let&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:36:51&quot;&gt; somebody else do the goals. Fund problem finding,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:36:54&quot;&gt; not just problem solving. This is a key&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:36:57&quot;&gt; one because a problem&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:37:0&quot;&gt; is often too rooted in the uh… context&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:37:3&quot;&gt;of the present.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:37:6&quot;&gt; And so, if you're just doing that which is kind of what's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:37:9&quot;&gt; going on, this is what NSF likes to fund.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:37:12&quot;&gt; Problems that peer reviewers can understand in the present&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:37:15&quot;&gt; and most most of them uh don't make&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:37:18&quot;&gt; big contributions.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:37:21&quot;&gt; Problem finding on the other hand, is difficult for&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:37:24&quot;&gt; everybody, but it gives you a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:37:27&quot;&gt; chance. Fund people not&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:37:30&quot;&gt; projects. So in other words, don't&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:37:33&quot;&gt; even worry, you know if you've got some crazy guy who's really&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:37:36&quot;&gt; good, or girl, who's really good,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:37:39&quot;&gt; don't worry about what they want to do.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:37:42&quot;&gt; Give them some money and see what happens.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:37:45&quot;&gt; Uh corollary: “Fund the very best people”.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:37:48&quot;&gt; I don't think that's being done&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:37:51&quot;&gt; today. And, an important part of the research&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:37:54&quot;&gt; results are new and better researchers.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:37:57&quot;&gt; And in in a sense&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:38:0&quot;&gt; NSF is paying for some of this,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:38:3&quot;&gt; but I don't think a lot of research is being done. I think&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:38:6&quot;&gt; it's mostly engineering. So what I think is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:38:9&quot;&gt; NSF is paying for are, new and better&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:38:12&quot;&gt; uh uh… practical&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:38:15&quot;&gt;engineers. And what we need is new and better&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:38:18&quot;&gt; researchers. Really advance something very important.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:38:21&quot;&gt; Well that's controversial because it probably&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:38:24&quot;&gt; uh is something&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:38:27&quot;&gt; new. And here's a key one: Design&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:38:30&quot;&gt;build in the future and bring back to the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:38:33&quot;&gt; present. And one that costs a lot of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:38:36&quot;&gt; money was: Make enough of the inventions&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:38:39&quot;&gt; and in a practical enough manner so that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:38:42&quot;&gt; many people can use them. In other words live&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:38:45&quot;&gt; in your own uh your own mess that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:38:48&quot;&gt;you've made. Then: Milestones&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:38:51&quot;&gt; not deadlines.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:38:54&quot;&gt;That's a tough one.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:38:57&quot;&gt; Okay so,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:0&quot;&gt; here are five things that —of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:3&quot;&gt; many things— that people&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:6&quot;&gt; in the individual stars there are&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:9&quot;&gt; people get interested in aesthetics,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:12&quot;&gt; or they prefer to tinker. They prefer to do&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:15&quot;&gt; engineering. But the problem is the sweet&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:18&quot;&gt; spot in the center.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:21&quot;&gt; Is something we have to get to because as Marvin says&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:22&quot;&gt; “You don't understand&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:24&quot;&gt; something if you only understand it one way”.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:27&quot;&gt; This is a key phrase for the 20&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:30&quot;&gt; 20th and 21st centuries&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:33&quot;&gt; and so —no matter what&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:36&quot;&gt; your favorite one of these is— you have to get fluent&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:39&quot;&gt; in all of them. And this is a not&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:42&quot;&gt;the way universities are set up. Not the way companies&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:45&quot;&gt; are set up. But you got to do it&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:48&quot;&gt; The best people I know all are in the center&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:51&quot;&gt; here. And then there's a question about…&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:54&quot;&gt; regarding computing is, is: Could there actually&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:57&quot;&gt; be a science of computing? They&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:40:0&quot;&gt; are artificial objects after all.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:40:3&quot;&gt; We're not looking at molecules so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:40:6&quot;&gt; forth, we're looking at constructed&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:40:9&quot;&gt; things. And what does that mean as a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:40:12&quot;&gt;science?&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:40:15&quot;&gt; So go back into the 50s&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:40:18&quot;&gt; again we've got&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:40:21&quot;&gt; phenomena. We can see these artifacts. They've got&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:40:24&quot;&gt; wires, and vacuum tubes, and we can program them.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:40:27&quot;&gt; and we can make a higher-level language for them like Fortran.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:40:30&quot;&gt; And so forth. And that isn't really&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:40:33&quot;&gt; science. What is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:40:36&quot;&gt;science. Well, I've&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:40:39&quot;&gt; got this cryptic phrase here: “Scientists try to ‘find&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:40:42&quot;&gt; fireflies’ and ‘make&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:40:45&quot;&gt;t-shirts’”. What does that mean?&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:40:48&quot;&gt; It means that behind the stuff&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:40:51&quot;&gt; that distracts us,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:40:54&quot;&gt; there are hidden,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:40:57&quot;&gt; deeper properties. The properties&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:41:0&quot;&gt; might not even be in there explicitly but they're&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:41:3&quot;&gt; there. What scientists do&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:41:6&quot;&gt; is good what I call good&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:41:9&quot;&gt; wooo-wooo. Which is,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:41:12&quot;&gt; they let their brain relax to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:41:15&quot;&gt;point where they can start thinking beneath the surface of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:41:18&quot;&gt; things. And here's one of the first computer&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:41:21&quot;&gt; scientists, John McCarthy, and he&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:41:24&quot;&gt; looked at this stuff in the 50s, and decided to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:41:27&quot;&gt; make a t-shirt of it, and the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:41:30&quot;&gt; t-shirt looks like&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:41:33&quot;&gt; this. So it's kind of Maxwell&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:41:36&quot;&gt;equations of computing and, what's interesting about&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:41:39&quot;&gt; it is that it doesn't look like&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:41:42&quot;&gt; the hardware and it doesn't look like the software. It's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:41:45&quot;&gt; actually a mathematical&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:41:48&quot;&gt;formulation of what John thought the most important&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:41:51&quot;&gt; relationships were, so I would call this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:41:54&quot;&gt;maxwellian. Then he de did something even&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:41:57&quot;&gt;stronger&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:42:0&quot;&gt; along the lines of Newton which is to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:42:3&quot;&gt; explain important ideas&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:42:6&quot;&gt; here about what was lying beneath&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:42:9&quot;&gt; the surface. And why it was really useful&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:42:12&quot;&gt; to think of doing things in a particular&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:42:15&quot;&gt; way. And, the thing&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:42:18&quot;&gt; about math is it has to be consistent, meaning&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:42:21&quot;&gt; neat, but it doesn't have to be&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:42:24&quot;&gt; real. And so this thing that John did was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:42:27&quot;&gt; not real, but another hero&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:42:30&quot;&gt; of mine, Steve Russell, the guy who invented “Spacewar!”&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:42:33&quot;&gt; was at MIT, and he looked at&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:42:36&quot;&gt; John's math and he said “that's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:42:39&quot;&gt; a program, if I implement it, we'll have a running system”.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:42:42&quot;&gt; And John McCarthy said well “He did, and we did”.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:42:45&quot;&gt; And that was the birth of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:42:48&quot;&gt;lisp. And here's the cool thing about computing:&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:42:51&quot;&gt; The theory can also be the model ''and'' the artifact&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:42:54&quot;&gt; and you can make it&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:42:57&quot;&gt; real! But there are a lot of complaints about&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:43:0&quot;&gt; dealing with pure semantics is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:43:3&quot;&gt; too slow. Even after&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:43:6&quot;&gt; factor of a million or a billion&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:43:9&quot;&gt; of or more of more Moore's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:43:12&quot;&gt; law still seems to be too slow.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:43:15&quot;&gt; On the other hand&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:43:18&quot;&gt; you can build a special machine for&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:43:21&quot;&gt;these semantics that don't fit on regular&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:43:24&quot;&gt;machines. Because remember:&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:43:27&quot;&gt; our computer's only there to run programs, so why not make&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:43:30&quot;&gt; a computer that will run the programs you want to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:43:33&quot;&gt; run? And if you try to optimize too early,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:43:36&quot;&gt; like buying a computer before&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:43:39&quot;&gt; that isn't a supercomputer before you've done your&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:43:42&quot;&gt; research. you're in trouble. Because now you're&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:43:45&quot;&gt; forced to deal with its problems, rather than your&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:43:48&quot;&gt; own. So this is the kind of process&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:43:51&quot;&gt; that the ARPA community went&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:43:54&quot;&gt;through.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:43:57&quot;&gt; And this is a fun story but&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:44:0&quot;&gt; I want to bring up the fireflies again.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:44:3&quot;&gt; You can't replicate what John&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:44:6&quot;&gt;McCarthy did, because the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:44:9&quot;&gt; times are different now. But the fireflies&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:44:12&quot;&gt; in what he did are still there, and they can still&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:44:15&quot;&gt;what to do&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:44:18&quot;&gt; Okay? Here's uh… Story&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:44:21&quot;&gt; number two. 62&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:44:24&quot;&gt; years ago in 1962.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:44:27&quot;&gt; This is in the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:44:30&quot;&gt;uh SAGE experimental&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:44:33&quot;&gt; uh test computer called the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:44:36&quot;&gt; TX-2 it was one of the la… one one of these&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:44:39&quot;&gt; computers that was the building.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:44:42&quot;&gt; And right down at the end of one corner was this guy sitting&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:44:45&quot;&gt;of a oscilloscope&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:44:54&quot;&gt;screen… And what was he doing?&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:44:57&quot;&gt; well…&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:45:0&quot;&gt;Here's the light pen, he was grabbing some ink&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:45:6&quot;&gt;and… now this display&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:45:9&quot;&gt; doesn't… isn't a line drawing display. It just makes a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:45:12&quot;&gt; dot. So the there's a program&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:45:15&quot;&gt; making these lines. Now he tells Sketchpad&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:45:18&quot;&gt; to make them all mutually perpendicular. And you&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:45:21&quot;&gt; just saw it automatically&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:45:24&quot;&gt; uh clean up the drawing. This is why it's called Sketchpad. Because&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:45:27&quot;&gt; you can just draw roughly he may wants&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:45:30&quot;&gt; to make a hole in this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:45:33&quot;&gt;flange. So he says here make&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:45:36&quot;&gt; these both uh uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:45:39&quot;&gt; parallel and perpendicular and,…&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:45:42&quot;&gt; Now the constraint is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:45:45&quot;&gt; make these lines I'm drawing to be collinear with the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:45:48&quot;&gt; guidelines below, so this allows&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:45:51&quot;&gt; him to quickly draw a dotted&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:45:54&quot;&gt;line…&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:45:57&quot;&gt; Now he's going going to make the guidelines&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:46:0&quot;&gt; transparent. We get a hole in the flange.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:46:3&quot;&gt;And notice this is the first system to have a clipping&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:46:6&quot;&gt; window. He's actually drawing on a canvas&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:46:9&quot;&gt; about a third of a mile on a side being windowed&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:46:15&quot;&gt;here. He needs a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:46:18&quot;&gt;rivet.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:46:21&quot;&gt; So this is the rough shape of a rivet.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:46:24&quot;&gt; Draws this because he wants this as&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:46:27&quot;&gt; a center for an arc, for the top of the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:46:30&quot;&gt; rivet. And now he says okay make&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:46:33&quot;&gt; all these lines I'm pointing to here,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:46:36&quot;&gt; make these mutually perpendicular.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:46:39&quot;&gt; And that will force the drawing into&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:46:42&quot;&gt; something like a rivet. Maybe he doesn't&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:46:51&quot;&gt;shape.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:46:54&quot;&gt; Because he didn't constrain the size of the thing, so here's another&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:46:57&quot;&gt;solution with that those starting&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:47:0&quot;&gt; conditions. but he said… decides he likes the one&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:47:9&quot;&gt;first… Now here's another cool idea Ivan&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:47:12&quot;&gt; Sutherland did,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:47:15&quot;&gt; which was to have masters and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:47:18&quot;&gt; instances. So&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:47:21&quot;&gt; this is not the rivet he drew,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:47:24&quot;&gt; this is an instance of the rivet he drew.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:47:27&quot;&gt; And the rotation and the scaling&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:47:30&quot;&gt; are done by knobs that he has on&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:47:36&quot;&gt;console. Okay?…&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:47:39&quot;&gt; And wants to show you&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:47:42&quot;&gt; he can make more instances and that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:47:45&quot;&gt; these instances can be different sizes… and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:47:48&quot;&gt; says “whoops! I forgot&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:47:51&quot;&gt; I left the crossbow on there I should make these guys transparent”.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:47:54&quot;&gt; So he goes to the master drawing and makes them&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:47:57&quot;&gt; transparent. And lo and behold,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:48:0&quot;&gt; all of the instances uh…&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:48:3&quot;&gt; obey. So he gets rid of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:48:6&quot;&gt;the thing, and he says okay&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:48:9&quot;&gt; make that construction I just did into a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:48:12&quot;&gt; master. Now I'm going to make instances&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:48:24&quot;&gt;of the master&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:48:36&quot;&gt;Right? Here's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:48:39&quot;&gt; instances of the master&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:48:42&quot;&gt; that he made of the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:48:54&quot;&gt;conglomerate.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:49:3&quot;&gt;Yeah, okay.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:49:6&quot;&gt; So here's a high resolution picture of Ivan&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:49:9&quot;&gt; at the console and he's doing a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:49:12&quot;&gt; something much more complicated, which is to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:49:15&quot;&gt; draw in a bridge.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:49:18&quot;&gt; And uh, unfortunately the movie&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:49:21&quot;&gt;for this has been lost. It's probably somewhere in Ivan's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:49:24&quot;&gt; garage. But uh… for fun a couple of years ago&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:49:27&quot;&gt; we we uh did a an&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:49:30&quot;&gt; emulation of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:49:33&quot;&gt;it. So here's a simple truss&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:49:36&quot;&gt; bridge and…&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:49:39&quot;&gt; We can connect things up and… we turn gravity&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:49:42&quot;&gt; on, which is a constraint&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:49:45&quot;&gt; You see it's computing all the stresses and the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:49:48&quot;&gt; strains on the bridge.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:49:51&quot;&gt; And it's continuously Computing, so if we add in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:49:54&quot;&gt; another strut&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:49:57&quot;&gt; here guess what, it ripples over the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:50:0&quot;&gt; entire bridge. If we hang a weight on&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:50:3&quot;&gt;it, we can… stress&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:50:9&quot;&gt;this bridge. And so the big idea here&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:50:12&quot;&gt; is it's not just about imitating&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:50:15&quot;&gt; drafting. It's that we can&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:50:18&quot;&gt; simulate uh any kind&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:50:21&quot;&gt; of computer aided design drawing that we do&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:50:24&quot;&gt; or model. And uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:50:27&quot;&gt; we get not just CAD, but CAD&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:50:30&quot;&gt; Sim. So this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:50:33&quot;&gt; is a huge huge idea&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:50:36&quot;&gt; that's still done extremely poorly today&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:50:39&quot;&gt; for most&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:50:42&quot;&gt;people. So&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:50:45&quot;&gt; interact… This is Ivan's PhD&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:50:48&quot;&gt; thesis in 1962&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:50:51&quot;&gt; inventing interactive computer graphics,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:50:54&quot;&gt; clipping windowon pointing iconic IQ [sic]… Objects&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:50:57&quot;&gt; masters and instances, we'd call that object…&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:51:0&quot;&gt;first object-oriented&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:51:3&quot;&gt; programming system that I know of.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:51:6&quot;&gt; Lots of nice technical things in it. Automatic&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:51:9&quot;&gt; dynamic simulations from&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:51:12&quot;&gt; designs, and you programmed it not in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:51:15&quot;&gt; the standard, uh programming&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:51:18&quot;&gt; languages but you programmed it in terms of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:51:21&quot;&gt; goals. In terms of the constraints that you want&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:51:24&quot;&gt;and sketchpad had three problem solvers that would solve&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:51:27&quot;&gt; problems say you could see. So I once&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:51:30&quot;&gt; asked Ivan “How could you do this in one year all by yourself?”&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:51:33&quot;&gt; and he said “Well, I didn't know it was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:51:39&quot;&gt;hard!”. Check out the fireflies from this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:51:42&quot;&gt; one.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:51:45&quot;&gt; ''Today!'' Think about what the fireflies&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:51:48&quot;&gt; from this one are. Okay and also in 1962 we&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:51:51&quot;&gt; had this guy who was kind of like Moses opening&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:51:54&quot;&gt;the Read Sea.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:51:57&quot;&gt; He's really interested&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:52:0&quot;&gt; in saving the world, and trying to make people&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:52:3&quot;&gt; better so they can save the world. So&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:52:6&quot;&gt; his idea in 62 was to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:52:9&quot;&gt; have a screen much… he knew about sketch pad; he wanted a screen&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:52:12&quot;&gt;much larger than that. He wanted to hang the light pen&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:52:15&quot;&gt; from a a gimbal. So you're&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:52:18&quot;&gt; you could just pull it down to the table and use it like a pencil&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:52:21&quot;&gt; and not have the blood run out of your hand&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:52:24&quot;&gt; when you're using it. And there's this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:52:27&quot;&gt; problem of that he thought about very&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:52:30&quot;&gt; deeply, which was, humans are not very&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:52:33&quot;&gt;good learners&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:52:36&quot;&gt; from using tools. We&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:52:39&quot;&gt; have this pink brain. We use tools&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:52:42&quot;&gt;in a very pink brain kind of way…&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:52:45&quot;&gt; So like a hammer we can use to hammer&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:52:48&quot;&gt; a nail into something but we can break something with a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:52:51&quot;&gt; hammer. We can do a lot of things with a hammer&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:52:54&quot;&gt; and we kind of get a hammerness into&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:52:57&quot;&gt; our brain but we get very little&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:53:0&quot;&gt; wisdom about tools and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:53:3&quot;&gt; hammers in our brain and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:53:6&quot;&gt; we become a hammerer!&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:53:9&quot;&gt; 100 thousand years later we might decide to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:53:12&quot;&gt; use nuclear weapons on a city. That's a way&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:53:15&quot;&gt; of hammering them into&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:53:18&quot;&gt;submission. So part of Engelbert's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:53:21&quot;&gt; idea was, if you're going to augment human&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:53:24&quot;&gt; intellect —for crying out loud—&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:53:27&quot;&gt; you must insert education and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:53:30&quot;&gt; training. Because what's happened is that the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:53:33&quot;&gt; powerful agencies have gone up in power by factors&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:53:36&quot;&gt; of millions, and our brains&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:53:39&quot;&gt; haven't. So you want the education&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:53:42&quot;&gt; to turn parts of our brain this nice&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:53:45&quot;&gt; bluish cast, and perhaps give us&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:53:48&quot;&gt; a little more wisdom on using our tools, and then&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:53:51&quot;&gt;a little safer using powerful methods and Powerful languages&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:53:54&quot;&gt; and so forth to do things.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:53:57&quot;&gt; So this is this five unit thing&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:54:0&quot;&gt;Engelbart's idea of what you really had to do if you're&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:54:3&quot;&gt; going to do this thing. And you had to do it not just&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:54:6&quot;&gt; for a person but people in groups. So the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:54:9&quot;&gt;groups have to be&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:54:12&quot;&gt; organized pretty much the same way.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:54:15&quot;&gt; This allows to get enormous amounts of synergy&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:54:18&quot;&gt; between the individuals they can be&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:54:21&quot;&gt; the different stars on the diagram&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:54:24&quot;&gt; I just showed you cooperating together.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:54:30&quot;&gt;And four years later, they&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:54:33&quot;&gt; did a first pass at this which was incredibly&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:54:36&quot;&gt;impressive. It's called the mother of all demos&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:54:39&quot;&gt; and uh if you type E n g l&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:54:42&quot;&gt; b a r t into&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:54:45&quot;&gt; uh Google uh in the first page of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:54:48&quot;&gt;hits you'll find a reference to the movie of that demo.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:54:51&quot;&gt; You should see what they were able to do back&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:54:54&quot;&gt;little machine.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:54:57&quot;&gt; And you know when Engelbart's name come up&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:55:0&quot;&gt; comes up and even in his obituaries&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:55:3&quot;&gt; the the only thing I could really talk about was the mouse&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:55:6&quot;&gt; and this really bugged&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:55:9&quot;&gt; Doug. He said the mouse, the mouse is just&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:55:12&quot;&gt; a dial on a car radio. We invented a whole&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:55:15&quot;&gt;car! They won't look at it!&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:55:18&quot;&gt; You can get an idea of this there are about 70&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:55:21&quot;&gt; papers on the website devoted to him&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:55:24&quot;&gt; talking about these deep ideas. As I&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:55:27&quot;&gt; me mentioned… previously only about 30%&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:55:30&quot;&gt; of what Engelbart was talking about&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:55:33&quot;&gt; got taken up uh in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:55:36&quot;&gt; computing today. So this is a big huge area&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:55:39&quot;&gt; that's got fireflies everywhere. And these are just&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:55:42&quot;&gt; three of the 17 or&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:55:45&quot;&gt; 18 uh principal invest…&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:55:48&quot;&gt; investigators that ARPA put together.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:55:51&quot;&gt; So these are the kind of people and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:55:54&quot;&gt; if we talk about cooperation and methods we've&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:55:57&quot;&gt; got to talk about the blind&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:56:0&quot;&gt; philosophers trying to figure out an elephant.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:56:3&quot;&gt; This is a claaassic thing and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:56:6&quot;&gt; they all have this flaw that I&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:56:9&quot;&gt;in the beginning that they think what's between their&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:56:12&quot;&gt; ears is uh not belief&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:56:15&quot;&gt; but reality. So of course this leads to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:56:18&quot;&gt;war.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:56:21&quot;&gt; And after thousands of years the idea of compromise&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:56:24&quot;&gt; comes about but this does not&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:56:27&quot;&gt; lead to a pretty picture of an elephant, or a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:56:30&quot;&gt; way to make an elephant. And in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:56:33&quot;&gt; fact this is my picture of the way computing is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:56:36&quot;&gt; today. Practical Computing is just a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:56:39&quot;&gt; horrendous compromise.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:56:42&quot;&gt; Almost none of it was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:56:45&quot;&gt;necessary.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:56:48&quot;&gt; Now if you get scientific&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:56:51&quot;&gt; philosophers, they've learned how to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:56:54&quot;&gt; cooperate. And science works by looking at&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:56:57&quot;&gt;parts of things and looking&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:57:0&quot;&gt; at what other people have looked at other parts of things&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:57:3&quot;&gt; and other people looked at other parts of things&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:57:6&quot;&gt; and eventually coming to conclusions about the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:57:9&quot;&gt; whole. So that's a really good&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:57:12&quot;&gt; idea. But in fact science,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:57:15&quot;&gt; because our brains want to believe rather than think,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:57:18&quot;&gt; these can turn into something like a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:57:21&quot;&gt; religion and the reason uh we don't&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:57:24&quot;&gt; want to come up with blind belief…&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:57:36&quot;&gt;There's always&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:57:39&quot;&gt;more! There's always more and what&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:57:42&quot;&gt; it is, is something that we can't&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:57:48&quot;&gt;imagine. So when we give a a name&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:57:51&quot;&gt; to something, we're hurting our&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:57:54&quot;&gt; belief in, because we&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:57:57&quot;&gt; defined it it's a category now,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:58:0&quot;&gt; we've hurt our ability&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:58:3&quot;&gt; to think more about it because it already has a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:58:6&quot;&gt; set of properties. It already is the thing that the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:58:12&quot;&gt;denotes. And here's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:58:15&quot;&gt; a, an ad I suggested to Apple&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:58:18&quot;&gt; many years ago, uh for the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:58:21&quot;&gt; kind of people they wanted to have at Apple what kind should they be and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:58:24&quot;&gt; I suggested, well, do, make a picture of something&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:58:27&quot;&gt; like this: Uh, the right hand&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:58:30&quot;&gt;has to be able to do with&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:58:33&quot;&gt; good “p ⊃ q” and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:58:36&quot;&gt; the left hand, the right brain has to be able to do good woowoo.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:58:45&quot;&gt; And what is good woowoo? Cos,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:58:48&quot;&gt; uh, the thing the thing to understand here, let me just&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:58:51&quot;&gt;take a second here. The thing to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:58:54&quot;&gt; understand here is it was really hard to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:58:57&quot;&gt; invent good “p ⊃ q”,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:59:0&quot;&gt; it was only invented a few thousand years ago but once we did&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:59:3&quot;&gt; it, it turned out to be fairly easy for us to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:59:6&quot;&gt; do. And humans&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:59:9&quot;&gt; are more or less born, babies are born with good&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:59:12&quot;&gt; woowoo, uh and woowoo&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:59:15&quot;&gt; in general. And the problem&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:59:18&quot;&gt; is that most woowoo is actually, uh quite&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:59:21&quot;&gt; dangerous for the human mind, so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:59:24&quot;&gt;to find good woowoo.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:59:27&quot;&gt; So here's one&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:59:30&quot;&gt;definition: “Art is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:59:33&quot;&gt; a lie that tells the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:59:36&quot;&gt;truth”.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:59:39&quot;&gt;And… “Learn&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:59:42&quot;&gt; the rules like a pro…”, that's the stuff you can do on the right&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:59:45&quot;&gt; hand side of the board, “…so you can break them like artist…,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:59:48&quot;&gt; like an artist”, on the left hand side of the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:59:51&quot;&gt; board. You've got to do both, or else&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:59:54&quot;&gt;you're just bullshitting around.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:0:0&quot;&gt;And this is hard to do in school because as Marvin&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:0:3&quot;&gt; said “School is the best thing ever invented to keep you from thinking&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:0:6&quot;&gt;about something important for more than a few&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:0:9&quot;&gt; minutes”. And you have to ask that about where you are&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:0:12&quot;&gt; right now. Even though I'm a professor&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:0:15&quot;&gt; there, and Len is a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:0:18&quot;&gt; professor, uh, schools have their own way about&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:0:21&quot;&gt; them. Like the fact&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:0:24&quot;&gt; this talk actually has a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:0:27&quot;&gt; uh, designed end. Back at&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:0:30&quot;&gt; MIT they would just get Marvin talking, and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:0:33&quot;&gt;he would run out of steam in about six hours or so, and everybody was happy.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:0:39&quot;&gt; Here's another genius, huge&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:0:42&quot;&gt; influence on me. He said: “Institutional&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:0:45&quot;&gt; Education seeks to make the strange familiar”.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:0:48&quot;&gt; Well that that sounds kind of reasonable!&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:0:51&quot;&gt; Yeah! that's what we're you're paying them for.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:0:54&quot;&gt; Things you don't understand, you want to now understand it; but&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:0:57&quot;&gt; Jerry says: “The job of Real Education&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:1:0&quot;&gt; is to make the familiar strange again”.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:1:3&quot;&gt; It's the stuff that we've… that has&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:1:6&quot;&gt; come embedded into our belief system about&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:1:9&quot;&gt; normal, that is keeping us&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:1:12&quot;&gt; being pedestrian.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:1:15&quot;&gt;So he says: “What kind of thinking would you do if ‘normal’ could seem strange&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:1:21&quot;&gt; and ‘not-normal’?. You would have been able to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:1:24&quot;&gt; escape your present. If you escape your present&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:1:27&quot;&gt; don't forget to use a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:1:30&quot;&gt;life line!”. How do we measure&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:1:33&quot;&gt; things? Well usually with graphs that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:1:36&quot;&gt; go from the left in the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:1:39&quot;&gt; past, towards the future going towards&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:1:42&quot;&gt; the right and, if something goes up&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:1:45&quot;&gt; we say “Yay!” and if it goes down we say “Boo!”, and so on and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:1:48&quot;&gt; so forth. And if you think about this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:1:51&quot;&gt; graphs like this are complete bullshit.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:1:54&quot;&gt; And the reason is, in order to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:1:57&quot;&gt;understand whether we should say ”yay” or not,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:2:0&quot;&gt; we have to have a threshold. And the threshold&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:2:6&quot;&gt; might be up here. Like these could be uh reading&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:2:9&quot;&gt;scores for children and uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:2:12&quot;&gt; the children are never learning to read here.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:2:15&quot;&gt; They're getting better or worse&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:2:18&quot;&gt; at what they're not being able to do.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:2:21&quot;&gt; And so the key to make progress here&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:2:24&quot;&gt;is to understand that both “better and perfect are the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:2:27&quot;&gt; enemies of what is actually needed”. Better is the tough one&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:2:30&quot;&gt;in engineering school because you get rewards for doing something&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:2:33&quot;&gt; better. But what we're looking for here is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:2:36&quot;&gt; something new, and to get something new we&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:2:39&quot;&gt; have to come up with the low the minimal&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:2:42&quot;&gt; idea that is just above the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:2:45&quot;&gt; threshold. It's just into the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:2:48&quot;&gt;blue.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:2:51&quot;&gt; And we've once we've stepped into the blue we're actually in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:2:54&quot;&gt; a different way of thinking about things.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:2:57&quot;&gt; So this is you know like going from&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:3:0&quot;&gt; uh not having mathematics to mathematics&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:3:3&quot;&gt; or not going from not having writing to having&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:3:6&quot;&gt; writing, or going from not having science&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:3:9&quot;&gt; to having science. These are big&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:3:12&quot;&gt; things. So you want to look for that star.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:3:15&quot;&gt;And the learning curve, you might have to start off&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:3:18&quot;&gt; below where other people&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:3:21&quot;&gt; think you should be. But the main thing is to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:3:24&quot;&gt;up there. Okay so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:3:27&quot;&gt; here's another example. World's greatest&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:3:30&quot;&gt; hockey player. Made many many more goals&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:3:33&quot;&gt; than anybody and he was not a big&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:3:36&quot;&gt;guy.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:3:39&quot;&gt; Uh… Had a couple of nice sayings: “You miss&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:3:42&quot;&gt; 100% of the shots you don't take”. People do&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:3:45&quot;&gt; that all the time, you don't try enough.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:3:48&quot;&gt; And here's this big one: “A good hockey player goes to where the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:3:51&quot;&gt; puck is; a great one goes to where&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:3:54&quot;&gt; the puck will be!”. And he didn't mean calculating&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:3:57&quot;&gt; the trajectory of the puck. He meant getting to a place&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:4:0&quot;&gt; where one of his teammates could pass him so he could&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:4:3&quot;&gt;do a quick shot and goal.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:4:6&quot;&gt; That was the Wayne Gretzky game, and we can play it in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:4:9&quot;&gt; technology. So here's an example from my&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:4:12&quot;&gt; own career. I had a woowoo intuition&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:4:15&quot;&gt; about children having their own&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:4:18&quot;&gt; portable tablet computers in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:4:21&quot;&gt; 1968. Which was impossible,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:4:24&quot;&gt; back then. But the second&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:4:27&quot;&gt; stage is, can you find a favorable exponential? And there was one called&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:4:30&quot;&gt;Moore's Law.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:4:33&quot;&gt; And this allows you to take this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:4:36&quot;&gt; intuition out 30 years,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:4:39&quot;&gt; and out 30 years in the future&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:4:42&quot;&gt;could say, you can ask&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:4:45&quot;&gt; “would it be ridiculous if we didn't have this?” and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:4:48&quot;&gt; 30 years that's 1995 the answer is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:4:51&quot;&gt; yeah it' be ridiculous if we didn't have tablet computers&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:4:54&quot;&gt; by 1995.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:4:57&quot;&gt;Okay so you bring it bring the idea back to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:5:0&quot;&gt; the mid 80s, can we do&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:5:3&quot;&gt; something by the mid 80s?&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:5:6&quot;&gt; yes! But&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:5:9&quot;&gt; software takes a long long time&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:5:12&quot;&gt; And we're in 1972 now so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:5:15&quot;&gt; what we need to do is to make a bunch of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:5:18&quot;&gt; flexible supercomputer time machines.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:5:21&quot;&gt; Personal. Make a lot of them&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:5:24&quot;&gt; so the researchers can live and work in the future.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:5:27&quot;&gt; That is what we did at Parc. That dollar&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:5:30&quot;&gt; sign says Moore's Law&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:5:33&quot;&gt; means that for most&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:5:36&quot;&gt; points in the future you can have&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:5:39&quot;&gt; them now if you're willing to spend a lot more&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:5:42&quot;&gt; money the commodity thing in the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:5:45&quot;&gt; future is the supercomputer of the present&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:5:48&quot;&gt;build the right kind of supercomputer in the present&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:5:51&quot;&gt; and you now have years to work on these really hard&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:5:54&quot;&gt; software ideas and that is where the star&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:5:57&quot;&gt; was at Park&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:6:0&quot;&gt; uh the dotted line there says you better&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:6:3&quot;&gt;do this really quickly or else you're going to get&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:6:6&quot;&gt; submerged into tool building&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:6:9&quot;&gt; you're going to be doing uh just computers and operating&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:6:12&quot;&gt; systems and you're not going to be doing what you're originally&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:6:15&quot;&gt; trying to do so you have to be have to be&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:6:18&quot;&gt; have a lot of chops to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:6:21&quot;&gt; do this and in fact the alto was done in a period of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:6:24&quot;&gt; about three and a half months by an AB absolute genius&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:6:27&quot;&gt; uh Chuck&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:6:30&quot;&gt;ther and once You' got this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:6:33&quot;&gt; you can start inventing the software of the future and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:6:36&quot;&gt; the supercomputer nature of it means&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:6:39&quot;&gt; something like user interface&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:6:42&quot;&gt; you can you don't&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:6:45&quot;&gt; have to optimize you can just&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:6:48&quot;&gt; uh do 10 experiments a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:6:51&quot;&gt; day for a week throw away your code&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:6:54&quot;&gt; don't even bother stay because uh you could put a higher level&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:6:57&quot;&gt; language on it you can do experiments you don't have to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:7:0&quot;&gt; optimize you need to find out what the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:7:3&quot;&gt; how the users respond to things and then&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:7:6&quot;&gt;right hand side uh if you're&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:7:9&quot;&gt; willing to optimize you can do software like is going to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:7:12&quot;&gt; exis in quantity in the 80s&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:7:15&quot;&gt; that happens to be uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:7:18&quot;&gt; the first version of Microsoft Word which was done at&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:7:21&quot;&gt; ZX park it made uh Microsoft&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:7:24&quot;&gt; many many billions of dollars when it was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:7:27&quot;&gt; released uh 15 years&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:7:30&quot;&gt; later right&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:7:33&quot;&gt; okay okay we're coming down to the end here&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:7:36&quot;&gt; so 1963 lick wrote a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:7:39&quot;&gt; memo members and Affiliates&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:7:42&quot;&gt; of The Intergalactic computer&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:7:45&quot;&gt;network they asked them why Intergalactic&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:7:48&quot;&gt; he said well Engineers always give you less than you're asking&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:7:51&quot;&gt; for so I want a worldwide Network so I'm going to ask&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:7:54&quot;&gt; for an Intergalactic one and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:7:57&quot;&gt; when they when they quit bitching and moaning and scale it down it's still going&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:8:0&quot;&gt; to be worldwide had&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:8:3&quot;&gt; this great line here if we succeed&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:8:6&quot;&gt;an Intergalactic Network then our main problem&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:8:9&quot;&gt; will be learning to communicate with&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:8:12&quot;&gt; aliens we'll look at that for in a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:8:15&quot;&gt;minute and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:8:18&quot;&gt; to this psychologist he said at this extreme&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:8:21&quot;&gt; the problem is essentially the one discussed by science&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:8:24&quot;&gt;fiction writers how do you get&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:8:27&quot;&gt; communication started among totally&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:8:30&quot;&gt; uncorrelated Sapient beings and he thought&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:8:33&quot;&gt; here of that scaling&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:8:36&quot;&gt; more or less destroys communication&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:8:39&quot;&gt; even amongst humans and scaling&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:8:42&quot;&gt; and technology is going to destroy Communications&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:8:45&quot;&gt; and so forth so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:8:48&quot;&gt; this is the this is what we need to think&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:8:51&quot;&gt; about and he and Bob Taylor wrote a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:8:54&quot;&gt; paper of which I've expanded on a little&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:8:57&quot;&gt; bit so the idea is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:9:0&quot;&gt; uh here's a human&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:9:3&quot;&gt; who's trying to say I'm come in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:9:6&quot;&gt; peace and the alien is saying uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:9:9&quot;&gt; maybe I should kill this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:9:12&quot;&gt;guy between two humans&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:9:15&quot;&gt; uh a description of something with a man and ho&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:9:18&quot;&gt; Hooves and a tail could be a horse for one&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:9:21&quot;&gt; guy and a zebra for&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:9:24&quot;&gt;another here's our multiple&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:9:27&quot;&gt; BL brains I talked about one part of my&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:9:30&quot;&gt; brain wants chocolate the other one realizes I should have an&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:9:33&quot;&gt; apple then we've got this new thing&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:9:36&quot;&gt; the computer&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:9:39&quot;&gt; what is what's on its mind not much&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:9:42&quot;&gt; and uh it doesn't understand what a horse is that's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:9:48&quot;&gt;ure so when we're talking&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:9:51&quot;&gt;else we might not be able to get together on what a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:9:54&quot;&gt; horse or a zebra is but we have a better&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:9:57&quot;&gt;hamburger worldwide so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:10:0&quot;&gt; shared context is what we're looking&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:10:3&quot;&gt; for and if we find a way and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:10:6&quot;&gt; what we do with language is to try and point&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:10:9&quot;&gt;what we think is the shared context between us&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:10:15&quot;&gt;person so if we look back at the theater here&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:10:18&quot;&gt; what is it what is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:10:21&quot;&gt; shared what the theater is for is to reflect&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:10:24&quot;&gt; the intelligence of the audience back to them you're not&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:10:27&quot;&gt; trying to teach them I'm not trying to teach&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:10:30&quot;&gt; you right now I'm trying to give you something&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:10:33&quot;&gt; that you can reflect your intelligence back&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:10:36&quot;&gt; on so the theater has to do&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:10:39&quot;&gt; most of the negotiations for the audience that's too&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:10:42&quot;&gt; bad but writing and reading are the same&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:10:45&quot;&gt; thing same idea&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:10:48&quot;&gt; and there's a huge difference between a good writer&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:10:51&quot;&gt; and a bad writer for these&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:10:54&quot;&gt;reasons so let's think of communication&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:10:57&quot;&gt; as an extension of the gesture&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:11:0&quot;&gt; so what could two different computers have in common&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:11:3&quot;&gt; well could be something like the dynamic messaging&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:11:6&quot;&gt; of real objectoriented&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:11:9&quot;&gt; programming could be something like what Linda&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:11:12&quot;&gt; did but with David gar her we&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:11:15&quot;&gt;still have the problem of real aliens but let's look&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:11:18&quot;&gt; at the problem with the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:11:21&quot;&gt; person people and computer what&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:11:24&quot;&gt; could they have in common&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:11:27&quot;&gt;and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:11:30&quot;&gt; so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:11:33&quot;&gt; what can we make that is going to beam the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:11:36&quot;&gt;audience's intelligence and knowledge back out&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:11:39&quot;&gt; them what should we put on the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:11:42&quot;&gt;stage&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:11:45&quot;&gt; and so the guoy is a representation of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:11:48&quot;&gt; what the computer is thinking about&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:11:51&quot;&gt; in a form that humans can uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:11:54&quot;&gt; understand the human can&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:11:57&quot;&gt; actually gesture at the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:12:0&quot;&gt;topic that he wants to talk&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:12:3&quot;&gt; about each window holds a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:12:6&quot;&gt; context and is a topic for conversation all the possible&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:12:9&quot;&gt; conversation are active no modes&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:12:12&quot;&gt; undoing is critical everywhere gesturing and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:12:15&quot;&gt; dragging and J Eng gauges the body&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:12:18&quot;&gt; brain pictures are more memorable than&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:12:21&quot;&gt; words so use those doing with images make&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:12:24&quot;&gt; symbols and this is kind of Jerome Bruner&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:12:27&quot;&gt; 101 this one is particularly&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:12:30&quot;&gt;important okay so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:12:33&quot;&gt; this is kind of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:12:36&quot;&gt;a summary&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:12:39&quot;&gt; of the way&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:12:42&quot;&gt; people were thinking back then&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:12:45&quot;&gt; and if you think about the park&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:12:48&quot;&gt; guey of all the things that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:12:51&quot;&gt; this research community did back then&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:12:54&quot;&gt; the thing that made the trillion ion dollar&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:12:57&quot;&gt; Industries was not just Mo's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:13:0&quot;&gt; law because&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:13:3&quot;&gt; there was nobody to sell Mo's law or&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:13:6&quot;&gt; even any reason to do Mo's law&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:13:9&quot;&gt; at the scale it which was done unless&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:13:12&quot;&gt; millions and billions of people could actually use this stuff and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:13:15&quot;&gt;reason millions and billions of people can use the stuff&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:13:18&quot;&gt; is because of the invention of the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:13:21&quot;&gt;guy&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:13:24&quot;&gt; okay so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:13:27&quot;&gt; I don't even know what time it is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:13:30&quot;&gt; but um I'm up to the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:13:33&quot;&gt; dot dot dot question about what my greatest&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:13:36&quot;&gt; aha Etc was and but I'm gonna pause&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:13:39&quot;&gt; here and just check in with&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:13:45&quot;&gt;Lenny&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:13:48&quot;&gt;hello um&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:13:51&quot;&gt; how long how long was that by the way uh we&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:13:54&quot;&gt; are uh we uh we still have time so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:13:57&quot;&gt; if you have uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:14:0&quot;&gt; okay so um&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:14:3&quot;&gt; the so now now the choice&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:14:6&quot;&gt; uh uh can get&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:14:9&quot;&gt; a another question from the audience we can&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:14:12&quot;&gt; do this dot dot dot thing whatever you'd&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:14:15&quot;&gt; like um we have one&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:14:21&quot;&gt;question so Len&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:14:24&quot;&gt; was this uh was this recognizable to you&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:14:27&quot;&gt; oh my god totally I mean there anecdotes all&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:14:30&quot;&gt; over the presentation that would add to it&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:14:33&quot;&gt; but you nailed it beautifully you captured that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:14:36&quot;&gt; there and the characters&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:14:39&quot;&gt; and the uh mix between&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:14:42&quot;&gt; highly Cooperative groups and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:14:45&quot;&gt; individual working on their own&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:14:48&quot;&gt;things happen there's a lot of individual&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:14:51&quot;&gt; yet the group action came in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:14:54&quot;&gt;and out in and out it was an interest it wasn't&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:14:57&quot;&gt; pure you know one versus many&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:15:0&quot;&gt; it was so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:15:3&quot;&gt; I think I forgot to mention was uh that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:15:6&quot;&gt; I don't think uh lick intended it or maybe&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:15:9&quot;&gt; he did but uh what turned out to be the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:15:12&quot;&gt; messenger uh mechanism&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:15:15&quot;&gt; and there happened to be graduate students and interns&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:15:18&quot;&gt; including you for example&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:15:21&quot;&gt; I mean I flew 140,000 miles as a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:15:24&quot;&gt; grad student Dave Evans had a huge budget&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:15:27&quot;&gt; for airplane travel for his grad&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:15:30&quot;&gt;students well Steve managed&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:15:33&quot;&gt; to basically bankrupt mine&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:15:36&quot;&gt; doing the same thing yeah because you gota&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:15:39&quot;&gt; these and and ARP I should have mentioned&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:15:42&quot;&gt; that arpa in uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:15:45&quot;&gt; 1968 funded the first arpa&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:15:48&quot;&gt; graduate student conference which was modeled&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:15:51&quot;&gt; on the arpa contractors meetings&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:15:54&quot;&gt; that's another story about how that happened but&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:15:57&quot;&gt; uh that was really great because uh things went&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:16:0&quot;&gt; in the amount of intercommunication&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:16:3&quot;&gt; and Trust because a lot&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:16:6&quot;&gt;about trust and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:16:9&quot;&gt; yet it was not um what shall I&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:16:12&quot;&gt;say a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:16:15&quot;&gt; a bowl of soup it was contentious&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:16:18&quot;&gt; in a positive way I'll give you one example&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:16:21&quot;&gt;we had this principal investigators meeting John McCarthy&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:16:24&quot;&gt; arrived about 20 minutes late someone was presenting&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:16:27&quot;&gt;minutes later McCarthy raised his hand and says excuse&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:16:30&quot;&gt; me I have no idea what you're talking about&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:16:33&quot;&gt; he says but I was late&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:16:36&quot;&gt; however if I came in in time I still think I with no idea&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:16:39&quot;&gt; what you're talking about B can imagine your interaction&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:16:42&quot;&gt;was wonderful yeah I should have&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:16:45&quot;&gt;that the one of the main things I learned in grad school&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:16:48&quot;&gt; and everybody at Park knew was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:16:51&quot;&gt; uh that the purpose of arguing is not to win&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:16:54&quot;&gt; but to to illuminate&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:16:57&quot;&gt; and uh in fact when people started getting&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:17:0&quot;&gt; he in an argument Taylor would&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:17:3&quot;&gt; say type two type two&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:17:6&quot;&gt; and a type two argument was all&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:17:9&quot;&gt;sudden you had to explain the other person's position&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:17:12&quot;&gt; back to them until they agreed with&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:17:15&quot;&gt; it and then they had to explain your&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:17:18&quot;&gt;position back to you until you agreed with it and by&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:17:21&quot;&gt;happened you'd forgotten what you're arguing about and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:17:24&quot;&gt; you okay let's go to the question&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:17:27&quot;&gt; all right we have a question here yeah hello&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:17:30&quot;&gt; um and I I agree and I guess I kind of apologize&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:17:33&quot;&gt; for the uh structure&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:17:36&quot;&gt; that we have because it does impose any limitations on the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:17:39&quot;&gt; discussion um I'm on on the faculty&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:17:42&quot;&gt; too so uh but&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:17:45&quot;&gt; you know faculty meetings uh there's too&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:17:48&quot;&gt;much contention because the stakes are too&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:17:51&quot;&gt;low I&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:17:54&quot;&gt; quit going um so I have two questions which are&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:17:57&quot;&gt; a little related um so so number&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:18:0&quot;&gt; one was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:18:3&quot;&gt; do you think and and maybe you'll agree that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:18:6&quot;&gt; there's kind of been a split between the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:18:9&quot;&gt; practicers of technology which are the software engineers&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:18:12&quot;&gt; and the systems thinkers who are like the theoreticians&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:18:15&quot;&gt; and the inventors um if so why&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:18:18&quot;&gt; any suggestions to remediate this uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:18:21&quot;&gt;also asking to Professor kleinrock if he has any&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:18:24&quot;&gt; input on that and my second question is probably a little&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:18:27&quot;&gt; related um which is what are your&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:18:30&quot;&gt; thoughts on I guess all of this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:18:33&quot;&gt; development most like a lot of it has been going into private&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:18:36&quot;&gt;research Labs like Google X and Microsoft&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:18:39&quot;&gt; research um do do you think it's still kind of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:18:42&quot;&gt; analogous to Bell labs in back in the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:18:45&quot;&gt; day uh no&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:18:48&quot;&gt; B for instance at Bell Labs&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:18:51&quot;&gt; if you walked around back before&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:18:54&quot;&gt; the divesture uh you&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:18:57&quot;&gt;that would say&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:19:0&quot;&gt; either do something very useful or very&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:19:3&quot;&gt;beautiful&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:19:6&quot;&gt; I've never seen a sign like that at&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:19:12&quot;&gt;research okay so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:19:15&quot;&gt; because that's a pro that's a huge&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:19:18&quot;&gt; problem I&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:19:21&quot;&gt; guess go ahead yeah go ahead oh no I guess I have a follow-up&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:19:24&quot;&gt;question to that which is uh you mentioned a bit earlier in the talk&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:19:27&quot;&gt; one of the questions I sent over which is uh do you think&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:19:30&quot;&gt; younger people have a harder problem these days in you know living&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:19:33&quot;&gt; in this more materialistic world world so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:19:36&quot;&gt; to speak yeah you know&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:19:39&quot;&gt; just just one example I I was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:19:42&quot;&gt; at Park in Palo Alto and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:19:45&quot;&gt; um&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:19:48&quot;&gt; the general inflation has been about&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:19:51&quot;&gt; a factor of seven since then&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:19:54&quot;&gt; or so and when I&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:19:57&quot;&gt; factor that into the salary I got at Park it's about what&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:0&quot;&gt;I would get just you&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:3&quot;&gt; know I was just a year out of grad school when I went to park&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:6&quot;&gt; so uh really uh not a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:9&quot;&gt; huge wasn't a lot of money but&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:12&quot;&gt;with today&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:15&quot;&gt; however I was able to buy a house in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:18&quot;&gt; paloalto uh right near&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:21&quot;&gt; Park and it only cost twice my yearly&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:24&quot;&gt; salary&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:27&quot;&gt;okay that house has inflated&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:30&quot;&gt; by a factor of 70 not seven&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:33&quot;&gt; so then do you go go ahead&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:36&quot;&gt; go ahead so the uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:39&quot;&gt; so if Park existed today&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:39&quot;&gt; so if Park existed today&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:42&quot;&gt; uh none of us&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:45&quot;&gt; and and Taylor wanted to hire he only hired older&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:48&quot;&gt; people uh from the arpa community&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:51&quot;&gt; as advisers&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:54&quot;&gt; he didn't want I was the oldest person there and I&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:57&quot;&gt; was 30 he didn't&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:21:0&quot;&gt; he wanted a new know he wanted the researchers that ARA&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:21:3&quot;&gt; had Jed out there and he used&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:21:6&quot;&gt; the uh the generation before us as as advisers&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:21:9&quot;&gt; and so if&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:21:12&quot;&gt; if I if they had tried to set this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:21:15&quot;&gt; up uh somebody would have had to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:21:18&quot;&gt; buy a lot of housing in Palo Alo&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:21:21&quot;&gt; and you know when when Google is being&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:21:24&quot;&gt; set up and when HP was being set up I said hey look&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:21:27&quot;&gt; at Stanford Stanford figured this out a long time ago&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:21:30&quot;&gt; because if you get an associate professorship at&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:21:33&quot;&gt; Stanford one of the perks is a 99-year&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:21:36&quot;&gt; lease at a very low interest rate&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:21:39&quot;&gt; on Stanford land for a house&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:21:42&quot;&gt; and Stanford was owns a lot&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:21:45&quot;&gt;houses in Palo Alta they bought them up before the Big&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:21:48&quot;&gt; Deck companies got there because they&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:21:51&quot;&gt; understood that people have a life might&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:21:54&quot;&gt; not be much of a life outside the lab but they still got&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:21:57&quot;&gt; one by the way&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:22:0&quot;&gt; Lan will love the the story that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:22:3&quot;&gt; metf and bogs had the record&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:22:6&quot;&gt;longest period uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:22:9&quot;&gt; inside of Park without leaving it&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:22:12&quot;&gt; which uh during the critical period of the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:22:15&quot;&gt; the ethernet which was two and a half&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:22:18&quot;&gt;months they had a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:22:21&quot;&gt; cafeteria you know it had plenty of places you could sleep&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:22:24&quot;&gt; it had showers&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:22:27&quot;&gt;um wasn't wasn't that helpful on&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:22:30&quot;&gt; if you had a marriage that didn't&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:22:33&quot;&gt; get this idea uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:22:36&quot;&gt; they would suffer but yeah so to so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:22:39&quot;&gt; the the a big problem today and and you know&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:22:42&quot;&gt; I run run various&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:22:45&quot;&gt; kinds of I've been able to fund until&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:22:48&quot;&gt; about I don't know five six years ago I was able to fund&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:22:51&quot;&gt; a nonprofit research thing that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:22:54&quot;&gt; was about to size of the group I had at Park&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:22:57&quot;&gt; and uh and to get people who are&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:23:0&quot;&gt; as good as the people I had at Park&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:23:3&quot;&gt; but it wasn't the same as Park similarly&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:23:6&quot;&gt; Butler Lamson and Chuck ther went with deck&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:23:9&quot;&gt; initially and then with&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:23:12&quot;&gt; Microsoft and it wasn't the same as park&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:23:15&quot;&gt; because they&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:23:18&quot;&gt; uh you know for example&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:23:21&quot;&gt; my habit when when I would get confused&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:23:24&quot;&gt; about something was to go down and have&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:23:27&quot;&gt; Butler tear it to shreds&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:23:30&quot;&gt; and I miss missmiss&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:23:33&quot;&gt; being able to just walk down the hall into&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:23:36&quot;&gt; that crystallin Palace of his&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:23:39&quot;&gt; mind and you could&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:23:42&quot;&gt; never top Butler on the same&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:23:45&quot;&gt;least I couldn't but Butler&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:23:48&quot;&gt; was an was honest if you came back three days&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:23:51&quot;&gt; later and said now here is the real point&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:23:54&quot;&gt; you would say you're&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:23:57&quot;&gt; right so that's a really great C it's a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:24:0&quot;&gt; genius there's no question he's one of the most brilliant&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:24:3&quot;&gt; people I've ever met and an honest&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:24:6&quot;&gt; genius and a guy who by the way&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:24:9&quot;&gt; helped my group whenever he could&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:24:12&quot;&gt; despite the fact that our theory of programming language&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:24:15&quot;&gt; design was quite different from&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:24:18&quot;&gt; his he didn't give a about&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:24:21&quot;&gt; that so he was Butler was a big man&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:24:24&quot;&gt; in my opinion just a big fantastic&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:24:27&quot;&gt; so it's that Synergy&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:24:30&quot;&gt; it's what happens in the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:24:33&quot;&gt; halls and it's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:24:36&quot;&gt; what happens when you're having like&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:24:39&quot;&gt; EP uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:24:42&quot;&gt; you know how how many beer beer Laden lunches&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:24:45&quot;&gt; do you have how many bike rides up to the top&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:24:48&quot;&gt; of the uh the hills around&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:24:51&quot;&gt; Palo Alto with all these people no&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:24:54&quot;&gt; there's a whole whole thing there that is going to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:24:57&quot;&gt; pay off by&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:25:0&quot;&gt; what the group is willing to do and reason I kept on&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:25:3&quot;&gt; showing theater is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:25:6&quot;&gt; arpa at its best park at its best was like&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:25:9&quot;&gt; theater at its best you've got the most diverse&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:25:12&quot;&gt; group of people you ever saw&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:25:15&quot;&gt; some of which some of whom can't even&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:25:18&quot;&gt; stand each other&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:25:21&quot;&gt; but the whole point of the thing is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:25:24&quot;&gt;audience that's going to be there&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:25:27&quot;&gt; six weeks from now or six months&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:25:30&quot;&gt; from now and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:25:33&quot;&gt; so you get this thing where people&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:25:36&quot;&gt; work 24 hours a day and they just find&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:25:39&quot;&gt; ways to solve everything they&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:25:42&quot;&gt; do the woo woo on the leftand side that's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:25:45&quot;&gt; what theater is about and they&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:25:48&quot;&gt; do all of the stuff you have to do in the physical&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:25:51&quot;&gt; world to make it work and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:25:54&quot;&gt; know if you don't have those and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:25:57&quot;&gt; if they don't like Len did&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:26:0&quot;&gt; this if those people don't have some of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:26:3&quot;&gt; the other in them to have this shared context&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:26:6&quot;&gt; there has to be a place where you go and it's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:26:9&quot;&gt; the love of what you're gonna&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:26:12&quot;&gt; get the audience to try to think about&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:26:15&quot;&gt; because you can't tell the audience&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:26:18&quot;&gt; anything can't people only remember&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:26:21&quot;&gt;you make them feel&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:26:24&quot;&gt; so so you have to lay it this is why I&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:26:27&quot;&gt;all these pictures and stuff because I want the pictures&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:26:30&quot;&gt; to do things you can't do in regular&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:26:33&quot;&gt; words and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:26:36&quot;&gt; yeah so the question is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:26:39&quot;&gt; uh the way I look&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:26:42&quot;&gt; at playing the blame game&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:26:45&quot;&gt; here is businesses&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:26:48&quot;&gt; are in a terrible position&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:26:51&quot;&gt; fidu in a fiduciary responsibility way&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:26:54&quot;&gt; for doing the kind of stuff that arpa&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:26:57&quot;&gt; and park did they have every&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:27:0&quot;&gt; and especially the Milton Freedman American businesses&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:27:3&quot;&gt; which are a terrible way to do business in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:27:6&quot;&gt; general there you know Peter Dreer used to say&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:27:9&quot;&gt; that that business's main obligation&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:27:12&quot;&gt; is to their uh customers&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:27:15&quot;&gt; and Milton fredman said no business's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:27:18&quot;&gt; main obligation is to their stockholders&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:27:21&quot;&gt; and that has turned really ugly that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:27:24&quot;&gt; is really ugly so but in any case&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:27:27&quot;&gt; good or bad they're in a bad place for it&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:27:30&quot;&gt; uh research can only be&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:27:33&quot;&gt;xpensed eeks&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:27:36&quot;&gt; you could be sitting on a ton of cash tough&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:27:39&quot;&gt; comes out of the bottom&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:27:42&quot;&gt; line so so when I when&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:27:45&quot;&gt; I look there I Look to society and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:27:48&quot;&gt; government part of the idea&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:27:51&quot;&gt; of getting people to pay&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:27:54&quot;&gt; taxes is to deal with things&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:27:57&quot;&gt; in a way that is hard for&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:28:0&quot;&gt; scattered groups to deal with with or without&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:28:3&quot;&gt; engelbart stuff and I think the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:28:6&quot;&gt; the woo woo research stuff done&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:28:9&quot;&gt; right is one of those things and I just happened&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:28:12&quot;&gt; to stumble into it I didn't go to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:28:15&quot;&gt; Utah knowing anything about arpa I'd never heard of arpa&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:28:18&quot;&gt; I just stumbled in there by by and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:28:21&quot;&gt; chance and I found out I was in Paradise&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:28:24&quot;&gt;because&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:28:27&quot;&gt; and the dod was doing fine because&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:28:30&quot;&gt; uh arpa ipto cost almost nothing compared to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:28:33&quot;&gt; the the whole DOD&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:28:36&quot;&gt; budget it was just fingernail clipping so it's the perfect&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:28:39&quot;&gt; place for doing this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:28:42&quot;&gt; uh enlightened public&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:28:45&quot;&gt; domain uh research and you had the ultimate&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:28:48&quot;&gt; enlightened public domain mind in lick&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:28:51&quot;&gt; to do that the key thing&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:28:54&quot;&gt;Park was that Taylor loved&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:28:57&quot;&gt; lick he he was a psychologist&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:29:0&quot;&gt; also he truly loved&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:29:3&quot;&gt; lick and I'll I'll&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:29:6&quot;&gt; finish in one second Jason and he&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:29:9&quot;&gt;uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:29:12&quot;&gt; he studied lick so lick&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:29:15&quot;&gt; was intu&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:29:18&quot;&gt; intuition he had great inter but Taylor&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:29:21&quot;&gt; codified lick those rules&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:29:24&quot;&gt;put up there were not Lick's rules but Taylor's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:29:27&quot;&gt; rules and anytime you wanted to park you could&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:29:30&quot;&gt; go and lie on the floor in Taylor's office we we were floor culture&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:29:33&quot;&gt; we had thick carpets that were&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:29:36&quot;&gt;padding underneath so you could just roll around on the floor we had bean&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:29:39&quot;&gt; bags and inste of chairs so you go&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:29:42&quot;&gt;there and lie in there for an hour and let Taylor tell&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:29:45&quot;&gt; you what he was why he was doing what he was doing at&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:29:48&quot;&gt; Park and it was mostly these rules&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:29:51&quot;&gt;I wrote down you got to do this you got to do that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:29:54&quot;&gt; uh etc etc like&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:29:57&quot;&gt; okay so um&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:30:0&quot;&gt; yeah so I point I point my finger&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:30:3&quot;&gt; at the government and if you point your finger at the government you&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:30:6&quot;&gt;have to point your finger at the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:30:9&quot;&gt; uh uh the American&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:30:12&quot;&gt; Body politic and if you point your finger at them you have&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:30:15&quot;&gt; to point your finger at education&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:30:18&quot;&gt; public education if you point your finger at publication&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:30:21&quot;&gt; public education you point your finger at the government&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:30:24&quot;&gt; again so the government has not&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:30:27&quot;&gt; done its job and by the way over here in London in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:30:30&quot;&gt;the UK it's it's worse&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:30:33&quot;&gt; uh the politicians are a little nicer over here&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:30:36&quot;&gt; but they're equally uh incompetent&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:30:39&quot;&gt; they just don't do not understand and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:30:42&quot;&gt; their financial base is much smaller over here&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:30:45&quot;&gt; so they're in more desperate need&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:30:48&quot;&gt; of the kind of Industries they can afford&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:30:51&quot;&gt; that actually work in the 21st century&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:30:54&quot;&gt;need this um&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:30:57&quot;&gt; yeah so uh but when&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:31:0&quot;&gt;after the government&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:31:3&quot;&gt; should be doing this that and the other thing&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:31:6&quot;&gt; I I can't get far from the educ&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:31:9&quot;&gt;from the University because the university used to be the co&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:31:12&quot;&gt;the flame the whole&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:31:15&quot;&gt; point there was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:31:18&quot;&gt; the universities were not beholden to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:31:21&quot;&gt; business their job was not to do job&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:31:24&quot;&gt; training in obsolete software&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:31:27&quot;&gt; systems to deal with business's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:31:30&quot;&gt; problems with Legacy systems that is not the job&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:31:33&quot;&gt;university that's a trade school and there's nothing&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:31:36&quot;&gt; I love trade schools the high school I&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:31:39&quot;&gt; went to was a was a one you had to take&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:31:42&quot;&gt; a test to get into but it was a glorified trade school Lenny&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:31:45&quot;&gt; will tell you and uh I learned a lot&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:31:48&quot;&gt; there but Jesus the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:31:51&quot;&gt; universities have got to uphold&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:31:54&quot;&gt; something like the way the 21st century&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:31:57&quot;&gt; should be for the students or the students&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:32:0&quot;&gt; are just going to go there and buy degrees in order&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:32:3&quot;&gt; to get jobs that is my general&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:32:6&quot;&gt; picture so the university&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:32:9&quot;&gt; could put us you know I when I was active&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:32:12&quot;&gt; around UCLA at some faculty&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:32:15&quot;&gt; meeting uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:32:18&quot;&gt; maybe more than one&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:32:21&quot;&gt; I brought up the idea hey wait a minute UCLA is one of the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:32:24&quot;&gt; top 10 schools and uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:32:27&quot;&gt; there are other top 10 schools in the nation&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:32:30&quot;&gt;in the University of California&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:32:33&quot;&gt; you know basically you&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:32:36&quot;&gt; know why are we letting the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:32:39&quot;&gt; Regents determine that tenure&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:32:42&quot;&gt; uh re requires paper&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:32:45&quot;&gt;counting&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:32:48&quot;&gt; UCLA should be able to say well you know Screw You&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:32:51&quot;&gt; Regents screw you and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:32:54&quot;&gt; Davis and uh San Diego&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:32:57&quot;&gt; and Santa Barbara screw you Regents&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:33:0&quot;&gt; we're not going to do it that way&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:33:3&quot;&gt; we're not gonna count papers for Christ's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:33:6&quot;&gt; sake you know&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:33:9&quot;&gt; if you got to count a paper you at least have to put a weight on it&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:33:12&quot;&gt; and it's hard to put a weight on a paper until 10 years&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:33:15&quot;&gt; have passed you&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:33:18&quot;&gt; just can't do it that way or you're going to turn it into&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:33:21&quot;&gt; a Job Shop and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:33:24&quot;&gt; uh you know uh I pointed out&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:33:27&quot;&gt; to the UCLA faculty that because of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:33:30&quot;&gt; you know the the discussion was wow&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:33:33&quot;&gt; our department is really popular now we've got more&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:33:36&quot;&gt; students than we can handle I said well godamn it&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:33:39&quot;&gt; if you got that that's what the bean counters&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:33:42&quot;&gt; in the University care&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:33:45&quot;&gt; about is retention because it's money&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:33:48&quot;&gt; you've got them just say&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:33:51&quot;&gt; okay all right&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:33:54&quot;&gt; we're going to do tenure differently we're going to hire&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:33:57&quot;&gt;differently we're going to have a different set of Standards&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:34:0&quot;&gt; here&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:34:3&quot;&gt; or we're just goingon to uh you know etc&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:34:6&quot;&gt; etc but the 60s were&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:34:9&quot;&gt; long over by the time I made that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:34:12&quot;&gt;stand&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:34:18&quot;&gt;okay next question&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:34:21&quot;&gt; I have a question yes&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:34:24&quot;&gt;this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:34:27&quot;&gt; was sorry&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:34:30&quot;&gt; this was a and I've heard you many&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:34:33&quot;&gt; times and always I I recognize&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:34:36&quot;&gt; this accent always&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:34:39&quot;&gt; yes I'm ready I'm ready&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:34:42&quot;&gt; I'm ready always very entertaining&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:34:45&quot;&gt; and uh thoughtful&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:34:48&quot;&gt; but I I feel there is now&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:34:51&quot;&gt;a huge crra a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:34:54&quot;&gt; Gap uh which we didn't you didn't&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:34:57&quot;&gt;would be nice if you could have a thought or address&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:35:0&quot;&gt; which is everything in the past&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:35:3&quot;&gt; seems to me have to do let's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:35:6&quot;&gt; call it with mathematics has&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:35:9&quot;&gt; Precision prob language is not&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:35:12&quot;&gt;we talk it has precision&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:35:15&quot;&gt; and suddenly I think the new&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:35:18&quot;&gt; Queen the new the new thing in the helm&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:35:21&quot;&gt;the new Revolution is is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:35:24&quot;&gt; without Precision it's without&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:35:27&quot;&gt; and we built machine that we do not&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:35:30&quot;&gt; understand how they work but&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:35:33&quot;&gt; they work they perform they&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:35:36&quot;&gt; perform not in Precision&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:35:39&quot;&gt; you know if there will be a a self-driving&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:35:42&quot;&gt; car it will kill somebody there is no question you&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:35:45&quot;&gt; cannot guarantee that this will not happen&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:35:48&quot;&gt;it's a new thing and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:35:51&quot;&gt; I feel most of us here on this list&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:35:54&quot;&gt; on the nine people that are left&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:35:57&quot;&gt; we are dinosaurs of the past&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:36:0&quot;&gt; and what do you have any thoughts about&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:36:3&quot;&gt; this well uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:36:6&quot;&gt; just by chance in the late 60s&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:36:9&quot;&gt; I was visiting MIT and there was a meeting&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:36:12&quot;&gt; of DOD people with&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:36:15&quot;&gt; uh the AI people at MIT&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:36:18&quot;&gt; and I think mensky was saying&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:36:21&quot;&gt; you know in a few years we might be able to do what a dog can&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:36:24&quot;&gt; do and uh the fourstar&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:36:27&quot;&gt; general said a dog&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:36:30&quot;&gt; he said look we don't even want what ordinary humans can&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:36:33&quot;&gt; do we can draft them we've got two million&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:36:36&quot;&gt; robots in the in the Department of Defense already&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:36:39&quot;&gt; we train them and they learn well and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:36:42&quot;&gt;they carry guns and they do all the stuff that we want&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:36:45&quot;&gt; we already got intelligent robots we need&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:36:48&quot;&gt; superhuman intelligence that's what&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:36:51&quot;&gt; we need and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:36:54&quot;&gt;so I&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:36:57&quot;&gt; I don't want to start a long discussion about&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:37:0&quot;&gt; you know but it happens that the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:37:3&quot;&gt; what J Judea Pearl calls curve&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:37:6&quot;&gt;fitting machine learning&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:37:9&quot;&gt; uh as you know&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:37:12&quot;&gt; also very well goes all the way back&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:37:15&quot;&gt; 20 30 40 years&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:37:18&quot;&gt; or 50 years or more Minsky's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:37:21&quot;&gt;thesis was actually one of the first perceptrons&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:37:24&quot;&gt; so the idea of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:37:27&quot;&gt; of finding complex&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:37:30&quot;&gt; transfer functions between lots of inputs and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:37:33&quot;&gt; fewer outputs is has been around for a while&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:37:36&quot;&gt; and uh it's definitely a a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:37:39&quot;&gt; big component of what's going on inside of our&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:37:42&quot;&gt; brains but&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:37:45&quot;&gt; the I I think&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:37:48&quot;&gt; the we should ask&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:37:51&quot;&gt; more for example uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:37:54&quot;&gt; I wouldn't want to use an&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:37:57&quot;&gt; AI that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:38:0&quot;&gt; couldn't be vetted in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:38:3&quot;&gt; some way and of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:38:6&quot;&gt; course uh the chat Bots&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:38:9&quot;&gt; uh can lie whenever it suits them&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:38:12&quot;&gt; and by the way I just saw that uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:38:15&quot;&gt; uh open AI chatbot&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:38:18&quot;&gt; has recently gone nuts&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:38:21&quot;&gt; which is really fun track this down&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:38:24&quot;&gt;it started something went wrong and it's now it's mostly&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:38:27&quot;&gt; hallucinating so these are&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:38:30&quot;&gt; like human beings these are creators&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:38:33&quot;&gt; that's what we are that's what we&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:38:36&quot;&gt; got inside there and I believe that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:38:39&quot;&gt; we're we're better than we&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:38:42&quot;&gt; were 100,000 years ago mainly&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:38:45&quot;&gt; because we invented&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:38:48&quot;&gt; methods for thinking&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:38:51&quot;&gt; the big one being science&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:38:54&quot;&gt; math allows you to in a consistent&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:38:57&quot;&gt; way but it&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:39:0&quot;&gt; it doesn't have any necessary connection to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:39:3&quot;&gt; reality where science wants to be able&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:39:6&quot;&gt; to do uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:39:9&quot;&gt; crisp thinking in a way that is anchored to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:39:12&quot;&gt; reality such that the uh the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:39:15&quot;&gt;cues might have something to do with reality also&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:39:18&quot;&gt; I think that is a very very good thing I think it would help&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:39:21&quot;&gt; our politics on both sides of the lanic&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:39:24&quot;&gt; tremendously if uh schools started&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:39:27&quot;&gt; teaching CH basically doing what engelbart&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:39:30&quot;&gt; said we have to insert better methods&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:39:33&quot;&gt; than the ones we were born with or&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:39:36&quot;&gt; simple uh large language models&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:39:39&quot;&gt; have uh in order to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:39:42&quot;&gt; uh be able to use them in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:39:45&quot;&gt; any reasonable way that's my my&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:39:48&quot;&gt;answer&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:39:51&quot;&gt; got it got it and then we also have one more&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:39:54&quot;&gt; question from the audience um I wanted to get a chance to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:39:57&quot;&gt; yeah have him ask hi professor Kate thank you&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:40:0&quot;&gt; for your talk today um I'm born in the 21st century&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:40:3&quot;&gt; so my uh I guess&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:40:6&quot;&gt; thoughts about zorx Park is the only one I know of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:40:9&quot;&gt;Steve Jobs's visit where he commercializes&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:40:12&quot;&gt; the guey that you guys invented into the apple one&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:40:15&quot;&gt; so I was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:40:18&quot;&gt; yeah so what he saw was what&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:40:21&quot;&gt; what he saw was what we did&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:40:24&quot;&gt; he visited it was a visit to my&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:40:27&quot;&gt; group uh and I was in the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:40:30&quot;&gt; room uh during that visit&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:40:33&quot;&gt; and the demo we gave him and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:40:36&quot;&gt; uh we became friends uh partly&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:40:39&quot;&gt; as the result of that visit so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:40:42&quot;&gt; ask me any question you want to ask about that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:40:45&quot;&gt; visit uh yeah I mean my first question was going&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:40:48&quot;&gt;if you happen to be in the room at all but now I know&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:40:51&quot;&gt; uh second of all would be Steve had or&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:40:54&quot;&gt; Mr jobs uh had a way of combining design&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:40:57&quot;&gt; and pushing the boundaries of engineering through that I&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:41:0&quot;&gt; was wondering how Zero's or&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:41:3&quot;&gt; the Park's attitude towards pushing research&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:41:6&quot;&gt; um the boundaries of research were or what&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:41:9&quot;&gt; influence so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:41:12&quot;&gt; the so let me answer it's a two-part&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:41:15&quot;&gt; question so one part uh is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:41:18&quot;&gt; early in the 80s I said to both Steve&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:41:21&quot;&gt; and Bill Gates uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:41:24&quot;&gt; this is during the controversy of whether apple and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:41:27&quot;&gt; Microsoft had stolen the ideas from&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:41:30&quot;&gt; Xerox and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:41:33&quot;&gt; you know I told I said to both of them I said&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:41:36&quot;&gt; look we want this we want you to steal the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:41:39&quot;&gt; ideas but for Christ's sake steal&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:41:42&quot;&gt;whole idea don't steal a protest&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:41:45&quot;&gt; caricature yeah the whole&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:41:48&quot;&gt; yeah that's why I say the the disappointing figures&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:41:51&quot;&gt;that I put there was the amount of actual&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:41:54&quot;&gt; takeup uh so the second thing is that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:41:57&quot;&gt;what Steve was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:42:0&quot;&gt; uh he was NE say the two words you said again designer&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:42:3&quot;&gt; and a pusher of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:42:6&quot;&gt; engineering yeah right okay so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:42:9&quot;&gt; Steve was not a designer&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:42:12&quot;&gt; and he was a pusher of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:42:15&quot;&gt; people so the key thing about Steve&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:42:18&quot;&gt; was that he had a lot of good&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:42:21&quot;&gt; woowoo&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:42:24&quot;&gt; so where he picked up&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:42:27&quot;&gt; he could feel the fireflies if he'd been a scientist&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:42:30&quot;&gt; it would have been much better for&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:42:33&quot;&gt; everybody because as he said and there's a famous&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:42:36&quot;&gt; interview you can find on YouTube where&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:42:39&quot;&gt; Steve says he says when I first went to Xerox&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:42:42&quot;&gt; I was so blinded by the user interface I couldn't see anything&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:42:45&quot;&gt; else I couldn't see object-oriented programming I&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:42:48&quot;&gt;see the networks he had to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:42:51&quot;&gt; wait until he did next years later when he ran into&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:42:54&quot;&gt;another contingent from the old Arbor Community&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:42:57&quot;&gt; to explain to them why you why you need&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:43:0&quot;&gt; those but we he didn't&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:43:3&quot;&gt; understand how the stuff and we couldn't tell&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:43:6&quot;&gt; him uh we were&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:43:9&quot;&gt; able to show him uh like one of the famous&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:43:12&quot;&gt; things that happened in the demo&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:43:15&quot;&gt; my my one of my favorite demo things and if I had had time&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:43:18&quot;&gt;because we recreated that system just for the shits&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:43:21&quot;&gt; of it so it actually runs the system that we showed&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:43:24&quot;&gt; him and um I occasionally will'll do&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:43:27&quot;&gt; it live in a talk um&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:43:30&quot;&gt; but Steve had two complaints while he was and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:43:33&quot;&gt; he was really watching he&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:43:36&quot;&gt; had his acolytes around him&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:43:39&quot;&gt; uh but Steve Steve was really paying&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:43:42&quot;&gt; attention to the thing and he&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:43:45&quot;&gt;said you know&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:43:48&quot;&gt; I don't like You' never seen a scroll bar before but he&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:43:51&quot;&gt; didn't like the fact that as you pulled it it&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:43:54&quot;&gt;went line by line he&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:43:57&quot;&gt; says can't that go be done&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:44:0&quot;&gt; continuously and Dan Engles who was giving the demo&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:44:3&quot;&gt; because small talk is live&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:44:6&quot;&gt; I mean live down to the operating systems so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:44:9&quot;&gt; Dan was able to do a couple of Clips&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:44:12&quot;&gt; here's where the slow scroll bar thing is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:44:15&quot;&gt; uh change a line of code&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:44:18&quot;&gt; quar a second later things are scrolling&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:44:21&quot;&gt; smoothly and later on&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:44:24&quot;&gt; uh when we were showing text&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:44:27&quot;&gt; selection um we liked&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:44:30&quot;&gt; we tried a lot of different ways of doing it but we' like the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:44:33&quot;&gt; complimenting the characters&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:44:36&quot;&gt; which is what basically is done&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:44:39&quot;&gt; today uh and Steve didn't like that he said&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:44:42&quot;&gt; can't you do an outline&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:44:45&quot;&gt; around the you know he's right because it's comp&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:44:48&quot;&gt;and white complimenting&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:44:51&quot;&gt; is a little bit too in your face&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:44:54&quot;&gt; face so he's right there&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:44:57&quot;&gt; and so my jaw was on the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:45:0&quot;&gt; floor because Dan Engles went in there&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:45:3&quot;&gt; that was not a trivial thing you know because if&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:45:6&quot;&gt; you think of the selection&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:45:9&quot;&gt; you have to find the actual boundary of the selection and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:45:12&quot;&gt; you have to uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:45:15&quot;&gt; treat it the right way and Dan went right to the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:45:18&quot;&gt; thing and basically what he did was to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:45:21&quot;&gt; just take the code that comp mented&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:45:24&quot;&gt; copy it and shift the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:45:27&quot;&gt; coordinates of the comp of the second&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:45:30&quot;&gt; complementation uh diagonally&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:45:33&quot;&gt; by two&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:45:36&quot;&gt; so you get to so what it would do in it before you could see it would do&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:45:39&quot;&gt;compliment then it would shift diagonally do another compliment&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:45:42&quot;&gt; and that would leave a a black line around the selection&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:45:45&quot;&gt; just what Steve asked for it's like one of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:45:48&quot;&gt; the greatest things I've ever seen done unprepared&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:45:51&quot;&gt; in a demo in a program progamming system in my&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:45:54&quot;&gt; life that was uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:45:57&quot;&gt; 1979 yeah so that was uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:46:0&quot;&gt;good and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:46:3&quot;&gt; uh uh Apple didn't steal&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:46:6&quot;&gt; you know Apple did do a great thing&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:46:9&quot;&gt; as the ba from the basis of that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:46:12&quot;&gt; stuff uh which was the Lisa&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:46:15&quot;&gt;done before the mac&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:46:18&quot;&gt; and the Lisa was done&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:46:21&quot;&gt; uh with Park people who are&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:46:24&quot;&gt; hired&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:46:27&quot;&gt; uh uh and with&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:46:30&quot;&gt; some very smart people who are at Apple like Bill&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:46:33&quot;&gt; ainson and the Lisa was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:46:36&quot;&gt; really nice it was the best thing you&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:46:39&quot;&gt; could possibly do for that day was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:46:42&quot;&gt; done on a 68,000&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:46:45&quot;&gt; microprocessor which meant an enormous amount&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:46:48&quot;&gt; of programming for to do the graphics that were so easy&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:46:51&quot;&gt; on the alto but they did it and it was really&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:46:54&quot;&gt; great and uh a system&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:46:57&quot;&gt; you would die for you could get&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:47:0&quot;&gt; for 10,000&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:47:3&quot;&gt; bucks and $10,000 happen to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:47:6&quot;&gt; be the average price of a car new car in the United&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:47:9&quot;&gt; States at that time um sorry to interrupt&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:47:12&quot;&gt; we're almost at the top of the second hour uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:47:15&quot;&gt; of the of the talk so almost at the end of the second hour of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:47:18&quot;&gt;the talk um so I just want to get a quick chance for people who have&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:47:21&quot;&gt; class um but first please Round of Applause for our&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:47:24&quot;&gt; speaker for the people who are&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:47:27&quot;&gt;left yeah&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:47:30&quot;&gt; so I&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:47:33&quot;&gt; love I I just expected&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:47:36&quot;&gt; uh that you would have you would give me&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:47:39&quot;&gt; one of your uh Barbed&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:47:45&quot;&gt;comments I love&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:47:48&quot;&gt;those&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:47:51&quot;&gt; okay thank you thank you than you one and all&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:47:54&quot;&gt; thank you for thank you thank&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:47:57&quot;&gt; you Alan thank you so much yeah but don't&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:48:0&quot;&gt; don't use your car while you're driving Glen&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:48:3&quot;&gt; well I had to meet Stella she's waiting for me&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:48:6&quot;&gt; and for an hour and now so sorry I had to step&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:48:9&quot;&gt; out that's good you listen to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:48:12&quot;&gt;Marvin&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:48:15&quot;&gt; of course happy wife happy&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:48:18&quot;&gt; life uh the number one&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:48:21&quot;&gt; that's rule zero&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:48:24&quot;&gt; not that's not even rule one that's rule&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:48:27&quot;&gt; zero you got it you got it&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:48:30&quot;&gt; thank you very much again Alan thank you thanks&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:48:33&quot;&gt; so much Allan&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:48:36&quot;&gt; thank you bye bye&lt;/subtitle&gt;</div>

Ezequiel http://tinlizzie.org/IA/index.php?title=Alan_Kay_talk_at_UCLA_CS_Connection_Lab&diff=3174 2025-02-18T17:09:43Z

<p>Ezequiel: Subtitles firs pass up until 56:00</p> <hr /> <div><br /> {{#evt:<br /> service=youtubeIA<br /> |id=dZQ7x0-MZcI<br /> |alignment=left<br /> |autoresize=true<br /> }}<br /> <br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:0:7&quot;&gt;I'm here today with Alan Kay. We're at the UCLA&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:0:10&quot;&gt;Connection Lab with professor Kleinrock and the rest&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:0:13&quot;&gt;of our students here. We are very lucky to have Alan&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:0:16&quot;&gt;who is presenting on a broad range of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:0:19&quot;&gt;topics ranging from technology society and future research&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:0:22&quot;&gt;and I'll keep it short so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:0:25&quot;&gt;Alan needs no further introduction. I will let him begin right&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:0:28&quot;&gt;away. —Thank you so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:0:31&quot;&gt;much! Okay! Onward we&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:0:37&quot;&gt;go! So the way this started off is my&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:0:40&quot;&gt;long long friend&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:0:43&quot;&gt;Len Kleinrock sent me an email&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:0:46&quot;&gt;saying would I do a talk&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:0:49&quot;&gt;and…, I wasn't&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:0:52&quot;&gt;sure…&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:0:55&quot;&gt;[then it] says “about the view of the current…” yeah, basically&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:0:58&quot;&gt;about everything… “most rewarding&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:1:1&quot;&gt; work in my life”. I'm 84&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:1:4&quot;&gt; years old guys&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:1:7&quot;&gt; and “can I do it in just a few&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:1:10&quot;&gt; minutes?”, and of course I said okay&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:1:13&quot;&gt; and uh the wonderful&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:1:16&quot;&gt; Jason gathered&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:1:19&quot;&gt; up a bunch of questions and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:1:22&quot;&gt; I endeavored to look at all all of them&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:1:25&quot;&gt; and combine them in one way or another&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:1:28&quot;&gt;but&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:1:31&quot;&gt; the short an answers here&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:1:34&quot;&gt; are “is it&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:1:37&quot;&gt; still feasible today to do something like Xerox PARC?” and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:1:40&quot;&gt; the answer is yes. I don't know of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:1:43&quot;&gt; anything like Xerox PARC in the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:1:46&quot;&gt; computer realm of things.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:1:49&quot;&gt; They're all so goal&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:1:52&quot;&gt; oriented, but there's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:1:55&quot;&gt; a great Biology Institute funded by the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:1:58&quot;&gt;Hughes Foundation called Janelia Labs&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:2:1&quot;&gt; in near Washington DC, and there's the famous&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:2:4&quot;&gt; Max plank Institute, and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:2:7&quot;&gt;we'll see in a little bit why I don't&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:2:10&quot;&gt; consider there's a lot with&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:2:13&quot;&gt; the same kind of spirit as Xerox PARC.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:2:16&quot;&gt;As I'll say in a moment, it wasn't Xerox&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:2:19&quot;&gt; PARC. Xerox PARC was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:2:22&quot;&gt; part of the much larger&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:2:25&quot;&gt; ARPA research&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:2:28&quot;&gt;community; and considered, it was just funded by&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:2:31&quot;&gt; Xerox because the Department of Defense had quit&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:2:34&quot;&gt; funding ARPA the right way, and put the D on and changed&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:2:37&quot;&gt; everything. So we'll see about that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:2:40&quot;&gt; in a minute and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:2:43&quot;&gt; short answer [to]: “do I believe young people today&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:2:46&quot;&gt; have to solve a harder problem in requiring&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:2:49&quot;&gt; resources?”; and my answer is yes&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:2:52&quot;&gt; absolutely. It is much much harder&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:2:55&quot;&gt; as the businesses&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:2:58&quot;&gt; have moved in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:3:1&quot;&gt; which started really strongly in the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:3:4&quot;&gt;80s after the inventions of personal Computing&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:3:7&quot;&gt; and pervasive and local&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:3:10&quot;&gt; networking, there was something&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:3:13&quot;&gt; that could be…&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:3:16&quot;&gt; and the GUI which&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:3:19&quot;&gt; opened up the computer to the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:3:25&quot;&gt;rest…&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:3:28&quot;&gt; Sorry go ahead. I could hear people talking&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:3:31&quot;&gt; yeah um yes, so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:3:34&quot;&gt; it's much harder, much much harder&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:3:37&quot;&gt; and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:3:40&quot;&gt; there isn't time to really answer&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:3:43&quot;&gt; these completely separately,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:3:46&quot;&gt; so I sort of wove them together.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:3:49&quot;&gt; I&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:3:52&quot;&gt; like this one. This is a recent one: “What are some&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:3:55&quot;&gt; of the most tragic illusions that adults get stuck&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:4:1&quot;&gt;with?”. That is the most flattering thing I've&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:4:4&quot;&gt; heard in years because it assumes I'm not an adult,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:4:7&quot;&gt; which I'm not.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:4:10&quot;&gt; Number two was: “What did you guys being there at Xerox&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:4:13&quot;&gt; Park do for them?”&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:4:16&quot;&gt; and then there's this dot dot dot one&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:4:19&quot;&gt; which I did do a little prep on it but I&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:4:22&quot;&gt; left it to the end in case we run out of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:4:25&quot;&gt; time because in 84 years&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:4:28&quot;&gt; I've had a lot of aha moments, but&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:4:31&quot;&gt; let's start off with number&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:4:34&quot;&gt; one. This is part&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:4:37&quot;&gt; of the tragic Illusions&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:4:40&quot;&gt; what we're doing right now and what we do in most&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:4:43&quot;&gt; classrooms is to recapitulate&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:4:46&quot;&gt; something that happened 150,000 years ago&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:4:49&quot;&gt; which is a bunch of people gathering around a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:4:52&quot;&gt; campfire listening to somebody&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:4:55&quot;&gt;talk. And just&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:4:58&quot;&gt; think about it for a second how crazy&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:5:1&quot;&gt; is it for me to be doing what I'm doing now&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:5:4&quot;&gt; this is why I sent a couple of papers along to read.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:5:7&quot;&gt; It's crazy to orally discuss&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:5:10&quot;&gt; ideas and inventions that required reading and writing&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:5:13&quot;&gt;to invent and explain. The&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:5:16&quot;&gt; oral medium is not good for what&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:5:19&quot;&gt; the best of the stuff that we&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:5:22&quot;&gt;do; but&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:5:25&quot;&gt; we all have the same pink brains&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:5:28&quot;&gt; they love stories and so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:5:31&quot;&gt; what this guy wants is a story&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:5:34&quot;&gt; and what I'm trying to do is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:5:37&quot;&gt; to comply to tell stories about&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:5:40&quot;&gt; things that really aren't very good as&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:5:43&quot;&gt; stories and the problem was we're still basically&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:5:46&quot;&gt; the same species&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:5:49&quot;&gt; with the same pink brain that wants&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:5:52&quot;&gt;stories. And systems&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:5:55&quot;&gt; aren't stories. I'm basically a systems&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:5:58&quot;&gt;guy&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:6:1&quot;&gt; If we take a look at what happened going back a few&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:6:4&quot;&gt; hundred thousand years, human genetics&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:6:7&quot;&gt; yeah it has changed a little bit.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:6:10&quot;&gt; some of us got to be able to digest milk&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:6:13&quot;&gt; and so forth.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:6:16&quot;&gt; And human&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:6:19&quot;&gt; inventions gradually took&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:6:22&quot;&gt; off. And with modern&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:6:25&quot;&gt; theories about origins of languages,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:6:28&quot;&gt; a lot more of language seems to be an invention&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:6:31&quot;&gt; via culture than&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:6:34&quot;&gt; we thought in the past. And then we&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:6:37&quot;&gt; have this problem, which I hope you can see&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:6:40&quot;&gt; there because my little thing is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:6:43&quot;&gt; blocking.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:6:46&quot;&gt; Our Collective wisdom&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:6:49&quot;&gt; started being informed by our inventions&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:6:52&quot;&gt; but it grew at a much slower rate because the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:6:55&quot;&gt; inventions are various forms of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:6:58&quot;&gt; technology including symbolic technologies.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:7:4&quot;&gt;They turned out to be really easy once we got the hang of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:7:7&quot;&gt; it. And so we've got this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:7:10&quot;&gt; huge gap.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:7:13&quot;&gt; So we can turn the guy's spear into a Tomahawk&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:7:16&quot;&gt; missile. We can increase his power of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:7:19&quot;&gt; Destruction by a factor of a million.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:7:22&quot;&gt; And we could do something much much worse which is to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:7:25&quot;&gt; turn him into a bureaucrat&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:7:28&quot;&gt; and create bureaucracy.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:7:31&quot;&gt; And bureaucracy has killed millions&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:7:34&quot;&gt; and millions more people than the worst Atomic&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:7:37&quot;&gt; weapons. So&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:7:40&quot;&gt; this is a huge problem.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:7:43&quot;&gt; And education&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:7:46&quot;&gt;is supposed to do something about it. We'll talk about that a little bit&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:7:49&quot;&gt; later. But think about it, we&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:7:52&quot;&gt; just went through the inability of most&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:7:55&quot;&gt; of the population of the planet to not&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:7:58&quot;&gt; understand how viruses and diseases work&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:8:1&quot;&gt; that was botched almost&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:8:4&quot;&gt; everywhere. And for&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:8:7&quot;&gt; the last 60 plus years we've been&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:8:10&quot;&gt; ignoring something smaller than a virus, the CO₂ molecule,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:8:13&quot;&gt;which is gradually&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:8:16&quot;&gt; changing the entire planet that we live&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:8:19&quot;&gt; on. So if you're looking for&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:8:22&quot;&gt; human wisdom, it's not up to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:8:25&quot;&gt; the scaling of what we've been able to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:8:28&quot;&gt;invent.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:8:31&quot;&gt; Okay, so, Cliff Notes for Human Beings.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:8:34&quot;&gt; I'll do this quickly&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:8:37&quot;&gt;but… So, we're basically&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:8:40&quot;&gt; Hamlet.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:8:43&quot;&gt; Our minds are like theaters.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:8:46&quot;&gt; We're more theatrical than we think. We threate…,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:8:49&quot;&gt; We create…, treat our beliefs as reality.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:8:52&quot;&gt; That is the worst thing about human&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:8:58&quot;&gt;beings. And these theaters are tiny. We can&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:9:1&quot;&gt; only think of a few things that once it's hard for us&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:9:4&quot;&gt; to take in larger&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:9:7&quot;&gt; things. And if you look into biology&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:9:10&quot;&gt; we find out that most of our mind is not&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:9:13&quot;&gt; human. And we're more non-human&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:9:16&quot;&gt; than we assume. And we tend to react&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:9:19&quot;&gt; much more than actual thinking. Thinking actually had&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:9:22&quot;&gt; to be invented. We grow up in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:9:25&quot;&gt;we were born into.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:9:28&quot;&gt; and that shapes so much of who we are and also&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:9:31&quot;&gt; how we look at the world. Our conclusions&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:9:34&quot;&gt; tend to be societal. That's a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:9:37&quot;&gt; disaster. And we have&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:9:40&quot;&gt; not just one mind, and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:9:43&quot;&gt; really not just one brain. We maybe have&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:9:46&quot;&gt; about eighty&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:9:49&quot;&gt; different conglomerations of things that could be&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:9:52&quot;&gt; called brainlets.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:9:55&quot;&gt; We have a special set of ones&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:9:58&quot;&gt; shared with most animals which is learning&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:10:1&quot;&gt; by touching things. We learn&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:10:4&quot;&gt;seeing things. We have a completely different set of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:10:7&quot;&gt; knowledges from how things look.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:10:10&quot;&gt; And we have this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:10:13&quot;&gt; symbolic mechanism&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:10:16&quot;&gt; which is both our&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:10:19&quot;&gt; downfall and our&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:10:22&quot;&gt; Salvation. So we're much&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:10:25&quot;&gt; more fragmented. We only have one body&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:10:28&quot;&gt; but uh what we want&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:10:31&quot;&gt; actually conflicts&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:10:34&quot;&gt; internally. So this is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:10:37&quot;&gt; a whole area that's really&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:10:40&quot;&gt; worthwhile studying. Especially in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:10:43&quot;&gt; this age of computation and especially&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:10:46&quot;&gt; this area. I'll leave it at.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:10:49&quot;&gt; Now let's go to the the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:10:52&quot;&gt; second question is “what did we ever do&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:10:55&quot;&gt;for Xerox anyway?”&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:10:58&quot;&gt; well we'll talk a little bit later about where Xerox&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:11:1&quot;&gt; PARC came from but here are some of the things that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:11:7&quot;&gt;we did. The first&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:11:10&quot;&gt; thing like a modern personal&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:11:13&quot;&gt; computer. The&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:11:16&quot;&gt; GUI with icons and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:11:19&quot;&gt;pointing.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:11:22&quot;&gt; Basically a way of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:11:25&quot;&gt; dealing with symmetrical&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:11:28&quot;&gt; reading and writing. That was also [called] What You See&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:11:34&quot;&gt;is What You Get. What we have to call real OOP today,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:11:37&quot;&gt; that we only called OOP back then. But it was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:11:40&quot;&gt; different than what is called OOP&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:11:43&quot;&gt; today. And we did the laser&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:11:46&quot;&gt; printer which just for the engineers in the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:11:49&quot;&gt; crowd, the very first laser printer was a page&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:11:52&quot;&gt; a second, which most people have never&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:11:55&quot;&gt; experienced today, at 500 pixels&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:11:58&quot;&gt; to the inch. That is a great&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:12:1&quot;&gt; story all by itself. How Gary Starkweather&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:12:4&quot;&gt; did that.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:12:7&quot;&gt; The outline fonts and postcript, the Ethernet.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:12:10&quot;&gt; Peer [to] peer, and client/server, and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:12:13&quot;&gt; about half the internet.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:12:16&quot;&gt;PARC had its own internet which is called the PARC&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:12:19&quot;&gt; Universal packets.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:12:22&quot;&gt; It was spread all over the country and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:12:25&quot;&gt; about, I don't know,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:12:28&quot;&gt; half the general meetings&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:12:31&quot;&gt; that were held at UCLA especially,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:12:34&quot;&gt; were done by PARC people. Some of whom&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:12:37&quot;&gt;had already done some of the things [… working at…]&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:12:40&quot;&gt; The thing is that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:12:43&quot;&gt; all of these things came out of a particular&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:12:46&quot;&gt; community. So we locked the claim we&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:12:49&quot;&gt; had eight and a half visible inventions. And&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:12:52&quot;&gt; of course what's interesting about all of this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:12:55&quot;&gt; is all the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:12:58&quot;&gt;technology that had to be invented that was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:13:1&quot;&gt; invisible. And according to Butler&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:13:4&quot;&gt; Lampson, this was done&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:13:7&quot;&gt; with about 25 researchers over about five&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:13:10&quot;&gt; years. These particular ones I'm showing&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:13:13&quot;&gt; here. And PARC&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:13:16&quot;&gt; itself, existed in the form it was for&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:13:19&quot;&gt; about 10 years. So in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:13:22&quot;&gt; total today's dollars&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:13:25&quot;&gt; here is like, I don't know 15&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:13:28&quot;&gt; years ago or so, when I made the slide&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:13:31&quot;&gt; so it was in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:13:34&quot;&gt; dollars of 15 years ago, it was about 10&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:13:37&quot;&gt; million dollars a year, or about 100&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:13:40&quot;&gt; million to 120 million for the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:13:43&quot;&gt; for the 10 years. And PARC had four Labs&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:13:46&quot;&gt; so there was System Science, Computer Science,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:13:49&quot;&gt; Optical science and Physical science.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:13:52&quot;&gt; So this is the total budget of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:13:55&quot;&gt; Park. And when I&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:13:58&quot;&gt; first did this slide of, 15&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:14:1&quot;&gt; years years ago or so, the return was about $35&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:14:4&quot;&gt; trillion dollars to the world. Now&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:14:7&quot;&gt; I think it's up past 50 trillion&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:14:10&quot;&gt; or so and, to get back to the question&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:14:13&quot;&gt; is uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:14:16&quot;&gt; oh and this is an important idea, that the thing that confused&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:14:19&quot;&gt; people and Confused Xerox was, if you can&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:14:22&quot;&gt;these eight and a half inventions you see in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:14:25&quot;&gt; in Industry, it is the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:14:28&quot;&gt; basis of one of the main&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:14:31&quot;&gt; large Industries that we have&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:14:34&quot;&gt;today.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:14:37&quot;&gt; Now what about return to PARC. Well, PARC&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:14:40&quot;&gt; missed, I mean Xerox missed most of these.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:14:43&quot;&gt; But it doesn't matter because the return&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:14:46&quot;&gt; on the laser printer all by itself&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:14:49&quot;&gt; was about a factor of 200&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:14:52&quot;&gt; on the entire investment for park over the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:14:55&quot;&gt;entire 10 years. So&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:14:58&quot;&gt; Xerox made billions and billions just&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:15:1&quot;&gt; from this one thing. They missed the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:15:4&quot;&gt; trillions but&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:15:7&quot;&gt; if you look at it from a positive direction,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:15:10&quot;&gt; thank goodness they were willing to fund&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:15:13&quot;&gt; people that no business person in their right mind would&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:15:16&quot;&gt; fund. So we got what we&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:15:19&quot;&gt;got. Now,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:15:22&quot;&gt; the real story here is that back in the 40s&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:15:25&quot;&gt; the Cold War started with the Russian A&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:15:28&quot;&gt; bomb, after World War II, and that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:15:31&quot;&gt; gave rise to a bunch&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:15:34&quot;&gt; of DOD funding, which included Whirlwind&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:15:37&quot;&gt; which we'll talk about in a minute, the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:15:40&quot;&gt; SAGE air defense system.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:15:43&quot;&gt; We'll talk about in a minute, and then in 57 Sputnik&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:15:46&quot;&gt; came along and that created ARPA.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:15:49&quot;&gt; We'll talk about that in a minute. And here are some&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:15:52&quot;&gt;the things that ARPA did&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:15:55&quot;&gt; up to the time when the Vietnam War and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:15:58&quot;&gt; Congress decided to kill ARPA funding&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:16:1&quot;&gt; for public domain&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:16:4&quot;&gt; Computing. You can look at these yourself.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:16:7&quot;&gt; Things like personal Computing,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:16:10&quot;&gt; computer Graphics,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:16:13&quot;&gt; packet switching. That handsome guy in the patch packing&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:16:16&quot;&gt; switching thing on the the right is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:16:19&quot;&gt; none other than Len&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:16:22&quot;&gt;Kleinrock. Looking very confident as we all were&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:16:25&quot;&gt; back then. That led to the ARPANET,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:16:28&quot;&gt; and that led to the Internet,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:16:31&quot;&gt; and… The first tablet that was areally&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:16:34&quot;&gt; good one, that was done back in 1964, and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:16:37&quot;&gt; then there was the Engelbart system and so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:16:40&quot;&gt; forth. So PARC was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:16:43&quot;&gt; actually set up&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:16:46&quot;&gt; because one of the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:16:49&quot;&gt; Deputy directors of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:16:52&quot;&gt; ARPA&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:16:55&quot;&gt; IPTO feared that this work was not&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:16:58&quot;&gt; going to be continued to some kind of fruition.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:17:1&quot;&gt;So he started looking around and it happened that Xerox&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:17:4&quot;&gt; was looking around for a long range research&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:17:7&quot;&gt; lab, and they got together and the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:17:10&quot;&gt; the lab was put as far away from corporate&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:17:13&quot;&gt; headquarters as possible.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:17:16&quot;&gt; Next to a university so it's either going to be Berkeley&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:17:19&quot;&gt; or Stanford. They put it next to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:17:22&quot;&gt; Stanford.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:17:25&quot;&gt; Park completely thought of itself as&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:17:28&quot;&gt; being part of the ARPA Community. Almost every computer&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:17:31&quot;&gt; researcher there had been a graduate&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:17:34&quot;&gt; student at and had their degrees&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:17:37&quot;&gt; paid for by ARPA and so forth. So I never&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:17:40&quot;&gt; talk about PARC without bringing in this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:17:43&quot;&gt;larger context. And in fact&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:17:46&quot;&gt; it the larger context was the reason that PARC&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:17:49&quot;&gt; was able to do so many things&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:17:52&quot;&gt; with so few researchers. There was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:17:55&quot;&gt; all of this prior art available&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:17:58&quot;&gt; in the research community, and the research&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:18:1&quot;&gt; community also taught the grad students how to work&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:18:4&quot;&gt; together. I'll talk about that in a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:18:7&quot;&gt;minute.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:18:10&quot;&gt; Okay here's feedback from&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:18:13&quot;&gt;world pushback. Look at some&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:18:16&quot;&gt;of these numbers&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:18:19&quot;&gt; are dismally low. Like here are the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:18:22&quot;&gt;heartbreakers. On the other hand 100%&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:18:25&quot;&gt; of the internet, 100% of the Ethernet,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:18:28&quot;&gt; 100% of the laser printer, outline&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:18:31&quot;&gt; fonts. Peer-peer and all that stuff were accepted&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:18:34&quot;&gt; and this is in large part because there weren't&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:18:37&quot;&gt; good solutions already out&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:18:40&quot;&gt;there. The&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:18:43&quot;&gt; 50% on the pop modern personal computer&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:18:46&quot;&gt; is because the people who adapted&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:18:49&quot;&gt; this to the commercial World&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:18:52&quot;&gt; basically adapted it&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:18:55&quot;&gt; in its appearances. They didn't&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:18:58&quot;&gt;look any deeper.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:19:1&quot;&gt; Most of the hackers in the 80s thought they knew&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:19:4&quot;&gt; how to program so their interest in doing&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:19:7&quot;&gt; really new ways of programming was very low. So the least accepted&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:19:10&quot;&gt; thing was the way we did successful&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:19:13&quot;&gt; software at PARC.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:19:16&quot;&gt; Some of the deepest&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:19:19&quot;&gt; ideas uh that our field has ever come up with&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:19:22&quot;&gt; were done by Engelbart and his group&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:19:25&quot;&gt; and almost none of those have even&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:19:28&quot;&gt; be understood. And you know if I were there and person,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:19:31&quot;&gt; what I always do is ask students&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:19:34&quot;&gt; what Engelbart did, and they usually can't tell me.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:19:37&quot;&gt; And it's hard to find a student…&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:19:40&quot;&gt; In fact let's do it right now, just for the hell&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:19:43&quot;&gt; of it. Okay students&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:19:46&quot;&gt; can you hear me? Raise your&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:19:49&quot;&gt;hand?&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:19:52&quot;&gt;Okay. Let's see,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:19:55&quot;&gt; what do I want here?…&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:19:58&quot;&gt; Yes; so… Students&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:20:1&quot;&gt; please tell me anybody who's T&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:20:4&quot;&gt; typed “E N G E L B A&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:20:7&quot;&gt; R T” into Google.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:20:10&quot;&gt; Raise your&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:20:13&quot;&gt;hand.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:20:16&quot;&gt; [TA's answers]– I think one hand is Professor Kleinrock. [Alan Kay] Well&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:20:19&quot;&gt; of course. Okay so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:20:22&quot;&gt; this is basically being in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:20:25&quot;&gt; in physics, being&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:20:28&quot;&gt; a physics major, and not being curious about&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:20:34&quot;&gt;Newton. So this is not an&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:20:40&quot;&gt;exaggeration. Think about it.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:20:43&quot;&gt;And you know if you want some bitching from an old&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:20:46&quot;&gt; fart, a lot of us back in the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:20:49&quot;&gt; old days put out a lot of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:20:52&quot;&gt; effort, including Len in the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:20:55&quot;&gt; room, to get you guys personal&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:20:58&quot;&gt; computers, which you have with you.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:21:1&quot;&gt; And to get you guys networks that can connect&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:21:4&quot;&gt; to things, and to get you so you can be&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:21:7&quot;&gt; just a few characters and a mouse push&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:21:10&quot;&gt; away from satisfying your curiosity&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:21:13&quot;&gt; about the heroes of your own profession.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:21:16&quot;&gt; Think about that and none of you have done&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:21:19&quot;&gt; that. What do you think about&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:21:25&quot;&gt;that? Okay&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:21:28&quot;&gt; so let's now go quickly back again.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:21:31&quot;&gt; Russian A-bomb…&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:21:40&quot;&gt;Here's Whirlwind. So&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:21:43&quot;&gt; this is just a few racks of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:21:46&quot;&gt; Whirlwind. At MIT. Was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:21:49&quot;&gt; actually just a 16bit&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:21:52&quot;&gt; bit parallel real-time mini computer&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:21:55&quot;&gt; but took this amount of space. Had about 5,000 vacuum&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:21:58&quot;&gt; tubes. And the memory&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:22:1&quot;&gt; devices back around 1950&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:22:4&quot;&gt; were so bad for storage,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:22:7&quot;&gt; for RAM that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:22:10&quot;&gt; it forced uh one of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:22:13&quot;&gt; the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:22:16&quot;&gt; the guy in the middle there&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:22:19&quot;&gt; Jay Forrester to invent core memory&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:22:22&quot;&gt; which was the technology that let computers&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:22:25&quot;&gt; uh go commercial for the first&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:22:28&quot;&gt; time. And the guy to his&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:22:31&quot;&gt; uh let's see, to his left the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:22:34&quot;&gt; guy who's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:22:37&quot;&gt; standing behind them in the middle of the picture&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:22:40&quot;&gt; there Jay&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:22:43&quot;&gt; Everett&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:22:58&quot;&gt;Whoops! Oh now it's not letting me…&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:23:1&quot;&gt;I hate Zoom&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:23:7&quot;&gt;okay&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:23:10&quot;&gt; Sorry&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:23:13&quot;&gt; Also with this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:23:16&quot;&gt; was uh one of the earliest displays&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:23:19&quot;&gt; and Everett had&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:23:22&quot;&gt; had&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:23:28&quot;&gt;actually…&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:23:37&quot;&gt;sorry. Everett had&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:23:40&quot;&gt; actually invented a way to point at the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:23:43&quot;&gt; screen, and this is the as far as&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:23:46&quot;&gt;the first time there was computer&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:23:49&quot;&gt; graphics with a pointing&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:23:52&quot;&gt; device. And they did this because&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:23:55&quot;&gt; the Cold War changed their original&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:23:58&quot;&gt; theory about what they were doing which was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:24:1&quot;&gt; to make flight simulators&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:24:4&quot;&gt; and they were starting to lose their funding for&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:24:7&quot;&gt; that but the atomic bomb&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:24:10&quot;&gt; of the Russians got the military&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:24:13&quot;&gt; interested in whether you could hook a computer&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:24:16&quot;&gt; up to radar and track it. And they were&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:24:19&quot;&gt; the first to do this and that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:24:22&quot;&gt;hey built back then morphed its way into the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:24:25&quot;&gt; worldwide airplane&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:24:28&quot;&gt; tracking system that we use today.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:24:31&quot;&gt; Then the second phase of Whirlwind&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:24:34&quot;&gt; was to go&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:24:37&quot;&gt; all out and see if we could&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:24:40&quot;&gt; track Russian bombers&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:24:43&quot;&gt; before they could get to us.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:24:46&quot;&gt; And so they built these monstrous&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:24:49&quot;&gt; block houses out of concrete.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:24:52&quot;&gt; This is about the size they&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:24:55&quot;&gt; were. Bottom floor there is just the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:24:58&quot;&gt;power supply. The second second floor here&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;note for=&quot;0:25:1&quot;&gt;<br /> The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AN/FSQ-7_Combat_Direction_Central AN/FSQ-7 Combat Direction Central], referred to as the Q7 for short, was a computerized air defence command and control system.&lt;/note&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:25:1&quot;&gt; are two really big Q7&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:25:4&quot;&gt; computers with maybe 55,000&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:25:7&quot;&gt; vacuum tubes hanged&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:25:10&quot;&gt; together, uh they're really something&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:25:13&quot;&gt;to walk around in.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:25:16&quot;&gt; Here's a block house. So&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:25:19&quot;&gt; 24 of these were built in the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:25:22&quot;&gt;US. Then up on the top&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:25:25&quot;&gt; floor were 100 to about&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:25:28&quot;&gt; 150 graphic terminals&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:25:31&quot;&gt; with pointing devices for dealing with various&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:25:34&quot;&gt;of information; and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:25:37&quot;&gt; here's what one row of them look&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:25:40&quot;&gt;like. So there are zillions&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:25:43&quot;&gt; of them, and this is about maybe 1956&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:25:46&quot;&gt; 57 now.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:25:52&quot;&gt; And… they had a network! Wasn't&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:25:55&quot;&gt; a great Network. It wasn't a packet switching&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:25:58&quot;&gt; network but they' gotten used to the idea&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:26:1&quot;&gt; that if you're going to build computers and have people&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:26:4&quot;&gt;work together you better have a network and some&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:26:7&quot;&gt; way of doing that. So this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:26:10&quot;&gt; crowning glory was just coming to fruition&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:26:13&quot;&gt; when the Russians decided, oh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:26:16&quot;&gt; well let's just shoot some&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:26:19&quot;&gt;Rockets to show The Americans that we don't need to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;note for=&quot;0:26:22&quot;&gt;<br /> Intercontinental ballistic missile[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercontinental_ballistic_missile].&lt;/note&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:26:22&quot;&gt; deliver bombs by a bomber. We can&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:26:25&quot;&gt; make ICBMs.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:26:28&quot;&gt; So this shocked the nation and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:26:31&quot;&gt; Congress and they set up ARPA:&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:26:34&quot;&gt; Advanced Research Projects Agency.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:26:37&quot;&gt; The director uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:26:40&quot;&gt; in the early 60s was Jack&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:26:42&quot;&gt; Ruina, and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:26:45&quot;&gt; he decided to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:26:48&quot;&gt; uh, give this guy uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:26:51&quot;&gt; Jacob Licklider known as Lick,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:26:54&quot;&gt; some leftover money they had which&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:26:57&quot;&gt;by DoD standards wasn't a lot but by computer computer&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:27:0&quot;&gt; standards it was millions.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:27:3&quot;&gt; And they they gave it to him because they liked him, and you'll&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:27:6&quot;&gt; you'll get an idea about this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:27:9&quot;&gt; soon. So here are the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:27:12&quot;&gt; 1960s directors of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:27:15&quot;&gt; ARPA. Not a military person among them these were all&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:27:18&quot;&gt; PhD&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:27:21&quot;&gt;scientists. And the four ARPA&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:27:24&quot;&gt; computer research directors were all&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:27:27&quot;&gt; scientists. And this is because&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:27:30&quot;&gt; the powers that set this up&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:27:33&quot;&gt; realized that having something like the military&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:27:36&quot;&gt; and something like congress,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:27:39&quot;&gt; with a dire threat&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:27:42&quot;&gt;that they were trying to deal with, would just botch things up.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:27:45&quot;&gt; Still true today.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:27:48&quot;&gt; So… but&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:27:51&quot;&gt; of course Congress ultimately control&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:27:54&quot;&gt; the budget, but they didn't have&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:27:57&quot;&gt; much power because the Americans were&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:28:0&quot;&gt; frightened of the Russians&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:28:3&quot;&gt; and, so they weren't&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:28:6&quot;&gt; going to curtail military spending.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:28:9&quot;&gt; But people in Congress would say&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:28:12&quot;&gt; these words that everybody has heard still today:&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:28:15&quot;&gt; “How is this relevant? Tell me why this work that you're doing is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:28:18&quot;&gt; relevant to the Department of Defense”, and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:28:21&quot;&gt; they would get push back from these&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:28:24&quot;&gt; scientist. Jack would say “That's not the right&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:28:27&quot;&gt; question to ask”. Bob Sproull Sr. would say the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:28:30&quot;&gt; right question to ask is “How is this going to help the United&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:28:33&quot;&gt; States, or this technology, or our society or our&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:28:36&quot;&gt; culture generally?”. Holy shit!&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:28:39&quot;&gt; Bob Taylor's remark&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:28:42&quot;&gt; was “They would stand up to these guys,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:28:45&quot;&gt; and in a polite civilized way attack their&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:28:48&quot;&gt; myopia because these ARPA directors were scientific&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:28:51&quot;&gt; statesmen”.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:28:54&quot;&gt; And Bob reflects we've had too few of those people&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:28:57&quot;&gt; in the job since then.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:29:0&quot;&gt;And around 1966&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:29:3&quot;&gt; Charlie Herzfield asked Bob “What&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:29:6&quot;&gt; what do you want?”. And Bob said “This network&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:29:9&quot;&gt; is what I want to do and here's why”.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:29:12&quot;&gt; And Charlie said&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:29:15&quot;&gt; “Okay”. And, Bob's recollection, that was a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:29:18&quot;&gt;15 minute conversation.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:29:21&quot;&gt; Charlie asked “How much money do you need?”, and Bob said “well a million&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:29:24&quot;&gt; dollars”. it's like seven or eight billion seven or eight&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:29:27&quot;&gt; million dollars today, just to get it organized.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:29:30&quot;&gt; And Herzfeld said&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:29:33&quot;&gt; “okay” and Bob's recollection was that there was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:29:36&quot;&gt; no actual ARPA paperwork order written or anything&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:29:39&quot;&gt; for months maybe even a year.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:29:42&quot;&gt; These people all trusted each other and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:29:45&quot;&gt; did a lot of things very quickly this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:29:48&quot;&gt; way. Now a key idea here if you can see&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:29:51&quot;&gt; him, is that Bob&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:29:54&quot;&gt; Taylor uh after&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:29:57&quot;&gt; ARPA went on to be the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:30:0&quot;&gt; founder uh of the computer science&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:30:3&quot;&gt; research at Xerox PARC. So he was the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:30:6&quot;&gt; connection as, of course, the computer science&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:30:9&quot;&gt; research PARC…, at PARC, was set up like&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:30:12&quot;&gt; the computer science research of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:30:15&quot;&gt; ARPA. And so when we look at&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:30:18&quot;&gt; this, we want to see:&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:30:21&quot;&gt; What, what did these people, way back then,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:30:24&quot;&gt; think about this? We have all&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:30:27&quot;&gt; these questions that we can't answer all of them today.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:30:30&quot;&gt; We can look at the first couple there. And we can get a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:30:33&quot;&gt; couple of samples of what they were saying.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:30:36&quot;&gt; so Vannevar&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:30:39&quot;&gt; Bush, uh pronounced the way&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:30:42&quot;&gt; Beaver is pronounced in New England: “beava”&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:30:45&quot;&gt; “Vanneeva”. Bush, who is president&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:30:48&quot;&gt; Roosevelt science advisor, said&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:30:51&quot;&gt; in the 40s holy new forms of encyclopedias&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:30:54&quot;&gt; will appear. Ready-made with a mesh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:30:57&quot;&gt; of associative trails running through them, ready to be&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:31:0&quot;&gt; dropped into the Memex, and there amplified”. So&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:31:3&quot;&gt; that got a lot of people&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:31:6&quot;&gt;thinking. Licklider said in a few years&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:31:9&quot;&gt;the combination of humans and computers will think as no&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:31:12&quot;&gt; humans have ever thought&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:31:15&quot;&gt; before. John McCarthy looked at&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:31:18&quot;&gt; the SAGE system and said every home will have one&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:31:21&quot;&gt;and with an intelligent interface. Because&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:31:24&quot;&gt; he thought… way…, McCarthy thought about it is: Well this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:31:27&quot;&gt; is just like, uh getting gas and water,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:31:30&quot;&gt; and electric power, and so forth into a house.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:31:33&quot;&gt; It's a utility so every house&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:31:36&quot;&gt; will have a uh a terminal connected to a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:31:39&quot;&gt; worldwide utility. That was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:31:42&quot;&gt; 1958. That affected the work at MIT&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:31:45&quot;&gt; by uh Corby: Fernando&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:31:48&quot;&gt; Corbató. Ivan Sutherland,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:31:51&quot;&gt; the inventor of computer graphics said “A graphic input&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:31:54&quot;&gt; coupled to some kind of computation which&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:31:57&quot;&gt; is in turn coupled to a graphical output is a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:32:0&quot;&gt; truly powerful tool for education and design”.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:32:3&quot;&gt;And Engelbart here said “We can boost Mankind's capability&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:32:6&quot;&gt; for coping with complex urgent problems&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:32:9&quot;&gt; by augmenting the collective IQ&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:32:12&quot;&gt; of groups”. Not just augmenting people&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:32:15&quot;&gt; but augmenting&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:32:18&quot;&gt;groups.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:32:21&quot;&gt; And I'm going to more concentrate more&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:32:24&quot;&gt; on these two, but we'll get a look at a bit.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:32:27&quot;&gt; Okay, so what what with these guys&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:32:30&quot;&gt; [were] looking for as far as people. Lick was just&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:32:33&quot;&gt; looking for the best people, Ivan was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:32:36&quot;&gt; looking for people uh who could “choose their own problems and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:32:39&quot;&gt; methods”, Taylor &lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:32:42&quot;&gt; thought his job was to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:32:45&quot;&gt; fix up the social environment “so that when the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:32:48&quot;&gt; lone Wolves scientists need to cooperate&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:32:51&quot;&gt; they will”. And&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:32:54&quot;&gt; Larry uh said,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:32:57&quot;&gt; everybody understood the game&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:33:0&quot;&gt; here which was ARPA&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:33:3&quot;&gt; IPTO was allowed to help the country as long as it was helping&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:33:6&quot;&gt; the military. And so what&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:33:9&quot;&gt; kind of people were they looking for?<br /> &lt;note for=&quot;0:33:12&quot;&gt;<br /> An extract of the full [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m_MaJDK3VNE EDS, an HP Company 'Cat Herders' commercial].<br /> &lt;/note&gt;<br /> —This man right here is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:33:12&quot;&gt;my great-grandfather. He's the first cat herder in our&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:33:18&quot;&gt;family. —Don't let anybody tell you it's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:33:21&quot;&gt; easy. —Anybody can herd cattle&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:33:24&quot;&gt; holding together 10000 half wild short hairs&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:33:27&quot;&gt; that's another thing all together&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:33:30&quot;&gt;Well, you get you get the idea&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:33:33&quot;&gt; and so the real question here is what if only cats can do this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:33:36&quot;&gt; stuff and adults don't&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:33:39&quot;&gt; get it. Adults are into command and control&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:33:42&quot;&gt; and command and control doesn't work with cats.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:33:45&quot;&gt; I have a jar filled with all the names of the toys we have&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:33:48&quot;&gt; sitting right next to us, and we're going to take the jar one by&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:33:51&quot;&gt; one open up these toys. —All right. —Would you like to go first&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:33:54&quot;&gt; picking something from the jar? —Yes. —All right.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:33:57&quot;&gt; A mouse on a spring… I like this one.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:34:0&quot;&gt;All right.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:34:3&quot;&gt; It's inside this box right here.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:34:6&quot;&gt;There's this little mouse on a spring. It goes up and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:34:9&quot;&gt; down, and cats are going to try to catch it. —All righty. —Our cats&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:34:12&quot;&gt;like having mouses but they keep on tearing them apart, cos&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:34:15&quot;&gt; they're kind of vicious so, we've got another one&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:34:18&quot;&gt; Okay. And this is the toy&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:34:24&quot;&gt;mouse. What is this?&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:34:27&quot;&gt; What is this mysterious&lt;/ subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:34:33&quot;&gt;George?! —I think you get&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:34:36&quot;&gt; it. Gotta have some feel for what cats&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:34:39&quot;&gt; want. So&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:34:42&quot;&gt; lick pointed out right at&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:34:45&quot;&gt; the beginning that great visions are not the same as&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:34:48&quot;&gt; goals but they are the ultimate cat&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:34:51&quot;&gt;toy. So&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:34:54&quot;&gt; he stuck to this vision which is not&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:34:57&quot;&gt; phrased as a goal he said: “computers are destined&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:35:0&quot;&gt; to become interactive intellectual&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:35:3&quot;&gt; amplifiers for everyone universally networked&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:35:6&quot;&gt; worldwide”. He did not know&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:35:9&quot;&gt; what this meant and in fact he was a psychologist&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:35:12&quot;&gt; not a what we call a card carrying&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:35:15&quot;&gt; engineer. But he&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:35:18&quot;&gt; understood a lot.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:35:21&quot;&gt; That if you hide… If you take this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:35:24&quot;&gt; vision and stick it behind the mountain&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:35:27&quot;&gt; range, it sends out a magnetic field which is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:35:30&quot;&gt; Marvin Minsky like to point out: “If you don't&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:35:33&quot;&gt; know what to do, get lots of people to do lots of things!”&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:35:36&quot;&gt; That's what Lick was doing.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:35:39&quot;&gt; And so the number one principle here of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:35:42&quot;&gt; doing anything like this where you are going to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:35:45&quot;&gt; get… have the possibility of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:35:48&quot;&gt; really large new things is: The goodness&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:35:51&quot;&gt; of the results correlates most strongly with the goodness of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:35:54&quot;&gt; the funders. That is my&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:35:57&quot;&gt; reflection uh, from the past&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:36:0&quot;&gt; because every era has really&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:36:3&quot;&gt; smart people. I've never&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:36:6&quot;&gt; been in an era that didn't have people as smart as the people I&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:36:9&quot;&gt; worked with back then, but the funders&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:36:12&quot;&gt; have… were wonderful in the 60s&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:36:15&quot;&gt; and uh 70s and they've been&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:36:18&quot;&gt; uh… ever more terrible ever&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:36:21&quot;&gt;since.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:36:24&quot;&gt; And so two of the main things that came&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:36:27&quot;&gt; out of this was human humans and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:36:30&quot;&gt; computers working together as an idea and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:36:33&quot;&gt; then this larger idea of augmenting human intellect&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:36:36&quot;&gt; in general. So I'll just go through these quickly&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:36:39&quot;&gt;There is a million of them. They're in one of the papers I handed&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:36:42&quot;&gt; out. But basically, go against&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:36:45&quot;&gt; conventional wisdom. Do visions&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:36:48&quot;&gt; not goals. Let&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:36:51&quot;&gt; somebody else do the goals. Fund problem finding,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:36:54&quot;&gt; not just problem solving. This is a key&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:36:57&quot;&gt; one because a problem&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:37:0&quot;&gt; is often too rooted in the uh… context&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:37:3&quot;&gt;of the present.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:37:6&quot;&gt; And so, if you're just doing that which is kind of what's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:37:9&quot;&gt; going on, this is what NSF likes to fund.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:37:12&quot;&gt; Problems that peer reviewers can understand in the present&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:37:15&quot;&gt; and most most of them uh don't make&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:37:18&quot;&gt; big contributions.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:37:21&quot;&gt; Problem finding on the other hand, is difficult for&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:37:24&quot;&gt; everybody, but it gives you a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:37:27&quot;&gt; chance. Fund people not&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:37:30&quot;&gt; projects. So in other words, don't&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:37:33&quot;&gt; even worry, you know if you've got some crazy guy who's really&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:37:36&quot;&gt; good, or girl, who's really good,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:37:39&quot;&gt; don't worry about what they want to do.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:37:42&quot;&gt; Give them some money and see what happens.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:37:45&quot;&gt; Uh corollary: “Fund the very best people”.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:37:48&quot;&gt; I don't think that's being done&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:37:51&quot;&gt; today. And, an important part of the research&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:37:54&quot;&gt; results are new and better researchers.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:37:57&quot;&gt; And in in a sense&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:38:0&quot;&gt; NSF is paying for some of this,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:38:3&quot;&gt; but I don't think a lot of research is being done. I think&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:38:6&quot;&gt; it's mostly engineering. So what I think is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:38:9&quot;&gt; NSF is paying for are, new and better&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:38:12&quot;&gt; uh uh… practical&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:38:15&quot;&gt;engineers. And what we need is new and better&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:38:18&quot;&gt; researchers. Really advance something very important.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:38:21&quot;&gt; Well that's controversial because it probably&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:38:24&quot;&gt; uh is something&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:38:27&quot;&gt; new. And here's a key one: Design&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:38:30&quot;&gt;build in the future and bring back to the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:38:33&quot;&gt; present. And one that costs a lot of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:38:36&quot;&gt; money was: Make enough of the inventions&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:38:39&quot;&gt; and in a practical enough manner so that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:38:42&quot;&gt; many people can use them. In other words live&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:38:45&quot;&gt; in your own uh your own mess that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:38:48&quot;&gt;you've made. Then: Milestones&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:38:51&quot;&gt; not deadlines.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:38:54&quot;&gt;That's a tough one.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:38:57&quot;&gt; Okay so,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:0&quot;&gt; here are five things that —of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:3&quot;&gt; many things— that people&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:6&quot;&gt; in the individual stars there are&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:9&quot;&gt; people get interested in aesthetics,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:12&quot;&gt; or they prefer to tinker. They prefer to do&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:15&quot;&gt; engineering. But the problem is the sweet&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:18&quot;&gt; spot in the center.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:21&quot;&gt; Is something we have to get to because as Marvin says&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:22&quot;&gt; “You don't understand&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:24&quot;&gt; something if you only understand it one way”.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:27&quot;&gt; This is a key phrase for the 20&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:30&quot;&gt; 20th and 21st centuries&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:33&quot;&gt; and so —no matter what&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:36&quot;&gt; your favorite one of these is— you have to get fluent&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:39&quot;&gt; in all of them. And this is a not&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:42&quot;&gt;the way universities are set up. Not the way companies&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:45&quot;&gt; are set up. But you got to do it&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:48&quot;&gt; The best people I know all are in the center&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:51&quot;&gt; here. And then there's a question about…&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:54&quot;&gt; regarding computing is, is: Could there actually&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:57&quot;&gt; be a science of computing? They&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:40:0&quot;&gt; are artificial objects after all.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:40:3&quot;&gt; We're not looking at molecules so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:40:6&quot;&gt; forth, we're looking at constructed&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:40:9&quot;&gt; things. And what does that mean as a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:40:12&quot;&gt;science?&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:40:15&quot;&gt; So go back into the 50s&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:40:18&quot;&gt; again we've got&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:40:21&quot;&gt; phenomena. We can see these artifacts. They've got&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:40:24&quot;&gt; wires, and vacuum tubes, and we can program them.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:40:27&quot;&gt; and we can make a higher-level language for them like Fortran.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:40:30&quot;&gt; And so forth. And that isn't really&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:40:33&quot;&gt; science. What is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:40:36&quot;&gt;science. Well, I've&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:40:39&quot;&gt; got this cryptic phrase here: “Scientists try to ‘find&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:40:42&quot;&gt; fireflies’ and ‘make&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:40:45&quot;&gt;t-shirts’”. What does that mean?&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:40:48&quot;&gt; It means that behind the stuff&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:40:51&quot;&gt; that distracts us,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:40:54&quot;&gt; there are hidden,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:40:57&quot;&gt; deeper properties. The properties&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:41:0&quot;&gt; might not even be in there explicitly but they're&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:41:3&quot;&gt; there. What scientists do&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:41:6&quot;&gt; is good what I call good&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:41:9&quot;&gt; wooo-wooo. Which is,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:41:12&quot;&gt; they let their brain relax to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:41:15&quot;&gt;point where they can start thinking beneath the surface of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:41:18&quot;&gt; things. And here's one of the first computer&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:41:21&quot;&gt; scientists, John McCarthy, and he&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:41:24&quot;&gt; looked at this stuff in the 50s, and decided to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:41:27&quot;&gt; make a t-shirt of it, and the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:41:30&quot;&gt; t-shirt looks like&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:41:33&quot;&gt; this. So it's kind of Maxwell&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:41:36&quot;&gt;equations of computing and, what's interesting about&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:41:39&quot;&gt; it is that it doesn't look like&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:41:42&quot;&gt; the hardware and it doesn't look like the software. It's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:41:45&quot;&gt; actually a mathematical&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:41:48&quot;&gt;formulation of what John thought the most important&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:41:51&quot;&gt; relationships were, so I would call this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:41:54&quot;&gt;maxwellian. Then he de did something even&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:41:57&quot;&gt;stronger&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:42:0&quot;&gt; along the lines of Newton which is to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:42:3&quot;&gt; explain important ideas&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:42:6&quot;&gt; here about what was lying beneath&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:42:9&quot;&gt; the surface. And why it was really useful&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:42:12&quot;&gt; to think of doing things in a particular&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:42:15&quot;&gt; way. And, the thing&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:42:18&quot;&gt; about math is it has to be consistent, meaning&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:42:21&quot;&gt; neat, but it doesn't have to be&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:42:24&quot;&gt; real. And so this thing that John did was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:42:27&quot;&gt; not real, but another hero&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:42:30&quot;&gt; of mine, Steve Russell, the guy who invented “Spacewar!”&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:42:33&quot;&gt; was at MIT, and he looked at&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:42:36&quot;&gt; John's math and he said “that's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:42:39&quot;&gt; a program, if I implement it, we'll have a running system”.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:42:42&quot;&gt; And John McCarthy said well “He did, and we did”.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:42:45&quot;&gt; And that was the birth of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:42:48&quot;&gt;lisp. And here's the cool thing about computing:&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:42:51&quot;&gt; The theory can also be the model ''and'' the artifact&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:42:54&quot;&gt; and you can make it&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:42:57&quot;&gt; real! But there are a lot of complaints about&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:43:0&quot;&gt; dealing with pure semantics is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:43:3&quot;&gt; too slow. Even after&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:43:6&quot;&gt; factor of a million or a billion&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:43:9&quot;&gt; of or more of more Moore's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:43:12&quot;&gt; law still seems to be too slow.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:43:15&quot;&gt; On the other hand&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:43:18&quot;&gt; you can build a special machine for&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:43:21&quot;&gt;these semantics that don't fit on regular&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:43:24&quot;&gt;machines. Because remember:&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:43:27&quot;&gt; our computer's only there to run programs, so why not make&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:43:30&quot;&gt; a computer that will run the programs you want to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:43:33&quot;&gt; run? And if you try to optimize too early,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:43:36&quot;&gt; like buying a computer before&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:43:39&quot;&gt; that isn't a supercomputer before you've done your&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:43:42&quot;&gt; research. you're in trouble. Because now you're&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:43:45&quot;&gt; forced to deal with its problems, rather than your&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:43:48&quot;&gt; own. So this is the kind of process&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:43:51&quot;&gt; that the ARPA community went&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:43:54&quot;&gt;through.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:43:57&quot;&gt; And this is a fun story but&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:44:0&quot;&gt; I want to bring up the fireflies again.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:44:3&quot;&gt; You can't replicate what John&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:44:6&quot;&gt;McCarthy did, because the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:44:9&quot;&gt; times are different now. But the fireflies&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:44:12&quot;&gt; in what he did are still there, and they can still&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:44:15&quot;&gt;what to do&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:44:18&quot;&gt; Okay? Here's uh… Story&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:44:21&quot;&gt; number two. 62&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:44:24&quot;&gt; years ago in 1962.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:44:27&quot;&gt; This is in the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:44:30&quot;&gt;uh SAGE experimental&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:44:33&quot;&gt; uh test computer called the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:44:36&quot;&gt; TX-2 it was one of the la… one one of these&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:44:39&quot;&gt; computers that was the building.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:44:42&quot;&gt; And right down at the end of one corner was this guy sitting&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:44:45&quot;&gt;of a oscilloscope&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:44:54&quot;&gt;screen… And what was he doing?&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:44:57&quot;&gt; well…&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:45:0&quot;&gt;Here's the light pen, he was grabbing some ink&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:45:6&quot;&gt;and… now this display&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:45:9&quot;&gt; doesn't… isn't a line drawing display. It just makes a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:45:12&quot;&gt; dot. So the there's a program&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:45:15&quot;&gt; making these lines. Now he tells Sketchpad&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:45:18&quot;&gt; to make them all mutually perpendicular. And you&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:45:21&quot;&gt; just saw it automatically&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:45:24&quot;&gt; uh clean up the drawing. This is why it's called Sketchpad. Because&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:45:27&quot;&gt; you can just draw roughly he may wants&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:45:30&quot;&gt; to make a hole in this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:45:33&quot;&gt;flange. So he says here make&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:45:36&quot;&gt; these both uh uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:45:39&quot;&gt; parallel and perpendicular and,…&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:45:42&quot;&gt; Now the constraint is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:45:45&quot;&gt; make these lines I'm drawing to be collinear with the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:45:48&quot;&gt; guidelines below, so this allows&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:45:51&quot;&gt; him to quickly draw a dotted&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:45:54&quot;&gt;line…&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:45:57&quot;&gt; Now he's going going to make the guidelines&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:46:0&quot;&gt; transparent. We get a hole in the flange.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:46:3&quot;&gt;And notice this is the first system to have a clipping&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:46:6&quot;&gt; window. He's actually drawing on a canvas&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:46:9&quot;&gt; about a third of a mile on a side being windowed&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:46:15&quot;&gt;here. He needs a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:46:18&quot;&gt;rivet.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:46:21&quot;&gt; So this is the rough shape of a rivet.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:46:24&quot;&gt; Draws this because he wants this as&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:46:27&quot;&gt; a center for an arc, for the top of the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:46:30&quot;&gt; rivet. And now he says okay make&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:46:33&quot;&gt; all these lines I'm pointing to here,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:46:36&quot;&gt; make these mutually perpendicular.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:46:39&quot;&gt; And that will force the drawing into&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:46:42&quot;&gt; something like a rivet. Maybe he doesn't&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:46:51&quot;&gt;shape.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:46:54&quot;&gt; Because he didn't constrain the size of the thing, so here's another&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:46:57&quot;&gt;solution with that those starting&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:47:0&quot;&gt; conditions. but he said… decides he likes the one&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:47:9&quot;&gt;first… Now here's another cool idea Ivan&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:47:12&quot;&gt; Sutherland did,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:47:15&quot;&gt; which was to have masters and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:47:18&quot;&gt; instances. So&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:47:21&quot;&gt; this is not the rivet he drew,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:47:24&quot;&gt; this is an instance of the rivet he drew.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:47:27&quot;&gt; And the rotation and the scaling&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:47:30&quot;&gt; are done by knobs that he has on&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:47:36&quot;&gt;console. Okay?…&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:47:39&quot;&gt; And wants to show you&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:47:42&quot;&gt; he can make more instances and that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:47:45&quot;&gt; these instances can be different sizes… and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:47:48&quot;&gt; says “whoops! I forgot&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:47:51&quot;&gt; I left the crossbow on there I should make these guys transparent”.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:47:54&quot;&gt; So he goes to the master drawing and makes them&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:47:57&quot;&gt; transparent. And lo and behold,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:48:0&quot;&gt; all of the instances uh…&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:48:3&quot;&gt; obey. So he gets rid of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:48:6&quot;&gt;the thing, and he says okay&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:48:9&quot;&gt; make that construction I just did into a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:48:12&quot;&gt; master. Now I'm going to make instances&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:48:24&quot;&gt;of the master&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:48:36&quot;&gt;Right? Here's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:48:39&quot;&gt; instances of the master&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:48:42&quot;&gt; that he made of the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:48:54&quot;&gt;conglomerate.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:49:3&quot;&gt;Yeah, okay.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:49:6&quot;&gt; So here's a high resolution picture of Ivan&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:49:9&quot;&gt; at the console and he's doing a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:49:12&quot;&gt; something much more complicated, which is to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:49:15&quot;&gt; draw in a bridge.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:49:18&quot;&gt; And uh, unfortunately the movie&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:49:21&quot;&gt;for this has been lost. It's probably somewhere in Ivan's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:49:24&quot;&gt; garage. But uh… for fun a couple of years ago&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:49:27&quot;&gt; we we uh did a an&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:49:30&quot;&gt; emulation of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:49:33&quot;&gt;it. So here's a simple truss&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:49:36&quot;&gt; bridge and…&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:49:39&quot;&gt; We can connect things up and… we turn gravity&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:49:42&quot;&gt; on, which is a constraint&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:49:45&quot;&gt; You see it's computing all the stresses and the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:49:48&quot;&gt; strains on the bridge.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:49:51&quot;&gt; And it's continuously Computing, so if we add in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:49:54&quot;&gt; another strut&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:49:57&quot;&gt; here guess what, it ripples over the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:50:0&quot;&gt; entire bridge. If we hang a weight on&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:50:3&quot;&gt;it, we can… stress&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:50:9&quot;&gt;this bridge. And so the big idea here&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:50:12&quot;&gt; is it's not just about imitating&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:50:15&quot;&gt; drafting. It's that we can&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:50:18&quot;&gt; simulate uh any kind&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:50:21&quot;&gt; of computer aided design drawing that we do&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:50:24&quot;&gt; or model. And uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:50:27&quot;&gt; we get not just CAD, but CAD&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:50:30&quot;&gt; Sim. So this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:50:33&quot;&gt; is a huge huge idea&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:50:36&quot;&gt; that's still done extremely poorly today&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:50:39&quot;&gt; for most&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:50:42&quot;&gt;people. So&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:50:45&quot;&gt; interact… This is Ivan's PhD&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:50:48&quot;&gt; thesis in 1962&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:50:51&quot;&gt; inventing interactive computer graphics,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:50:54&quot;&gt; clipping windowon pointing iconic IQ [sic]… Objects&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:50:57&quot;&gt; masters and instances, we'd call that object…&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:51:0&quot;&gt;first object-oriented&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:51:3&quot;&gt; programming system that I know of.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:51:6&quot;&gt; Lots of nice technical things in it. Automatic&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:51:9&quot;&gt; dynamic simulations from&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:51:12&quot;&gt; designs, and you programmed it not in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:51:15&quot;&gt; the standard, uh programming&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:51:18&quot;&gt; languages but you programmed it in terms of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:51:21&quot;&gt; goals. In terms of the constraints that you want&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:51:24&quot;&gt;and sketchpad had three problem solvers that would solve&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:51:27&quot;&gt; problems say you could see. So I once&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:51:30&quot;&gt; asked Ivan “How could you do this in one year all by yourself?”&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:51:33&quot;&gt; and he said “Well, I didn't know it was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:51:39&quot;&gt;hard!”. Check out the fireflies from this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:51:42&quot;&gt; one.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:51:45&quot;&gt; ''Today!'' Think about what the fireflies&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:51:48&quot;&gt; from this one are. Okay and also in 1962 we&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:51:51&quot;&gt; had this guy who was kind of like Moses opening&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:51:54&quot;&gt;the Read Sea.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:51:57&quot;&gt; He's really interested&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:52:0&quot;&gt; in saving the world, and trying to make people&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:52:3&quot;&gt; better so they can save the world. So&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:52:6&quot;&gt; his idea in 62 was to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:52:9&quot;&gt; have a screen much… he knew about sketch pad; he wanted a screen&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:52:12&quot;&gt;much larger than that. He wanted to hang the light pen&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:52:15&quot;&gt; from a a gimbal. So you're&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:52:18&quot;&gt; you could just pull it down to the table and use it like a pencil&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:52:21&quot;&gt; and not have the blood run out of your hand&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:52:24&quot;&gt; when you're using it. And there's this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:52:27&quot;&gt; problem of that he thought about very&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:52:30&quot;&gt; deeply, which was, humans are not very&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:52:33&quot;&gt;good learners&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:52:36&quot;&gt; from using tools. We&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:52:39&quot;&gt; have this pink brain. We use tools&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:52:42&quot;&gt;in a very pink brain kind of way…&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:52:45&quot;&gt; So like a hammer we can use to hammer&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:52:48&quot;&gt; a nail into something but we can break something with a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:52:51&quot;&gt; hammer. We can do a lot of things with a hammer&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:52:54&quot;&gt; and we kind of get a hammerness into&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:52:57&quot;&gt; our brain but we get very little&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:53:0&quot;&gt; wisdom about tools and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:53:3&quot;&gt; hammers in our brain and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:53:6&quot;&gt; we become a hammerer!&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:53:9&quot;&gt; 100 thousand years later we might decide to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:53:12&quot;&gt; use nuclear weapons on a city. That's a way&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:53:15&quot;&gt; of hammering them into&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:53:18&quot;&gt;submission. So part of Engelbert's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:53:21&quot;&gt; idea was, if you're going to augment human&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:53:24&quot;&gt; intellect —for crying out loud—&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:53:27&quot;&gt; you must insert education and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:53:30&quot;&gt; training. Because what's happened is that the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:53:33&quot;&gt; powerful agencies have gone up in power by factors&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:53:36&quot;&gt; of millions, and our brains&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:53:39&quot;&gt; haven't. So you want the education&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:53:42&quot;&gt; to turn parts of our brain this nice&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:53:45&quot;&gt; bluish cast, and perhaps give us&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:53:48&quot;&gt; a little more wisdom on using our tools, and then&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:53:51&quot;&gt;a little safer using powerful methods and Powerful languages&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:53:54&quot;&gt; and so forth to do things.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:53:57&quot;&gt; So this is this five unit thing&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:54:0&quot;&gt;Engelbart's idea of what you really had to do if you're&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:54:3&quot;&gt; going to do this thing. And you had to do it not just&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:54:6&quot;&gt; for a person but people in groups. So the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:54:9&quot;&gt;groups have to be&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:54:12&quot;&gt; organized pretty much the same way.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:54:15&quot;&gt; This allows to get enormous amounts of synergy&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:54:18&quot;&gt; between the individuals they can be&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:54:21&quot;&gt; the different stars on the diagram&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:54:24&quot;&gt; I just showed you cooperating together.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:54:30&quot;&gt;And four years later, they&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:54:33&quot;&gt; did a first pass at this which was incredibly&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:54:36&quot;&gt;impressive. It's called the mother of all demos&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:54:39&quot;&gt; and uh if you type E n g l&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:54:42&quot;&gt; b a r t into&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:54:45&quot;&gt; uh Google uh in the first page of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:54:48&quot;&gt;hits you'll find a reference to the movie of that demo.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:54:51&quot;&gt; You should see what they were able to do back&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:54:54&quot;&gt;little machine.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:54:57&quot;&gt; And you know when Engelbart's name come up&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:55:0&quot;&gt; comes up and even in his obituaries&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:55:3&quot;&gt; the the only thing I could really talk about was the mouse&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:55:6&quot;&gt; and this really bugged&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:55:9&quot;&gt; Doug. He said the mouse, the mouse is just&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:55:12&quot;&gt; a dial on a car radio. We invented a whole&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:55:15&quot;&gt;car! They won't look at it!&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:55:18&quot;&gt; You can get an idea of this there are about 70&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:55:21&quot;&gt; papers on the website devoted to him&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:55:24&quot;&gt; talking about these deep ideas. As I&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:55:27&quot;&gt; me mentioned… previously only about 30%&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:55:30&quot;&gt; of what Wngelbart was talking about&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:55:33&quot;&gt; got taken up uh in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:55:36&quot;&gt; computing today. So this is a big huge area&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:55:39&quot;&gt; that's got fireflies everywhere. And these are just&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:55:42&quot;&gt; three of the 17 or&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:55:45&quot;&gt; 18 uh principal invest…&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:55:48&quot;&gt; investigators that ARPA put together.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:55:51&quot;&gt; So these are the kind of people and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:55:54&quot;&gt; if we talk about cooperation and methods we've&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:55:57&quot;&gt; got to talk about the blind&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:56:0&quot;&gt; philosophers trying to figure out an elephant.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:56:3&quot;&gt; This is a classic thing and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:56:6&quot;&gt; they all have this flaw that I&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:56:9&quot;&gt;in the beginning that they think what's between their&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:56:12&quot;&gt; ears is uh not belief&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:56:15&quot;&gt; but reality. So of course this leads to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:56:18&quot;&gt;war.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:56:21&quot;&gt; And after thousands of years the idea of compromise&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:56:24&quot;&gt; comes about but this does not&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:56:27&quot;&gt; need to a pretty picture of an elephant, or a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:56:30&quot;&gt; way to make an elephant. And in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:56:33&quot;&gt; fact this is my picture of the way computing is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:56:36&quot;&gt; today. Practical Computing is just a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:56:39&quot;&gt; horrendous compromise&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:56:42&quot;&gt; almost none of it was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:56:45&quot;&gt;necessary&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:56:48&quot;&gt; now if you get scientific&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:56:51&quot;&gt; philosophers they've learned how to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:56:54&quot;&gt; cooperate in science works by looking at&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:56:57&quot;&gt;parts of things and looking&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:57:0&quot;&gt; at what other people have looked at other&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:57:3&quot;&gt; people looked at other parts of things&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:57:6&quot;&gt; and eventually coming to conclusions about the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:57:9&quot;&gt; whole so that's a really good&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:57:12&quot;&gt; idea but in fact science&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:57:15&quot;&gt; because our brains want to believe rather than think&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:57:18&quot;&gt; these can turn into something like a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:57:21&quot;&gt; religion and the reason uh we don't&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:57:24&quot;&gt; want to come up with blind belief&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:57:36&quot;&gt;there's always&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:57:39&quot;&gt;more there's always more and what&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:57:42&quot;&gt; it is is something that we can't&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:57:48&quot;&gt;imagine so when we give a a name&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:57:51&quot;&gt; to something we're hurting our&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:57:54&quot;&gt; belief in because we&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:57:57&quot;&gt; defined it it's a category now&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:58:0&quot;&gt; we've hurt our ability&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:58:3&quot;&gt; to think more about it because it already has a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:58:6&quot;&gt; set of properties it already is the thing that the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:58:12&quot;&gt;denotes and here's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:58:15&quot;&gt; a an ad I suggested to Apple&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:58:18&quot;&gt; many years ago uh for the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:58:21&quot;&gt; kind of people they wanted to have at Apple what kind should they be and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:58:24&quot;&gt; I suggest well do make a picture of something&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:58:27&quot;&gt; like this uh the right&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:58:30&quot;&gt;do with&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:58:33&quot;&gt; good P implies q and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:58:36&quot;&gt; the left hand the right brain has to be able to do good woow&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:58:42&quot;&gt;oo&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:58:45&quot;&gt; and what is good wool because&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:58:48&quot;&gt; uh the thing the thing to understand here let me just&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:58:51&quot;&gt;second here I think to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:58:54&quot;&gt; understand here is it was really hard to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:58:57&quot;&gt; invent good Plies Q&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:59:0&quot;&gt; was only invented a few thousand years ago but once we did&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:59:3&quot;&gt; it it turned out to be fairly easy for us to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:59:6&quot;&gt; do and humans&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:59:9&quot;&gt; are more or less born babies are born with good&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:59:12&quot;&gt; woooo uh and woooo&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:59:15&quot;&gt; in general and the problem&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:59:18&quot;&gt; is that most woooo is actually uh quite&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:59:21&quot;&gt; dangerous for the human mind so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:59:24&quot;&gt;to find good woowoo&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:59:27&quot;&gt; so here's one&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:59:30&quot;&gt;definition art is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:59:33&quot;&gt; a lie that tells the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:59:36&quot;&gt;truth&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:59:39&quot;&gt;and learn&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:59:42&quot;&gt; the rules like a pro that's the stuff you can do on the right&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:59:45&quot;&gt; hand side of the board so you can break them like artist&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:59:48&quot;&gt; like an artist on the leftand side of the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:59:51&quot;&gt; board you got to do both or else&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:59:54&quot;&gt;just bullshitting around&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:0:0&quot;&gt;and this is hard to do in school because as Marvin&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:0:3&quot;&gt; said school is the best thing ever invented to keep you from thinking&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:0:6&quot;&gt;about something important for more than a few&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:0:9&quot;&gt; minutes you have to ask that about where you are&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:0:12&quot;&gt; right now even though I'm a professor&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:0:15&quot;&gt; there and Len is a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:0:18&quot;&gt; professor uh schools have their own way about&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:0:21&quot;&gt; them like the fact&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:0:24&quot;&gt; this talk actually has a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:0:27&quot;&gt; uh designed end back at&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:0:30&quot;&gt; MIT they would just get Marvin talking and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:0:33&quot;&gt;out of steam in about six hours or so and everybody&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:0:36&quot;&gt;happy&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:0:39&quot;&gt; here's another genius huge&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:0:42&quot;&gt; influence on me he said institutional&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:0:45&quot;&gt; education seeks to make the strange familiar&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:0:48&quot;&gt; well that that sounds kind of reasonable&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:0:51&quot;&gt; yeah that's what we're you're paying them for&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:0:54&quot;&gt; things you don't understand you want to Now understand it but&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:0:57&quot;&gt; Jerry says the job of real education&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:1:0&quot;&gt; is to make the familiar strange again&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:1:3&quot;&gt; it's the stuff that we've that has&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:1:6&quot;&gt; come embedded into our belief system about&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:1:9&quot;&gt; normal that is keeping us&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:1:12&quot;&gt; being pedestrian&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:1:15&quot;&gt;thinking would you do if normal could seem strange&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:1:21&quot;&gt;normal you would have been able to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:1:24&quot;&gt; escape your present if you escape your present&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:1:27&quot;&gt; don't forget to use a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:1:30&quot;&gt;Lifeline how do we measure&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:1:33&quot;&gt; things well usually with graphs that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:1:36&quot;&gt; go from the left in the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:1:39&quot;&gt; past towards the future going towards&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:1:42&quot;&gt; the right and if something goes up&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:1:45&quot;&gt; we say a and if it goes down we say boo and so on and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:1:48&quot;&gt; so forth and if you think about this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:1:51&quot;&gt; graphs like this are complete&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:1:54&quot;&gt; and the reason is in order&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:1:57&quot;&gt;understand whether we should say yay or not&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:2:0&quot;&gt; we have to have a threshold and the threshold&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:2:6&quot;&gt;here like these could be uh reading&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:2:9&quot;&gt;scores for children and uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:2:12&quot;&gt; the children are never learning to read here&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:2:15&quot;&gt; they're getting better or worse&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:2:18&quot;&gt; at what they're not being able to do&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:2:21&quot;&gt; and so the key to make&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:2:24&quot;&gt;is to understand that both better and perfect are the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:2:27&quot;&gt; enemies of what is actually needed better is the tough one&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:2:30&quot;&gt;in engineering school because you get rewards for doing something&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:2:33&quot;&gt; better but what we're looking for here is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:2:36&quot;&gt; something new and to get something new we&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:2:39&quot;&gt; have to come up with the low the minimal&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:2:42&quot;&gt; idea that is just above the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:2:45&quot;&gt; threshold it's just into the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:2:48&quot;&gt;blue&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:2:51&quot;&gt; and we've once we've stepped into the blue we're actually in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:2:54&quot;&gt; a different way of thinking about things&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:2:57&quot;&gt; so this is you know like going from&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:3:0&quot;&gt; uh not having mathematics to mathematics&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:3:3&quot;&gt; or not going from not having writing to having&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:3:6&quot;&gt; writing or going from not having science&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:3:9&quot;&gt; to having science these are big&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:3:12&quot;&gt; things so you want to look for that star&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:3:15&quot;&gt;and the learning curve you might have to start off&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:3:18&quot;&gt; below where other people&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:3:21&quot;&gt; think you should be but the main thing is to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:3:24&quot;&gt;up there okay so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:3:27&quot;&gt; here's another example world's greatest&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:3:30&quot;&gt; hockey player made many many more goals&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:3:33&quot;&gt; than anybody and he was not a big&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:3:36&quot;&gt;uy&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:3:39&quot;&gt; uh had a couple of nice sayings he missed&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:3:42&quot;&gt; 100% of the shots you don't take people do&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:3:45&quot;&gt; that all the time you don't try enough&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:3:48&quot;&gt; and here's this big one a good hockey player goes to where the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:3:51&quot;&gt; puck is a great one goes to where&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:3:54&quot;&gt; the puck will be and he didn't mean calculating&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:3:57&quot;&gt; the trajectory of the puck he meant getting to a place&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:4:0&quot;&gt; where one of his teammates could pass&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:4:3&quot;&gt;do a quick shot on goal&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:4:6&quot;&gt; that was the Wayne gy game and we can play it in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:4:9&quot;&gt; technology so here's an example from my&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:4:12&quot;&gt; own career I had a woowoo intuition&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:4:15&quot;&gt; about children having their own&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:4:18&quot;&gt; portable tablet computers in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:4:21&quot;&gt; 1968 which was impossible&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:4:24&quot;&gt; back then but the second&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:4:27&quot;&gt; stage is can you find a favorable exponential&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:4:30&quot;&gt;Mo's law&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:4:33&quot;&gt; and this allows you to take this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:4:36&quot;&gt; intuition out 30 years&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:4:39&quot;&gt; and out 30 years in the future&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:4:42&quot;&gt;could say you can ask&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:4:45&quot;&gt; would it be ridiculous if we didn't have this and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:4:48&quot;&gt; 30 years that's 1995 the answer is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:4:51&quot;&gt; yeah it' be ridiculous if we didn't have tablet computers&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:4:54&quot;&gt; by 1995&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:4:57&quot;&gt;okay so you bring it bring the idea back to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:5:0&quot;&gt; the mid 80s can we do&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:5:3&quot;&gt; something by the mid 80s&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:5:6&quot;&gt; yes but&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:5:9&quot;&gt; software takes a long long time&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:5:12&quot;&gt; and we're in 1972 now so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:5:15&quot;&gt; what we need to do is to make a bunch of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:5:18&quot;&gt; flexible supercomputer time machines&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:5:21&quot;&gt; personal make a lot of them&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:5:24&quot;&gt; so the researchers can live and work in the future&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:5:27&quot;&gt; that is what we did at Park that dollar&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:5:30&quot;&gt; sign says More's law&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:5:33&quot;&gt; means that for most&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:5:36&quot;&gt; points in the future you can have&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:5:39&quot;&gt; them now if you're willing to spend a lot more&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:5:42&quot;&gt; money the commodity thing in the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:5:45&quot;&gt; future is the supercomputer of the present&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:5:48&quot;&gt;build the right kind of supercomputer in the present&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:5:51&quot;&gt; and you now have years to work on these really hard&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:5:54&quot;&gt; software ideas and that is where the star&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:5:57&quot;&gt; was at Park&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:6:0&quot;&gt; uh the dotted line there says you better&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:6:3&quot;&gt;do this really quickly or else you're going to get&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:6:6&quot;&gt; submerged into tool building&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:6:9&quot;&gt; you're going to be doing uh just computers and operating&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:6:12&quot;&gt; systems and you're not going to be doing what you're originally&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:6:15&quot;&gt; trying to do so you have to be have to be&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:6:18&quot;&gt; have a lot of chops to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:6:21&quot;&gt; do this and in fact the alto was done in a period of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:6:24&quot;&gt; about three and a half months by an AB absolute genius&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:6:27&quot;&gt; uh Chuck&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:6:30&quot;&gt;ther and once You' got this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:6:33&quot;&gt; you can start inventing the software of the future and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:6:36&quot;&gt; the supercomputer nature of it means&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:6:39&quot;&gt; something like user interface&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:6:42&quot;&gt; you can you don't&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:6:45&quot;&gt; have to optimize you can just&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:6:48&quot;&gt; uh do 10 experiments a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:6:51&quot;&gt; day for a week throw away your code&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:6:54&quot;&gt; don't even bother stay because uh you could put a higher level&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:6:57&quot;&gt; language on it you can do experiments you don't have to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:7:0&quot;&gt; optimize you need to find out what the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:7:3&quot;&gt; how the users respond to things and then&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:7:6&quot;&gt;right hand side uh if you're&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:7:9&quot;&gt; willing to optimize you can do software like is going to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:7:12&quot;&gt; exis in quantity in the 80s&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:7:15&quot;&gt; that happens to be uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:7:18&quot;&gt; the first version of Microsoft Word which was done at&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:7:21&quot;&gt; ZX park it made uh Microsoft&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:7:24&quot;&gt; many many billions of dollars when it was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:7:27&quot;&gt; released uh 15 years&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:7:30&quot;&gt; later right&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:7:33&quot;&gt; okay okay we're coming down to the end here&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:7:36&quot;&gt; so 1963 lick wrote a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:7:39&quot;&gt; memo members and Affiliates&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:7:42&quot;&gt; of The Intergalactic computer&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:7:45&quot;&gt;network they asked them why Intergalactic&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:7:48&quot;&gt; he said well Engineers always give you less than you're asking&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:7:51&quot;&gt; for so I want a worldwide Network so I'm going to ask&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:7:54&quot;&gt; for an Intergalactic one and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:7:57&quot;&gt; when they when they quit bitching and moaning and scale it down it's still going&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:8:0&quot;&gt; to be worldwide had&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:8:3&quot;&gt; this great line here if we succeed&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:8:6&quot;&gt;an Intergalactic Network then our main problem&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:8:9&quot;&gt; will be learning to communicate with&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:8:12&quot;&gt; aliens we'll look at that for in a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:8:15&quot;&gt;minute and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:8:18&quot;&gt; to this psychologist he said at this extreme&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:8:21&quot;&gt; the problem is essentially the one discussed by science&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:8:24&quot;&gt;fiction writers how do you get&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:8:27&quot;&gt; communication started among totally&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:8:30&quot;&gt; uncorrelated Sapient beings and he thought&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:8:33&quot;&gt; here of that scaling&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:8:36&quot;&gt; more or less destroys communication&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:8:39&quot;&gt; even amongst humans and scaling&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:8:42&quot;&gt; and technology is going to destroy Communications&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:8:45&quot;&gt; and so forth so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:8:48&quot;&gt; this is the this is what we need to think&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:8:51&quot;&gt; about and he and Bob Taylor wrote a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:8:54&quot;&gt; paper of which I've expanded on a little&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:8:57&quot;&gt; bit so the idea is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:9:0&quot;&gt; uh here's a human&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:9:3&quot;&gt; who's trying to say I'm come in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:9:6&quot;&gt; peace and the alien is saying uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:9:9&quot;&gt; maybe I should kill this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:9:12&quot;&gt;guy between two humans&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:9:15&quot;&gt; uh a description of something with a man and ho&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:9:18&quot;&gt; Hooves and a tail could be a horse for one&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:9:21&quot;&gt; guy and a zebra for&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:9:24&quot;&gt;another here's our multiple&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:9:27&quot;&gt; BL brains I talked about one part of my&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:9:30&quot;&gt; brain wants chocolate the other one realizes I should have an&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:9:33&quot;&gt; apple then we've got this new thing&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:9:36&quot;&gt; the computer&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:9:39&quot;&gt; what is what's on its mind not much&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:9:42&quot;&gt; and uh it doesn't understand what a horse is that's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:9:48&quot;&gt;ure so when we're talking&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:9:51&quot;&gt;else we might not be able to get together on what a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:9:54&quot;&gt; horse or a zebra is but we have a better&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:9:57&quot;&gt;hamburger worldwide so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:10:0&quot;&gt; shared context is what we're looking&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:10:3&quot;&gt; for and if we find a way and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:10:6&quot;&gt; what we do with language is to try and point&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:10:9&quot;&gt;what we think is the shared context between us&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:10:15&quot;&gt;person so if we look back at the theater here&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:10:18&quot;&gt; what is it what is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:10:21&quot;&gt; shared what the theater is for is to reflect&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:10:24&quot;&gt; the intelligence of the audience back to them you're not&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:10:27&quot;&gt; trying to teach them I'm not trying to teach&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:10:30&quot;&gt; you right now I'm trying to give you something&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:10:33&quot;&gt; that you can reflect your intelligence back&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:10:36&quot;&gt; on so the theater has to do&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:10:39&quot;&gt; most of the negotiations for the audience that's too&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:10:42&quot;&gt; bad but writing and reading are the same&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:10:45&quot;&gt; thing same idea&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:10:48&quot;&gt; and there's a huge difference between a good writer&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:10:51&quot;&gt; and a bad writer for these&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:10:54&quot;&gt;reasons so let's think of communication&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:10:57&quot;&gt; as an extension of the gesture&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:11:0&quot;&gt; so what could two different computers have in common&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:11:3&quot;&gt; well could be something like the dynamic messaging&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:11:6&quot;&gt; of real objectoriented&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:11:9&quot;&gt; programming could be something like what Linda&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:11:12&quot;&gt; did but with David gar her we&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:11:15&quot;&gt;still have the problem of real aliens but let's look&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:11:18&quot;&gt; at the problem with the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:11:21&quot;&gt; person people and computer what&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:11:24&quot;&gt; could they have in common&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:11:27&quot;&gt;and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:11:30&quot;&gt; so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:11:33&quot;&gt; what can we make that is going to beam the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:11:36&quot;&gt;audience's intelligence and knowledge back out&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:11:39&quot;&gt; them what should we put on the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:11:42&quot;&gt;stage&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:11:45&quot;&gt; and so the guoy is a representation of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:11:48&quot;&gt; what the computer is thinking about&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:11:51&quot;&gt; in a form that humans can uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:11:54&quot;&gt; understand the human can&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:11:57&quot;&gt; actually gesture at the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:12:0&quot;&gt;topic that he wants to talk&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:12:3&quot;&gt; about each window holds a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:12:6&quot;&gt; context and is a topic for conversation all the possible&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:12:9&quot;&gt; conversation are active no modes&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:12:12&quot;&gt; undoing is critical everywhere gesturing and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:12:15&quot;&gt; dragging and J Eng gauges the body&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:12:18&quot;&gt; brain pictures are more memorable than&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:12:21&quot;&gt; words so use those doing with images make&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:12:24&quot;&gt; symbols and this is kind of Jerome Bruner&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:12:27&quot;&gt; 101 this one is particularly&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:12:30&quot;&gt;important okay so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:12:33&quot;&gt; this is kind of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:12:36&quot;&gt;a summary&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:12:39&quot;&gt; of the way&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:12:42&quot;&gt; people were thinking back then&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:12:45&quot;&gt; and if you think about the park&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:12:48&quot;&gt; guey of all the things that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:12:51&quot;&gt; this research community did back then&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:12:54&quot;&gt; the thing that made the trillion ion dollar&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:12:57&quot;&gt; Industries was not just Mo's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:13:0&quot;&gt; law because&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:13:3&quot;&gt; there was nobody to sell Mo's law or&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:13:6&quot;&gt; even any reason to do Mo's law&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:13:9&quot;&gt; at the scale it which was done unless&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:13:12&quot;&gt; millions and billions of people could actually use this stuff and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:13:15&quot;&gt;reason millions and billions of people can use the stuff&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:13:18&quot;&gt; is because of the invention of the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:13:21&quot;&gt;guy&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:13:24&quot;&gt; okay so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:13:27&quot;&gt; I don't even know what time it is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:13:30&quot;&gt; but um I'm up to the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:13:33&quot;&gt; dot dot dot question about what my greatest&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:13:36&quot;&gt; aha Etc was and but I'm gonna pause&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:13:39&quot;&gt; here and just check in with&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:13:45&quot;&gt;Lenny&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:13:48&quot;&gt;hello um&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:13:51&quot;&gt; how long how long was that by the way uh we&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:13:54&quot;&gt; are uh we uh we still have time so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:13:57&quot;&gt; if you have uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:14:0&quot;&gt; okay so um&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:14:3&quot;&gt; the so now now the choice&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:14:6&quot;&gt; uh uh can get&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:14:9&quot;&gt; a another question from the audience we can&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:14:12&quot;&gt; do this dot dot dot thing whatever you'd&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:14:15&quot;&gt; like um we have one&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:14:21&quot;&gt;question so Len&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:14:24&quot;&gt; was this uh was this recognizable to you&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:14:27&quot;&gt; oh my god totally I mean there anecdotes all&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:14:30&quot;&gt; over the presentation that would add to it&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:14:33&quot;&gt; but you nailed it beautifully you captured that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:14:36&quot;&gt; there and the characters&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:14:39&quot;&gt; and the uh mix between&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:14:42&quot;&gt; highly Cooperative groups and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:14:45&quot;&gt; individual working on their own&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:14:48&quot;&gt;things happen there's a lot of individual&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:14:51&quot;&gt; yet the group action came in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:14:54&quot;&gt;and out in and out it was an interest it wasn't&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:14:57&quot;&gt; pure you know one versus many&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:15:0&quot;&gt; it was so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:15:3&quot;&gt; I think I forgot to mention was uh that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:15:6&quot;&gt; I don't think uh lick intended it or maybe&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:15:9&quot;&gt; he did but uh what turned out to be the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:15:12&quot;&gt; messenger uh mechanism&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:15:15&quot;&gt; and there happened to be graduate students and interns&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:15:18&quot;&gt; including you for example&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:15:21&quot;&gt; I mean I flew 140,000 miles as a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:15:24&quot;&gt; grad student Dave Evans had a huge budget&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:15:27&quot;&gt; for airplane travel for his grad&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:15:30&quot;&gt;students well Steve managed&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:15:33&quot;&gt; to basically bankrupt mine&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:15:36&quot;&gt; doing the same thing yeah because you gota&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:15:39&quot;&gt; these and and ARP I should have mentioned&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:15:42&quot;&gt; that arpa in uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:15:45&quot;&gt; 1968 funded the first arpa&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:15:48&quot;&gt; graduate student conference which was modeled&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:15:51&quot;&gt; on the arpa contractors meetings&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:15:54&quot;&gt; that's another story about how that happened but&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:15:57&quot;&gt; uh that was really great because uh things went&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:16:0&quot;&gt; in the amount of intercommunication&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:16:3&quot;&gt; and Trust because a lot&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:16:6&quot;&gt;about trust and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:16:9&quot;&gt; yet it was not um what shall I&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:16:12&quot;&gt;say a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:16:15&quot;&gt; a bowl of soup it was contentious&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:16:18&quot;&gt; in a positive way I'll give you one example&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:16:21&quot;&gt;we had this principal investigators meeting John McCarthy&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:16:24&quot;&gt; arrived about 20 minutes late someone was presenting&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:16:27&quot;&gt;minutes later McCarthy raised his hand and says excuse&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:16:30&quot;&gt; me I have no idea what you're talking about&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:16:33&quot;&gt; he says but I was late&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:16:36&quot;&gt; however if I came in in time I still think I with no idea&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:16:39&quot;&gt; what you're talking about B can imagine your interaction&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:16:42&quot;&gt;was wonderful yeah I should have&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:16:45&quot;&gt;that the one of the main things I learned in grad school&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:16:48&quot;&gt; and everybody at Park knew was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:16:51&quot;&gt; uh that the purpose of arguing is not to win&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:16:54&quot;&gt; but to to illuminate&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:16:57&quot;&gt; and uh in fact when people started getting&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:17:0&quot;&gt; he in an argument Taylor would&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:17:3&quot;&gt; say type two type two&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:17:6&quot;&gt; and a type two argument was all&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:17:9&quot;&gt;sudden you had to explain the other person's position&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:17:12&quot;&gt; back to them until they agreed with&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:17:15&quot;&gt; it and then they had to explain your&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:17:18&quot;&gt;position back to you until you agreed with it and by&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:17:21&quot;&gt;happened you'd forgotten what you're arguing about and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:17:24&quot;&gt; you okay let's go to the question&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:17:27&quot;&gt; all right we have a question here yeah hello&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:17:30&quot;&gt; um and I I agree and I guess I kind of apologize&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:17:33&quot;&gt; for the uh structure&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:17:36&quot;&gt; that we have because it does impose any limitations on the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:17:39&quot;&gt; discussion um I'm on on the faculty&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:17:42&quot;&gt; too so uh but&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:17:45&quot;&gt; you know faculty meetings uh there's too&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:17:48&quot;&gt;much contention because the stakes are too&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:17:51&quot;&gt;low I&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:17:54&quot;&gt; quit going um so I have two questions which are&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:17:57&quot;&gt; a little related um so so number&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:18:0&quot;&gt; one was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:18:3&quot;&gt; do you think and and maybe you'll agree that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:18:6&quot;&gt; there's kind of been a split between the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:18:9&quot;&gt; practicers of technology which are the software engineers&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:18:12&quot;&gt; and the systems thinkers who are like the theoreticians&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:18:15&quot;&gt; and the inventors um if so why&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:18:18&quot;&gt; any suggestions to remediate this uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:18:21&quot;&gt;also asking to Professor kleinrock if he has any&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:18:24&quot;&gt; input on that and my second question is probably a little&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:18:27&quot;&gt; related um which is what are your&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:18:30&quot;&gt; thoughts on I guess all of this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:18:33&quot;&gt; development most like a lot of it has been going into private&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:18:36&quot;&gt;research Labs like Google X and Microsoft&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:18:39&quot;&gt; research um do do you think it's still kind of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:18:42&quot;&gt; analogous to Bell labs in back in the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:18:45&quot;&gt; day uh no&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:18:48&quot;&gt; B for instance at Bell Labs&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:18:51&quot;&gt; if you walked around back before&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:18:54&quot;&gt; the divesture uh you&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:18:57&quot;&gt;that would say&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:19:0&quot;&gt; either do something very useful or very&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:19:3&quot;&gt;beautiful&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:19:6&quot;&gt; I've never seen a sign like that at&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:19:12&quot;&gt;research okay so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:19:15&quot;&gt; because that's a pro that's a huge&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:19:18&quot;&gt; problem I&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:19:21&quot;&gt; guess go ahead yeah go ahead oh no I guess I have a follow-up&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:19:24&quot;&gt;question to that which is uh you mentioned a bit earlier in the talk&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:19:27&quot;&gt; one of the questions I sent over which is uh do you think&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:19:30&quot;&gt; younger people have a harder problem these days in you know living&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:19:33&quot;&gt; in this more materialistic world world so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:19:36&quot;&gt; to speak yeah you know&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:19:39&quot;&gt; just just one example I I was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:19:42&quot;&gt; at Park in Palo Alto and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:19:45&quot;&gt; um&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:19:48&quot;&gt; the general inflation has been about&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:19:51&quot;&gt; a factor of seven since then&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:19:54&quot;&gt; or so and when I&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:19:57&quot;&gt; factor that into the salary I got at Park it's about what&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:0&quot;&gt;I would get just you&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:3&quot;&gt; know I was just a year out of grad school when I went to park&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:6&quot;&gt; so uh really uh not a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:9&quot;&gt; huge wasn't a lot of money but&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:12&quot;&gt;with today&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:15&quot;&gt; however I was able to buy a house in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:18&quot;&gt; paloalto uh right near&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:21&quot;&gt; Park and it only cost twice my yearly&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:24&quot;&gt; salary&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:27&quot;&gt;okay that house has inflated&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:30&quot;&gt; by a factor of 70 not seven&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:33&quot;&gt; so then do you go go ahead&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:36&quot;&gt; go ahead so the uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:39&quot;&gt; so if Park existed today&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:39&quot;&gt; so if Park existed today&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:42&quot;&gt; uh none of us&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:45&quot;&gt; and and Taylor wanted to hire he only hired older&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:48&quot;&gt; people uh from the arpa community&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:51&quot;&gt; as advisers&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:54&quot;&gt; he didn't want I was the oldest person there and I&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:57&quot;&gt; was 30 he didn't&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:21:0&quot;&gt; he wanted a new know he wanted the researchers that ARA&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:21:3&quot;&gt; had Jed out there and he used&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:21:6&quot;&gt; the uh the generation before us as as advisers&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:21:9&quot;&gt; and so if&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:21:12&quot;&gt; if I if they had tried to set this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:21:15&quot;&gt; up uh somebody would have had to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:21:18&quot;&gt; buy a lot of housing in Palo Alo&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:21:21&quot;&gt; and you know when when Google is being&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:21:24&quot;&gt; set up and when HP was being set up I said hey look&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:21:27&quot;&gt; at Stanford Stanford figured this out a long time ago&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:21:30&quot;&gt; because if you get an associate professorship at&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:21:33&quot;&gt; Stanford one of the perks is a 99-year&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:21:36&quot;&gt; lease at a very low interest rate&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:21:39&quot;&gt; on Stanford land for a house&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:21:42&quot;&gt; and Stanford was owns a lot&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:21:45&quot;&gt;houses in Palo Alta they bought them up before the Big&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:21:48&quot;&gt; Deck companies got there because they&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:21:51&quot;&gt; understood that people have a life might&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:21:54&quot;&gt; not be much of a life outside the lab but they still got&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:21:57&quot;&gt; one by the way&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:22:0&quot;&gt; Lan will love the the story that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:22:3&quot;&gt; metf and bogs had the record&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:22:6&quot;&gt;longest period uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:22:9&quot;&gt; inside of Park without leaving it&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:22:12&quot;&gt; which uh during the critical period of the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:22:15&quot;&gt; the ethernet which was two and a half&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:22:18&quot;&gt;months they had a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:22:21&quot;&gt; cafeteria you know it had plenty of places you could sleep&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:22:24&quot;&gt; it had showers&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:22:27&quot;&gt;um wasn't wasn't that helpful on&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:22:30&quot;&gt; if you had a marriage that didn't&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:22:33&quot;&gt; get this idea uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:22:36&quot;&gt; they would suffer but yeah so to so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:22:39&quot;&gt; the the a big problem today and and you know&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:22:42&quot;&gt; I run run various&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:22:45&quot;&gt; kinds of I've been able to fund until&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:22:48&quot;&gt; about I don't know five six years ago I was able to fund&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:22:51&quot;&gt; a nonprofit research thing that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:22:54&quot;&gt; was about to size of the group I had at Park&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:22:57&quot;&gt; and uh and to get people who are&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:23:0&quot;&gt; as good as the people I had at Park&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:23:3&quot;&gt; but it wasn't the same as Park similarly&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:23:6&quot;&gt; Butler Lamson and Chuck ther went with deck&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:23:9&quot;&gt; initially and then with&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:23:12&quot;&gt; Microsoft and it wasn't the same as park&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:23:15&quot;&gt; because they&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:23:18&quot;&gt; uh you know for example&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:23:21&quot;&gt; my habit when when I would get confused&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:23:24&quot;&gt; about something was to go down and have&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:23:27&quot;&gt; Butler tear it to shreds&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:23:30&quot;&gt; and I miss missmiss&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:23:33&quot;&gt; being able to just walk down the hall into&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:23:36&quot;&gt; that crystallin Palace of his&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:23:39&quot;&gt; mind and you could&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:23:42&quot;&gt; never top Butler on the same&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:23:45&quot;&gt;least I couldn't but Butler&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:23:48&quot;&gt; was an was honest if you came back three days&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:23:51&quot;&gt; later and said now here is the real point&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:23:54&quot;&gt; you would say you're&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:23:57&quot;&gt; right so that's a really great C it's a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:24:0&quot;&gt; genius there's no question he's one of the most brilliant&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:24:3&quot;&gt; people I've ever met and an honest&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:24:6&quot;&gt; genius and a guy who by the way&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:24:9&quot;&gt; helped my group whenever he could&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:24:12&quot;&gt; despite the fact that our theory of programming language&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:24:15&quot;&gt; design was quite different from&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:24:18&quot;&gt; his he didn't give a about&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:24:21&quot;&gt; that so he was Butler was a big man&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:24:24&quot;&gt; in my opinion just a big fantastic&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:24:27&quot;&gt; so it's that Synergy&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:24:30&quot;&gt; it's what happens in the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:24:33&quot;&gt; halls and it's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:24:36&quot;&gt; what happens when you're having like&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:24:39&quot;&gt; EP uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:24:42&quot;&gt; you know how how many beer beer Laden lunches&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:24:45&quot;&gt; do you have how many bike rides up to the top&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:24:48&quot;&gt; of the uh the hills around&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:24:51&quot;&gt; Palo Alto with all these people no&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:24:54&quot;&gt; there's a whole whole thing there that is going to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:24:57&quot;&gt; pay off by&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:25:0&quot;&gt; what the group is willing to do and reason I kept on&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:25:3&quot;&gt; showing theater is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:25:6&quot;&gt; arpa at its best park at its best was like&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:25:9&quot;&gt; theater at its best you've got the most diverse&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:25:12&quot;&gt; group of people you ever saw&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:25:15&quot;&gt; some of which some of whom can't even&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:25:18&quot;&gt; stand each other&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:25:21&quot;&gt; but the whole point of the thing is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:25:24&quot;&gt;audience that's going to be there&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:25:27&quot;&gt; six weeks from now or six months&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:25:30&quot;&gt; from now and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:25:33&quot;&gt; so you get this thing where people&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:25:36&quot;&gt; work 24 hours a day and they just find&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:25:39&quot;&gt; ways to solve everything they&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:25:42&quot;&gt; do the woo woo on the leftand side that's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:25:45&quot;&gt; what theater is about and they&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:25:48&quot;&gt; do all of the stuff you have to do in the physical&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:25:51&quot;&gt; world to make it work and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:25:54&quot;&gt; know if you don't have those and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:25:57&quot;&gt; if they don't like Len did&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:26:0&quot;&gt; this if those people don't have some of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:26:3&quot;&gt; the other in them to have this shared context&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:26:6&quot;&gt; there has to be a place where you go and it's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:26:9&quot;&gt; the love of what you're gonna&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:26:12&quot;&gt; get the audience to try to think about&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:26:15&quot;&gt; because you can't tell the audience&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:26:18&quot;&gt; anything can't people only remember&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:26:21&quot;&gt;you make them feel&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:26:24&quot;&gt; so so you have to lay it this is why I&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:26:27&quot;&gt;all these pictures and stuff because I want the pictures&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:26:30&quot;&gt; to do things you can't do in regular&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:26:33&quot;&gt; words and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:26:36&quot;&gt; yeah so the question is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:26:39&quot;&gt; uh the way I look&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:26:42&quot;&gt; at playing the blame game&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:26:45&quot;&gt; here is businesses&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:26:48&quot;&gt; are in a terrible position&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:26:51&quot;&gt; fidu in a fiduciary responsibility way&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:26:54&quot;&gt; for doing the kind of stuff that arpa&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:26:57&quot;&gt; and park did they have every&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:27:0&quot;&gt; and especially the Milton Freedman American businesses&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:27:3&quot;&gt; which are a terrible way to do business in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:27:6&quot;&gt; general there you know Peter Dreer used to say&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:27:9&quot;&gt; that that business's main obligation&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:27:12&quot;&gt; is to their uh customers&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:27:15&quot;&gt; and Milton fredman said no business's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:27:18&quot;&gt; main obligation is to their stockholders&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:27:21&quot;&gt; and that has turned really ugly that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:27:24&quot;&gt; is really ugly so but in any case&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:27:27&quot;&gt; good or bad they're in a bad place for it&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:27:30&quot;&gt; uh research can only be&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:27:33&quot;&gt;xpensed eeks&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:27:36&quot;&gt; you could be sitting on a ton of cash tough&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:27:39&quot;&gt; comes out of the bottom&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:27:42&quot;&gt; line so so when I when&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:27:45&quot;&gt; I look there I Look to society and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:27:48&quot;&gt; government part of the idea&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:27:51&quot;&gt; of getting people to pay&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:27:54&quot;&gt; taxes is to deal with things&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:27:57&quot;&gt; in a way that is hard for&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:28:0&quot;&gt; scattered groups to deal with with or without&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:28:3&quot;&gt; engelbart stuff and I think the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:28:6&quot;&gt; the woo woo research stuff done&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:28:9&quot;&gt; right is one of those things and I just happened&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:28:12&quot;&gt; to stumble into it I didn't go to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:28:15&quot;&gt; Utah knowing anything about arpa I'd never heard of arpa&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:28:18&quot;&gt; I just stumbled in there by by and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:28:21&quot;&gt; chance and I found out I was in Paradise&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:28:24&quot;&gt;because&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:28:27&quot;&gt; and the dod was doing fine because&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:28:30&quot;&gt; uh arpa ipto cost almost nothing compared to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:28:33&quot;&gt; the the whole DOD&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:28:36&quot;&gt; budget it was just fingernail clipping so it's the perfect&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:28:39&quot;&gt; place for doing this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:28:42&quot;&gt; uh enlightened public&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:28:45&quot;&gt; domain uh research and you had the ultimate&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:28:48&quot;&gt; enlightened public domain mind in lick&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:28:51&quot;&gt; to do that the key thing&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:28:54&quot;&gt;Park was that Taylor loved&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:28:57&quot;&gt; lick he he was a psychologist&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:29:0&quot;&gt; also he truly loved&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:29:3&quot;&gt; lick and I'll I'll&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:29:6&quot;&gt; finish in one second Jason and he&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:29:9&quot;&gt;uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:29:12&quot;&gt; he studied lick so lick&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:29:15&quot;&gt; was intu&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:29:18&quot;&gt; intuition he had great inter but Taylor&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:29:21&quot;&gt; codified lick those rules&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:29:24&quot;&gt;put up there were not Lick's rules but Taylor's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:29:27&quot;&gt; rules and anytime you wanted to park you could&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:29:30&quot;&gt; go and lie on the floor in Taylor's office we we were floor culture&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:29:33&quot;&gt; we had thick carpets that were&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:29:36&quot;&gt;padding underneath so you could just roll around on the floor we had bean&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:29:39&quot;&gt; bags and inste of chairs so you go&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:29:42&quot;&gt;there and lie in there for an hour and let Taylor tell&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:29:45&quot;&gt; you what he was why he was doing what he was doing at&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:29:48&quot;&gt; Park and it was mostly these rules&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:29:51&quot;&gt;I wrote down you got to do this you got to do that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:29:54&quot;&gt; uh etc etc like&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:29:57&quot;&gt; okay so um&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:30:0&quot;&gt; yeah so I point I point my finger&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:30:3&quot;&gt; at the government and if you point your finger at the government you&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:30:6&quot;&gt;have to point your finger at the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:30:9&quot;&gt; uh uh the American&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:30:12&quot;&gt; Body politic and if you point your finger at them you have&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:30:15&quot;&gt; to point your finger at education&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:30:18&quot;&gt; public education if you point your finger at publication&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:30:21&quot;&gt; public education you point your finger at the government&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:30:24&quot;&gt; again so the government has not&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:30:27&quot;&gt; done its job and by the way over here in London in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:30:30&quot;&gt;the UK it's it's worse&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:30:33&quot;&gt; uh the politicians are a little nicer over here&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:30:36&quot;&gt; but they're equally uh incompetent&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:30:39&quot;&gt; they just don't do not understand and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:30:42&quot;&gt; their financial base is much smaller over here&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:30:45&quot;&gt; so they're in more desperate need&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:30:48&quot;&gt; of the kind of Industries they can afford&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:30:51&quot;&gt; that actually work in the 21st century&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:30:54&quot;&gt;need this um&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:30:57&quot;&gt; yeah so uh but when&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:31:0&quot;&gt;after the government&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:31:3&quot;&gt; should be doing this that and the other thing&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:31:6&quot;&gt; I I can't get far from the educ&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:31:9&quot;&gt;from the University because the university used to be the co&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:31:12&quot;&gt;the flame the whole&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:31:15&quot;&gt; point there was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:31:18&quot;&gt; the universities were not beholden to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:31:21&quot;&gt; business their job was not to do job&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:31:24&quot;&gt; training in obsolete software&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:31:27&quot;&gt; systems to deal with business's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:31:30&quot;&gt; problems with Legacy systems that is not the job&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:31:33&quot;&gt;university that's a trade school and there's nothing&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:31:36&quot;&gt; I love trade schools the high school I&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:31:39&quot;&gt; went to was a was a one you had to take&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:31:42&quot;&gt; a test to get into but it was a glorified trade school Lenny&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:31:45&quot;&gt; will tell you and uh I learned a lot&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:31:48&quot;&gt; there but Jesus the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:31:51&quot;&gt; universities have got to uphold&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:31:54&quot;&gt; something like the way the 21st century&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:31:57&quot;&gt; should be for the students or the students&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:32:0&quot;&gt; are just going to go there and buy degrees in order&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:32:3&quot;&gt; to get jobs that is my general&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:32:6&quot;&gt; picture so the university&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:32:9&quot;&gt; could put us you know I when I was active&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:32:12&quot;&gt; around UCLA at some faculty&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:32:15&quot;&gt; meeting uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:32:18&quot;&gt; maybe more than one&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:32:21&quot;&gt; I brought up the idea hey wait a minute UCLA is one of the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:32:24&quot;&gt; top 10 schools and uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:32:27&quot;&gt; there are other top 10 schools in the nation&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:32:30&quot;&gt;in the University of California&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:32:33&quot;&gt; you know basically you&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:32:36&quot;&gt; know why are we letting the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:32:39&quot;&gt; Regents determine that tenure&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:32:42&quot;&gt; uh re requires paper&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:32:45&quot;&gt;counting&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:32:48&quot;&gt; UCLA should be able to say well you know Screw You&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:32:51&quot;&gt; Regents screw you and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:32:54&quot;&gt; Davis and uh San Diego&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:32:57&quot;&gt; and Santa Barbara screw you Regents&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:33:0&quot;&gt; we're not going to do it that way&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:33:3&quot;&gt; we're not gonna count papers for Christ's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:33:6&quot;&gt; sake you know&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:33:9&quot;&gt; if you got to count a paper you at least have to put a weight on it&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:33:12&quot;&gt; and it's hard to put a weight on a paper until 10 years&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:33:15&quot;&gt; have passed you&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:33:18&quot;&gt; just can't do it that way or you're going to turn it into&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:33:21&quot;&gt; a Job Shop and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:33:24&quot;&gt; uh you know uh I pointed out&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:33:27&quot;&gt; to the UCLA faculty that because of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:33:30&quot;&gt; you know the the discussion was wow&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:33:33&quot;&gt; our department is really popular now we've got more&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:33:36&quot;&gt; students than we can handle I said well godamn it&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:33:39&quot;&gt; if you got that that's what the bean counters&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:33:42&quot;&gt; in the University care&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:33:45&quot;&gt; about is retention because it's money&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:33:48&quot;&gt; you've got them just say&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:33:51&quot;&gt; okay all right&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:33:54&quot;&gt; we're going to do tenure differently we're going to hire&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:33:57&quot;&gt;differently we're going to have a different set of Standards&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:34:0&quot;&gt; here&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:34:3&quot;&gt; or we're just goingon to uh you know etc&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:34:6&quot;&gt; etc but the 60s were&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:34:9&quot;&gt; long over by the time I made that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:34:12&quot;&gt;stand&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:34:18&quot;&gt;okay next question&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:34:21&quot;&gt; I have a question yes&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:34:24&quot;&gt;this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:34:27&quot;&gt; was sorry&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:34:30&quot;&gt; this was a and I've heard you many&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:34:33&quot;&gt; times and always I I recognize&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:34:36&quot;&gt; this accent always&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:34:39&quot;&gt; yes I'm ready I'm ready&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:34:42&quot;&gt; I'm ready always very entertaining&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:34:45&quot;&gt; and uh thoughtful&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:34:48&quot;&gt; but I I feel there is now&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:34:51&quot;&gt;a huge crra a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:34:54&quot;&gt; Gap uh which we didn't you didn't&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:34:57&quot;&gt;would be nice if you could have a thought or address&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:35:0&quot;&gt; which is everything in the past&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:35:3&quot;&gt; seems to me have to do let's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:35:6&quot;&gt; call it with mathematics has&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:35:9&quot;&gt; Precision prob language is not&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:35:12&quot;&gt;we talk it has precision&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:35:15&quot;&gt; and suddenly I think the new&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:35:18&quot;&gt; Queen the new the new thing in the helm&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:35:21&quot;&gt;the new Revolution is is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:35:24&quot;&gt; without Precision it's without&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:35:27&quot;&gt; and we built machine that we do not&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:35:30&quot;&gt; understand how they work but&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:35:33&quot;&gt; they work they perform they&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:35:36&quot;&gt; perform not in Precision&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:35:39&quot;&gt; you know if there will be a a self-driving&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:35:42&quot;&gt; car it will kill somebody there is no question you&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:35:45&quot;&gt; cannot guarantee that this will not happen&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:35:48&quot;&gt;it's a new thing and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:35:51&quot;&gt; I feel most of us here on this list&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:35:54&quot;&gt; on the nine people that are left&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:35:57&quot;&gt; we are dinosaurs of the past&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:36:0&quot;&gt; and what do you have any thoughts about&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:36:3&quot;&gt; this well uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:36:6&quot;&gt; just by chance in the late 60s&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:36:9&quot;&gt; I was visiting MIT and there was a meeting&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:36:12&quot;&gt; of DOD people with&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:36:15&quot;&gt; uh the AI people at MIT&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:36:18&quot;&gt; and I think mensky was saying&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:36:21&quot;&gt; you know in a few years we might be able to do what a dog can&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:36:24&quot;&gt; do and uh the fourstar&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:36:27&quot;&gt; general said a dog&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:36:30&quot;&gt; he said look we don't even want what ordinary humans can&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:36:33&quot;&gt; do we can draft them we've got two million&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:36:36&quot;&gt; robots in the in the Department of Defense already&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:36:39&quot;&gt; we train them and they learn well and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:36:42&quot;&gt;they carry guns and they do all the stuff that we want&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:36:45&quot;&gt; we already got intelligent robots we need&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:36:48&quot;&gt; superhuman intelligence that's what&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:36:51&quot;&gt; we need and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:36:54&quot;&gt;so I&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:36:57&quot;&gt; I don't want to start a long discussion about&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:37:0&quot;&gt; you know but it happens that the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:37:3&quot;&gt; what J Judea Pearl calls curve&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:37:6&quot;&gt;fitting machine learning&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:37:9&quot;&gt; uh as you know&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:37:12&quot;&gt; also very well goes all the way back&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:37:15&quot;&gt; 20 30 40 years&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:37:18&quot;&gt; or 50 years or more Minsky's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:37:21&quot;&gt;thesis was actually one of the first perceptrons&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:37:24&quot;&gt; so the idea of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:37:27&quot;&gt; of finding complex&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:37:30&quot;&gt; transfer functions between lots of inputs and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:37:33&quot;&gt; fewer outputs is has been around for a while&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:37:36&quot;&gt; and uh it's definitely a a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:37:39&quot;&gt; big component of what's going on inside of our&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:37:42&quot;&gt; brains but&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:37:45&quot;&gt; the I I think&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:37:48&quot;&gt; the we should ask&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:37:51&quot;&gt; more for example uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:37:54&quot;&gt; I wouldn't want to use an&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:37:57&quot;&gt; AI that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:38:0&quot;&gt; couldn't be vetted in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:38:3&quot;&gt; some way and of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:38:6&quot;&gt; course uh the chat Bots&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:38:9&quot;&gt; uh can lie whenever it suits them&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:38:12&quot;&gt; and by the way I just saw that uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:38:15&quot;&gt; uh open AI chatbot&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:38:18&quot;&gt; has recently gone nuts&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:38:21&quot;&gt; which is really fun track this down&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:38:24&quot;&gt;it started something went wrong and it's now it's mostly&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:38:27&quot;&gt; hallucinating so these are&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:38:30&quot;&gt; like human beings these are creators&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:38:33&quot;&gt; that's what we are that's what we&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:38:36&quot;&gt; got inside there and I believe that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:38:39&quot;&gt; we're we're better than we&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:38:42&quot;&gt; were 100,000 years ago mainly&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:38:45&quot;&gt; because we invented&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:38:48&quot;&gt; methods for thinking&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:38:51&quot;&gt; the big one being science&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:38:54&quot;&gt; math allows you to in a consistent&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:38:57&quot;&gt; way but it&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:39:0&quot;&gt; it doesn't have any necessary connection to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:39:3&quot;&gt; reality where science wants to be able&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:39:6&quot;&gt; to do uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:39:9&quot;&gt; crisp thinking in a way that is anchored to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:39:12&quot;&gt; reality such that the uh the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:39:15&quot;&gt;cues might have something to do with reality also&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:39:18&quot;&gt; I think that is a very very good thing I think it would help&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:39:21&quot;&gt; our politics on both sides of the lanic&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:39:24&quot;&gt; tremendously if uh schools started&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:39:27&quot;&gt; teaching CH basically doing what engelbart&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:39:30&quot;&gt; said we have to insert better methods&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:39:33&quot;&gt; than the ones we were born with or&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:39:36&quot;&gt; simple uh large language models&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:39:39&quot;&gt; have uh in order to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:39:42&quot;&gt; uh be able to use them in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:39:45&quot;&gt; any reasonable way that's my my&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:39:48&quot;&gt;answer&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:39:51&quot;&gt; got it got it and then we also have one more&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:39:54&quot;&gt; question from the audience um I wanted to get a chance to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:39:57&quot;&gt; yeah have him ask hi professor Kate thank you&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:40:0&quot;&gt; for your talk today um I'm born in the 21st century&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:40:3&quot;&gt; so my uh I guess&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:40:6&quot;&gt; thoughts about zorx Park is the only one I know of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:40:9&quot;&gt;Steve Jobs's visit where he commercializes&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:40:12&quot;&gt; the guey that you guys invented into the apple one&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:40:15&quot;&gt; so I was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:40:18&quot;&gt; yeah so what he saw was what&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:40:21&quot;&gt; what he saw was what we did&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:40:24&quot;&gt; he visited it was a visit to my&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:40:27&quot;&gt; group uh and I was in the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:40:30&quot;&gt; room uh during that visit&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:40:33&quot;&gt; and the demo we gave him and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:40:36&quot;&gt; uh we became friends uh partly&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:40:39&quot;&gt; as the result of that visit so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:40:42&quot;&gt; ask me any question you want to ask about that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:40:45&quot;&gt; visit uh yeah I mean my first question was going&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:40:48&quot;&gt;if you happen to be in the room at all but now I know&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:40:51&quot;&gt; uh second of all would be Steve had or&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:40:54&quot;&gt; Mr jobs uh had a way of combining design&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:40:57&quot;&gt; and pushing the boundaries of engineering through that I&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:41:0&quot;&gt; was wondering how Zero's or&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:41:3&quot;&gt; the Park's attitude towards pushing research&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:41:6&quot;&gt; um the boundaries of research were or what&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:41:9&quot;&gt; influence so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:41:12&quot;&gt; the so let me answer it's a two-part&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:41:15&quot;&gt; question so one part uh is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:41:18&quot;&gt; early in the 80s I said to both Steve&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:41:21&quot;&gt; and Bill Gates uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:41:24&quot;&gt; this is during the controversy of whether apple and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:41:27&quot;&gt; Microsoft had stolen the ideas from&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:41:30&quot;&gt; Xerox and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:41:33&quot;&gt; you know I told I said to both of them I said&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:41:36&quot;&gt; look we want this we want you to steal the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:41:39&quot;&gt; ideas but for Christ's sake steal&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:41:42&quot;&gt;whole idea don't steal a protest&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:41:45&quot;&gt; caricature yeah the whole&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:41:48&quot;&gt; yeah that's why I say the the disappointing figures&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:41:51&quot;&gt;that I put there was the amount of actual&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:41:54&quot;&gt; takeup uh so the second thing is that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:41:57&quot;&gt;what Steve was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:42:0&quot;&gt; uh he was NE say the two words you said again designer&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:42:3&quot;&gt; and a pusher of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:42:6&quot;&gt; engineering yeah right okay so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:42:9&quot;&gt; Steve was not a designer&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:42:12&quot;&gt; and he was a pusher of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:42:15&quot;&gt; people so the key thing about Steve&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:42:18&quot;&gt; was that he had a lot of good&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:42:21&quot;&gt; woowoo&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:42:24&quot;&gt; so where he picked up&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:42:27&quot;&gt; he could feel the fireflies if he'd been a scientist&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:42:30&quot;&gt; it would have been much better for&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:42:33&quot;&gt; everybody because as he said and there's a famous&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:42:36&quot;&gt; interview you can find on YouTube where&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:42:39&quot;&gt; Steve says he says when I first went to Xerox&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:42:42&quot;&gt; I was so blinded by the user interface I couldn't see anything&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:42:45&quot;&gt; else I couldn't see object-oriented programming I&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:42:48&quot;&gt;see the networks he had to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:42:51&quot;&gt; wait until he did next years later when he ran into&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:42:54&quot;&gt;another contingent from the old Arbor Community&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:42:57&quot;&gt; to explain to them why you why you need&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:43:0&quot;&gt; those but we he didn't&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:43:3&quot;&gt; understand how the stuff and we couldn't tell&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:43:6&quot;&gt; him uh we were&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:43:9&quot;&gt; able to show him uh like one of the famous&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:43:12&quot;&gt; things that happened in the demo&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:43:15&quot;&gt; my my one of my favorite demo things and if I had had time&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:43:18&quot;&gt;because we recreated that system just for the shits&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:43:21&quot;&gt; of it so it actually runs the system that we showed&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:43:24&quot;&gt; him and um I occasionally will'll do&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:43:27&quot;&gt; it live in a talk um&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:43:30&quot;&gt; but Steve had two complaints while he was and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:43:33&quot;&gt; he was really watching he&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:43:36&quot;&gt; had his acolytes around him&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:43:39&quot;&gt; uh but Steve Steve was really paying&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:43:42&quot;&gt; attention to the thing and he&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:43:45&quot;&gt;said you know&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:43:48&quot;&gt; I don't like You' never seen a scroll bar before but he&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:43:51&quot;&gt; didn't like the fact that as you pulled it it&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:43:54&quot;&gt;went line by line he&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:43:57&quot;&gt; says can't that go be done&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:44:0&quot;&gt; continuously and Dan Engles who was giving the demo&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:44:3&quot;&gt; because small talk is live&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:44:6&quot;&gt; I mean live down to the operating systems so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:44:9&quot;&gt; Dan was able to do a couple of Clips&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:44:12&quot;&gt; here's where the slow scroll bar thing is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:44:15&quot;&gt; uh change a line of code&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:44:18&quot;&gt; quar a second later things are scrolling&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:44:21&quot;&gt; smoothly and later on&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:44:24&quot;&gt; uh when we were showing text&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:44:27&quot;&gt; selection um we liked&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:44:30&quot;&gt; we tried a lot of different ways of doing it but we' like the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:44:33&quot;&gt; complimenting the characters&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:44:36&quot;&gt; which is what basically is done&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:44:39&quot;&gt; today uh and Steve didn't like that he said&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:44:42&quot;&gt; can't you do an outline&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:44:45&quot;&gt; around the you know he's right because it's comp&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:44:48&quot;&gt;and white complimenting&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:44:51&quot;&gt; is a little bit too in your face&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:44:54&quot;&gt; face so he's right there&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:44:57&quot;&gt; and so my jaw was on the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:45:0&quot;&gt; floor because Dan Engles went in there&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:45:3&quot;&gt; that was not a trivial thing you know because if&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:45:6&quot;&gt; you think of the selection&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:45:9&quot;&gt; you have to find the actual boundary of the selection and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:45:12&quot;&gt; you have to uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:45:15&quot;&gt; treat it the right way and Dan went right to the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:45:18&quot;&gt; thing and basically what he did was to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:45:21&quot;&gt; just take the code that comp mented&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:45:24&quot;&gt; copy it and shift the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:45:27&quot;&gt; coordinates of the comp of the second&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:45:30&quot;&gt; complementation uh diagonally&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:45:33&quot;&gt; by two&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:45:36&quot;&gt; so you get to so what it would do in it before you could see it would do&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:45:39&quot;&gt;compliment then it would shift diagonally do another compliment&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:45:42&quot;&gt; and that would leave a a black line around the selection&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:45:45&quot;&gt; just what Steve asked for it's like one of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:45:48&quot;&gt; the greatest things I've ever seen done unprepared&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:45:51&quot;&gt; in a demo in a program progamming system in my&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:45:54&quot;&gt; life that was uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:45:57&quot;&gt; 1979 yeah so that was uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:46:0&quot;&gt;good and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:46:3&quot;&gt; uh uh Apple didn't steal&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:46:6&quot;&gt; you know Apple did do a great thing&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:46:9&quot;&gt; as the ba from the basis of that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:46:12&quot;&gt; stuff uh which was the Lisa&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:46:15&quot;&gt;done before the mac&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:46:18&quot;&gt; and the Lisa was done&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:46:21&quot;&gt; uh with Park people who are&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:46:24&quot;&gt; hired&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:46:27&quot;&gt; uh uh and with&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:46:30&quot;&gt; some very smart people who are at Apple like Bill&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:46:33&quot;&gt; ainson and the Lisa was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:46:36&quot;&gt; really nice it was the best thing you&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:46:39&quot;&gt; could possibly do for that day was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:46:42&quot;&gt; done on a 68,000&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:46:45&quot;&gt; microprocessor which meant an enormous amount&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:46:48&quot;&gt; of programming for to do the graphics that were so easy&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:46:51&quot;&gt; on the alto but they did it and it was really&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:46:54&quot;&gt; great and uh a system&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:46:57&quot;&gt; you would die for you could get&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:47:0&quot;&gt; for 10,000&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:47:3&quot;&gt; bucks and $10,000 happen to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:47:6&quot;&gt; be the average price of a car new car in the United&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:47:9&quot;&gt; States at that time um sorry to interrupt&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:47:12&quot;&gt; we're almost at the top of the second hour uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:47:15&quot;&gt; of the of the talk so almost at the end of the second hour of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:47:18&quot;&gt;the talk um so I just want to get a quick chance for people who have&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:47:21&quot;&gt; class um but first please Round of Applause for our&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:47:24&quot;&gt; speaker for the people who are&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:47:27&quot;&gt;left yeah&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:47:30&quot;&gt; so I&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:47:33&quot;&gt; love I I just expected&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:47:36&quot;&gt; uh that you would have you would give me&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:47:39&quot;&gt; one of your uh Barbed&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:47:45&quot;&gt;comments I love&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:47:48&quot;&gt;those&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:47:51&quot;&gt; okay thank you thank you than you one and all&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:47:54&quot;&gt; thank you for thank you thank&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:47:57&quot;&gt; you Alan thank you so much yeah but don't&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:48:0&quot;&gt; don't use your car while you're driving Glen&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:48:3&quot;&gt; well I had to meet Stella she's waiting for me&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:48:6&quot;&gt; and for an hour and now so sorry I had to step&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:48:9&quot;&gt; out that's good you listen to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:48:12&quot;&gt;Marvin&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:48:15&quot;&gt; of course happy wife happy&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:48:18&quot;&gt; life uh the number one&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:48:21&quot;&gt; that's rule zero&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:48:24&quot;&gt; not that's not even rule one that's rule&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:48:27&quot;&gt; zero you got it you got it&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:48:30&quot;&gt; thank you very much again Alan thank you thanks&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:48:33&quot;&gt; so much Allan&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:48:36&quot;&gt; thank you bye bye&lt;/subtitle&gt;</div>

Ezequiel http://tinlizzie.org/IA/index.php?title=Alan_Kay_talk_at_UCLA_CS_Connection_Lab&diff=3173 2025-02-17T11:54:13Z

<p>Ezequiel: Subtitles firs pass up until 52:00</p> <hr /> <div><br /> {{#evt:<br /> service=youtubeIA<br /> |id=dZQ7x0-MZcI<br /> |alignment=left<br /> |autoresize=true<br /> }}<br /> <br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:0:7&quot;&gt;I'm here today with Alan Kay. We're at the UCLA&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:0:10&quot;&gt;Connection Lab with professor Kleinrock and the rest&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:0:13&quot;&gt;of our students here. We are very lucky to have Alan&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:0:16&quot;&gt;who is presenting on a broad range of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:0:19&quot;&gt;topics ranging from technology society and future research&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:0:22&quot;&gt;and I'll keep it short so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:0:25&quot;&gt;Alan needs no further introduction. I will let him begin right&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:0:28&quot;&gt;away. —Thank you so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:0:31&quot;&gt;much! Okay! Onward we&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:0:37&quot;&gt;go! So the way this started off is my&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:0:40&quot;&gt;long long friend&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:0:43&quot;&gt;Len Kleinrock sent me an email&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:0:46&quot;&gt;saying would I do a talk&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:0:49&quot;&gt;and…, I wasn't&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:0:52&quot;&gt;sure…&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:0:55&quot;&gt;[then it] says “about the view of the current…” yeah, basically&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:0:58&quot;&gt;about everything… “most rewarding&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:1:1&quot;&gt; work in my life”. I'm 84&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:1:4&quot;&gt; years old guys&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:1:7&quot;&gt; and “can I do it in just a few&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:1:10&quot;&gt; minutes?”, and of course I said okay&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:1:13&quot;&gt; and uh the wonderful&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:1:16&quot;&gt; Jason gathered&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:1:19&quot;&gt; up a bunch of questions and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:1:22&quot;&gt; I endeavored to look at all all of them&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:1:25&quot;&gt; and combine them in one way or another&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:1:28&quot;&gt;but&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:1:31&quot;&gt; the short an answers here&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:1:34&quot;&gt; are “is it&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:1:37&quot;&gt; still feasible today to do something like Xerox PARC?” and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:1:40&quot;&gt; the answer is yes. I don't know of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:1:43&quot;&gt; anything like Xerox PARC in the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:1:46&quot;&gt; computer realm of things.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:1:49&quot;&gt; They're all so goal&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:1:52&quot;&gt; oriented, but there's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:1:55&quot;&gt; a great Biology Institute funded by the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:1:58&quot;&gt;Hughes Foundation called Janelia Labs&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:2:1&quot;&gt; in near Washington DC, and there's the famous&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:2:4&quot;&gt; Max plank Institute, and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:2:7&quot;&gt;we'll see in a little bit why I don't&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:2:10&quot;&gt; consider there's a lot with&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:2:13&quot;&gt; the same kind of spirit as Xerox PARC.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:2:16&quot;&gt;As I'll say in a moment, it wasn't Xerox&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:2:19&quot;&gt; PARC. Xerox PARC was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:2:22&quot;&gt; part of the much larger&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:2:25&quot;&gt; ARPA research&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:2:28&quot;&gt;community; and considered, it was just funded by&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:2:31&quot;&gt; Xerox because the Department of Defense had quit&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:2:34&quot;&gt; funding ARPA the right way, and put the D on and changed&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:2:37&quot;&gt; everything. So we'll see about that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:2:40&quot;&gt; in a minute and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:2:43&quot;&gt; short answer [to]: “do I believe young people today&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:2:46&quot;&gt; have to solve a harder problem in requiring&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:2:49&quot;&gt; resources?”; and my answer is yes&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:2:52&quot;&gt; absolutely. It is much much harder&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:2:55&quot;&gt; as the businesses&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:2:58&quot;&gt; have moved in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:3:1&quot;&gt; which started really strongly in the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:3:4&quot;&gt;80s after the inventions of personal Computing&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:3:7&quot;&gt; and pervasive and local&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:3:10&quot;&gt; networking, there was something&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:3:13&quot;&gt; that could be…&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:3:16&quot;&gt; and the GUI which&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:3:19&quot;&gt; opened up the computer to the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:3:25&quot;&gt;rest…&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:3:28&quot;&gt; Sorry go ahead. I could hear people talking&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:3:31&quot;&gt; yeah um yes, so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:3:34&quot;&gt; it's much harder, much much harder&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:3:37&quot;&gt; and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:3:40&quot;&gt; there isn't time to really answer&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:3:43&quot;&gt; these completely separately,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:3:46&quot;&gt; so I sort of wove them together.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:3:49&quot;&gt; I&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:3:52&quot;&gt; like this one. This is a recent one: “What are some&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:3:55&quot;&gt; of the most tragic illusions that adults get stuck&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:4:1&quot;&gt;with?”. That is the most flattering thing I've&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:4:4&quot;&gt; heard in years because it assumes I'm not an adult,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:4:7&quot;&gt; which I'm not.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:4:10&quot;&gt; Number two was: “What did you guys being there at Xerox&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:4:13&quot;&gt; Park do for them?”&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:4:16&quot;&gt; and then there's this dot dot dot one&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:4:19&quot;&gt; which I did do a little prep on it but I&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:4:22&quot;&gt; left it to the end in case we run out of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:4:25&quot;&gt; time because in 84 years&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:4:28&quot;&gt; I've had a lot of aha moments, but&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:4:31&quot;&gt; let's start off with number&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:4:34&quot;&gt; one. This is part&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:4:37&quot;&gt; of the tragic Illusions&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:4:40&quot;&gt; what we're doing right now and what we do in most&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:4:43&quot;&gt; classrooms is to recapitulate&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:4:46&quot;&gt; something that happened 150,000 years ago&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:4:49&quot;&gt; which is a bunch of people gathering around a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:4:52&quot;&gt; campfire listening to somebody&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:4:55&quot;&gt;talk. And just&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:4:58&quot;&gt; think about it for a second how crazy&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:5:1&quot;&gt; is it for me to be doing what I'm doing now&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:5:4&quot;&gt; this is why I sent a couple of papers along to read.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:5:7&quot;&gt; It's crazy to orally discuss&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:5:10&quot;&gt; ideas and inventions that required reading and writing&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:5:13&quot;&gt;to invent and explain. The&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:5:16&quot;&gt; oral medium is not good for what&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:5:19&quot;&gt; the best of the stuff that we&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:5:22&quot;&gt;do; but&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:5:25&quot;&gt; we all have the same pink brains&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:5:28&quot;&gt; they love stories and so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:5:31&quot;&gt; what this guy wants is a story&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:5:34&quot;&gt; and what I'm trying to do is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:5:37&quot;&gt; to comply to tell stories about&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:5:40&quot;&gt; things that really aren't very good as&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:5:43&quot;&gt; stories and the problem was we're still basically&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:5:46&quot;&gt; the same species&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:5:49&quot;&gt; with the same pink brain that wants&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:5:52&quot;&gt;stories. And systems&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:5:55&quot;&gt; aren't stories. I'm basically a systems&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:5:58&quot;&gt;guy&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:6:1&quot;&gt; If we take a look at what happened going back a few&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:6:4&quot;&gt; hundred thousand years, human genetics&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:6:7&quot;&gt; yeah it has changed a little bit.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:6:10&quot;&gt; some of us got to be able to digest milk&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:6:13&quot;&gt; and so forth.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:6:16&quot;&gt; And human&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:6:19&quot;&gt; inventions gradually took&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:6:22&quot;&gt; off. And with modern&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:6:25&quot;&gt; theories about origins of languages,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:6:28&quot;&gt; a lot more of language seems to be an invention&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:6:31&quot;&gt; via culture than&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:6:34&quot;&gt; we thought in the past. And then we&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:6:37&quot;&gt; have this problem, which I hope you can see&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:6:40&quot;&gt; there because my little thing is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:6:43&quot;&gt; blocking.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:6:46&quot;&gt; Our Collective wisdom&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:6:49&quot;&gt; started being informed by our inventions&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:6:52&quot;&gt; but it grew at a much slower rate because the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:6:55&quot;&gt; inventions are various forms of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:6:58&quot;&gt; technology including symbolic technologies.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:7:4&quot;&gt;They turned out to be really easy once we got the hang of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:7:7&quot;&gt; it. And so we've got this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:7:10&quot;&gt; huge gap.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:7:13&quot;&gt; So we can turn the guy's spear into a Tomahawk&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:7:16&quot;&gt; missile. We can increase his power of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:7:19&quot;&gt; Destruction by a factor of a million.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:7:22&quot;&gt; And we could do something much much worse which is to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:7:25&quot;&gt; turn him into a bureaucrat&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:7:28&quot;&gt; and create bureaucracy.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:7:31&quot;&gt; And bureaucracy has killed millions&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:7:34&quot;&gt; and millions more people than the worst Atomic&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:7:37&quot;&gt; weapons. So&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:7:40&quot;&gt; this is a huge problem.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:7:43&quot;&gt; And education&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:7:46&quot;&gt;is supposed to do something about it. We'll talk about that a little bit&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:7:49&quot;&gt; later. But think about it, we&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:7:52&quot;&gt; just went through the inability of most&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:7:55&quot;&gt; of the population of the planet to not&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:7:58&quot;&gt; understand how viruses and diseases work&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:8:1&quot;&gt; that was botched almost&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:8:4&quot;&gt; everywhere. And for&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:8:7&quot;&gt; the last 60 plus years we've been&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:8:10&quot;&gt; ignoring something smaller than a virus, the CO₂ molecule,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:8:13&quot;&gt;which is gradually&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:8:16&quot;&gt; changing the entire planet that we live&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:8:19&quot;&gt; on. So if you're looking for&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:8:22&quot;&gt; human wisdom, it's not up to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:8:25&quot;&gt; the scaling of what we've been able to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:8:28&quot;&gt;invent.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:8:31&quot;&gt; Okay, so, Cliff Notes for Human Beings.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:8:34&quot;&gt; I'll do this quickly&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:8:37&quot;&gt;but… So, we're basically&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:8:40&quot;&gt; Hamlet.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:8:43&quot;&gt; Our minds are like theaters.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:8:46&quot;&gt; We're more theatrical than we think. We threate…,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:8:49&quot;&gt; We create…, treat our beliefs as reality.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:8:52&quot;&gt; That is the worst thing about human&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:8:58&quot;&gt;beings. And these theaters are tiny. We can&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:9:1&quot;&gt; only think of a few things that once it's hard for us&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:9:4&quot;&gt; to take in larger&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:9:7&quot;&gt; things. And if you look into biology&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:9:10&quot;&gt; we find out that most of our mind is not&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:9:13&quot;&gt; human. And we're more non-human&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:9:16&quot;&gt; than we assume. And we tend to react&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:9:19&quot;&gt; much more than actual thinking. Thinking actually had&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:9:22&quot;&gt; to be invented. We grow up in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:9:25&quot;&gt;we were born into.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:9:28&quot;&gt; and that shapes so much of who we are and also&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:9:31&quot;&gt; how we look at the world. Our conclusions&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:9:34&quot;&gt; tend to be societal. That's a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:9:37&quot;&gt; disaster. And we have&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:9:40&quot;&gt; not just one mind, and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:9:43&quot;&gt; really not just one brain. We maybe have&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:9:46&quot;&gt; about eighty&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:9:49&quot;&gt; different conglomerations of things that could be&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:9:52&quot;&gt; called brainlets.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:9:55&quot;&gt; We have a special set of ones&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:9:58&quot;&gt; shared with most animals which is learning&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:10:1&quot;&gt; by touching things. We learn&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:10:4&quot;&gt;seeing things. We have a completely different set of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:10:7&quot;&gt; knowledges from how things look.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:10:10&quot;&gt; And we have this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:10:13&quot;&gt; symbolic mechanism&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:10:16&quot;&gt; which is both our&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:10:19&quot;&gt; downfall and our&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:10:22&quot;&gt; Salvation. So we're much&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:10:25&quot;&gt; more fragmented. We only have one body&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:10:28&quot;&gt; but uh what we want&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:10:31&quot;&gt; actually conflicts&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:10:34&quot;&gt; internally. So this is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:10:37&quot;&gt; a whole area that's really&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:10:40&quot;&gt; worthwhile studying. Especially in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:10:43&quot;&gt; this age of computation and especially&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:10:46&quot;&gt; this area. I'll leave it at.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:10:49&quot;&gt; Now let's go to the the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:10:52&quot;&gt; second question is “what did we ever do&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:10:55&quot;&gt;for Xerox anyway?”&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:10:58&quot;&gt; well we'll talk a little bit later about where Xerox&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:11:1&quot;&gt; PARC came from but here are some of the things that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:11:7&quot;&gt;we did. The first&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:11:10&quot;&gt; thing like a modern personal&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:11:13&quot;&gt; computer. The&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:11:16&quot;&gt; GUI with icons and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:11:19&quot;&gt;pointing.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:11:22&quot;&gt; Basically a way of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:11:25&quot;&gt; dealing with symmetrical&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:11:28&quot;&gt; reading and writing. That was also [called] What You See&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:11:34&quot;&gt;is What You Get. What we have to call real OOP today,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:11:37&quot;&gt; that we only called OOP back then. But it was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:11:40&quot;&gt; different than what is called OOP&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:11:43&quot;&gt; today. And we did the laser&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:11:46&quot;&gt; printer which just for the engineers in the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:11:49&quot;&gt; crowd, the very first laser printer was a page&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:11:52&quot;&gt; a second, which most people have never&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:11:55&quot;&gt; experienced today, at 500 pixels&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:11:58&quot;&gt; to the inch. That is a great&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:12:1&quot;&gt; story all by itself. How Gary Starkweather&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:12:4&quot;&gt; did that.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:12:7&quot;&gt; The outline fonts and postcript, the Ethernet.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:12:10&quot;&gt; Peer [to] peer, and client/server, and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:12:13&quot;&gt; about half the internet.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:12:16&quot;&gt;PARC had its own internet which is called the PARC&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:12:19&quot;&gt; Universal packets.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:12:22&quot;&gt; It was spread all over the country and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:12:25&quot;&gt; about, I don't know,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:12:28&quot;&gt; half the general meetings&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:12:31&quot;&gt; that were held at UCLA especially,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:12:34&quot;&gt; were done by PARC people. Some of whom&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:12:37&quot;&gt;had already done some of the things [… working at…]&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:12:40&quot;&gt; The thing is that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:12:43&quot;&gt; all of these things came out of a particular&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:12:46&quot;&gt; community. So we locked the claim we&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:12:49&quot;&gt; had eight and a half visible inventions. And&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:12:52&quot;&gt; of course what's interesting about all of this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:12:55&quot;&gt; is all the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:12:58&quot;&gt;technology that had to be invented that was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:13:1&quot;&gt; invisible. And according to Butler&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:13:4&quot;&gt; Lampson, this was done&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:13:7&quot;&gt; with about 25 researchers over about five&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:13:10&quot;&gt; years. These particular ones I'm showing&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:13:13&quot;&gt; here. And PARC&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:13:16&quot;&gt; itself, existed in the form it was for&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:13:19&quot;&gt; about 10 years. So in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:13:22&quot;&gt; total today's dollars&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:13:25&quot;&gt; here is like, I don't know 15&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:13:28&quot;&gt; years ago or so, when I made the slide&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:13:31&quot;&gt; so it was in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:13:34&quot;&gt; dollars of 15 years ago, it was about 10&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:13:37&quot;&gt; million dollars a year, or about 100&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:13:40&quot;&gt; million to 120 million for the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:13:43&quot;&gt; for the 10 years. And PARC had four Labs&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:13:46&quot;&gt; so there was System Science, Computer Science,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:13:49&quot;&gt; Optical science and Physical science.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:13:52&quot;&gt; So this is the total budget of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:13:55&quot;&gt; Park. And when I&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:13:58&quot;&gt; first did this slide of, 15&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:14:1&quot;&gt; years years ago or so, the return was about $35&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:14:4&quot;&gt; trillion dollars to the world. Now&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:14:7&quot;&gt; I think it's up past 50 trillion&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:14:10&quot;&gt; or so and, to get back to the question&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:14:13&quot;&gt; is uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:14:16&quot;&gt; oh and this is an important idea, that the thing that confused&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:14:19&quot;&gt; people and Confused Xerox was, if you can&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:14:22&quot;&gt;these eight and a half inventions you see in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:14:25&quot;&gt; in Industry, it is the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:14:28&quot;&gt; basis of one of the main&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:14:31&quot;&gt; large Industries that we have&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:14:34&quot;&gt;today.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:14:37&quot;&gt; Now what about return to PARC. Well, PARC&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:14:40&quot;&gt; missed, I mean Xerox missed most of these.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:14:43&quot;&gt; But it doesn't matter because the return&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:14:46&quot;&gt; on the laser printer all by itself&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:14:49&quot;&gt; was about a factor of 200&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:14:52&quot;&gt; on the entire investment for park over the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:14:55&quot;&gt;entire 10 years. So&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:14:58&quot;&gt; Xerox made billions and billions just&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:15:1&quot;&gt; from this one thing. They missed the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:15:4&quot;&gt; trillions but&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:15:7&quot;&gt; if you look at it from a positive direction,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:15:10&quot;&gt; thank goodness they were willing to fund&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:15:13&quot;&gt; people that no business person in their right mind would&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:15:16&quot;&gt; fund. So we got what we&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:15:19&quot;&gt;got. Now,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:15:22&quot;&gt; the real story here is that back in the 40s&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:15:25&quot;&gt; the Cold War started with the Russian A&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:15:28&quot;&gt; bomb, after World War II, and that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:15:31&quot;&gt; gave rise to a bunch&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:15:34&quot;&gt; of DOD funding, which included Whirlwind&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:15:37&quot;&gt; which we'll talk about in a minute, the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:15:40&quot;&gt; SAGE air defense system.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:15:43&quot;&gt; We'll talk about in a minute, and then in 57 Sputnik&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:15:46&quot;&gt; came along and that created ARPA.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:15:49&quot;&gt; We'll talk about that in a minute. And here are some&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:15:52&quot;&gt;the things that ARPA did&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:15:55&quot;&gt; up to the time when the Vietnam War and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:15:58&quot;&gt; Congress decided to kill ARPA funding&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:16:1&quot;&gt; for public domain&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:16:4&quot;&gt; Computing. You can look at these yourself.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:16:7&quot;&gt; Things like personal Computing,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:16:10&quot;&gt; computer Graphics,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:16:13&quot;&gt; packet switching. That handsome guy in the patch packing&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:16:16&quot;&gt; switching thing on the the right is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:16:19&quot;&gt; none other than Len&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:16:22&quot;&gt;Kleinrock. Looking very confident as we all were&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:16:25&quot;&gt; back then. That led to the ARPANET,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:16:28&quot;&gt; and that led to the Internet,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:16:31&quot;&gt; and… The first tablet that was areally&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:16:34&quot;&gt; good one, that was done back in 1964, and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:16:37&quot;&gt; then there was the Engelbart system and so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:16:40&quot;&gt; forth. So PARC was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:16:43&quot;&gt; actually set up&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:16:46&quot;&gt; because one of the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:16:49&quot;&gt; Deputy directors of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:16:52&quot;&gt; ARPA&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:16:55&quot;&gt; IPTO feared that this work was not&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:16:58&quot;&gt; going to be continued to some kind of fruition.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:17:1&quot;&gt;So he started looking around and it happened that Xerox&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:17:4&quot;&gt; was looking around for a long range research&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:17:7&quot;&gt; lab, and they got together and the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:17:10&quot;&gt; the lab was put as far away from corporate&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:17:13&quot;&gt; headquarters as possible.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:17:16&quot;&gt; Next to a university so it's either going to be Berkeley&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:17:19&quot;&gt; or Stanford. They put it next to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:17:22&quot;&gt; Stanford.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:17:25&quot;&gt; Park completely thought of itself as&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:17:28&quot;&gt; being part of the ARPA Community. Almost every computer&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:17:31&quot;&gt; researcher there had been a graduate&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:17:34&quot;&gt; student at and had their degrees&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:17:37&quot;&gt; paid for by ARPA and so forth. So I never&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:17:40&quot;&gt; talk about PARC without bringing in this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:17:43&quot;&gt;larger context. And in fact&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:17:46&quot;&gt; it the larger context was the reason that PARC&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:17:49&quot;&gt; was able to do so many things&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:17:52&quot;&gt; with so few researchers. There was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:17:55&quot;&gt; all of this prior art available&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:17:58&quot;&gt; in the research community, and the research&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:18:1&quot;&gt; community also taught the grad students how to work&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:18:4&quot;&gt; together. I'll talk about that in a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:18:7&quot;&gt;minute.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:18:10&quot;&gt; Okay here's feedback from&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:18:13&quot;&gt;world pushback. Look at some&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:18:16&quot;&gt;of these numbers&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:18:19&quot;&gt; are dismally low. Like here are the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:18:22&quot;&gt;heartbreakers. On the other hand 100%&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:18:25&quot;&gt; of the internet, 100% of the Ethernet,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:18:28&quot;&gt; 100% of the laser printer, outline&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:18:31&quot;&gt; fonts. Peer-peer and all that stuff were accepted&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:18:34&quot;&gt; and this is in large part because there weren't&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:18:37&quot;&gt; good solutions already out&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:18:40&quot;&gt;there. The&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:18:43&quot;&gt; 50% on the pop modern personal computer&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:18:46&quot;&gt; is because the people who adapted&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:18:49&quot;&gt; this to the commercial World&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:18:52&quot;&gt; basically adapted it&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:18:55&quot;&gt; in its appearances. They didn't&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:18:58&quot;&gt;look any deeper.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:19:1&quot;&gt; Most of the hackers in the 80s thought they knew&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:19:4&quot;&gt; how to program so their interest in doing&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:19:7&quot;&gt; really new ways of programming was very low. So the least accepted&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:19:10&quot;&gt; thing was the way we did successful&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:19:13&quot;&gt; software at PARC.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:19:16&quot;&gt; Some of the deepest&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:19:19&quot;&gt; ideas uh that our field has ever come up with&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:19:22&quot;&gt; were done by Engelbart and his group&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:19:25&quot;&gt; and almost none of those have even&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:19:28&quot;&gt; be understood. And you know if I were there and person,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:19:31&quot;&gt; what I always do is ask students&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:19:34&quot;&gt; what Engelbart did, and they usually can't tell me.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:19:37&quot;&gt; And it's hard to find a student…&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:19:40&quot;&gt; In fact let's do it right now, just for the hell&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:19:43&quot;&gt; of it. Okay students&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:19:46&quot;&gt; can you hear me? Raise your&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:19:49&quot;&gt;hand?&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:19:52&quot;&gt;Okay. Let's see,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:19:55&quot;&gt; what do I want here?…&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:19:58&quot;&gt; Yes; so… Students&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:20:1&quot;&gt; please tell me anybody who's T&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:20:4&quot;&gt; typed “E N G E L B A&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:20:7&quot;&gt; R T” into Google.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:20:10&quot;&gt; Raise your&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:20:13&quot;&gt;hand.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:20:16&quot;&gt; [TA's answers]– I think one hand is Professor Kleinrock. [Alan Kay] Well&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:20:19&quot;&gt; of course. Okay so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:20:22&quot;&gt; this is basically being in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:20:25&quot;&gt; in physics, being&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:20:28&quot;&gt; a physics major, and not being curious about&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:20:34&quot;&gt;Newton. So this is not an&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:20:40&quot;&gt;exaggeration. Think about it.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:20:43&quot;&gt;And you know if you want some bitching from an old&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:20:46&quot;&gt; fart, a lot of us back in the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:20:49&quot;&gt; old days put out a lot of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:20:52&quot;&gt; effort, including Len in the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:20:55&quot;&gt; room, to get you guys personal&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:20:58&quot;&gt; computers, which you have with you.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:21:1&quot;&gt; And to get you guys networks that can connect&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:21:4&quot;&gt; to things, and to get you so you can be&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:21:7&quot;&gt; just a few characters and a mouse push&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:21:10&quot;&gt; away from satisfying your curiosity&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:21:13&quot;&gt; about the heroes of your own profession.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:21:16&quot;&gt; Think about that and none of you have done&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:21:19&quot;&gt; that. What do you think about&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:21:25&quot;&gt;that? Okay&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:21:28&quot;&gt; so let's now go quickly back again.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:21:31&quot;&gt; Russian A-bomb…&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:21:40&quot;&gt;Here's Whirlwind. So&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:21:43&quot;&gt; this is just a few racks of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:21:46&quot;&gt; Whirlwind. At MIT. Was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:21:49&quot;&gt; actually just a 16bit&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:21:52&quot;&gt; bit parallel real-time mini computer&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:21:55&quot;&gt; but took this amount of space. Had about 5,000 vacuum&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:21:58&quot;&gt; tubes. And the memory&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:22:1&quot;&gt; devices back around 1950&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:22:4&quot;&gt; were so bad for storage,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:22:7&quot;&gt; for RAM that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:22:10&quot;&gt; it forced uh one of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:22:13&quot;&gt; the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:22:16&quot;&gt; the guy in the middle there&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:22:19&quot;&gt; Jay Forrester to invent core memory&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:22:22&quot;&gt; which was the technology that let computers&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:22:25&quot;&gt; uh go commercial for the first&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:22:28&quot;&gt; time. And the guy to his&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:22:31&quot;&gt; uh let's see, to his left the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:22:34&quot;&gt; guy who's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:22:37&quot;&gt; standing behind them in the middle of the picture&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:22:40&quot;&gt; there Jay&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:22:43&quot;&gt; Everett&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:22:58&quot;&gt;Whoops! Oh now it's not letting me…&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:23:1&quot;&gt;I hate Zoom&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:23:7&quot;&gt;okay&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:23:10&quot;&gt; Sorry&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:23:13&quot;&gt; Also with this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:23:16&quot;&gt; was uh one of the earliest displays&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:23:19&quot;&gt; and Everett had&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:23:22&quot;&gt; had&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:23:28&quot;&gt;actually…&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:23:37&quot;&gt;sorry. Everett had&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:23:40&quot;&gt; actually invented a way to point at the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:23:43&quot;&gt; screen, and this is the as far as&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:23:46&quot;&gt;the first time there was computer&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:23:49&quot;&gt; graphics with a pointing&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:23:52&quot;&gt; device. And they did this because&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:23:55&quot;&gt; the Cold War changed their original&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:23:58&quot;&gt; theory about what they were doing which was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:24:1&quot;&gt; to make flight simulators&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:24:4&quot;&gt; and they were starting to lose their funding for&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:24:7&quot;&gt; that but the atomic bomb&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:24:10&quot;&gt; of the Russians got the military&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:24:13&quot;&gt; interested in whether you could hook a computer&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:24:16&quot;&gt; up to radar and track it. And they were&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:24:19&quot;&gt; the first to do this and that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:24:22&quot;&gt;hey built back then morphed its way into the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:24:25&quot;&gt; worldwide airplane&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:24:28&quot;&gt; tracking system that we use today.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:24:31&quot;&gt; Then the second phase of Whirlwind&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:24:34&quot;&gt; was to go&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:24:37&quot;&gt; all out and see if we could&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:24:40&quot;&gt; track Russian bombers&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:24:43&quot;&gt; before they could get to us.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:24:46&quot;&gt; And so they built these monstrous&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:24:49&quot;&gt; block houses out of concrete.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:24:52&quot;&gt; This is about the size they&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:24:55&quot;&gt; were. Bottom floor there is just the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:24:58&quot;&gt;power supply. The second second floor here&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;note for=&quot;0:25:1&quot;&gt;<br /> The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AN/FSQ-7_Combat_Direction_Central AN/FSQ-7 Combat Direction Central], referred to as the Q7 for short, was a computerized air defence command and control system.&lt;/note&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:25:1&quot;&gt; are two really big Q7&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:25:4&quot;&gt; computers with maybe 55,000&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:25:7&quot;&gt; vacuum tubes hanged&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:25:10&quot;&gt; together, uh they're really something&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:25:13&quot;&gt;to walk around in.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:25:16&quot;&gt; Here's a block house. So&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:25:19&quot;&gt; 24 of these were built in the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:25:22&quot;&gt;US. Then up on the top&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:25:25&quot;&gt; floor were 100 to about&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:25:28&quot;&gt; 150 graphic terminals&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:25:31&quot;&gt; with pointing devices for dealing with various&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:25:34&quot;&gt;of information; and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:25:37&quot;&gt; here's what one row of them look&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:25:40&quot;&gt;like. So there are zillions&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:25:43&quot;&gt; of them, and this is about maybe 1956&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:25:46&quot;&gt; 57 now.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:25:52&quot;&gt; And… they had a network! Wasn't&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:25:55&quot;&gt; a great Network. It wasn't a packet switching&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:25:58&quot;&gt; network but they' gotten used to the idea&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:26:1&quot;&gt; that if you're going to build computers and have people&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:26:4&quot;&gt;work together you better have a network and some&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:26:7&quot;&gt; way of doing that. So this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:26:10&quot;&gt; crowning glory was just coming to fruition&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:26:13&quot;&gt; when the Russians decided, oh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:26:16&quot;&gt; well let's just shoot some&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:26:19&quot;&gt;Rockets to show The Americans that we don't need to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;note for=&quot;0:26:22&quot;&gt;<br /> Intercontinental ballistic missile[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercontinental_ballistic_missile].&lt;/note&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:26:22&quot;&gt; deliver bombs by a bomber. We can&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:26:25&quot;&gt; make ICBMs.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:26:28&quot;&gt; So this shocked the nation and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:26:31&quot;&gt; Congress and they set up ARPA:&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:26:34&quot;&gt; Advanced Research Projects Agency.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:26:37&quot;&gt; The director uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:26:40&quot;&gt; in the early 60s was Jack&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:26:42&quot;&gt; Ruina, and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:26:45&quot;&gt; he decided to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:26:48&quot;&gt; uh, give this guy uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:26:51&quot;&gt; Jacob Licklider known as Lick,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:26:54&quot;&gt; some leftover money they had which&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:26:57&quot;&gt;by DoD standards wasn't a lot but by computer computer&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:27:0&quot;&gt; standards it was millions.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:27:3&quot;&gt; And they they gave it to him because they liked him, and you'll&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:27:6&quot;&gt; you'll get an idea about this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:27:9&quot;&gt; soon. So here are the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:27:12&quot;&gt; 1960s directors of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:27:15&quot;&gt; ARPA. Not a military person among them these were all&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:27:18&quot;&gt; PhD&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:27:21&quot;&gt;scientists. And the four ARPA&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:27:24&quot;&gt; computer research directors were all&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:27:27&quot;&gt; scientists. And this is because&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:27:30&quot;&gt; the powers that set this up&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:27:33&quot;&gt; realized that having something like the military&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:27:36&quot;&gt; and something like congress,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:27:39&quot;&gt; with a dire threat&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:27:42&quot;&gt;that they were trying to deal with, would just botch things up.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:27:45&quot;&gt; Still true today.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:27:48&quot;&gt; So… but&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:27:51&quot;&gt; of course Congress ultimately control&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:27:54&quot;&gt; the budget, but they didn't have&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:27:57&quot;&gt; much power because the Americans were&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:28:0&quot;&gt; frightened of the Russians&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:28:3&quot;&gt; and, so they weren't&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:28:6&quot;&gt; going to curtail military spending.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:28:9&quot;&gt; But people in Congress would say&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:28:12&quot;&gt; these words that everybody has heard still today:&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:28:15&quot;&gt; “How is this relevant? Tell me why this work that you're doing is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:28:18&quot;&gt; relevant to the Department of Defense”, and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:28:21&quot;&gt; they would get push back from these&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:28:24&quot;&gt; scientist. Jack would say “That's not the right&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:28:27&quot;&gt; question to ask”. Bob Sproull Sr. would say the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:28:30&quot;&gt; right question to ask is “How is this going to help the United&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:28:33&quot;&gt; States, or this technology, or our society or our&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:28:36&quot;&gt; culture generally?”. Holy shit!&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:28:39&quot;&gt; Bob Taylor's remark&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:28:42&quot;&gt; was “They would stand up to these guys,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:28:45&quot;&gt; and in a polite civilized way attack their&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:28:48&quot;&gt; myopia because these ARPA directors were scientific&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:28:51&quot;&gt; statesmen”.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:28:54&quot;&gt; And Bob reflects we've had too few of those people&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:28:57&quot;&gt; in the job since then.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:29:0&quot;&gt;And around 1966&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:29:3&quot;&gt; Charlie Herzfield asked Bob “What&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:29:6&quot;&gt; what do you want?”. And Bob said “This network&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:29:9&quot;&gt; is what I want to do and here's why”.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:29:12&quot;&gt; And Charlie said&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:29:15&quot;&gt; “Okay”. And, Bob's recollection, that was a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:29:18&quot;&gt;15 minute conversation.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:29:21&quot;&gt; Charlie asked “How much money do you need?”, and Bob said “well a million&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:29:24&quot;&gt; dollars”. it's like seven or eight billion seven or eight&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:29:27&quot;&gt; million dollars today, just to get it organized.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:29:30&quot;&gt; And Herzfeld said&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:29:33&quot;&gt; “okay” and Bob's recollection was that there was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:29:36&quot;&gt; no actual ARPA paperwork order written or anything&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:29:39&quot;&gt; for months maybe even a year.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:29:42&quot;&gt; These people all trusted each other and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:29:45&quot;&gt; did a lot of things very quickly this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:29:48&quot;&gt; way. Now a key idea here if you can see&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:29:51&quot;&gt; him, is that Bob&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:29:54&quot;&gt; Taylor uh after&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:29:57&quot;&gt; ARPA went on to be the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:30:0&quot;&gt; founder uh of the computer science&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:30:3&quot;&gt; research at Xerox PARC. So he was the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:30:6&quot;&gt; connection as, of course, the computer science&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:30:9&quot;&gt; research PARC…, at PARC, was set up like&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:30:12&quot;&gt; the computer science research of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:30:15&quot;&gt; ARPA. And so when we look at&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:30:18&quot;&gt; this, we want to see:&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:30:21&quot;&gt; What, what did these people, way back then,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:30:24&quot;&gt; think about this? We have all&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:30:27&quot;&gt; these questions that we can't answer all of them today.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:30:30&quot;&gt; We can look at the first couple there. And we can get a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:30:33&quot;&gt; couple of samples of what they were saying.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:30:36&quot;&gt; so Vannevar&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:30:39&quot;&gt; Bush, uh pronounced the way&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:30:42&quot;&gt; Beaver is pronounced in New England: “beava”&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:30:45&quot;&gt; “Vanneeva”. Bush, who is president&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:30:48&quot;&gt; Roosevelt science advisor, said&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:30:51&quot;&gt; in the 40s holy new forms of encyclopedias&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:30:54&quot;&gt; will appear. Ready-made with a mesh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:30:57&quot;&gt; of associative trails running through them, ready to be&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:31:0&quot;&gt; dropped into the Memex, and there amplified”. So&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:31:3&quot;&gt; that got a lot of people&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:31:6&quot;&gt;thinking. Licklider said in a few years&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:31:9&quot;&gt;the combination of humans and computers will think as no&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:31:12&quot;&gt; humans have ever thought&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:31:15&quot;&gt; before. John McCarthy looked at&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:31:18&quot;&gt; the SAGE system and said every home will have one&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:31:21&quot;&gt;and with an intelligent interface. Because&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:31:24&quot;&gt; he thought… way…, McCarthy thought about it is: Well this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:31:27&quot;&gt; is just like, uh getting gas and water,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:31:30&quot;&gt; and electric power, and so forth into a house.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:31:33&quot;&gt; It's a utility so every house&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:31:36&quot;&gt; will have a uh a terminal connected to a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:31:39&quot;&gt; worldwide utility. That was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:31:42&quot;&gt; 1958. That affected the work at MIT&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:31:45&quot;&gt; by uh Corby: Fernando&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:31:48&quot;&gt; Corbató. Ivan Sutherland,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:31:51&quot;&gt; the inventor of computer graphics said “A graphic input&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:31:54&quot;&gt; coupled to some kind of computation which&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:31:57&quot;&gt; is in turn coupled to a graphical output is a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:32:0&quot;&gt; truly powerful tool for education and design”.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:32:3&quot;&gt;And Engelbart here said “We can boost Mankind's capability&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:32:6&quot;&gt; for coping with complex urgent problems&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:32:9&quot;&gt; by augmenting the collective IQ&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:32:12&quot;&gt; of groups”. Not just augmenting people&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:32:15&quot;&gt; but augmenting&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:32:18&quot;&gt;groups.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:32:21&quot;&gt; And I'm going to more concentrate more&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:32:24&quot;&gt; on these two, but we'll get a look at a bit.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:32:27&quot;&gt; Okay, so what what with these guys&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:32:30&quot;&gt; [were] looking for as far as people. Lick was just&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:32:33&quot;&gt; looking for the best people, Ivan was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:32:36&quot;&gt; looking for people uh who could “choose their own problems and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:32:39&quot;&gt; methods”, Taylor &lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:32:42&quot;&gt; thought his job was to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:32:45&quot;&gt; fix up the social environment “so that when the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:32:48&quot;&gt; lone Wolves scientists need to cooperate&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:32:51&quot;&gt; they will”. And&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:32:54&quot;&gt; Larry uh said,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:32:57&quot;&gt; everybody understood the game&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:33:0&quot;&gt; here which was ARPA&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:33:3&quot;&gt; IPTO was allowed to help the country as long as it was helping&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:33:6&quot;&gt; the military. And so what&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:33:9&quot;&gt; kind of people were they looking for?<br /> &lt;note for=&quot;0:33:12&quot;&gt;<br /> An extract of the full [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m_MaJDK3VNE EDS, an HP Company 'Cat Herders' commercial].<br /> &lt;/note&gt;<br /> —This man right here is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:33:12&quot;&gt;my great-grandfather. He's the first cat herder in our&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:33:18&quot;&gt;family. —Don't let anybody tell you it's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:33:21&quot;&gt; easy. —Anybody can herd cattle&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:33:24&quot;&gt; holding together 10000 half wild short hairs&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:33:27&quot;&gt; that's another thing all together&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:33:30&quot;&gt;Well, you get you get the idea&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:33:33&quot;&gt; and so the real question here is what if only cats can do this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:33:36&quot;&gt; stuff and adults don't&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:33:39&quot;&gt; get it. Adults are into command and control&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:33:42&quot;&gt; and command and control doesn't work with cats.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:33:45&quot;&gt; I have a jar filled with all the names of the toys we have&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:33:48&quot;&gt; sitting right next to us, and we're going to take the jar one by&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:33:51&quot;&gt; one open up these toys. —All right. —Would you like to go first&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:33:54&quot;&gt; picking something from the jar? —Yes. —All right.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:33:57&quot;&gt; A mouse on a spring… I like this one.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:34:0&quot;&gt;All right.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:34:3&quot;&gt; It's inside this box right here.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:34:6&quot;&gt;There's this little mouse on a spring. It goes up and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:34:9&quot;&gt; down, and cats are going to try to catch it. —All righty. —Our cats&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:34:12&quot;&gt;like having mouses but they keep on tearing them apart, cos&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:34:15&quot;&gt; they're kind of vicious so, we've got another one&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:34:18&quot;&gt; Okay. And this is the toy&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:34:24&quot;&gt;mouse. What is this?&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:34:27&quot;&gt; What is this mysterious&lt;/ subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:34:33&quot;&gt;George?! —I think you get&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:34:36&quot;&gt; it. Gotta have some feel for what cats&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:34:39&quot;&gt; want. So&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:34:42&quot;&gt; lick pointed out right at&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:34:45&quot;&gt; the beginning that great visions are not the same as&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:34:48&quot;&gt; goals but they are the ultimate cat&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:34:51&quot;&gt;toy. So&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:34:54&quot;&gt; he stuck to this vision which is not&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:34:57&quot;&gt; phrased as a goal he said: “computers are destined&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:35:0&quot;&gt; to become interactive intellectual&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:35:3&quot;&gt; amplifiers for everyone universally networked&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:35:6&quot;&gt; worldwide”. He did not know&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:35:9&quot;&gt; what this meant and in fact he was a psychologist&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:35:12&quot;&gt; not a what we call a card carrying&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:35:15&quot;&gt; engineer. But he&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:35:18&quot;&gt; understood a lot.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:35:21&quot;&gt; That if you hide… If you take this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:35:24&quot;&gt; vision and stick it behind the mountain&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:35:27&quot;&gt; range, it sends out a magnetic field which is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:35:30&quot;&gt; Marvin Minsky like to point out: “If you don't&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:35:33&quot;&gt; know what to do, get lots of people to do lots of things!”&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:35:36&quot;&gt; That's what Lick was doing.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:35:39&quot;&gt; And so the number one principle here of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:35:42&quot;&gt; doing anything like this where you are going to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:35:45&quot;&gt; get… have the possibility of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:35:48&quot;&gt; really large new things is: The goodness&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:35:51&quot;&gt; of the results correlates most strongly with the goodness of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:35:54&quot;&gt; the funders. That is my&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:35:57&quot;&gt; reflection uh, from the past&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:36:0&quot;&gt; because every era has really&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:36:3&quot;&gt; smart people. I've never&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:36:6&quot;&gt; been in an era that didn't have people as smart as the people I&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:36:9&quot;&gt; worked with back then, but the funders&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:36:12&quot;&gt; have… were wonderful in the 60s&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:36:15&quot;&gt; and uh 70s and they've been&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:36:18&quot;&gt; uh… ever more terrible ever&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:36:21&quot;&gt;since.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:36:24&quot;&gt; And so two of the main things that came&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:36:27&quot;&gt; out of this was human humans and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:36:30&quot;&gt; computers working together as an idea and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:36:33&quot;&gt; then this larger idea of augmenting human intellect&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:36:36&quot;&gt; in general. So I'll just go through these quickly&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:36:39&quot;&gt;There is a million of them. They're in one of the papers I handed&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:36:42&quot;&gt; out. But basically, go against&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:36:45&quot;&gt; conventional wisdom. Do visions&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:36:48&quot;&gt; not goals. Let&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:36:51&quot;&gt; somebody else do the goals. Fund problem finding,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:36:54&quot;&gt; not just problem solving. This is a key&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:36:57&quot;&gt; one because a problem&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:37:0&quot;&gt; is often too rooted in the uh… context&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:37:3&quot;&gt;of the present.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:37:6&quot;&gt; And so, if you're just doing that which is kind of what's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:37:9&quot;&gt; going on, this is what NSF likes to fund.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:37:12&quot;&gt; Problems that peer reviewers can understand in the present&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:37:15&quot;&gt; and most most of them uh don't make&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:37:18&quot;&gt; big contributions.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:37:21&quot;&gt; Problem finding on the other hand, is difficult for&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:37:24&quot;&gt; everybody, but it gives you a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:37:27&quot;&gt; chance. Fund people not&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:37:30&quot;&gt; projects. So in other words, don't&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:37:33&quot;&gt; even worry, you know if you've got some crazy guy who's really&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:37:36&quot;&gt; good, or girl, who's really good,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:37:39&quot;&gt; don't worry about what they want to do.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:37:42&quot;&gt; Give them some money and see what happens.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:37:45&quot;&gt; Uh corollary: “Fund the very best people”.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:37:48&quot;&gt; I don't think that's being done&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:37:51&quot;&gt; today. And, an important part of the research&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:37:54&quot;&gt; results are new and better researchers.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:37:57&quot;&gt; And in in a sense&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:38:0&quot;&gt; NSF is paying for some of this,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:38:3&quot;&gt; but I don't think a lot of research is being done. I think&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:38:6&quot;&gt; it's mostly engineering. So what I think is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:38:9&quot;&gt; NSF is paying for are, new and better&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:38:12&quot;&gt; uh uh… practical&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:38:15&quot;&gt;engineers. And what we need is new and better&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:38:18&quot;&gt; researchers. Really advance something very important.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:38:21&quot;&gt; Well that's controversial because it probably&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:38:24&quot;&gt; uh is something&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:38:27&quot;&gt; new. And here's a key one: Design&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:38:30&quot;&gt;build in the future and bring back to the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:38:33&quot;&gt; present. And one that costs a lot of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:38:36&quot;&gt; money was: Make enough of the inventions&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:38:39&quot;&gt; and in a practical enough manner so that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:38:42&quot;&gt; many people can use them. In other words live&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:38:45&quot;&gt; in your own uh your own mess that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:38:48&quot;&gt;you've made. Then: Milestones&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:38:51&quot;&gt; not deadlines.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:38:54&quot;&gt;That's a tough one.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:38:57&quot;&gt; Okay so,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:0&quot;&gt; here are five things that —of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:3&quot;&gt; many things— that people&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:6&quot;&gt; in the individual stars there are&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:9&quot;&gt; people get interested in aesthetics,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:12&quot;&gt; or they prefer to tinker. They prefer to do&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:15&quot;&gt; engineering. But the problem is the sweet&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:18&quot;&gt; spot in the center.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:21&quot;&gt; Is something we have to get to because as Marvin says&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:22&quot;&gt; “You don't understand&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:24&quot;&gt; something if you only understand it one way”.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:27&quot;&gt; This is a key phrase for the 20&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:30&quot;&gt; 20th and 21st centuries&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:33&quot;&gt; and so —no matter what&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:36&quot;&gt; your favorite one of these is— you have to get fluent&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:39&quot;&gt; in all of them. And this is a not&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:42&quot;&gt;the way universities are set up. Not the way companies&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:45&quot;&gt; are set up. But you got to do it&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:48&quot;&gt; The best people I know all are in the center&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:51&quot;&gt; here. And then there's a question about…&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:54&quot;&gt; regarding computing is, is: Could there actually&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:57&quot;&gt; be a science of computing? They&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:40:0&quot;&gt; are artificial objects after all.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:40:3&quot;&gt; We're not looking at molecules so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:40:6&quot;&gt; forth, we're looking at constructed&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:40:9&quot;&gt; things. And what does that mean as a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:40:12&quot;&gt;science?&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:40:15&quot;&gt; So go back into the 50s&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:40:18&quot;&gt; again we've got&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:40:21&quot;&gt; phenomena. We can see these artifacts. They've got&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:40:24&quot;&gt; wires, and vacuum tubes, and we can program them.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:40:27&quot;&gt; and we can make a higher-level language for them like Fortran.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:40:30&quot;&gt; And so forth. And that isn't really&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:40:33&quot;&gt; science. What is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:40:36&quot;&gt;science. Well, I've&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:40:39&quot;&gt; got this cryptic phrase here: “Scientists try to ‘find&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:40:42&quot;&gt; fireflies’ and ‘make&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:40:45&quot;&gt;t-shirts’”. What does that mean?&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:40:48&quot;&gt; It means that behind the stuff&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:40:51&quot;&gt; that distracts us,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:40:54&quot;&gt; there are hidden,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:40:57&quot;&gt; deeper properties. The properties&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:41:0&quot;&gt; might not even be in there explicitly but they're&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:41:3&quot;&gt; there. What scientists do&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:41:6&quot;&gt; is good what I call good&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:41:9&quot;&gt; wooo-wooo. Which is,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:41:12&quot;&gt; they let their brain relax to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:41:15&quot;&gt;point where they can start thinking beneath the surface of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:41:18&quot;&gt; things. And here's one of the first computer&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:41:21&quot;&gt; scientists, John McCarthy, and he&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:41:24&quot;&gt; looked at this stuff in the 50s, and decided to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:41:27&quot;&gt; make a t-shirt of it, and the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:41:30&quot;&gt; t-shirt looks like&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:41:33&quot;&gt; this. So it's kind of Maxwell&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:41:36&quot;&gt;equations of computing and, what's interesting about&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:41:39&quot;&gt; it is that it doesn't look like&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:41:42&quot;&gt; the hardware and it doesn't look like the software. It's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:41:45&quot;&gt; actually a mathematical&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:41:48&quot;&gt;formulation of what John thought the most important&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:41:51&quot;&gt; relationships were, so I would call this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:41:54&quot;&gt;maxwellian. Then he de did something even&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:41:57&quot;&gt;stronger&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:42:0&quot;&gt; along the lines of Newton which is to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:42:3&quot;&gt; explain important ideas&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:42:6&quot;&gt; here about what was lying beneath&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:42:9&quot;&gt; the surface. And why it was really useful&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:42:12&quot;&gt; to think of doing things in a particular&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:42:15&quot;&gt; way. And, the thing&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:42:18&quot;&gt; about math is it has to be consistent, meaning&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:42:21&quot;&gt; neat, but it doesn't have to be&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:42:24&quot;&gt; real. And so this thing that John did was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:42:27&quot;&gt; not real, but another hero&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:42:30&quot;&gt; of mine, Steve Russell, the guy who invented “Spacewar!”&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:42:33&quot;&gt; was at MIT, and he looked at&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:42:36&quot;&gt; John's math and he said “that's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:42:39&quot;&gt; a program, if I implement it, we'll have a running system”.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:42:42&quot;&gt; And John McCarthy said well “He did, and we did”.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:42:45&quot;&gt; And that was the birth of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:42:48&quot;&gt;lisp. And here's the cool thing about computing:&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:42:51&quot;&gt; The theory can also be the model ''and'' the artifact&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:42:54&quot;&gt; and you can make it&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:42:57&quot;&gt; real! But there are a lot of complaints about&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:43:0&quot;&gt; dealing with pure semantics is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:43:3&quot;&gt; too slow. Even after&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:43:6&quot;&gt; factor of a million or a billion&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:43:9&quot;&gt; of or more of more Moore's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:43:12&quot;&gt; law still seems to be too slow.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:43:15&quot;&gt; On the other hand&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:43:18&quot;&gt; you can build a special machine for&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:43:21&quot;&gt;these semantics that don't fit on regular&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:43:24&quot;&gt;machines. Because remember:&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:43:27&quot;&gt; our computer's only there to run programs, so why not make&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:43:30&quot;&gt; a computer that will run the programs you want to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:43:33&quot;&gt; run? And if you try to optimize too early,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:43:36&quot;&gt; like buying a computer before&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:43:39&quot;&gt; that isn't a supercomputer before you've done your&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:43:42&quot;&gt; research. you're in trouble. Because now you're&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:43:45&quot;&gt; forced to deal with its problems, rather than your&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:43:48&quot;&gt; own. So this is the kind of process&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:43:51&quot;&gt; that the ARPA community went&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:43:54&quot;&gt;through.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:43:57&quot;&gt; And this is a fun story but&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:44:0&quot;&gt; I want to bring up the fireflies again.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:44:3&quot;&gt; You can't replicate what John&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:44:6&quot;&gt;McCarthy did, because the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:44:9&quot;&gt; times are different now. But the fireflies&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:44:12&quot;&gt; in what he did are still there, and they can still&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:44:15&quot;&gt;what to do&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:44:18&quot;&gt; Okay? Here's uh… Story&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:44:21&quot;&gt; number two. 62&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:44:24&quot;&gt; years ago in 1962.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:44:27&quot;&gt; This is in the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:44:30&quot;&gt;uh SAGE experimental&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:44:33&quot;&gt; uh test computer called the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:44:36&quot;&gt; TX-2 it was one of the la… one one of these&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:44:39&quot;&gt; computers that was the building.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:44:42&quot;&gt; And right down at the end of one corner was this guy sitting&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:44:45&quot;&gt;of a oscilloscope&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:44:54&quot;&gt;screen… And what was he doing?&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:44:57&quot;&gt; well…&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:45:0&quot;&gt;Here's the light pen, he was grabbing some ink&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:45:6&quot;&gt;and… now this display&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:45:9&quot;&gt; doesn't… isn't a line drawing display. It just makes a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:45:12&quot;&gt; dot. So the there's a program&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:45:15&quot;&gt; making these lines. Now he tells Sketchpad&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:45:18&quot;&gt; to make them all mutually perpendicular. And you&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:45:21&quot;&gt; just saw it automatically&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:45:24&quot;&gt; uh clean up the drawing. This is why it's called Sketchpad. Because&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:45:27&quot;&gt; you can just draw roughly he may wants&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:45:30&quot;&gt; to make a hole in this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:45:33&quot;&gt;flange. So he says here make&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:45:36&quot;&gt; these both uh uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:45:39&quot;&gt; parallel and perpendicular and,…&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:45:42&quot;&gt; Now the constraint is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:45:45&quot;&gt; make these lines I'm drawing to be collinear with the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:45:48&quot;&gt; guidelines below, so this allows&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:45:51&quot;&gt; him to quickly draw a dotted&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:45:54&quot;&gt;line…&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:45:57&quot;&gt; Now he's going going to make the guidelines&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:46:0&quot;&gt; transparent. We get a hole in the flange.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:46:3&quot;&gt;And notice this is the first system to have a clipping&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:46:6&quot;&gt; window. He's actually drawing on a canvas&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:46:9&quot;&gt; about a third of a mile on a side being windowed&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:46:15&quot;&gt;here. He needs a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:46:18&quot;&gt;rivet.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:46:21&quot;&gt; So this is the rough shape of a rivet.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:46:24&quot;&gt; Draws this because he wants this as&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:46:27&quot;&gt; a center for an arc, for the top of the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:46:30&quot;&gt; rivet. And now he says okay make&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:46:33&quot;&gt; all these lines I'm pointing to here,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:46:36&quot;&gt; make these mutually perpendicular.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:46:39&quot;&gt; And that will force the drawing into&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:46:42&quot;&gt; something like a rivet. Maybe he doesn't&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:46:51&quot;&gt;shape.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:46:54&quot;&gt; Because he didn't constrain the size of the thing, so here's another&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:46:57&quot;&gt;solution with that those starting&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:47:0&quot;&gt; conditions. but he said… decides he likes the one&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:47:9&quot;&gt;first… Now here's another cool idea Ivan&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:47:12&quot;&gt; Sutherland did,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:47:15&quot;&gt; which was to have masters and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:47:18&quot;&gt; instances. So&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:47:21&quot;&gt; this is not the rivet he drew,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:47:24&quot;&gt; this is an instance of the rivet he drew.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:47:27&quot;&gt; And the rotation and the scaling&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:47:30&quot;&gt; are done by knobs that he has on&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:47:36&quot;&gt;console. Okay?…&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:47:39&quot;&gt; And wants to show you&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:47:42&quot;&gt; he can make more instances and that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:47:45&quot;&gt; these instances can be different sizes… and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:47:48&quot;&gt; says “whoops! I forgot&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:47:51&quot;&gt; I left the crossbow on there I should make these guys transparent”.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:47:54&quot;&gt; So he goes to the master drawing and makes them&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:47:57&quot;&gt; transparent. And lo and behold,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:48:0&quot;&gt; all of the instances uh…&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:48:3&quot;&gt; obey. So he gets rid of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:48:6&quot;&gt;the thing, and he says okay&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:48:9&quot;&gt; make that construction I just did into a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:48:12&quot;&gt; master. Now I'm going to make instances&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:48:24&quot;&gt;of the master&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:48:36&quot;&gt;Right? Here's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:48:39&quot;&gt; instances of the master&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:48:42&quot;&gt; that he made of the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:48:54&quot;&gt;conglomerate.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:49:3&quot;&gt;Yeah, okay.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:49:6&quot;&gt; So here's a high resolution picture of Ivan&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:49:9&quot;&gt; at the console and he's doing a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:49:12&quot;&gt; something much more complicated, which is to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:49:15&quot;&gt; draw in a bridge.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:49:18&quot;&gt; And uh, unfortunately the movie&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:49:21&quot;&gt;for this has been lost. It's probably somewhere in Ivan's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:49:24&quot;&gt; garage. But uh… for fun a couple of years ago&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:49:27&quot;&gt; we we uh did a an&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:49:30&quot;&gt; emulation of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:49:33&quot;&gt;it. So here's a simple truss&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:49:36&quot;&gt; bridge and…&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:49:39&quot;&gt; We can connect things up and… we turn gravity&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:49:42&quot;&gt; on, which is a constraint&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:49:45&quot;&gt; You see it's computing all the stresses and the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:49:48&quot;&gt; strains on the bridge.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:49:51&quot;&gt; And it's continuously Computing, so if we add in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:49:54&quot;&gt; another strut&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:49:57&quot;&gt; here guess what, it ripples over the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:50:0&quot;&gt; entire bridge. If we hang a weight on&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:50:3&quot;&gt;it, we can… stress&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:50:9&quot;&gt;this bridge. And so the big idea here&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:50:12&quot;&gt; is it's not just about imitating&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:50:15&quot;&gt; drafting. It's that we can&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:50:18&quot;&gt; simulate uh any kind&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:50:21&quot;&gt; of computer aided design drawing that we do&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:50:24&quot;&gt; or model. And uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:50:27&quot;&gt; we get not just CAD, but CAD&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:50:30&quot;&gt; Sim. So this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:50:33&quot;&gt; is a huge huge idea&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:50:36&quot;&gt; that's still done extremely poorly today&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:50:39&quot;&gt; for most&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:50:42&quot;&gt;people. So&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:50:45&quot;&gt; interact… This is Ivan's PhD&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:50:48&quot;&gt; thesis in 1962&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:50:51&quot;&gt; inventing interactive computer graphics,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:50:54&quot;&gt; clipping windowon pointing iconic IQ [sic]… Objects&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:50:57&quot;&gt; masters and instances, we'd call that object…&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:51:0&quot;&gt;first object-oriented&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:51:3&quot;&gt; programming system that I know of.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:51:6&quot;&gt; Lots of nice technical things in it. Automatic&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:51:9&quot;&gt; dynamic simulations from&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:51:12&quot;&gt; designs, and you programmed it not in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:51:15&quot;&gt; the standard, uh programming&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:51:18&quot;&gt; languages but you programmed it in terms of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:51:21&quot;&gt; goals. In terms of the constraints that you want&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:51:24&quot;&gt;and sketchpad had three problem solvers that would solve&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:51:27&quot;&gt; problems say you could see. So I once&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:51:30&quot;&gt; asked Ivan “How could you do this in one year all by yourself?”&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:51:33&quot;&gt; and he said “Well, I didn't know it was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:51:39&quot;&gt;hard!”. Check out the fireflies from this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:51:42&quot;&gt; one.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:51:45&quot;&gt; ''Today!'' Think about what the fireflies&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:51:48&quot;&gt; from this one are. Okay and also in 1962 we&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:51:51&quot;&gt; had this guy who was kind of like Moses opening&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:51:54&quot;&gt;the Read Sea.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:51:57&quot;&gt; He's really interested&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:52:0&quot;&gt; in saving the world, and trying to make people&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:52:3&quot;&gt; better so they can save the world. So&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:52:6&quot;&gt; his idea in 62 was to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:52:9&quot;&gt; have a screen much… he knew about sketch pad, he wanted a screen&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:52:12&quot;&gt;larger than that he wanted to hang the light pen&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:52:15&quot;&gt; from a a gimbal so you're&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:52:18&quot;&gt; you could just pull it down to the table and use it like a pencil&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:52:21&quot;&gt; and not have the blood run out of your hand&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:52:24&quot;&gt; when you're using it and there's this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:52:27&quot;&gt; problem of that he thought about very&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:52:30&quot;&gt; deeply which was humans&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:52:33&quot;&gt;good Learners&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:52:36&quot;&gt; from using tools we&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:52:39&quot;&gt; have this pink brain we use tools&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:52:42&quot;&gt;brain kind of way&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:52:45&quot;&gt; so like a hammer we can use to hammer&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:52:48&quot;&gt; a nail into something but we can break something with a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:52:51&quot;&gt; hammer we can do a lot of things with a hammer&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:52:54&quot;&gt; and we kind of get a hammerness into&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:52:57&quot;&gt; our brain but we get very little&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:53:0&quot;&gt; wisdom about tools and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:53:3&quot;&gt; hammers in our brain and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:53:6&quot;&gt; we become a hammerer&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:53:9&quot;&gt; 100 thousand years later we might decide to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:53:12&quot;&gt; use nuclear weapons on a city that's a way&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:53:15&quot;&gt; of hammering them into&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:53:18&quot;&gt;submission so part of engelbert's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:53:21&quot;&gt; idea was if you're going to augment human&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:53:24&quot;&gt; intellect for crying out loud&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:53:27&quot;&gt; you must insert Education and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:53:30&quot;&gt; Training because what's happened is that the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:53:33&quot;&gt; powerful agencies have gone up in power by factors&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:53:36&quot;&gt; of millions and our brains&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:53:39&quot;&gt; haven't so you want the education&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:53:42&quot;&gt; to turn parts of our brain this nice&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:53:45&quot;&gt; bluish cast and perhaps give us&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:53:48&quot;&gt; a little more wisdom on using our tools and then&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:53:51&quot;&gt;a little safer using powerful methods and Powerful languages&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:53:54&quot;&gt; and so forth to do things&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:53:57&quot;&gt; so this is this five unit thing&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:54:0&quot;&gt;engelbart's idea of what you really had to do if you're&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:54:3&quot;&gt; going to do this thing and you had to do it not just&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:54:6&quot;&gt; for a person but people in groups so the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:54:9&quot;&gt;groups have to be&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:54:12&quot;&gt; organized pretty much the same way&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:54:15&quot;&gt; this allows to get enormous amounts of synergy&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:54:18&quot;&gt; between the individuals they can be&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:54:21&quot;&gt; the different stars on the diagram&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:54:24&quot;&gt; I just showed you cooperating together&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:54:30&quot;&gt;and four years later they&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:54:33&quot;&gt; did a first pass at this which was incredibly&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:54:36&quot;&gt;impressive it's called the mother of all demos&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:54:39&quot;&gt; and uh if you type e n g l&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:54:42&quot;&gt; b a r t into&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:54:45&quot;&gt; uh Google uh in the first page of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:54:48&quot;&gt;hits you'll find a reference to the movie of that demo&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:54:51&quot;&gt; you should see what they were able to do back&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:54:54&quot;&gt;little machine&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:54:57&quot;&gt; and you know when engelbart's name come up&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:55:0&quot;&gt; comes up and even in his obituaries&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:55:3&quot;&gt; the the only thing I could really talk about was the mouse&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:55:6&quot;&gt; and this really bug&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:55:9&quot;&gt; Doug said the mouse the mouse is just&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:55:12&quot;&gt; a dial on a car radio we invented a whole&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:55:15&quot;&gt;car they won't look at it&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:55:18&quot;&gt; you can get an idea of this there are about 70&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:55:21&quot;&gt; papers on the website devoted to him&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:55:24&quot;&gt; talking about these deep ideas as I&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:55:27&quot;&gt; me mentioned previously only about 30%&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:55:30&quot;&gt; of what engelbart was talking about&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:55:33&quot;&gt; got taken up uh in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:55:36&quot;&gt; Computing today so this is a big huge area&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:55:39&quot;&gt; that's got fir Plies everywhere and these are just&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:55:42&quot;&gt; three of the 17 or&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:55:45&quot;&gt; 18 uh principal invest&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:55:48&quot;&gt; investigators that arpa put together&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:55:51&quot;&gt; so these are the kind of people and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:55:54&quot;&gt; if we talk about cooperation and methods we've&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:55:57&quot;&gt; got to talk about the blind&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:56:0&quot;&gt; philosophers trying to figure out an elephant&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:56:3&quot;&gt; this is a classic thing and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:56:6&quot;&gt; they all have this flaw that I&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:56:9&quot;&gt;in the beginning that they think what's between their&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:56:12&quot;&gt; ears is uh not belief&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:56:15&quot;&gt; but reality so of course this leads to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:56:18&quot;&gt;war&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:56:21&quot;&gt; and after thousands of years the idea of compromise&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:56:24&quot;&gt; comes about but this does not&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:56:27&quot;&gt; need to a pretty picture of an elephant or a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:56:30&quot;&gt; way to make an elephant and in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:56:33&quot;&gt; fact this is my picture of the way Computing is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:56:36&quot;&gt; today practical Computing is just a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:56:39&quot;&gt; horrendous compromise&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:56:42&quot;&gt; almost none of it was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:56:45&quot;&gt;necessary&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:56:48&quot;&gt; now if you get scientific&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:56:51&quot;&gt; philosophers they've learned how to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:56:54&quot;&gt; cooperate in science works by looking at&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:56:57&quot;&gt;parts of things and looking&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:57:0&quot;&gt; at what other people have looked at other&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:57:3&quot;&gt; people looked at other parts of things&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:57:6&quot;&gt; and eventually coming to conclusions about the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:57:9&quot;&gt; whole so that's a really good&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:57:12&quot;&gt; idea but in fact science&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:57:15&quot;&gt; because our brains want to believe rather than think&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:57:18&quot;&gt; these can turn into something like a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:57:21&quot;&gt; religion and the reason uh we don't&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:57:24&quot;&gt; want to come up with blind belief&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:57:36&quot;&gt;there's always&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:57:39&quot;&gt;more there's always more and what&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:57:42&quot;&gt; it is is something that we can't&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:57:48&quot;&gt;imagine so when we give a a name&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:57:51&quot;&gt; to something we're hurting our&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:57:54&quot;&gt; belief in because we&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:57:57&quot;&gt; defined it it's a category now&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:58:0&quot;&gt; we've hurt our ability&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:58:3&quot;&gt; to think more about it because it already has a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:58:6&quot;&gt; set of properties it already is the thing that the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:58:12&quot;&gt;denotes and here's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:58:15&quot;&gt; a an ad I suggested to Apple&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:58:18&quot;&gt; many years ago uh for the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:58:21&quot;&gt; kind of people they wanted to have at Apple what kind should they be and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:58:24&quot;&gt; I suggest well do make a picture of something&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:58:27&quot;&gt; like this uh the right&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:58:30&quot;&gt;do with&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:58:33&quot;&gt; good P implies q and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:58:36&quot;&gt; the left hand the right brain has to be able to do good woow&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:58:42&quot;&gt;oo&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:58:45&quot;&gt; and what is good wool because&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:58:48&quot;&gt; uh the thing the thing to understand here let me just&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:58:51&quot;&gt;second here I think to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:58:54&quot;&gt; understand here is it was really hard to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:58:57&quot;&gt; invent good Plies Q&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:59:0&quot;&gt; was only invented a few thousand years ago but once we did&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:59:3&quot;&gt; it it turned out to be fairly easy for us to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:59:6&quot;&gt; do and humans&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:59:9&quot;&gt; are more or less born babies are born with good&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:59:12&quot;&gt; woooo uh and woooo&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:59:15&quot;&gt; in general and the problem&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:59:18&quot;&gt; is that most woooo is actually uh quite&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:59:21&quot;&gt; dangerous for the human mind so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:59:24&quot;&gt;to find good woowoo&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:59:27&quot;&gt; so here's one&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:59:30&quot;&gt;definition art is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:59:33&quot;&gt; a lie that tells the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:59:36&quot;&gt;truth&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:59:39&quot;&gt;and learn&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:59:42&quot;&gt; the rules like a pro that's the stuff you can do on the right&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:59:45&quot;&gt; hand side of the board so you can break them like artist&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:59:48&quot;&gt; like an artist on the leftand side of the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:59:51&quot;&gt; board you got to do both or else&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:59:54&quot;&gt;just bullshitting around&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:0:0&quot;&gt;and this is hard to do in school because as Marvin&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:0:3&quot;&gt; said school is the best thing ever invented to keep you from thinking&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:0:6&quot;&gt;about something important for more than a few&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:0:9&quot;&gt; minutes you have to ask that about where you are&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:0:12&quot;&gt; right now even though I'm a professor&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:0:15&quot;&gt; there and Len is a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:0:18&quot;&gt; professor uh schools have their own way about&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:0:21&quot;&gt; them like the fact&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:0:24&quot;&gt; this talk actually has a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:0:27&quot;&gt; uh designed end back at&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:0:30&quot;&gt; MIT they would just get Marvin talking and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:0:33&quot;&gt;out of steam in about six hours or so and everybody&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:0:36&quot;&gt;happy&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:0:39&quot;&gt; here's another genius huge&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:0:42&quot;&gt; influence on me he said institutional&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:0:45&quot;&gt; education seeks to make the strange familiar&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:0:48&quot;&gt; well that that sounds kind of reasonable&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:0:51&quot;&gt; yeah that's what we're you're paying them for&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:0:54&quot;&gt; things you don't understand you want to Now understand it but&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:0:57&quot;&gt; Jerry says the job of real education&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:1:0&quot;&gt; is to make the familiar strange again&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:1:3&quot;&gt; it's the stuff that we've that has&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:1:6&quot;&gt; come embedded into our belief system about&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:1:9&quot;&gt; normal that is keeping us&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:1:12&quot;&gt; being pedestrian&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:1:15&quot;&gt;thinking would you do if normal could seem strange&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:1:21&quot;&gt;normal you would have been able to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:1:24&quot;&gt; escape your present if you escape your present&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:1:27&quot;&gt; don't forget to use a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:1:30&quot;&gt;Lifeline how do we measure&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:1:33&quot;&gt; things well usually with graphs that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:1:36&quot;&gt; go from the left in the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:1:39&quot;&gt; past towards the future going towards&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:1:42&quot;&gt; the right and if something goes up&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:1:45&quot;&gt; we say a and if it goes down we say boo and so on and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:1:48&quot;&gt; so forth and if you think about this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:1:51&quot;&gt; graphs like this are complete&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:1:54&quot;&gt; and the reason is in order&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:1:57&quot;&gt;understand whether we should say yay or not&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:2:0&quot;&gt; we have to have a threshold and the threshold&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:2:6&quot;&gt;here like these could be uh reading&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:2:9&quot;&gt;scores for children and uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:2:12&quot;&gt; the children are never learning to read here&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:2:15&quot;&gt; they're getting better or worse&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:2:18&quot;&gt; at what they're not being able to do&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:2:21&quot;&gt; and so the key to make&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:2:24&quot;&gt;is to understand that both better and perfect are the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:2:27&quot;&gt; enemies of what is actually needed better is the tough one&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:2:30&quot;&gt;in engineering school because you get rewards for doing something&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:2:33&quot;&gt; better but what we're looking for here is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:2:36&quot;&gt; something new and to get something new we&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:2:39&quot;&gt; have to come up with the low the minimal&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:2:42&quot;&gt; idea that is just above the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:2:45&quot;&gt; threshold it's just into the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:2:48&quot;&gt;blue&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:2:51&quot;&gt; and we've once we've stepped into the blue we're actually in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:2:54&quot;&gt; a different way of thinking about things&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:2:57&quot;&gt; so this is you know like going from&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:3:0&quot;&gt; uh not having mathematics to mathematics&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:3:3&quot;&gt; or not going from not having writing to having&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:3:6&quot;&gt; writing or going from not having science&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:3:9&quot;&gt; to having science these are big&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:3:12&quot;&gt; things so you want to look for that star&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:3:15&quot;&gt;and the learning curve you might have to start off&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:3:18&quot;&gt; below where other people&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:3:21&quot;&gt; think you should be but the main thing is to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:3:24&quot;&gt;up there okay so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:3:27&quot;&gt; here's another example world's greatest&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:3:30&quot;&gt; hockey player made many many more goals&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:3:33&quot;&gt; than anybody and he was not a big&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:3:36&quot;&gt;uy&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:3:39&quot;&gt; uh had a couple of nice sayings he missed&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:3:42&quot;&gt; 100% of the shots you don't take people do&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:3:45&quot;&gt; that all the time you don't try enough&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:3:48&quot;&gt; and here's this big one a good hockey player goes to where the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:3:51&quot;&gt; puck is a great one goes to where&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:3:54&quot;&gt; the puck will be and he didn't mean calculating&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:3:57&quot;&gt; the trajectory of the puck he meant getting to a place&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:4:0&quot;&gt; where one of his teammates could pass&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:4:3&quot;&gt;do a quick shot on goal&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:4:6&quot;&gt; that was the Wayne gy game and we can play it in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:4:9&quot;&gt; technology so here's an example from my&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:4:12&quot;&gt; own career I had a woowoo intuition&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:4:15&quot;&gt; about children having their own&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:4:18&quot;&gt; portable tablet computers in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:4:21&quot;&gt; 1968 which was impossible&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:4:24&quot;&gt; back then but the second&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:4:27&quot;&gt; stage is can you find a favorable exponential&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:4:30&quot;&gt;Mo's law&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:4:33&quot;&gt; and this allows you to take this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:4:36&quot;&gt; intuition out 30 years&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:4:39&quot;&gt; and out 30 years in the future&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:4:42&quot;&gt;could say you can ask&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:4:45&quot;&gt; would it be ridiculous if we didn't have this and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:4:48&quot;&gt; 30 years that's 1995 the answer is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:4:51&quot;&gt; yeah it' be ridiculous if we didn't have tablet computers&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:4:54&quot;&gt; by 1995&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:4:57&quot;&gt;okay so you bring it bring the idea back to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:5:0&quot;&gt; the mid 80s can we do&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:5:3&quot;&gt; something by the mid 80s&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:5:6&quot;&gt; yes but&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:5:9&quot;&gt; software takes a long long time&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:5:12&quot;&gt; and we're in 1972 now so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:5:15&quot;&gt; what we need to do is to make a bunch of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:5:18&quot;&gt; flexible supercomputer time machines&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:5:21&quot;&gt; personal make a lot of them&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:5:24&quot;&gt; so the researchers can live and work in the future&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:5:27&quot;&gt; that is what we did at Park that dollar&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:5:30&quot;&gt; sign says More's law&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:5:33&quot;&gt; means that for most&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:5:36&quot;&gt; points in the future you can have&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:5:39&quot;&gt; them now if you're willing to spend a lot more&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:5:42&quot;&gt; money the commodity thing in the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:5:45&quot;&gt; future is the supercomputer of the present&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:5:48&quot;&gt;build the right kind of supercomputer in the present&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:5:51&quot;&gt; and you now have years to work on these really hard&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:5:54&quot;&gt; software ideas and that is where the star&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:5:57&quot;&gt; was at Park&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:6:0&quot;&gt; uh the dotted line there says you better&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:6:3&quot;&gt;do this really quickly or else you're going to get&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:6:6&quot;&gt; submerged into tool building&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:6:9&quot;&gt; you're going to be doing uh just computers and operating&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:6:12&quot;&gt; systems and you're not going to be doing what you're originally&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:6:15&quot;&gt; trying to do so you have to be have to be&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:6:18&quot;&gt; have a lot of chops to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:6:21&quot;&gt; do this and in fact the alto was done in a period of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:6:24&quot;&gt; about three and a half months by an AB absolute genius&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:6:27&quot;&gt; uh Chuck&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:6:30&quot;&gt;ther and once You' got this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:6:33&quot;&gt; you can start inventing the software of the future and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:6:36&quot;&gt; the supercomputer nature of it means&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:6:39&quot;&gt; something like user interface&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:6:42&quot;&gt; you can you don't&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:6:45&quot;&gt; have to optimize you can just&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:6:48&quot;&gt; uh do 10 experiments a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:6:51&quot;&gt; day for a week throw away your code&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:6:54&quot;&gt; don't even bother stay because uh you could put a higher level&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:6:57&quot;&gt; language on it you can do experiments you don't have to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:7:0&quot;&gt; optimize you need to find out what the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:7:3&quot;&gt; how the users respond to things and then&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:7:6&quot;&gt;right hand side uh if you're&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:7:9&quot;&gt; willing to optimize you can do software like is going to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:7:12&quot;&gt; exis in quantity in the 80s&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:7:15&quot;&gt; that happens to be uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:7:18&quot;&gt; the first version of Microsoft Word which was done at&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:7:21&quot;&gt; ZX park it made uh Microsoft&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:7:24&quot;&gt; many many billions of dollars when it was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:7:27&quot;&gt; released uh 15 years&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:7:30&quot;&gt; later right&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:7:33&quot;&gt; okay okay we're coming down to the end here&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:7:36&quot;&gt; so 1963 lick wrote a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:7:39&quot;&gt; memo members and Affiliates&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:7:42&quot;&gt; of The Intergalactic computer&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:7:45&quot;&gt;network they asked them why Intergalactic&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:7:48&quot;&gt; he said well Engineers always give you less than you're asking&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:7:51&quot;&gt; for so I want a worldwide Network so I'm going to ask&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:7:54&quot;&gt; for an Intergalactic one and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:7:57&quot;&gt; when they when they quit bitching and moaning and scale it down it's still going&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:8:0&quot;&gt; to be worldwide had&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:8:3&quot;&gt; this great line here if we succeed&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:8:6&quot;&gt;an Intergalactic Network then our main problem&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:8:9&quot;&gt; will be learning to communicate with&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:8:12&quot;&gt; aliens we'll look at that for in a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:8:15&quot;&gt;minute and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:8:18&quot;&gt; to this psychologist he said at this extreme&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:8:21&quot;&gt; the problem is essentially the one discussed by science&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:8:24&quot;&gt;fiction writers how do you get&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:8:27&quot;&gt; communication started among totally&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:8:30&quot;&gt; uncorrelated Sapient beings and he thought&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:8:33&quot;&gt; here of that scaling&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:8:36&quot;&gt; more or less destroys communication&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:8:39&quot;&gt; even amongst humans and scaling&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:8:42&quot;&gt; and technology is going to destroy Communications&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:8:45&quot;&gt; and so forth so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:8:48&quot;&gt; this is the this is what we need to think&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:8:51&quot;&gt; about and he and Bob Taylor wrote a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:8:54&quot;&gt; paper of which I've expanded on a little&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:8:57&quot;&gt; bit so the idea is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:9:0&quot;&gt; uh here's a human&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:9:3&quot;&gt; who's trying to say I'm come in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:9:6&quot;&gt; peace and the alien is saying uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:9:9&quot;&gt; maybe I should kill this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:9:12&quot;&gt;guy between two humans&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:9:15&quot;&gt; uh a description of something with a man and ho&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:9:18&quot;&gt; Hooves and a tail could be a horse for one&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:9:21&quot;&gt; guy and a zebra for&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:9:24&quot;&gt;another here's our multiple&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:9:27&quot;&gt; BL brains I talked about one part of my&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:9:30&quot;&gt; brain wants chocolate the other one realizes I should have an&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:9:33&quot;&gt; apple then we've got this new thing&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:9:36&quot;&gt; the computer&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:9:39&quot;&gt; what is what's on its mind not much&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:9:42&quot;&gt; and uh it doesn't understand what a horse is that's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:9:48&quot;&gt;ure so when we're talking&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:9:51&quot;&gt;else we might not be able to get together on what a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:9:54&quot;&gt; horse or a zebra is but we have a better&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:9:57&quot;&gt;hamburger worldwide so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:10:0&quot;&gt; shared context is what we're looking&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:10:3&quot;&gt; for and if we find a way and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:10:6&quot;&gt; what we do with language is to try and point&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:10:9&quot;&gt;what we think is the shared context between us&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:10:15&quot;&gt;person so if we look back at the theater here&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:10:18&quot;&gt; what is it what is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:10:21&quot;&gt; shared what the theater is for is to reflect&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:10:24&quot;&gt; the intelligence of the audience back to them you're not&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:10:27&quot;&gt; trying to teach them I'm not trying to teach&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:10:30&quot;&gt; you right now I'm trying to give you something&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:10:33&quot;&gt; that you can reflect your intelligence back&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:10:36&quot;&gt; on so the theater has to do&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:10:39&quot;&gt; most of the negotiations for the audience that's too&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:10:42&quot;&gt; bad but writing and reading are the same&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:10:45&quot;&gt; thing same idea&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:10:48&quot;&gt; and there's a huge difference between a good writer&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:10:51&quot;&gt; and a bad writer for these&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:10:54&quot;&gt;reasons so let's think of communication&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:10:57&quot;&gt; as an extension of the gesture&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:11:0&quot;&gt; so what could two different computers have in common&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:11:3&quot;&gt; well could be something like the dynamic messaging&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:11:6&quot;&gt; of real objectoriented&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:11:9&quot;&gt; programming could be something like what Linda&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:11:12&quot;&gt; did but with David gar her we&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:11:15&quot;&gt;still have the problem of real aliens but let's look&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:11:18&quot;&gt; at the problem with the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:11:21&quot;&gt; person people and computer what&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:11:24&quot;&gt; could they have in common&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:11:27&quot;&gt;and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:11:30&quot;&gt; so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:11:33&quot;&gt; what can we make that is going to beam the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:11:36&quot;&gt;audience's intelligence and knowledge back out&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:11:39&quot;&gt; them what should we put on the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:11:42&quot;&gt;stage&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:11:45&quot;&gt; and so the guoy is a representation of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:11:48&quot;&gt; what the computer is thinking about&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:11:51&quot;&gt; in a form that humans can uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:11:54&quot;&gt; understand the human can&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:11:57&quot;&gt; actually gesture at the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:12:0&quot;&gt;topic that he wants to talk&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:12:3&quot;&gt; about each window holds a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:12:6&quot;&gt; context and is a topic for conversation all the possible&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:12:9&quot;&gt; conversation are active no modes&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:12:12&quot;&gt; undoing is critical everywhere gesturing and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:12:15&quot;&gt; dragging and J Eng gauges the body&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:12:18&quot;&gt; brain pictures are more memorable than&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:12:21&quot;&gt; words so use those doing with images make&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:12:24&quot;&gt; symbols and this is kind of Jerome Bruner&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:12:27&quot;&gt; 101 this one is particularly&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:12:30&quot;&gt;important okay so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:12:33&quot;&gt; this is kind of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:12:36&quot;&gt;a summary&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:12:39&quot;&gt; of the way&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:12:42&quot;&gt; people were thinking back then&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:12:45&quot;&gt; and if you think about the park&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:12:48&quot;&gt; guey of all the things that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:12:51&quot;&gt; this research community did back then&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:12:54&quot;&gt; the thing that made the trillion ion dollar&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:12:57&quot;&gt; Industries was not just Mo's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:13:0&quot;&gt; law because&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:13:3&quot;&gt; there was nobody to sell Mo's law or&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:13:6&quot;&gt; even any reason to do Mo's law&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:13:9&quot;&gt; at the scale it which was done unless&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:13:12&quot;&gt; millions and billions of people could actually use this stuff and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:13:15&quot;&gt;reason millions and billions of people can use the stuff&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:13:18&quot;&gt; is because of the invention of the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:13:21&quot;&gt;guy&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:13:24&quot;&gt; okay so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:13:27&quot;&gt; I don't even know what time it is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:13:30&quot;&gt; but um I'm up to the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:13:33&quot;&gt; dot dot dot question about what my greatest&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:13:36&quot;&gt; aha Etc was and but I'm gonna pause&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:13:39&quot;&gt; here and just check in with&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:13:45&quot;&gt;Lenny&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:13:48&quot;&gt;hello um&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:13:51&quot;&gt; how long how long was that by the way uh we&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:13:54&quot;&gt; are uh we uh we still have time so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:13:57&quot;&gt; if you have uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:14:0&quot;&gt; okay so um&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:14:3&quot;&gt; the so now now the choice&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:14:6&quot;&gt; uh uh can get&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:14:9&quot;&gt; a another question from the audience we can&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:14:12&quot;&gt; do this dot dot dot thing whatever you'd&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:14:15&quot;&gt; like um we have one&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:14:21&quot;&gt;question so Len&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:14:24&quot;&gt; was this uh was this recognizable to you&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:14:27&quot;&gt; oh my god totally I mean there anecdotes all&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:14:30&quot;&gt; over the presentation that would add to it&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:14:33&quot;&gt; but you nailed it beautifully you captured that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:14:36&quot;&gt; there and the characters&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:14:39&quot;&gt; and the uh mix between&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:14:42&quot;&gt; highly Cooperative groups and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:14:45&quot;&gt; individual working on their own&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:14:48&quot;&gt;things happen there's a lot of individual&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:14:51&quot;&gt; yet the group action came in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:14:54&quot;&gt;and out in and out it was an interest it wasn't&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:14:57&quot;&gt; pure you know one versus many&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:15:0&quot;&gt; it was so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:15:3&quot;&gt; I think I forgot to mention was uh that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:15:6&quot;&gt; I don't think uh lick intended it or maybe&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:15:9&quot;&gt; he did but uh what turned out to be the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:15:12&quot;&gt; messenger uh mechanism&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:15:15&quot;&gt; and there happened to be graduate students and interns&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:15:18&quot;&gt; including you for example&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:15:21&quot;&gt; I mean I flew 140,000 miles as a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:15:24&quot;&gt; grad student Dave Evans had a huge budget&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:15:27&quot;&gt; for airplane travel for his grad&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:15:30&quot;&gt;students well Steve managed&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:15:33&quot;&gt; to basically bankrupt mine&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:15:36&quot;&gt; doing the same thing yeah because you gota&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:15:39&quot;&gt; these and and ARP I should have mentioned&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:15:42&quot;&gt; that arpa in uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:15:45&quot;&gt; 1968 funded the first arpa&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:15:48&quot;&gt; graduate student conference which was modeled&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:15:51&quot;&gt; on the arpa contractors meetings&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:15:54&quot;&gt; that's another story about how that happened but&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:15:57&quot;&gt; uh that was really great because uh things went&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:16:0&quot;&gt; in the amount of intercommunication&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:16:3&quot;&gt; and Trust because a lot&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:16:6&quot;&gt;about trust and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:16:9&quot;&gt; yet it was not um what shall I&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:16:12&quot;&gt;say a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:16:15&quot;&gt; a bowl of soup it was contentious&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:16:18&quot;&gt; in a positive way I'll give you one example&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:16:21&quot;&gt;we had this principal investigators meeting John McCarthy&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:16:24&quot;&gt; arrived about 20 minutes late someone was presenting&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:16:27&quot;&gt;minutes later McCarthy raised his hand and says excuse&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:16:30&quot;&gt; me I have no idea what you're talking about&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:16:33&quot;&gt; he says but I was late&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:16:36&quot;&gt; however if I came in in time I still think I with no idea&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:16:39&quot;&gt; what you're talking about B can imagine your interaction&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:16:42&quot;&gt;was wonderful yeah I should have&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:16:45&quot;&gt;that the one of the main things I learned in grad school&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:16:48&quot;&gt; and everybody at Park knew was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:16:51&quot;&gt; uh that the purpose of arguing is not to win&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:16:54&quot;&gt; but to to illuminate&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:16:57&quot;&gt; and uh in fact when people started getting&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:17:0&quot;&gt; he in an argument Taylor would&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:17:3&quot;&gt; say type two type two&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:17:6&quot;&gt; and a type two argument was all&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:17:9&quot;&gt;sudden you had to explain the other person's position&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:17:12&quot;&gt; back to them until they agreed with&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:17:15&quot;&gt; it and then they had to explain your&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:17:18&quot;&gt;position back to you until you agreed with it and by&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:17:21&quot;&gt;happened you'd forgotten what you're arguing about and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:17:24&quot;&gt; you okay let's go to the question&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:17:27&quot;&gt; all right we have a question here yeah hello&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:17:30&quot;&gt; um and I I agree and I guess I kind of apologize&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:17:33&quot;&gt; for the uh structure&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:17:36&quot;&gt; that we have because it does impose any limitations on the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:17:39&quot;&gt; discussion um I'm on on the faculty&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:17:42&quot;&gt; too so uh but&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:17:45&quot;&gt; you know faculty meetings uh there's too&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:17:48&quot;&gt;much contention because the stakes are too&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:17:51&quot;&gt;low I&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:17:54&quot;&gt; quit going um so I have two questions which are&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:17:57&quot;&gt; a little related um so so number&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:18:0&quot;&gt; one was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:18:3&quot;&gt; do you think and and maybe you'll agree that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:18:6&quot;&gt; there's kind of been a split between the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:18:9&quot;&gt; practicers of technology which are the software engineers&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:18:12&quot;&gt; and the systems thinkers who are like the theoreticians&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:18:15&quot;&gt; and the inventors um if so why&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:18:18&quot;&gt; any suggestions to remediate this uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:18:21&quot;&gt;also asking to Professor kleinrock if he has any&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:18:24&quot;&gt; input on that and my second question is probably a little&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:18:27&quot;&gt; related um which is what are your&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:18:30&quot;&gt; thoughts on I guess all of this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:18:33&quot;&gt; development most like a lot of it has been going into private&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:18:36&quot;&gt;research Labs like Google X and Microsoft&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:18:39&quot;&gt; research um do do you think it's still kind of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:18:42&quot;&gt; analogous to Bell labs in back in the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:18:45&quot;&gt; day uh no&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:18:48&quot;&gt; B for instance at Bell Labs&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:18:51&quot;&gt; if you walked around back before&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:18:54&quot;&gt; the divesture uh you&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:18:57&quot;&gt;that would say&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:19:0&quot;&gt; either do something very useful or very&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:19:3&quot;&gt;beautiful&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:19:6&quot;&gt; I've never seen a sign like that at&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:19:12&quot;&gt;research okay so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:19:15&quot;&gt; because that's a pro that's a huge&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:19:18&quot;&gt; problem I&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:19:21&quot;&gt; guess go ahead yeah go ahead oh no I guess I have a follow-up&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:19:24&quot;&gt;question to that which is uh you mentioned a bit earlier in the talk&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:19:27&quot;&gt; one of the questions I sent over which is uh do you think&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:19:30&quot;&gt; younger people have a harder problem these days in you know living&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:19:33&quot;&gt; in this more materialistic world world so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:19:36&quot;&gt; to speak yeah you know&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:19:39&quot;&gt; just just one example I I was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:19:42&quot;&gt; at Park in Palo Alto and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:19:45&quot;&gt; um&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:19:48&quot;&gt; the general inflation has been about&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:19:51&quot;&gt; a factor of seven since then&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:19:54&quot;&gt; or so and when I&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:19:57&quot;&gt; factor that into the salary I got at Park it's about what&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:0&quot;&gt;I would get just you&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:3&quot;&gt; know I was just a year out of grad school when I went to park&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:6&quot;&gt; so uh really uh not a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:9&quot;&gt; huge wasn't a lot of money but&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:12&quot;&gt;with today&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:15&quot;&gt; however I was able to buy a house in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:18&quot;&gt; paloalto uh right near&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:21&quot;&gt; Park and it only cost twice my yearly&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:24&quot;&gt; salary&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:27&quot;&gt;okay that house has inflated&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:30&quot;&gt; by a factor of 70 not seven&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:33&quot;&gt; so then do you go go ahead&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:36&quot;&gt; go ahead so the uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:39&quot;&gt; so if Park existed today&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:39&quot;&gt; so if Park existed today&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:42&quot;&gt; uh none of us&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:45&quot;&gt; and and Taylor wanted to hire he only hired older&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:48&quot;&gt; people uh from the arpa community&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:51&quot;&gt; as advisers&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:54&quot;&gt; he didn't want I was the oldest person there and I&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:57&quot;&gt; was 30 he didn't&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:21:0&quot;&gt; he wanted a new know he wanted the researchers that ARA&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:21:3&quot;&gt; had Jed out there and he used&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:21:6&quot;&gt; the uh the generation before us as as advisers&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:21:9&quot;&gt; and so if&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:21:12&quot;&gt; if I if they had tried to set this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:21:15&quot;&gt; up uh somebody would have had to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:21:18&quot;&gt; buy a lot of housing in Palo Alo&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:21:21&quot;&gt; and you know when when Google is being&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:21:24&quot;&gt; set up and when HP was being set up I said hey look&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:21:27&quot;&gt; at Stanford Stanford figured this out a long time ago&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:21:30&quot;&gt; because if you get an associate professorship at&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:21:33&quot;&gt; Stanford one of the perks is a 99-year&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:21:36&quot;&gt; lease at a very low interest rate&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:21:39&quot;&gt; on Stanford land for a house&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:21:42&quot;&gt; and Stanford was owns a lot&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:21:45&quot;&gt;houses in Palo Alta they bought them up before the Big&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:21:48&quot;&gt; Deck companies got there because they&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:21:51&quot;&gt; understood that people have a life might&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:21:54&quot;&gt; not be much of a life outside the lab but they still got&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:21:57&quot;&gt; one by the way&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:22:0&quot;&gt; Lan will love the the story that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:22:3&quot;&gt; metf and bogs had the record&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:22:6&quot;&gt;longest period uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:22:9&quot;&gt; inside of Park without leaving it&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:22:12&quot;&gt; which uh during the critical period of the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:22:15&quot;&gt; the ethernet which was two and a half&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:22:18&quot;&gt;months they had a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:22:21&quot;&gt; cafeteria you know it had plenty of places you could sleep&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:22:24&quot;&gt; it had showers&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:22:27&quot;&gt;um wasn't wasn't that helpful on&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:22:30&quot;&gt; if you had a marriage that didn't&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:22:33&quot;&gt; get this idea uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:22:36&quot;&gt; they would suffer but yeah so to so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:22:39&quot;&gt; the the a big problem today and and you know&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:22:42&quot;&gt; I run run various&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:22:45&quot;&gt; kinds of I've been able to fund until&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:22:48&quot;&gt; about I don't know five six years ago I was able to fund&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:22:51&quot;&gt; a nonprofit research thing that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:22:54&quot;&gt; was about to size of the group I had at Park&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:22:57&quot;&gt; and uh and to get people who are&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:23:0&quot;&gt; as good as the people I had at Park&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:23:3&quot;&gt; but it wasn't the same as Park similarly&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:23:6&quot;&gt; Butler Lamson and Chuck ther went with deck&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:23:9&quot;&gt; initially and then with&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:23:12&quot;&gt; Microsoft and it wasn't the same as park&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:23:15&quot;&gt; because they&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:23:18&quot;&gt; uh you know for example&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:23:21&quot;&gt; my habit when when I would get confused&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:23:24&quot;&gt; about something was to go down and have&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:23:27&quot;&gt; Butler tear it to shreds&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:23:30&quot;&gt; and I miss missmiss&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:23:33&quot;&gt; being able to just walk down the hall into&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:23:36&quot;&gt; that crystallin Palace of his&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:23:39&quot;&gt; mind and you could&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:23:42&quot;&gt; never top Butler on the same&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:23:45&quot;&gt;least I couldn't but Butler&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:23:48&quot;&gt; was an was honest if you came back three days&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:23:51&quot;&gt; later and said now here is the real point&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:23:54&quot;&gt; you would say you're&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:23:57&quot;&gt; right so that's a really great C it's a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:24:0&quot;&gt; genius there's no question he's one of the most brilliant&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:24:3&quot;&gt; people I've ever met and an honest&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:24:6&quot;&gt; genius and a guy who by the way&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:24:9&quot;&gt; helped my group whenever he could&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:24:12&quot;&gt; despite the fact that our theory of programming language&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:24:15&quot;&gt; design was quite different from&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:24:18&quot;&gt; his he didn't give a about&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:24:21&quot;&gt; that so he was Butler was a big man&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:24:24&quot;&gt; in my opinion just a big fantastic&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:24:27&quot;&gt; so it's that Synergy&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:24:30&quot;&gt; it's what happens in the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:24:33&quot;&gt; halls and it's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:24:36&quot;&gt; what happens when you're having like&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:24:39&quot;&gt; EP uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:24:42&quot;&gt; you know how how many beer beer Laden lunches&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:24:45&quot;&gt; do you have how many bike rides up to the top&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:24:48&quot;&gt; of the uh the hills around&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:24:51&quot;&gt; Palo Alto with all these people no&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:24:54&quot;&gt; there's a whole whole thing there that is going to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:24:57&quot;&gt; pay off by&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:25:0&quot;&gt; what the group is willing to do and reason I kept on&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:25:3&quot;&gt; showing theater is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:25:6&quot;&gt; arpa at its best park at its best was like&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:25:9&quot;&gt; theater at its best you've got the most diverse&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:25:12&quot;&gt; group of people you ever saw&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:25:15&quot;&gt; some of which some of whom can't even&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:25:18&quot;&gt; stand each other&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:25:21&quot;&gt; but the whole point of the thing is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:25:24&quot;&gt;audience that's going to be there&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:25:27&quot;&gt; six weeks from now or six months&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:25:30&quot;&gt; from now and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:25:33&quot;&gt; so you get this thing where people&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:25:36&quot;&gt; work 24 hours a day and they just find&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:25:39&quot;&gt; ways to solve everything they&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:25:42&quot;&gt; do the woo woo on the leftand side that's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:25:45&quot;&gt; what theater is about and they&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:25:48&quot;&gt; do all of the stuff you have to do in the physical&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:25:51&quot;&gt; world to make it work and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:25:54&quot;&gt; know if you don't have those and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:25:57&quot;&gt; if they don't like Len did&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:26:0&quot;&gt; this if those people don't have some of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:26:3&quot;&gt; the other in them to have this shared context&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:26:6&quot;&gt; there has to be a place where you go and it's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:26:9&quot;&gt; the love of what you're gonna&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:26:12&quot;&gt; get the audience to try to think about&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:26:15&quot;&gt; because you can't tell the audience&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:26:18&quot;&gt; anything can't people only remember&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:26:21&quot;&gt;you make them feel&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:26:24&quot;&gt; so so you have to lay it this is why I&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:26:27&quot;&gt;all these pictures and stuff because I want the pictures&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:26:30&quot;&gt; to do things you can't do in regular&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:26:33&quot;&gt; words and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:26:36&quot;&gt; yeah so the question is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:26:39&quot;&gt; uh the way I look&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:26:42&quot;&gt; at playing the blame game&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:26:45&quot;&gt; here is businesses&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:26:48&quot;&gt; are in a terrible position&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:26:51&quot;&gt; fidu in a fiduciary responsibility way&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:26:54&quot;&gt; for doing the kind of stuff that arpa&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:26:57&quot;&gt; and park did they have every&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:27:0&quot;&gt; and especially the Milton Freedman American businesses&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:27:3&quot;&gt; which are a terrible way to do business in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:27:6&quot;&gt; general there you know Peter Dreer used to say&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:27:9&quot;&gt; that that business's main obligation&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:27:12&quot;&gt; is to their uh customers&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:27:15&quot;&gt; and Milton fredman said no business's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:27:18&quot;&gt; main obligation is to their stockholders&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:27:21&quot;&gt; and that has turned really ugly that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:27:24&quot;&gt; is really ugly so but in any case&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:27:27&quot;&gt; good or bad they're in a bad place for it&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:27:30&quot;&gt; uh research can only be&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:27:33&quot;&gt;xpensed eeks&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:27:36&quot;&gt; you could be sitting on a ton of cash tough&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:27:39&quot;&gt; comes out of the bottom&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:27:42&quot;&gt; line so so when I when&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:27:45&quot;&gt; I look there I Look to society and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:27:48&quot;&gt; government part of the idea&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:27:51&quot;&gt; of getting people to pay&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:27:54&quot;&gt; taxes is to deal with things&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:27:57&quot;&gt; in a way that is hard for&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:28:0&quot;&gt; scattered groups to deal with with or without&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:28:3&quot;&gt; engelbart stuff and I think the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:28:6&quot;&gt; the woo woo research stuff done&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:28:9&quot;&gt; right is one of those things and I just happened&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:28:12&quot;&gt; to stumble into it I didn't go to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:28:15&quot;&gt; Utah knowing anything about arpa I'd never heard of arpa&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:28:18&quot;&gt; I just stumbled in there by by and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:28:21&quot;&gt; chance and I found out I was in Paradise&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:28:24&quot;&gt;because&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:28:27&quot;&gt; and the dod was doing fine because&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:28:30&quot;&gt; uh arpa ipto cost almost nothing compared to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:28:33&quot;&gt; the the whole DOD&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:28:36&quot;&gt; budget it was just fingernail clipping so it's the perfect&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:28:39&quot;&gt; place for doing this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:28:42&quot;&gt; uh enlightened public&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:28:45&quot;&gt; domain uh research and you had the ultimate&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:28:48&quot;&gt; enlightened public domain mind in lick&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:28:51&quot;&gt; to do that the key thing&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:28:54&quot;&gt;Park was that Taylor loved&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:28:57&quot;&gt; lick he he was a psychologist&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:29:0&quot;&gt; also he truly loved&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:29:3&quot;&gt; lick and I'll I'll&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:29:6&quot;&gt; finish in one second Jason and he&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:29:9&quot;&gt;uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:29:12&quot;&gt; he studied lick so lick&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:29:15&quot;&gt; was intu&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:29:18&quot;&gt; intuition he had great inter but Taylor&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:29:21&quot;&gt; codified lick those rules&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:29:24&quot;&gt;put up there were not Lick's rules but Taylor's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:29:27&quot;&gt; rules and anytime you wanted to park you could&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:29:30&quot;&gt; go and lie on the floor in Taylor's office we we were floor culture&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:29:33&quot;&gt; we had thick carpets that were&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:29:36&quot;&gt;padding underneath so you could just roll around on the floor we had bean&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:29:39&quot;&gt; bags and inste of chairs so you go&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:29:42&quot;&gt;there and lie in there for an hour and let Taylor tell&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:29:45&quot;&gt; you what he was why he was doing what he was doing at&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:29:48&quot;&gt; Park and it was mostly these rules&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:29:51&quot;&gt;I wrote down you got to do this you got to do that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:29:54&quot;&gt; uh etc etc like&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:29:57&quot;&gt; okay so um&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:30:0&quot;&gt; yeah so I point I point my finger&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:30:3&quot;&gt; at the government and if you point your finger at the government you&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:30:6&quot;&gt;have to point your finger at the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:30:9&quot;&gt; uh uh the American&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:30:12&quot;&gt; Body politic and if you point your finger at them you have&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:30:15&quot;&gt; to point your finger at education&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:30:18&quot;&gt; public education if you point your finger at publication&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:30:21&quot;&gt; public education you point your finger at the government&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:30:24&quot;&gt; again so the government has not&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:30:27&quot;&gt; done its job and by the way over here in London in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:30:30&quot;&gt;the UK it's it's worse&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:30:33&quot;&gt; uh the politicians are a little nicer over here&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:30:36&quot;&gt; but they're equally uh incompetent&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:30:39&quot;&gt; they just don't do not understand and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:30:42&quot;&gt; their financial base is much smaller over here&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:30:45&quot;&gt; so they're in more desperate need&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:30:48&quot;&gt; of the kind of Industries they can afford&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:30:51&quot;&gt; that actually work in the 21st century&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:30:54&quot;&gt;need this um&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:30:57&quot;&gt; yeah so uh but when&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:31:0&quot;&gt;after the government&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:31:3&quot;&gt; should be doing this that and the other thing&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:31:6&quot;&gt; I I can't get far from the educ&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:31:9&quot;&gt;from the University because the university used to be the co&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:31:12&quot;&gt;the flame the whole&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:31:15&quot;&gt; point there was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:31:18&quot;&gt; the universities were not beholden to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:31:21&quot;&gt; business their job was not to do job&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:31:24&quot;&gt; training in obsolete software&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:31:27&quot;&gt; systems to deal with business's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:31:30&quot;&gt; problems with Legacy systems that is not the job&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:31:33&quot;&gt;university that's a trade school and there's nothing&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:31:36&quot;&gt; I love trade schools the high school I&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:31:39&quot;&gt; went to was a was a one you had to take&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:31:42&quot;&gt; a test to get into but it was a glorified trade school Lenny&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:31:45&quot;&gt; will tell you and uh I learned a lot&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:31:48&quot;&gt; there but Jesus the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:31:51&quot;&gt; universities have got to uphold&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:31:54&quot;&gt; something like the way the 21st century&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:31:57&quot;&gt; should be for the students or the students&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:32:0&quot;&gt; are just going to go there and buy degrees in order&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:32:3&quot;&gt; to get jobs that is my general&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:32:6&quot;&gt; picture so the university&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:32:9&quot;&gt; could put us you know I when I was active&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:32:12&quot;&gt; around UCLA at some faculty&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:32:15&quot;&gt; meeting uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:32:18&quot;&gt; maybe more than one&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:32:21&quot;&gt; I brought up the idea hey wait a minute UCLA is one of the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:32:24&quot;&gt; top 10 schools and uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:32:27&quot;&gt; there are other top 10 schools in the nation&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:32:30&quot;&gt;in the University of California&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:32:33&quot;&gt; you know basically you&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:32:36&quot;&gt; know why are we letting the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:32:39&quot;&gt; Regents determine that tenure&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:32:42&quot;&gt; uh re requires paper&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:32:45&quot;&gt;counting&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:32:48&quot;&gt; UCLA should be able to say well you know Screw You&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:32:51&quot;&gt; Regents screw you and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:32:54&quot;&gt; Davis and uh San Diego&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:32:57&quot;&gt; and Santa Barbara screw you Regents&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:33:0&quot;&gt; we're not going to do it that way&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:33:3&quot;&gt; we're not gonna count papers for Christ's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:33:6&quot;&gt; sake you know&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:33:9&quot;&gt; if you got to count a paper you at least have to put a weight on it&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:33:12&quot;&gt; and it's hard to put a weight on a paper until 10 years&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:33:15&quot;&gt; have passed you&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:33:18&quot;&gt; just can't do it that way or you're going to turn it into&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:33:21&quot;&gt; a Job Shop and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:33:24&quot;&gt; uh you know uh I pointed out&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:33:27&quot;&gt; to the UCLA faculty that because of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:33:30&quot;&gt; you know the the discussion was wow&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:33:33&quot;&gt; our department is really popular now we've got more&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:33:36&quot;&gt; students than we can handle I said well godamn it&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:33:39&quot;&gt; if you got that that's what the bean counters&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:33:42&quot;&gt; in the University care&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:33:45&quot;&gt; about is retention because it's money&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:33:48&quot;&gt; you've got them just say&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:33:51&quot;&gt; okay all right&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:33:54&quot;&gt; we're going to do tenure differently we're going to hire&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:33:57&quot;&gt;differently we're going to have a different set of Standards&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:34:0&quot;&gt; here&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:34:3&quot;&gt; or we're just goingon to uh you know etc&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:34:6&quot;&gt; etc but the 60s were&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:34:9&quot;&gt; long over by the time I made that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:34:12&quot;&gt;stand&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:34:18&quot;&gt;okay next question&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:34:21&quot;&gt; I have a question yes&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:34:24&quot;&gt;this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:34:27&quot;&gt; was sorry&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:34:30&quot;&gt; this was a and I've heard you many&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:34:33&quot;&gt; times and always I I recognize&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:34:36&quot;&gt; this accent always&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:34:39&quot;&gt; yes I'm ready I'm ready&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:34:42&quot;&gt; I'm ready always very entertaining&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:34:45&quot;&gt; and uh thoughtful&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:34:48&quot;&gt; but I I feel there is now&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:34:51&quot;&gt;a huge crra a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:34:54&quot;&gt; Gap uh which we didn't you didn't&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:34:57&quot;&gt;would be nice if you could have a thought or address&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:35:0&quot;&gt; which is everything in the past&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:35:3&quot;&gt; seems to me have to do let's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:35:6&quot;&gt; call it with mathematics has&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:35:9&quot;&gt; Precision prob language is not&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:35:12&quot;&gt;we talk it has precision&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:35:15&quot;&gt; and suddenly I think the new&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:35:18&quot;&gt; Queen the new the new thing in the helm&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:35:21&quot;&gt;the new Revolution is is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:35:24&quot;&gt; without Precision it's without&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:35:27&quot;&gt; and we built machine that we do not&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:35:30&quot;&gt; understand how they work but&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:35:33&quot;&gt; they work they perform they&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:35:36&quot;&gt; perform not in Precision&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:35:39&quot;&gt; you know if there will be a a self-driving&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:35:42&quot;&gt; car it will kill somebody there is no question you&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:35:45&quot;&gt; cannot guarantee that this will not happen&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:35:48&quot;&gt;it's a new thing and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:35:51&quot;&gt; I feel most of us here on this list&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:35:54&quot;&gt; on the nine people that are left&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:35:57&quot;&gt; we are dinosaurs of the past&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:36:0&quot;&gt; and what do you have any thoughts about&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:36:3&quot;&gt; this well uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:36:6&quot;&gt; just by chance in the late 60s&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:36:9&quot;&gt; I was visiting MIT and there was a meeting&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:36:12&quot;&gt; of DOD people with&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:36:15&quot;&gt; uh the AI people at MIT&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:36:18&quot;&gt; and I think mensky was saying&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:36:21&quot;&gt; you know in a few years we might be able to do what a dog can&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:36:24&quot;&gt; do and uh the fourstar&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:36:27&quot;&gt; general said a dog&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:36:30&quot;&gt; he said look we don't even want what ordinary humans can&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:36:33&quot;&gt; do we can draft them we've got two million&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:36:36&quot;&gt; robots in the in the Department of Defense already&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:36:39&quot;&gt; we train them and they learn well and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:36:42&quot;&gt;they carry guns and they do all the stuff that we want&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:36:45&quot;&gt; we already got intelligent robots we need&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:36:48&quot;&gt; superhuman intelligence that's what&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:36:51&quot;&gt; we need and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:36:54&quot;&gt;so I&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:36:57&quot;&gt; I don't want to start a long discussion about&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:37:0&quot;&gt; you know but it happens that the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:37:3&quot;&gt; what J Judea Pearl calls curve&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:37:6&quot;&gt;fitting machine learning&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:37:9&quot;&gt; uh as you know&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:37:12&quot;&gt; also very well goes all the way back&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:37:15&quot;&gt; 20 30 40 years&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:37:18&quot;&gt; or 50 years or more Minsky's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:37:21&quot;&gt;thesis was actually one of the first perceptrons&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:37:24&quot;&gt; so the idea of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:37:27&quot;&gt; of finding complex&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:37:30&quot;&gt; transfer functions between lots of inputs and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:37:33&quot;&gt; fewer outputs is has been around for a while&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:37:36&quot;&gt; and uh it's definitely a a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:37:39&quot;&gt; big component of what's going on inside of our&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:37:42&quot;&gt; brains but&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:37:45&quot;&gt; the I I think&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:37:48&quot;&gt; the we should ask&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:37:51&quot;&gt; more for example uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:37:54&quot;&gt; I wouldn't want to use an&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:37:57&quot;&gt; AI that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:38:0&quot;&gt; couldn't be vetted in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:38:3&quot;&gt; some way and of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:38:6&quot;&gt; course uh the chat Bots&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:38:9&quot;&gt; uh can lie whenever it suits them&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:38:12&quot;&gt; and by the way I just saw that uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:38:15&quot;&gt; uh open AI chatbot&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:38:18&quot;&gt; has recently gone nuts&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:38:21&quot;&gt; which is really fun track this down&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:38:24&quot;&gt;it started something went wrong and it's now it's mostly&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:38:27&quot;&gt; hallucinating so these are&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:38:30&quot;&gt; like human beings these are creators&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:38:33&quot;&gt; that's what we are that's what we&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:38:36&quot;&gt; got inside there and I believe that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:38:39&quot;&gt; we're we're better than we&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:38:42&quot;&gt; were 100,000 years ago mainly&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:38:45&quot;&gt; because we invented&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:38:48&quot;&gt; methods for thinking&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:38:51&quot;&gt; the big one being science&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:38:54&quot;&gt; math allows you to in a consistent&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:38:57&quot;&gt; way but it&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:39:0&quot;&gt; it doesn't have any necessary connection to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:39:3&quot;&gt; reality where science wants to be able&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:39:6&quot;&gt; to do uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:39:9&quot;&gt; crisp thinking in a way that is anchored to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:39:12&quot;&gt; reality such that the uh the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:39:15&quot;&gt;cues might have something to do with reality also&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:39:18&quot;&gt; I think that is a very very good thing I think it would help&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:39:21&quot;&gt; our politics on both sides of the lanic&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:39:24&quot;&gt; tremendously if uh schools started&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:39:27&quot;&gt; teaching CH basically doing what engelbart&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:39:30&quot;&gt; said we have to insert better methods&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:39:33&quot;&gt; than the ones we were born with or&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:39:36&quot;&gt; simple uh large language models&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:39:39&quot;&gt; have uh in order to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:39:42&quot;&gt; uh be able to use them in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:39:45&quot;&gt; any reasonable way that's my my&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:39:48&quot;&gt;answer&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:39:51&quot;&gt; got it got it and then we also have one more&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:39:54&quot;&gt; question from the audience um I wanted to get a chance to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:39:57&quot;&gt; yeah have him ask hi professor Kate thank you&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:40:0&quot;&gt; for your talk today um I'm born in the 21st century&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:40:3&quot;&gt; so my uh I guess&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:40:6&quot;&gt; thoughts about zorx Park is the only one I know of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:40:9&quot;&gt;Steve Jobs's visit where he commercializes&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:40:12&quot;&gt; the guey that you guys invented into the apple one&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:40:15&quot;&gt; so I was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:40:18&quot;&gt; yeah so what he saw was what&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:40:21&quot;&gt; what he saw was what we did&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:40:24&quot;&gt; he visited it was a visit to my&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:40:27&quot;&gt; group uh and I was in the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:40:30&quot;&gt; room uh during that visit&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:40:33&quot;&gt; and the demo we gave him and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:40:36&quot;&gt; uh we became friends uh partly&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:40:39&quot;&gt; as the result of that visit so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:40:42&quot;&gt; ask me any question you want to ask about that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:40:45&quot;&gt; visit uh yeah I mean my first question was going&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:40:48&quot;&gt;if you happen to be in the room at all but now I know&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:40:51&quot;&gt; uh second of all would be Steve had or&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:40:54&quot;&gt; Mr jobs uh had a way of combining design&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:40:57&quot;&gt; and pushing the boundaries of engineering through that I&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:41:0&quot;&gt; was wondering how Zero's or&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:41:3&quot;&gt; the Park's attitude towards pushing research&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:41:6&quot;&gt; um the boundaries of research were or what&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:41:9&quot;&gt; influence so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:41:12&quot;&gt; the so let me answer it's a two-part&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:41:15&quot;&gt; question so one part uh is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:41:18&quot;&gt; early in the 80s I said to both Steve&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:41:21&quot;&gt; and Bill Gates uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:41:24&quot;&gt; this is during the controversy of whether apple and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:41:27&quot;&gt; Microsoft had stolen the ideas from&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:41:30&quot;&gt; Xerox and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:41:33&quot;&gt; you know I told I said to both of them I said&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:41:36&quot;&gt; look we want this we want you to steal the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:41:39&quot;&gt; ideas but for Christ's sake steal&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:41:42&quot;&gt;whole idea don't steal a protest&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:41:45&quot;&gt; caricature yeah the whole&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:41:48&quot;&gt; yeah that's why I say the the disappointing figures&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:41:51&quot;&gt;that I put there was the amount of actual&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:41:54&quot;&gt; takeup uh so the second thing is that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:41:57&quot;&gt;what Steve was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:42:0&quot;&gt; uh he was NE say the two words you said again designer&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:42:3&quot;&gt; and a pusher of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:42:6&quot;&gt; engineering yeah right okay so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:42:9&quot;&gt; Steve was not a designer&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:42:12&quot;&gt; and he was a pusher of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:42:15&quot;&gt; people so the key thing about Steve&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:42:18&quot;&gt; was that he had a lot of good&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:42:21&quot;&gt; woowoo&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:42:24&quot;&gt; so where he picked up&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:42:27&quot;&gt; he could feel the fireflies if he'd been a scientist&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:42:30&quot;&gt; it would have been much better for&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:42:33&quot;&gt; everybody because as he said and there's a famous&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:42:36&quot;&gt; interview you can find on YouTube where&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:42:39&quot;&gt; Steve says he says when I first went to Xerox&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:42:42&quot;&gt; I was so blinded by the user interface I couldn't see anything&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:42:45&quot;&gt; else I couldn't see object-oriented programming I&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:42:48&quot;&gt;see the networks he had to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:42:51&quot;&gt; wait until he did next years later when he ran into&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:42:54&quot;&gt;another contingent from the old Arbor Community&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:42:57&quot;&gt; to explain to them why you why you need&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:43:0&quot;&gt; those but we he didn't&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:43:3&quot;&gt; understand how the stuff and we couldn't tell&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:43:6&quot;&gt; him uh we were&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:43:9&quot;&gt; able to show him uh like one of the famous&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:43:12&quot;&gt; things that happened in the demo&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:43:15&quot;&gt; my my one of my favorite demo things and if I had had time&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:43:18&quot;&gt;because we recreated that system just for the shits&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:43:21&quot;&gt; of it so it actually runs the system that we showed&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:43:24&quot;&gt; him and um I occasionally will'll do&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:43:27&quot;&gt; it live in a talk um&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:43:30&quot;&gt; but Steve had two complaints while he was and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:43:33&quot;&gt; he was really watching he&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:43:36&quot;&gt; had his acolytes around him&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:43:39&quot;&gt; uh but Steve Steve was really paying&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:43:42&quot;&gt; attention to the thing and he&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:43:45&quot;&gt;said you know&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:43:48&quot;&gt; I don't like You' never seen a scroll bar before but he&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:43:51&quot;&gt; didn't like the fact that as you pulled it it&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:43:54&quot;&gt;went line by line he&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:43:57&quot;&gt; says can't that go be done&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:44:0&quot;&gt; continuously and Dan Engles who was giving the demo&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:44:3&quot;&gt; because small talk is live&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:44:6&quot;&gt; I mean live down to the operating systems so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:44:9&quot;&gt; Dan was able to do a couple of Clips&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:44:12&quot;&gt; here's where the slow scroll bar thing is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:44:15&quot;&gt; uh change a line of code&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:44:18&quot;&gt; quar a second later things are scrolling&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:44:21&quot;&gt; smoothly and later on&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:44:24&quot;&gt; uh when we were showing text&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:44:27&quot;&gt; selection um we liked&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:44:30&quot;&gt; we tried a lot of different ways of doing it but we' like the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:44:33&quot;&gt; complimenting the characters&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:44:36&quot;&gt; which is what basically is done&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:44:39&quot;&gt; today uh and Steve didn't like that he said&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:44:42&quot;&gt; can't you do an outline&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:44:45&quot;&gt; around the you know he's right because it's comp&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:44:48&quot;&gt;and white complimenting&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:44:51&quot;&gt; is a little bit too in your face&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:44:54&quot;&gt; face so he's right there&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:44:57&quot;&gt; and so my jaw was on the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:45:0&quot;&gt; floor because Dan Engles went in there&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:45:3&quot;&gt; that was not a trivial thing you know because if&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:45:6&quot;&gt; you think of the selection&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:45:9&quot;&gt; you have to find the actual boundary of the selection and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:45:12&quot;&gt; you have to uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:45:15&quot;&gt; treat it the right way and Dan went right to the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:45:18&quot;&gt; thing and basically what he did was to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:45:21&quot;&gt; just take the code that comp mented&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:45:24&quot;&gt; copy it and shift the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:45:27&quot;&gt; coordinates of the comp of the second&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:45:30&quot;&gt; complementation uh diagonally&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:45:33&quot;&gt; by two&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:45:36&quot;&gt; so you get to so what it would do in it before you could see it would do&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:45:39&quot;&gt;compliment then it would shift diagonally do another compliment&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:45:42&quot;&gt; and that would leave a a black line around the selection&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:45:45&quot;&gt; just what Steve asked for it's like one of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:45:48&quot;&gt; the greatest things I've ever seen done unprepared&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:45:51&quot;&gt; in a demo in a program progamming system in my&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:45:54&quot;&gt; life that was uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:45:57&quot;&gt; 1979 yeah so that was uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:46:0&quot;&gt;good and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:46:3&quot;&gt; uh uh Apple didn't steal&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:46:6&quot;&gt; you know Apple did do a great thing&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:46:9&quot;&gt; as the ba from the basis of that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:46:12&quot;&gt; stuff uh which was the Lisa&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:46:15&quot;&gt;done before the mac&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:46:18&quot;&gt; and the Lisa was done&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:46:21&quot;&gt; uh with Park people who are&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:46:24&quot;&gt; hired&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:46:27&quot;&gt; uh uh and with&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:46:30&quot;&gt; some very smart people who are at Apple like Bill&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:46:33&quot;&gt; ainson and the Lisa was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:46:36&quot;&gt; really nice it was the best thing you&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:46:39&quot;&gt; could possibly do for that day was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:46:42&quot;&gt; done on a 68,000&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:46:45&quot;&gt; microprocessor which meant an enormous amount&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:46:48&quot;&gt; of programming for to do the graphics that were so easy&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:46:51&quot;&gt; on the alto but they did it and it was really&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:46:54&quot;&gt; great and uh a system&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:46:57&quot;&gt; you would die for you could get&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:47:0&quot;&gt; for 10,000&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:47:3&quot;&gt; bucks and $10,000 happen to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:47:6&quot;&gt; be the average price of a car new car in the United&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:47:9&quot;&gt; States at that time um sorry to interrupt&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:47:12&quot;&gt; we're almost at the top of the second hour uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:47:15&quot;&gt; of the of the talk so almost at the end of the second hour of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:47:18&quot;&gt;the talk um so I just want to get a quick chance for people who have&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:47:21&quot;&gt; class um but first please Round of Applause for our&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:47:24&quot;&gt; speaker for the people who are&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:47:27&quot;&gt;left yeah&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:47:30&quot;&gt; so I&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:47:33&quot;&gt; love I I just expected&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:47:36&quot;&gt; uh that you would have you would give me&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:47:39&quot;&gt; one of your uh Barbed&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:47:45&quot;&gt;comments I love&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:47:48&quot;&gt;those&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:47:51&quot;&gt; okay thank you thank you than you one and all&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:47:54&quot;&gt; thank you for thank you thank&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:47:57&quot;&gt; you Alan thank you so much yeah but don't&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:48:0&quot;&gt; don't use your car while you're driving Glen&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:48:3&quot;&gt; well I had to meet Stella she's waiting for me&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:48:6&quot;&gt; and for an hour and now so sorry I had to step&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:48:9&quot;&gt; out that's good you listen to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:48:12&quot;&gt;Marvin&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:48:15&quot;&gt; of course happy wife happy&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:48:18&quot;&gt; life uh the number one&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:48:21&quot;&gt; that's rule zero&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:48:24&quot;&gt; not that's not even rule one that's rule&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:48:27&quot;&gt; zero you got it you got it&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:48:30&quot;&gt; thank you very much again Alan thank you thanks&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:48:33&quot;&gt; so much Allan&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:48:36&quot;&gt; thank you bye bye&lt;/subtitle&gt;</div>

Ezequiel http://tinlizzie.org/IA/index.php?title=Alan_Kay_talk_at_UCLA_CS_Connection_Lab&diff=3171 2025-01-30T03:02:41Z

<p>Ezequiel: First pass up until 0:33:9</p> <hr /> <div><br /> {{#evt:<br /> service=youtubeIA<br /> |id=dZQ7x0-MZcI<br /> |alignment=left<br /> |autoresize=true<br /> }}<br /> <br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:0:7&quot;&gt;I'm here today with Alan Kay. We're at the UCLA&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:0:10&quot;&gt;Connection Lab with professor Kleinrock and the rest&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:0:13&quot;&gt;of our students here. We are very lucky to have Alan&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:0:16&quot;&gt;who is presenting on a broad range of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:0:19&quot;&gt;topics ranging from technology society and future research&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:0:22&quot;&gt;and I'll keep it short so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:0:25&quot;&gt;Alan needs no further introduction. I will let him begin right&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:0:28&quot;&gt;away. —Thank you so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:0:31&quot;&gt;much! Okay! Onward we&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:0:37&quot;&gt;go! So the way this started off is my&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:0:40&quot;&gt;long long friend&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:0:43&quot;&gt;Len Kleinrock sent me an email&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:0:46&quot;&gt;saying would I do a talk&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:0:49&quot;&gt;and…, I wasn't&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:0:52&quot;&gt;sure…&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:0:55&quot;&gt;[then it] says “about the view of the current…” yeah, basically&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:0:58&quot;&gt;about everything… “most rewarding&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:1:1&quot;&gt; work in my life”. I'm 84&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:1:4&quot;&gt; years old guys&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:1:7&quot;&gt; and “can I do it in just a few&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:1:10&quot;&gt; minutes?”, and of course I said okay&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:1:13&quot;&gt; and uh the wonderful&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:1:16&quot;&gt; Jason gathered&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:1:19&quot;&gt; up a bunch of questions and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:1:22&quot;&gt; I endeavored to look at all all of them&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:1:25&quot;&gt; and combine them in one way or another&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:1:28&quot;&gt;but&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:1:31&quot;&gt; the short an answers here&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:1:34&quot;&gt; are “is it&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:1:37&quot;&gt; still feasible today to do something like Xerox PARC?” and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:1:40&quot;&gt; the answer is yes. I don't know of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:1:43&quot;&gt; anything like Xerox PARC in the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:1:46&quot;&gt; computer realm of things.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:1:49&quot;&gt; They're all so goal&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:1:52&quot;&gt; oriented, but there's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:1:55&quot;&gt; a great Biology Institute funded by the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:1:58&quot;&gt;Hughes Foundation called Janelia Labs&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:2:1&quot;&gt; in near Washington DC, and there's the famous&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:2:4&quot;&gt; Max plank Institute, and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:2:7&quot;&gt;we'll see in a little bit why I don't&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:2:10&quot;&gt; consider there's a lot with&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:2:13&quot;&gt; the same kind of spirit as Xerox PARC.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:2:16&quot;&gt;As I'll say in a moment, it wasn't Xerox&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:2:19&quot;&gt; PARC. Xerox PARC was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:2:22&quot;&gt; part of the much larger&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:2:25&quot;&gt; ARPA research&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:2:28&quot;&gt;community; and considered, it was just funded by&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:2:31&quot;&gt; Xerox because the Department of Defense had quit&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:2:34&quot;&gt; funding ARPA the right way, and put the D on and changed&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:2:37&quot;&gt; everything. So we'll see about that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:2:40&quot;&gt; in a minute and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:2:43&quot;&gt; short answer [to]: “do I believe young people today&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:2:46&quot;&gt; have to solve a harder problem in requiring&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:2:49&quot;&gt; resources?”; and my answer is yes&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:2:52&quot;&gt; absolutely. It is much much harder&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:2:55&quot;&gt; as the businesses&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:2:58&quot;&gt; have moved in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:3:1&quot;&gt; which started really strongly in the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:3:4&quot;&gt;80s after the inventions of personal Computing&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:3:7&quot;&gt; and pervasive and local&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:3:10&quot;&gt; networking, there was something&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:3:13&quot;&gt; that could be…&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:3:16&quot;&gt; and the GUI which&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:3:19&quot;&gt; opened up the computer to the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:3:25&quot;&gt;rest…&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:3:28&quot;&gt; Sorry go ahead. I could hear people talking&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:3:31&quot;&gt; yeah um yes, so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:3:34&quot;&gt; it's much harder, much much harder&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:3:37&quot;&gt; and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:3:40&quot;&gt; there isn't time to really answer&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:3:43&quot;&gt; these completely separately,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:3:46&quot;&gt; so I sort of wove them together.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:3:49&quot;&gt; I&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:3:52&quot;&gt; like this one. This is a recent one: “What are some&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:3:55&quot;&gt; of the most tragic illusions that adults get stuck&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:4:1&quot;&gt;with?”. That is the most flattering thing I've&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:4:4&quot;&gt; heard in years because it assumes I'm not an adult,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:4:7&quot;&gt; which I'm not.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:4:10&quot;&gt; Number two was: “What did you guys being there at Xerox&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:4:13&quot;&gt; Park do for them?”&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:4:16&quot;&gt; and then there's this dot dot dot one&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:4:19&quot;&gt; which I did do a little prep on it but I&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:4:22&quot;&gt; left it to the end in case we run out of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:4:25&quot;&gt; time because in 84 years&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:4:28&quot;&gt; I've had a lot of aha moments, but&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:4:31&quot;&gt; let's start off with number&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:4:34&quot;&gt; one. This is part&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:4:37&quot;&gt; of the tragic Illusions&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:4:40&quot;&gt; what we're doing right now and what we do in most&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:4:43&quot;&gt; classrooms is to recapitulate&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:4:46&quot;&gt; something that happened 150,000 years ago&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:4:49&quot;&gt; which is a bunch of people gathering around a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:4:52&quot;&gt; campfire listening to somebody&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:4:55&quot;&gt;talk. And just&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:4:58&quot;&gt; think about it for a second how crazy&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:5:1&quot;&gt; is it for me to be doing what I'm doing now&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:5:4&quot;&gt; this is why I sent a couple of papers along to read.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:5:7&quot;&gt; It's crazy to orally discuss&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:5:10&quot;&gt; ideas and inventions that required reading and writing&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:5:13&quot;&gt;to invent and explain. The&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:5:16&quot;&gt; oral medium is not good for what&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:5:19&quot;&gt; the best of the stuff that we&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:5:22&quot;&gt;do; but&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:5:25&quot;&gt; we all have the same pink brains&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:5:28&quot;&gt; they love stories and so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:5:31&quot;&gt; what this guy wants is a story&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:5:34&quot;&gt; and what I'm trying to do is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:5:37&quot;&gt; to comply to tell stories about&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:5:40&quot;&gt; things that really aren't very good as&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:5:43&quot;&gt; stories and the problem was we're still basically&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:5:46&quot;&gt; the same species&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:5:49&quot;&gt; with the same pink brain that wants&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:5:52&quot;&gt;stories. And systems&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:5:55&quot;&gt; aren't stories. I'm basically a systems&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:5:58&quot;&gt;guy&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:6:1&quot;&gt; If we take a look at what happened going back a few&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:6:4&quot;&gt; hundred thousand years, human genetics&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:6:7&quot;&gt; yeah it has changed a little bit.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:6:10&quot;&gt; some of us got to be able to digest milk&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:6:13&quot;&gt; and so forth.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:6:16&quot;&gt; And human&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:6:19&quot;&gt; inventions gradually took&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:6:22&quot;&gt; off. And with modern&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:6:25&quot;&gt; theories about origins of languages,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:6:28&quot;&gt; a lot more of language seems to be an invention&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:6:31&quot;&gt; via culture than&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:6:34&quot;&gt; we thought in the past. And then we&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:6:37&quot;&gt; have this problem, which I hope you can see&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:6:40&quot;&gt; there because my little thing is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:6:43&quot;&gt; blocking.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:6:46&quot;&gt; Our Collective wisdom&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:6:49&quot;&gt; started being informed by our inventions&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:6:52&quot;&gt; but it grew at a much slower rate because the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:6:55&quot;&gt; inventions are various forms of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:6:58&quot;&gt; technology including symbolic technologies.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:7:4&quot;&gt;They turned out to be really easy once we got the hang of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:7:7&quot;&gt; it. And so we've got this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:7:10&quot;&gt; huge gap.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:7:13&quot;&gt; So we can turn the guy's spear into a Tomahawk&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:7:16&quot;&gt; missile. We can increase his power of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:7:19&quot;&gt; Destruction by a factor of a million.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:7:22&quot;&gt; And we could do something much much worse which is to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:7:25&quot;&gt; turn him into a bureaucrat&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:7:28&quot;&gt; and create bureaucracy.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:7:31&quot;&gt; And bureaucracy has killed millions&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:7:34&quot;&gt; and millions more people than the worst Atomic&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:7:37&quot;&gt; weapons. So&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:7:40&quot;&gt; this is a huge problem.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:7:43&quot;&gt; And education&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:7:46&quot;&gt;is supposed to do something about it. We'll talk about that a little bit&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:7:49&quot;&gt; later. But think about it, we&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:7:52&quot;&gt; just went through the inability of most&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:7:55&quot;&gt; of the population of the planet to not&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:7:58&quot;&gt; understand how viruses and diseases work&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:8:1&quot;&gt; that was botched almost&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:8:4&quot;&gt; everywhere. And for&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:8:7&quot;&gt; the last 60 plus years we've been&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:8:10&quot;&gt; ignoring something smaller than a virus, the CO₂ molecule,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:8:13&quot;&gt;which is gradually&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:8:16&quot;&gt; changing the entire planet that we live&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:8:19&quot;&gt; on. So if you're looking for&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:8:22&quot;&gt; human wisdom, it's not up to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:8:25&quot;&gt; the scaling of what we've been able to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:8:28&quot;&gt;invent.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:8:31&quot;&gt; Okay, so, Cliff Notes for Human Beings.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:8:34&quot;&gt; I'll do this quickly&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:8:37&quot;&gt;but… So, we're basically&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:8:40&quot;&gt; Hamlet.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:8:43&quot;&gt; Our minds are like theaters.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:8:46&quot;&gt; We're more theatrical than we think. We threate…,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:8:49&quot;&gt; We create…, treat our beliefs as reality.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:8:52&quot;&gt; That is the worst thing about human&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:8:58&quot;&gt;beings. And these theaters are tiny. We can&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:9:1&quot;&gt; only think of a few things that once it's hard for us&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:9:4&quot;&gt; to take in larger&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:9:7&quot;&gt; things. And if you look into biology&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:9:10&quot;&gt; we find out that most of our mind is not&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:9:13&quot;&gt; human. And we're more non-human&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:9:16&quot;&gt; than we assume. And we tend to react&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:9:19&quot;&gt; much more than actual thinking. Thinking actually had&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:9:22&quot;&gt; to be invented. We grow up in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:9:25&quot;&gt;we were born into.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:9:28&quot;&gt; and that shapes so much of who we are and also&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:9:31&quot;&gt; how we look at the world. Our conclusions&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:9:34&quot;&gt; tend to be societal. That's a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:9:37&quot;&gt; disaster. And we have&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:9:40&quot;&gt; not just one mind, and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:9:43&quot;&gt; really not just one brain. We maybe have&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:9:46&quot;&gt; about eighty&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:9:49&quot;&gt; different conglomerations of things that could be&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:9:52&quot;&gt; called brainlets.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:9:55&quot;&gt; We have a special set of ones&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:9:58&quot;&gt; shared with most animals which is learning&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:10:1&quot;&gt; by touching things. We learn&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:10:4&quot;&gt;seeing things. We have a completely different set of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:10:7&quot;&gt; knowledges from how things look.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:10:10&quot;&gt; And we have this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:10:13&quot;&gt; symbolic mechanism&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:10:16&quot;&gt; which is both our&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:10:19&quot;&gt; downfall and our&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:10:22&quot;&gt; Salvation. So we're much&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:10:25&quot;&gt; more fragmented. We only have one body&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:10:28&quot;&gt; but uh what we want&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:10:31&quot;&gt; actually conflicts&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:10:34&quot;&gt; internally. So this is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:10:37&quot;&gt; a whole area that's really&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:10:40&quot;&gt; worthwhile studying. Especially in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:10:43&quot;&gt; this age of computation and especially&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:10:46&quot;&gt; this area. I'll leave it at.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:10:49&quot;&gt; Now let's go to the the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:10:52&quot;&gt; second question is “what did we ever do&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:10:55&quot;&gt;for Xerox anyway?”&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:10:58&quot;&gt; well we'll talk a little bit later about where Xerox&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:11:1&quot;&gt; PARC came from but here are some of the things that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:11:7&quot;&gt;we did. The first&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:11:10&quot;&gt; thing like a modern personal&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:11:13&quot;&gt; computer. The&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:11:16&quot;&gt; GUI with icons and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:11:19&quot;&gt;pointing.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:11:22&quot;&gt; Basically a way of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:11:25&quot;&gt; dealing with symmetrical&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:11:28&quot;&gt; reading and writing. That was also [called] What You See&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:11:34&quot;&gt;is What You Get. What we have to call real OOP today,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:11:37&quot;&gt; that we only called OOP back then. But it was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:11:40&quot;&gt; different than what is called OOP&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:11:43&quot;&gt; today. And we did the laser&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:11:46&quot;&gt; printer which just for the engineers in the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:11:49&quot;&gt; crowd, the very first laser printer was a page&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:11:52&quot;&gt; a second, which most people have never&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:11:55&quot;&gt; experienced today, at 500 pixels&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:11:58&quot;&gt; to the inch. That is a great&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:12:1&quot;&gt; story all by itself. How Gary Starkweather&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:12:4&quot;&gt; did that.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:12:7&quot;&gt; The outline fonts and postcript, the Ethernet.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:12:10&quot;&gt; Peer [to] peer, and client/server, and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:12:13&quot;&gt; about half the internet.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:12:16&quot;&gt;PARC had its own internet which is called the PARC&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:12:19&quot;&gt; Universal packets.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:12:22&quot;&gt; It was spread all over the country and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:12:25&quot;&gt; about, I don't know,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:12:28&quot;&gt; half the general meetings&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:12:31&quot;&gt; that were held at UCLA especially,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:12:34&quot;&gt; were done by PARC people. Some of whom&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:12:37&quot;&gt;had already done some of the things [… working at…]&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:12:40&quot;&gt; The thing is that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:12:43&quot;&gt; all of these things came out of a particular&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:12:46&quot;&gt; community. So we locked the claim we&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:12:49&quot;&gt; had eight and a half visible inventions. And&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:12:52&quot;&gt; of course what's interesting about all of this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:12:55&quot;&gt; is all the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:12:58&quot;&gt;technology that had to be invented that was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:13:1&quot;&gt; invisible. And according to Butler&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:13:4&quot;&gt; Lampson, this was done&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:13:7&quot;&gt; with about 25 researchers over about five&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:13:10&quot;&gt; years. These particular ones I'm showing&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:13:13&quot;&gt; here. And PARC&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:13:16&quot;&gt; itself, existed in the form it was for&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:13:19&quot;&gt; about 10 years. So in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:13:22&quot;&gt; total today's dollars&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:13:25&quot;&gt; here is like, I don't know 15&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:13:28&quot;&gt; years ago or so, when I made the slide&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:13:31&quot;&gt; so it was in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:13:34&quot;&gt; dollars of 15 years ago, it was about 10&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:13:37&quot;&gt; million dollars a year, or about 100&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:13:40&quot;&gt; million to 120 million for the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:13:43&quot;&gt; for the 10 years. And PARC had four Labs&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:13:46&quot;&gt; so there was System Science, Computer Science,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:13:49&quot;&gt; Optical science and Physical science.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:13:52&quot;&gt; So this is the total budget of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:13:55&quot;&gt; Park. And when I&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:13:58&quot;&gt; first did this slide of, 15&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:14:1&quot;&gt; years years ago or so, the return was about $35&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:14:4&quot;&gt; trillion dollars to the world. Now&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:14:7&quot;&gt; I think it's up past 50 trillion&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:14:10&quot;&gt; or so and, to get back to the question&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:14:13&quot;&gt; is uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:14:16&quot;&gt; oh and this is an important idea, that the thing that confused&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:14:19&quot;&gt; people and Confused Xerox was, if you can&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:14:22&quot;&gt;these eight and a half inventions you see in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:14:25&quot;&gt; in Industry, it is the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:14:28&quot;&gt; basis of one of the main&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:14:31&quot;&gt; large Industries that we have&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:14:34&quot;&gt;today.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:14:37&quot;&gt; Now what about return to PARC. Well, PARC&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:14:40&quot;&gt; missed, I mean Xerox missed most of these.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:14:43&quot;&gt; But it doesn't matter because the return&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:14:46&quot;&gt; on the laser printer all by itself&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:14:49&quot;&gt; was about a factor of 200&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:14:52&quot;&gt; on the entire investment for park over the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:14:55&quot;&gt;entire 10 years. So&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:14:58&quot;&gt; Xerox made billions and billions just&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:15:1&quot;&gt; from this one thing. They missed the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:15:4&quot;&gt; trillions but&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:15:7&quot;&gt; if you look at it from a positive direction,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:15:10&quot;&gt; thank goodness they were willing to fund&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:15:13&quot;&gt; people that no business person in their right mind would&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:15:16&quot;&gt; fund. So we got what we&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:15:19&quot;&gt;got. Now,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:15:22&quot;&gt; the real story here is that back in the 40s&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:15:25&quot;&gt; the Cold War started with the Russian A&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:15:28&quot;&gt; bomb, after World War II, and that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:15:31&quot;&gt; gave rise to a bunch&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:15:34&quot;&gt; of DOD funding, which included Whirlwind&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:15:37&quot;&gt; which we'll talk about in a minute, the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:15:40&quot;&gt; SAGE air defense system.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:15:43&quot;&gt; We'll talk about in a minute, and then in 57 Sputnik&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:15:46&quot;&gt; came along and that created ARPA.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:15:49&quot;&gt; We'll talk about that in a minute. And here are some&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:15:52&quot;&gt;the things that ARPA did&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:15:55&quot;&gt; up to the time when the Vietnam War and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:15:58&quot;&gt; Congress decided to kill ARPA funding&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:16:1&quot;&gt; for public domain&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:16:4&quot;&gt; Computing. You can look at these yourself.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:16:7&quot;&gt; Things like personal Computing,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:16:10&quot;&gt; computer Graphics,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:16:13&quot;&gt; packet switching. That handsome guy in the patch packing&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:16:16&quot;&gt; switching thing on the the right is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:16:19&quot;&gt; none other than Len&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:16:22&quot;&gt;Kleinrock. Looking very confident as we all were&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:16:25&quot;&gt; back then. That led to the ARPANET,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:16:28&quot;&gt; and that led to the Internet,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:16:31&quot;&gt; and… The first tablet that was areally&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:16:34&quot;&gt; good one, that was done back in 1964, and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:16:37&quot;&gt; then there was the Engelbart system and so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:16:40&quot;&gt; forth. So PARC was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:16:43&quot;&gt; actually set up&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:16:46&quot;&gt; because one of the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:16:49&quot;&gt; Deputy directors of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:16:52&quot;&gt; ARPA&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:16:55&quot;&gt; IPTO feared that this work was not&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:16:58&quot;&gt; going to be continued to some kind of fruition.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:17:1&quot;&gt;So he started looking around and it happened that Xerox&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:17:4&quot;&gt; was looking around for a long range research&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:17:7&quot;&gt; lab, and they got together and the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:17:10&quot;&gt; the lab was put as far away from corporate&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:17:13&quot;&gt; headquarters as possible.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:17:16&quot;&gt; Next to a university so it's either going to be Berkeley&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:17:19&quot;&gt; or Stanford. They put it next to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:17:22&quot;&gt; Stanford.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:17:25&quot;&gt; Park completely thought of itself as&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:17:28&quot;&gt; being part of the ARPA Community. Almost every computer&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:17:31&quot;&gt; researcher there had been a graduate&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:17:34&quot;&gt; student at and had their degrees&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:17:37&quot;&gt; paid for by ARPA and so forth. So I never&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:17:40&quot;&gt; talk about PARC without bringing in this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:17:43&quot;&gt;larger context. And in fact&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:17:46&quot;&gt; it the larger context was the reason that PARC&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:17:49&quot;&gt; was able to do so many things&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:17:52&quot;&gt; with so few researchers. There was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:17:55&quot;&gt; all of this prior art available&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:17:58&quot;&gt; in the research community, and the research&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:18:1&quot;&gt; community also taught the grad students how to work&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:18:4&quot;&gt; together. I'll talk about that in a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:18:7&quot;&gt;minute.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:18:10&quot;&gt; Okay here's feedback from&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:18:13&quot;&gt;world pushback. Look at some&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:18:16&quot;&gt;of these numbers&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:18:19&quot;&gt; are dismally low. Like here are the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:18:22&quot;&gt;heartbreakers. On the other hand 100%&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:18:25&quot;&gt; of the internet, 100% of the Ethernet,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:18:28&quot;&gt; 100% of the laser printer, outline&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:18:31&quot;&gt; fonts. Peer-peer and all that stuff were accepted&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:18:34&quot;&gt; and this is in large part because there weren't&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:18:37&quot;&gt; good solutions already out&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:18:40&quot;&gt;there. The&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:18:43&quot;&gt; 50% on the pop modern personal computer&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:18:46&quot;&gt; is because the people who adapted&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:18:49&quot;&gt; this to the commercial World&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:18:52&quot;&gt; basically adapted it&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:18:55&quot;&gt; in its appearances. They didn't&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:18:58&quot;&gt;look any deeper.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:19:1&quot;&gt; Most of the hackers in the 80s thought they knew&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:19:4&quot;&gt; how to program so their interest in doing&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:19:7&quot;&gt; really new ways of programming was very low. So the least accepted&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:19:10&quot;&gt; thing was the way we did successful&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:19:13&quot;&gt; software at PARC.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:19:16&quot;&gt; Some of the deepest&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:19:19&quot;&gt; ideas uh that our field has ever come up with&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:19:22&quot;&gt; were done by Engelbart and his group&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:19:25&quot;&gt; and almost none of those have even&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:19:28&quot;&gt; be understood. And you know if I were there and person,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:19:31&quot;&gt; what I always do is ask students&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:19:34&quot;&gt; what Engelbart did, and they usually can't tell me.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:19:37&quot;&gt; And it's hard to find a student…&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:19:40&quot;&gt; In fact let's do it right now, just for the hell&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:19:43&quot;&gt; of it. Okay students&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:19:46&quot;&gt; can you hear me? Raise your&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:19:49&quot;&gt;hand?&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:19:52&quot;&gt;Okay. Let's see,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:19:55&quot;&gt; what do I want here?…&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:19:58&quot;&gt; Yes; so… Students&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:20:1&quot;&gt; please tell me anybody who's T&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:20:4&quot;&gt; typed “E N G E L B A&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:20:7&quot;&gt; R T” into Google.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:20:10&quot;&gt; Raise your&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:20:13&quot;&gt;hand.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:20:16&quot;&gt; [TA's answers]– I think one hand is Professor Kleinrock. [Alan Kay] Well&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:20:19&quot;&gt; of course. Okay so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:20:22&quot;&gt; this is basically being in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:20:25&quot;&gt; in physics, being&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:20:28&quot;&gt; a physics major, and not being curious about&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:20:34&quot;&gt;Newton. So this is not an&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:20:40&quot;&gt;exaggeration. Think about it.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:20:43&quot;&gt;And you know if you want some bitching from an old&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:20:46&quot;&gt; fart, a lot of us back in the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:20:49&quot;&gt; old days put out a lot of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:20:52&quot;&gt; effort, including Len in the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:20:55&quot;&gt; room, to get you guys personal&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:20:58&quot;&gt; computers, which you have with you.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:21:1&quot;&gt; And to get you guys networks that can connect&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:21:4&quot;&gt; to things, and to get you so you can be&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:21:7&quot;&gt; just a few characters and a mouse push&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:21:10&quot;&gt; away from satisfying your curiosity&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:21:13&quot;&gt; about the heroes of your own profession.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:21:16&quot;&gt; Think about that and none of you have done&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:21:19&quot;&gt; that. What do you think about&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:21:25&quot;&gt;that? Okay&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:21:28&quot;&gt; so let's now go quickly back again.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:21:31&quot;&gt; Russian A-bomb…&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:21:40&quot;&gt;Here's Whirlwind. So&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:21:43&quot;&gt; this is just a few racks of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:21:46&quot;&gt; Whirlwind. At MIT. Was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:21:49&quot;&gt; actually just a 16bit&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:21:52&quot;&gt; bit parallel real-time mini computer&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:21:55&quot;&gt; but took this amount of space. Had about 5,000 vacuum&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:21:58&quot;&gt; tubes. And the memory&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:22:1&quot;&gt; devices back around 1950&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:22:4&quot;&gt; were so bad for storage,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:22:7&quot;&gt; for RAM that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:22:10&quot;&gt; it forced uh one of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:22:13&quot;&gt; the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:22:16&quot;&gt; the guy in the middle there&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:22:19&quot;&gt; Jay Forrester to invent core memory&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:22:22&quot;&gt; which was the technology that let computers&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:22:25&quot;&gt; uh go commercial for the first&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:22:28&quot;&gt; time. And the guy to his&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:22:31&quot;&gt; uh let's see, to his left the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:22:34&quot;&gt; guy who's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:22:37&quot;&gt; standing behind them in the middle of the picture&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:22:40&quot;&gt; there Jay&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:22:43&quot;&gt; Everett&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:22:58&quot;&gt;Whoops! Oh now it's not letting me…&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:23:1&quot;&gt;I hate Zoom&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:23:7&quot;&gt;okay&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:23:10&quot;&gt; Sorry&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:23:13&quot;&gt; Also with this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:23:16&quot;&gt; was uh one of the earliest displays&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:23:19&quot;&gt; and Everett had&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:23:22&quot;&gt; had&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:23:28&quot;&gt;actually…&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:23:37&quot;&gt;sorry. Everett had&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:23:40&quot;&gt; actually invented a way to point at the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:23:43&quot;&gt; screen, and this is the as far as&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:23:46&quot;&gt;the first time there was computer&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:23:49&quot;&gt; graphics with a pointing&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:23:52&quot;&gt; device. And they did this because&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:23:55&quot;&gt; the Cold War changed their original&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:23:58&quot;&gt; theory about what they were doing which was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:24:1&quot;&gt; to make flight simulators&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:24:4&quot;&gt; and they were starting to lose their funding for&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:24:7&quot;&gt; that but the atomic bomb&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:24:10&quot;&gt; of the Russians got the military&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:24:13&quot;&gt; interested in whether you could hook a computer&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:24:16&quot;&gt; up to radar and track it. And they were&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:24:19&quot;&gt; the first to do this and that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:24:22&quot;&gt;hey built back then morphed its way into the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:24:25&quot;&gt; worldwide airplane&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:24:28&quot;&gt; tracking system that we use today.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:24:31&quot;&gt; Then the second phase of Whirlwind&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:24:34&quot;&gt; was to go&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:24:37&quot;&gt; all out and see if we could&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:24:40&quot;&gt; track Russian bombers&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:24:43&quot;&gt; before they could get to us.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:24:46&quot;&gt; And so they built these monstrous&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:24:49&quot;&gt; block houses out of concrete.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:24:52&quot;&gt; This is about the size they&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:24:55&quot;&gt; were. Bottom floor there is just the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:24:58&quot;&gt;power supply. The second second floor here&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;note for=&quot;0:25:1&quot;&gt;<br /> The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AN/FSQ-7_Combat_Direction_Central AN/FSQ-7 Combat Direction Central], referred to as the Q7 for short, was a computerized air defence command and control system.&lt;/note&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:25:1&quot;&gt; are two really big Q7&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:25:4&quot;&gt; computers with maybe 55,000&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:25:7&quot;&gt; vacuum tubes hanged&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:25:10&quot;&gt; together, uh they're really something&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:25:13&quot;&gt;to walk around in.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:25:16&quot;&gt; Here's a block house. So&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:25:19&quot;&gt; 24 of these were built in the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:25:22&quot;&gt;US. Then up on the top&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:25:25&quot;&gt; floor were 100 to about&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:25:28&quot;&gt; 150 graphic terminals&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:25:31&quot;&gt; with pointing devices for dealing with various&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:25:34&quot;&gt;of information; and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:25:37&quot;&gt; here's what one row of them look&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:25:40&quot;&gt;like. So there are zillions&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:25:43&quot;&gt; of them, and this is about maybe 1956&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:25:46&quot;&gt; 57 now.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:25:52&quot;&gt; And… they had a network! Wasn't&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:25:55&quot;&gt; a great Network. It wasn't a packet switching&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:25:58&quot;&gt; network but they' gotten used to the idea&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:26:1&quot;&gt; that if you're going to build computers and have people&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:26:4&quot;&gt;work together you better have a network and some&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:26:7&quot;&gt; way of doing that. So this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:26:10&quot;&gt; crowning glory was just coming to fruition&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:26:13&quot;&gt; when the Russians decided, oh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:26:16&quot;&gt; well let's just shoot some&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:26:19&quot;&gt;Rockets to show The Americans that we don't need to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;note for=&quot;0:26:22&quot;&gt;<br /> Intercontinental ballistic missile[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercontinental_ballistic_missile].&lt;/note&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:26:22&quot;&gt; deliver bombs by a bomber. We can&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:26:25&quot;&gt; make ICBMs.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:26:28&quot;&gt; So this shocked the nation and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:26:31&quot;&gt; Congress and they set up ARPA:&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:26:34&quot;&gt; Advanced Research Projects Agency.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:26:37&quot;&gt; The director uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:26:40&quot;&gt; in the early 60s was Jack&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:26:42&quot;&gt; Ruina, and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:26:45&quot;&gt; he decided to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:26:48&quot;&gt; uh, give this guy uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:26:51&quot;&gt; Jacob Licklider known as Lick,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:26:54&quot;&gt; some leftover money they had which&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:26:57&quot;&gt;by DoD standards wasn't a lot but by computer computer&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:27:0&quot;&gt; standards it was millions.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:27:3&quot;&gt; And they they gave it to him because they liked him, and you'll&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:27:6&quot;&gt; you'll get an idea about this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:27:9&quot;&gt; soon. So here are the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:27:12&quot;&gt; 1960s directors of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:27:15&quot;&gt; ARPA. Not a military person among them these were all&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:27:18&quot;&gt; PhD&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:27:21&quot;&gt;scientists. And the four ARPA&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:27:24&quot;&gt; computer research directors were all&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:27:27&quot;&gt; scientists. And this is because&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:27:30&quot;&gt; the powers that set this up&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:27:33&quot;&gt; realized that having something like the military&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:27:36&quot;&gt; and something like congress,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:27:39&quot;&gt; with a dire threat&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:27:42&quot;&gt;that they were trying to deal with, would just botch things up.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:27:45&quot;&gt; Still true today.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:27:48&quot;&gt; So… but&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:27:51&quot;&gt; of course Congress ultimately control&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:27:54&quot;&gt; the budget, but they didn't have&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:27:57&quot;&gt; much power because the Americans were&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:28:0&quot;&gt; frightened of the Russians&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:28:3&quot;&gt; and, so they weren't&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:28:6&quot;&gt; going to curtail military spending.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:28:9&quot;&gt; But people in Congress would say&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:28:12&quot;&gt; these words that everybody has heard still today:&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:28:15&quot;&gt; “How is this relevant? Tell me why this work that you're doing is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:28:18&quot;&gt; relevant to the Department of Defense”, and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:28:21&quot;&gt; they would get push back from these&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:28:24&quot;&gt; scientist. Jack would say “That's not the right&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:28:27&quot;&gt; question to ask”. Bob Sproull Sr. would say the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:28:30&quot;&gt; right question to ask is “How is this going to help the United&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:28:33&quot;&gt; States, or this technology, or our society or our&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:28:36&quot;&gt; culture generally?”. Holy shit!&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:28:39&quot;&gt; Bob Taylor's remark&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:28:42&quot;&gt; was “They would stand up to these guys,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:28:45&quot;&gt; and in a polite civilized way attack their&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:28:48&quot;&gt; myopia because these ARPA directors were scientific&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:28:51&quot;&gt; statesmen”.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:28:54&quot;&gt; And Bob reflects we've had too few of those people&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:28:57&quot;&gt; in the job since then.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:29:0&quot;&gt;And around 1966&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:29:3&quot;&gt; Charlie Herzfield asked Bob “What&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:29:6&quot;&gt; what do you want?”. And Bob said “This network&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:29:9&quot;&gt; is what I want to do and here's why”.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:29:12&quot;&gt; And Charlie said&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:29:15&quot;&gt; “Okay”. And, Bob's recollection, that was a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:29:18&quot;&gt;15 minute conversation.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:29:21&quot;&gt; Charlie asked “How much money do you need?”, and Bob said “well a million&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:29:24&quot;&gt; dollars”. it's like seven or eight billion seven or eight&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:29:27&quot;&gt; million dollars today, just to get it organized.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:29:30&quot;&gt; And Herzfeld said&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:29:33&quot;&gt; “okay” and Bob's recollection was that there was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:29:36&quot;&gt; no actual ARPA paperwork order written or anything&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:29:39&quot;&gt; for months maybe even a year.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:29:42&quot;&gt; These people all trusted each other and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:29:45&quot;&gt; did a lot of things very quickly this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:29:48&quot;&gt; way. Now a key idea here if you can see&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:29:51&quot;&gt; him, is that Bob&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:29:54&quot;&gt; Taylor uh after&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:29:57&quot;&gt; ARPA went on to be the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:30:0&quot;&gt; founder uh of the computer science&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:30:3&quot;&gt; research at Xerox PARC. So he was the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:30:6&quot;&gt; connection as, of course, the computer science&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:30:9&quot;&gt; research PARC…, at PARC, was set up like&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:30:12&quot;&gt; the computer science research of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:30:15&quot;&gt; ARPA. And so when we look at&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:30:18&quot;&gt; this, we want to see:&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:30:21&quot;&gt; What, what did these people, way back then,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:30:24&quot;&gt; think about this? We have all&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:30:27&quot;&gt; these questions that we can't answer all of them today.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:30:30&quot;&gt; We can look at the first couple there. And we can get a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:30:33&quot;&gt; couple of samples of what they were saying.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:30:36&quot;&gt; so Vannevar&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:30:39&quot;&gt; Bush, uh pronounced the way&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:30:42&quot;&gt; Beaver is pronounced in New England: “beava”&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:30:45&quot;&gt; “Vanneeva”. Bush, who is president&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:30:48&quot;&gt; Roosevelt science advisor, said&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:30:51&quot;&gt; in the 40s holy new forms of encyclopedias&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:30:54&quot;&gt; will appear. Ready-made with a mesh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:30:57&quot;&gt; of associative trails running through them, ready to be&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:31:0&quot;&gt; dropped into the Memex, and there amplified”. So&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:31:3&quot;&gt; that got a lot of people&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:31:6&quot;&gt;thinking. Licklider said in a few years&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:31:9&quot;&gt;the combination of humans and computers will think as no&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:31:12&quot;&gt; humans have ever thought&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:31:15&quot;&gt; before. John McCarthy looked at&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:31:18&quot;&gt; the SAGE system and said every home will have one&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:31:21&quot;&gt;and with an intelligent interface. Because&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:31:24&quot;&gt; he thought… way…, McCarthy thought about it is: Well this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:31:27&quot;&gt; is just like, uh getting gas and water,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:31:30&quot;&gt; and electric power, and so forth into a house.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:31:33&quot;&gt; It's a utility so every house&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:31:36&quot;&gt; will have a uh a terminal connected to a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:31:39&quot;&gt; worldwide utility. That was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:31:42&quot;&gt; 1958. That affected the work at MIT&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:31:45&quot;&gt; by uh Corby: Fernando&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:31:48&quot;&gt; Corbató. Ivan Sutherland,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:31:51&quot;&gt; the inventor of computer graphics said “A graphic input&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:31:54&quot;&gt; coupled to some kind of computation which&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:31:57&quot;&gt; is in turn coupled to a graphical output is a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:32:0&quot;&gt; truly powerful tool for education and design”.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:32:3&quot;&gt;And Engelbart here said “We can boost Mankind's capability&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:32:6&quot;&gt; for coping with complex urgent problems&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:32:9&quot;&gt; by augmenting the collective IQ&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:32:12&quot;&gt; of groups”. Not just augmenting people&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:32:15&quot;&gt; but augmenting&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:32:18&quot;&gt;groups.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:32:21&quot;&gt; And I'm going to more concentrate more&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:32:24&quot;&gt; on these two, but we'll get a look at a bit.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:32:27&quot;&gt; Okay, so what what with these guys&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:32:30&quot;&gt; [were] looking for as far as people. Lick was just&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:32:33&quot;&gt; looking for the best people, Ivan was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:32:36&quot;&gt; looking for people uh who could “choose their own problems and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:32:39&quot;&gt; methods”, Taylor &lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:32:42&quot;&gt; thought his job was to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:32:45&quot;&gt; fix up the social environment “so that when the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:32:48&quot;&gt; lone Wolves scientists need to cooperate&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:32:51&quot;&gt; they will”. And&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:32:54&quot;&gt; Larry uh said,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:32:57&quot;&gt; everybody understood the game&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:33:0&quot;&gt; here which was ARPA&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:33:3&quot;&gt; IPTO was allowed to help the country as long as it was helping&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:33:6&quot;&gt; the military. And so what&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:33:9&quot;&gt; kind of people were they looking for? —This man right here is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:33:12&quot;&gt;my great-grandfather he's the first cat herder in our&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:33:18&quot;&gt;family. —Don't let anybody tell you it's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:33:21&quot;&gt; easy. —Anybody can hurt cattle&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:33:24&quot;&gt; holding together 10, half wild SS&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:33:27&quot;&gt; that's another thing all together&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:33:30&quot;&gt;well you get you get the idea&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:33:33&quot;&gt; and so the real question here is what if only cats can do this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:33:36&quot;&gt; stuff and adults don't&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:33:39&quot;&gt; get it adults are into command and control&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:33:42&quot;&gt; and command and control doesn't work with cats&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:33:45&quot;&gt; have a jar fill all the names of the toys we have&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:33:48&quot;&gt; sitting right next to us and we're going to take the jar one by&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:33:51&quot;&gt; one open up these toys all right would you like to go first&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:33:54&quot;&gt; piing something from the jar yes all right&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:33:57&quot;&gt; now it's on a spring I like&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:34:0&quot;&gt;all&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:34:3&quot;&gt; it's inside this box right here&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:34:6&quot;&gt;there's this little mouse on a spring is go up and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:34:9&quot;&gt; down and cats are going to try to catch it all righty our cats&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:34:12&quot;&gt;like having mouses but they keep on tearing them apart CU&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:34:15&quot;&gt; they're kind of vicious so got another one&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:34:18&quot;&gt; okay and this is the toy&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:34:24&quot;&gt;mouse what is this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:34:27&quot;&gt; what is this mysterious&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:34:33&quot;&gt;George I think you get&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:34:36&quot;&gt; it gotta have some feel for what cats&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:34:39&quot;&gt; want so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:34:42&quot;&gt; lick pointed out right at&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:34:45&quot;&gt; the beginning that great Visions are not the same as&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:34:48&quot;&gt; goals but they are the ultimate cat&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:34:51&quot;&gt;oy so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:34:54&quot;&gt; he stuck to this Vision which is not&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:34:57&quot;&gt; phrased as a goal he said computers are destined&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:35:0&quot;&gt; to become interactive intellectual&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:35:3&quot;&gt; amplifiers for everyone universally networked&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:35:6&quot;&gt; worldwide he did not know&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:35:9&quot;&gt; what this meant and in fact he was a psychologist&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:35:12&quot;&gt; not a what we call a card carrying&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:35:15&quot;&gt; engineer but he&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:35:18&quot;&gt; understood a lot&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:35:21&quot;&gt; that if you hide if you take this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:35:24&quot;&gt; vision and stick it behind the mountain&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:35:27&quot;&gt; range it sends out magnet field which is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:35:30&quot;&gt; Marvin Minsky like to point out if you don't&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:35:33&quot;&gt; know what to do get lots of people to do lots of things&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:35:36&quot;&gt; that's what lick was doing&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:35:39&quot;&gt; and so the number one principle here of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:35:42&quot;&gt; doing anything like this where you are going to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:35:45&quot;&gt; get have the possibility of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:35:48&quot;&gt; really large new things is the goodness&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:35:51&quot;&gt; of the results correlates most strongly with the goodness of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:35:54&quot;&gt; the funders that is my&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:35:57&quot;&gt; reflection uh for from the past&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:36:0&quot;&gt; because every era has really&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:36:3&quot;&gt; smart people I've never&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:36:6&quot;&gt; been in an era that didn't have people as smart as the people I&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:36:9&quot;&gt; worked with back then but the funders&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:36:12&quot;&gt; have were wonderful in the 60s&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:36:15&quot;&gt; and uh 70s and they've been&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:36:18&quot;&gt; uh ever more terrible ever&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:36:21&quot;&gt;since&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:36:24&quot;&gt; and so two of the main things that came&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:36:27&quot;&gt; out of this was human humans and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:36:30&quot;&gt; computers working together as an idea and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:36:33&quot;&gt; then this larger idea of augmenting human intellect&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:36:36&quot;&gt; in general so I'll just go through these quickly&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:36:39&quot;&gt;million of them they're in one of the papers I handed&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:36:42&quot;&gt; out but basically go against&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:36:45&quot;&gt; conventional wisdom do Visions&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:36:48&quot;&gt; not goals let&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:36:51&quot;&gt; somebody else do the goals fun problem finding&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:36:54&quot;&gt; not just problem solving this is a key&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:36:57&quot;&gt; one because a problem&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:37:0&quot;&gt; is often too rooted in the uh context&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:37:3&quot;&gt;he present&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:37:6&quot;&gt; and so if you're just doing that which is kind of what's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:37:9&quot;&gt; going on this is what NSF likes to fund&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:37:12&quot;&gt; problems that peer reviewers can understand in the present&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:37:15&quot;&gt; and most most of them uh don't make&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:37:18&quot;&gt; big contributions&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:37:21&quot;&gt; problem finding on the other hand is difficult for&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:37:24&quot;&gt; everybody but it gives you a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:37:27&quot;&gt; chance fun people not&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:37:30&quot;&gt; projects so in other words don't&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:37:33&quot;&gt;worry you know if you've got some crazy guy who's really&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:37:36&quot;&gt; good or girl who's really good&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:37:39&quot;&gt; don't worry about what they want to do&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:37:42&quot;&gt; give them some money and see what happens&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:37:45&quot;&gt; uh corollary fund of very best people&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:37:48&quot;&gt; I don't think that's being done&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:37:51&quot;&gt; today and an important part of the research&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:37:54&quot;&gt; results are new and better researchers&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:37:57&quot;&gt; and in in a sense&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:38:0&quot;&gt; NSF is paying for some of this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:38:3&quot;&gt; but I don't think a lot of research is being done I think&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:38:6&quot;&gt; it's mostly engineering so what I think is what&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:38:9&quot;&gt; NSF is paying for are new and better&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:38:12&quot;&gt; uh uh practical&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:38:15&quot;&gt;engineers and what we need is new and better&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:38:18&quot;&gt; researchers really Advance something very important&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:38:21&quot;&gt; well that's controversial because it probably&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:38:24&quot;&gt; uh is something&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:38:27&quot;&gt; new and here's a key one design&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:38:30&quot;&gt;build in the future and bring back to the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:38:33&quot;&gt; present and one that costs a lot of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:38:36&quot;&gt; money was make enough of the inventions&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:38:39&quot;&gt; and in a practical enough manner so that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:38:42&quot;&gt; many people can use them in other words live&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:38:45&quot;&gt; in your own uh your own mess that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:38:48&quot;&gt;you've made then Milestones&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:38:51&quot;&gt; not deadlines&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:38:54&quot;&gt;one&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:38:57&quot;&gt; okay so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:0&quot;&gt; here are five things that of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:3&quot;&gt; many things that people&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:6&quot;&gt; are in the indidual individual stars there are&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:9&quot;&gt; people get interested in Aesthetics&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:12&quot;&gt; or they prefer to Tinker they prefer to do&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:15&quot;&gt; engineering but the problem is The Sweet&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:18&quot;&gt; Spot in the center&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:21&quot;&gt; is something we have to get to because as Marvin says&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:22&quot;&gt; you don't understand&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:24&quot;&gt; something if you only understand it one way&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:27&quot;&gt; this is a key phrase for the 20&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:30&quot;&gt; 20th and 21st centuries&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:33&quot;&gt; and so no matter what&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:36&quot;&gt; your favorite one of these is you have to get fluent&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:39&quot;&gt; in all of them and this is a not&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:42&quot;&gt;he way universities are set up not the way companies&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:45&quot;&gt; are set up but you got to do it&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:48&quot;&gt; the best people I know all are in the center&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:51&quot;&gt; here and then there's a question about&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:54&quot;&gt; regarding Computing is is could there actually&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:57&quot;&gt; be a science of computing they&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:40:0&quot;&gt; are artificial objects after all&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:40:3&quot;&gt; we're not looking at molecules so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:40:6&quot;&gt; forth we're looking at constructed&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:40:9&quot;&gt; things and what does that mean as a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:40:12&quot;&gt;science&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:40:15&quot;&gt; so go back into the 50s&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:40:18&quot;&gt; again we've got&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:40:21&quot;&gt; phenomena we can see these artifacts they've got&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:40:24&quot;&gt; wires and vacuum tubes and we can program them&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:40:27&quot;&gt; and we can make a high LEL language for them like Fortran&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:40:30&quot;&gt; and so forth and that isn't really&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:40:33&quot;&gt; science what is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:40:36&quot;&gt;cience well I've&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:40:39&quot;&gt; got this cryptic phrase here scientists try to find&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:40:42&quot;&gt; fireflies and make&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:40:45&quot;&gt;t-shirts what does that mean&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:40:48&quot;&gt; it means that behind the stuff&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:40:51&quot;&gt; that distracts us&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:40:54&quot;&gt; there are hidden&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:40:57&quot;&gt; deeper properties the properties&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:41:0&quot;&gt; might not even be in there explicitly but they're&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:41:3&quot;&gt; there what scientists do&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:41:6&quot;&gt; is good what I call good&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:41:9&quot;&gt; woooo which is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:41:12&quot;&gt; they let their brain relax to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:41:15&quot;&gt;point where they can start thinking beneath the surface of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:41:18&quot;&gt; things and here's one of the first computer&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:41:21&quot;&gt; scientists John McCarthy and he&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:41:24&quot;&gt; looked at this stuff in the 50s and decided to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:41:27&quot;&gt;t-shirt of it and the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:41:30&quot;&gt; t-shirt looks like&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:41:33&quot;&gt; this so it's kind of backwell&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:41:36&quot;&gt;equations of computing and what's interesting about&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:41:39&quot;&gt; it is that it doesn't look like&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:41:42&quot;&gt; uh the hardware and it doesn't look like the software it's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:41:45&quot;&gt; actually a mathematical&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:41:48&quot;&gt;formulation of what John thought the most important&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:41:51&quot;&gt; relationships were so I would call this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:41:54&quot;&gt;maxwellian then&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:41:57&quot;&gt;stronger stronger&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:42:0&quot;&gt; along the lines of Newton which is to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:42:3&quot;&gt; explain important ideas&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:42:6&quot;&gt; here about what was lying beneath&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:42:9&quot;&gt; the surface and why it was really useful&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:42:12&quot;&gt; to think of doing things in a particular&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:42:15&quot;&gt; way and the thing&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:42:18&quot;&gt; about math is it has to be consistent meaning&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:42:21&quot;&gt; neat but it doesn't have to be&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:42:24&quot;&gt; real and so this thing that John did was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:42:27&quot;&gt; not real but another hero&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:42:30&quot;&gt; of mine Steve Russell the guy who invented space war&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:42:33&quot;&gt; was at MIT and he looked at&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:42:36&quot;&gt; John's math and he said that's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:42:39&quot;&gt; a program if I implement it we'll have a running system&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:42:42&quot;&gt; and John McCarthy said well he did and we did&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:42:45&quot;&gt; and that was the birth of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:42:48&quot;&gt;lisp and here's the cool thing about Computing&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:42:51&quot;&gt; the theory can also be the model and the artifact&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:42:54&quot;&gt; and you can make it&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:42:57&quot;&gt; real but there are a lot of complaints about&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:43:0&quot;&gt; dealing with pure semantics is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:43:3&quot;&gt; too slow even after&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:43:6&quot;&gt; factor of a million or a billion&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:43:9&quot;&gt; of or more of more moris&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:43:12&quot;&gt; law still seems to be too slow&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:43:15&quot;&gt; on the other hand&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:43:18&quot;&gt; you can build a special machine for&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:43:21&quot;&gt;these semantics that don't fit on regular&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:43:24&quot;&gt;machines because remember&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:43:27&quot;&gt; our computer's only there to run programs so why not make&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:43:30&quot;&gt; a computer that will run the programs you want to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:43:33&quot;&gt; run and if you try to optimize too early&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:43:36&quot;&gt; like buying a computer before&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:43:39&quot;&gt; that isn't a supercomputer before you've done your&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:43:42&quot;&gt; research you're in trouble because now you're&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:43:45&quot;&gt; forced to deal with its problems rather than your&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:43:48&quot;&gt; own so this is the kind of process&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:43:51&quot;&gt; that the arpa community went&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:43:54&quot;&gt;hrough&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:43:57&quot;&gt; and this is a fun story but&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:44:0&quot;&gt; I want to bring up the fireflies again&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:44:3&quot;&gt; you can't replicate what John&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:44:6&quot;&gt;McCarthy did because the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:44:9&quot;&gt; times are different now but the fireflies&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:44:12&quot;&gt; in what he did are still there and they can still&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:44:15&quot;&gt;what to do&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:44:18&quot;&gt; okay here's uh Story&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:44:21&quot;&gt; number two 62&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:44:24&quot;&gt; years ago in 1962&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:44:27&quot;&gt; this is in the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:44:30&quot;&gt;uh Sage experimental&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:44:33&quot;&gt; uh test computer called the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:44:36&quot;&gt; tx2 it was one of the LA one one of these&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:44:39&quot;&gt; computers that was the building&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:44:42&quot;&gt; and right down at the end of one corner was this guy sitting&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:44:45&quot;&gt;of a oscilloscope&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:44:54&quot;&gt;screen and what was he doing&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:44:57&quot;&gt; well&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:45:0&quot;&gt;here's the light pen he was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:45:6&quot;&gt;and now this display&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:45:9&quot;&gt; doesn't isn't a line drawing display it just makes a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:45:12&quot;&gt; DOT so the there's a program&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:45:15&quot;&gt; making these lines now he tells sketchpad&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:45:18&quot;&gt; to make them all mutually perpendicular and you&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:45:21&quot;&gt; just saw it automatically&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:45:24&quot;&gt; uh clean up the drawing this is why it's called sketch pad because&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:45:27&quot;&gt; you can just draw roughly he may wants&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:45:30&quot;&gt; to make a hole in this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:45:33&quot;&gt;flange so he says here make&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:45:36&quot;&gt; these both uh uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:45:39&quot;&gt; parallel and perpendicular and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:45:42&quot;&gt; now the constraint is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:45:45&quot;&gt; make these lines I'm drawing to be collinear with the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:45:48&quot;&gt; guidelines below so this allows&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:45:51&quot;&gt; him to quickly draw a dotted&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:45:54&quot;&gt;line&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:45:57&quot;&gt; now he's going going to make the guidelines&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:46:0&quot;&gt; transparent we get a hole in the flange&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:46:3&quot;&gt;and notice this is the first system to have a clipping&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:46:6&quot;&gt; window is actually drawing on a canvas&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:46:9&quot;&gt; about a third of a mile on a side being windowed&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:46:15&quot;&gt;here he needs a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:46:18&quot;&gt;rivet&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:46:21&quot;&gt; so this is the rough shape of a rivet&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:46:24&quot;&gt; draws this because he wants this as&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:46:27&quot;&gt; a center for an AR AR for the top of the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:46:30&quot;&gt; rivet and now he says okay make&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:46:33&quot;&gt; all these lines I'm pointing to here&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:46:36&quot;&gt; make these mutually perpendicular&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:46:39&quot;&gt; and that will force the drawing into&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:46:42&quot;&gt; something like a rivet maybe he doesn't&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:46:51&quot;&gt;shape&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:46:54&quot;&gt; because he didn't constrain the size of the thing so here's another&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:46:57&quot;&gt;solution with that those starting&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:47:0&quot;&gt; conditions but he said decides he likes the one&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:47:9&quot;&gt;first now here's another cool idea Ivan&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:47:12&quot;&gt; suland did&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:47:15&quot;&gt; which was to have Masters and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:47:18&quot;&gt; instances so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:47:21&quot;&gt; this is not the rivet he drew&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:47:24&quot;&gt; this is an instance of the rivet he drew&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:47:27&quot;&gt; and the rotation and the scaling&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:47:30&quot;&gt; are done by knobs that he has on&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:47:36&quot;&gt;console okay&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:47:39&quot;&gt; and wants to show you&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:47:42&quot;&gt; he can make more instances and that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:47:45&quot;&gt; these instances can be different sizes and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:47:48&quot;&gt; says whoops I forgot&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:47:51&quot;&gt; I left the crossbow on there I should make these guys transparent&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:47:54&quot;&gt; so he goes to the master drawing and makes them&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:47:57&quot;&gt; transparent and lo and behold&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:48:0&quot;&gt; all of the instances uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:48:3&quot;&gt; obey so he gets rid of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:48:6&quot;&gt;the thing and he says okay&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:48:9&quot;&gt; make that construction I just did into a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:48:12&quot;&gt; master now I'm going to make instances&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:48:24&quot;&gt;master&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:48:36&quot;&gt;ight here's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:48:39&quot;&gt; instances of the master&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:48:42&quot;&gt; that he made of the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:48:54&quot;&gt;conglomerate&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:49:3&quot;&gt;yeah okay&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:49:6&quot;&gt; so here's a high resolution picture of Ivan&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:49:9&quot;&gt; at the console and he's doing a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:49:12&quot;&gt; something much more complicated which is to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:49:15&quot;&gt; draw in a bridge&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:49:18&quot;&gt; and uh unfortunately the movie&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:49:21&quot;&gt;for this has been lost it's probably somewhere in Ivan's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:49:24&quot;&gt; garage but uh for fun a couple of years ago&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:49:27&quot;&gt; we we uh did a an&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:49:30&quot;&gt; emulation of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:49:33&quot;&gt;it so here's a simple trust&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:49:36&quot;&gt; bridge and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:49:39&quot;&gt; we can connect things up and if we turn gravity&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:49:42&quot;&gt; on which is a constraint&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:49:45&quot;&gt; you see it's Computing all the stresses and the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:49:48&quot;&gt; strains on the bridge&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:49:51&quot;&gt; and it's continuously Computing so if we add in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:49:54&quot;&gt; another strut&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:49:57&quot;&gt; here guess what it ripples over the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:50:0&quot;&gt; entire bridge if we H hang a weight on&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:50:3&quot;&gt;it we can stress&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:50:9&quot;&gt;bridge and so the big idea here&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:50:12&quot;&gt; is it's not just about imitating&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:50:15&quot;&gt; drafting it's that we can&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:50:18&quot;&gt; simulate uh any kind&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:50:21&quot;&gt; of computer AED design drawing that we do&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:50:24&quot;&gt; or model and uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:50:27&quot;&gt; we get not just CAD but CAD&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:50:30&quot;&gt; Sim so this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:50:33&quot;&gt; is a huge huge idea&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:50:36&quot;&gt; that's still done extremely poorly today&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:50:39&quot;&gt; for most&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:50:42&quot;&gt;people so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:50:45&quot;&gt; interact this is Ivan's PhD&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:50:48&quot;&gt; thesis in 1962&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:50:51&quot;&gt; inventing interactive computer Graphics&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:50:54&quot;&gt; clipping window pointing iconic IQ objects&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:50:57&quot;&gt; Masters and instances we'd call that object&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:51:0&quot;&gt;first objectoriented&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:51:3&quot;&gt; programming system that I know of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:51:6&quot;&gt; lots of nice technical things in it automatic&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:51:9&quot;&gt; Dynamic simulations from&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:51:12&quot;&gt; designs and you programmed it not in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:51:15&quot;&gt; the standard uh programming&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:51:18&quot;&gt; languages but you programmed it in terms of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:51:21&quot;&gt; goals in terms of the constraints that you want&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:51:24&quot;&gt;and sketchpad had three problem solvers that would solve&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:51:27&quot;&gt; problems say you could see so I once&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:51:30&quot;&gt; asked Ian how could you do this in one year all by yourself&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:51:33&quot;&gt; and he said well I didn't know it was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:51:39&quot;&gt;hard check out the fireflies from this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:51:42&quot;&gt; one&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:51:45&quot;&gt; today think about what the fireflies&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:51:48&quot;&gt; from this one are okay and also in 1962 we&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:51:51&quot;&gt; had this guy who was kind of like Moses opening&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:51:54&quot;&gt;Sea&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:51:57&quot;&gt; he's really interested&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:52:0&quot;&gt; in saving the world and trying to make people&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:52:3&quot;&gt; better so they can save the world so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:52:6&quot;&gt; his idea in 62 was to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:52:9&quot;&gt; have a screen much he knew about sketch pad he wanted a screen&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:52:12&quot;&gt;larger than that he wanted to hang the light pen&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:52:15&quot;&gt; from a a gimbal so you're&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:52:18&quot;&gt; you could just pull it down to the table and use it like a pencil&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:52:21&quot;&gt; and not have the blood run out of your hand&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:52:24&quot;&gt; when you're using it and there's this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:52:27&quot;&gt; problem of that he thought about very&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:52:30&quot;&gt; deeply which was humans&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:52:33&quot;&gt;good Learners&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:52:36&quot;&gt; from using tools we&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:52:39&quot;&gt; have this pink brain we use tools&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:52:42&quot;&gt;brain kind of way&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:52:45&quot;&gt; so like a hammer we can use to hammer&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:52:48&quot;&gt; a nail into something but we can break something with a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:52:51&quot;&gt; hammer we can do a lot of things with a hammer&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:52:54&quot;&gt; and we kind of get a hammerness into&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:52:57&quot;&gt; our brain but we get very little&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:53:0&quot;&gt; wisdom about tools and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:53:3&quot;&gt; hammers in our brain and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:53:6&quot;&gt; we become a hammerer&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:53:9&quot;&gt; 100 thousand years later we might decide to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:53:12&quot;&gt; use nuclear weapons on a city that's a way&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:53:15&quot;&gt; of hammering them into&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:53:18&quot;&gt;submission so part of engelbert's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:53:21&quot;&gt; idea was if you're going to augment human&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:53:24&quot;&gt; intellect for crying out loud&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:53:27&quot;&gt; you must insert Education and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:53:30&quot;&gt; Training because what's happened is that the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:53:33&quot;&gt; powerful agencies have gone up in power by factors&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:53:36&quot;&gt; of millions and our brains&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:53:39&quot;&gt; haven't so you want the education&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:53:42&quot;&gt; to turn parts of our brain this nice&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:53:45&quot;&gt; bluish cast and perhaps give us&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:53:48&quot;&gt; a little more wisdom on using our tools and then&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:53:51&quot;&gt;a little safer using powerful methods and Powerful languages&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:53:54&quot;&gt; and so forth to do things&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:53:57&quot;&gt; so this is this five unit thing&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:54:0&quot;&gt;engelbart's idea of what you really had to do if you're&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:54:3&quot;&gt; going to do this thing and you had to do it not just&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:54:6&quot;&gt; for a person but people in groups so the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:54:9&quot;&gt;groups have to be&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:54:12&quot;&gt; organized pretty much the same way&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:54:15&quot;&gt; this allows to get enormous amounts of synergy&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:54:18&quot;&gt; between the individuals they can be&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:54:21&quot;&gt; the different stars on the diagram&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:54:24&quot;&gt; I just showed you cooperating together&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:54:30&quot;&gt;and four years later they&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:54:33&quot;&gt; did a first pass at this which was incredibly&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:54:36&quot;&gt;impressive it's called the mother of all demos&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:54:39&quot;&gt; and uh if you type e n g l&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:54:42&quot;&gt; b a r t into&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:54:45&quot;&gt; uh Google uh in the first page of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:54:48&quot;&gt;hits you'll find a reference to the movie of that demo&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:54:51&quot;&gt; you should see what they were able to do back&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:54:54&quot;&gt;little machine&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:54:57&quot;&gt; and you know when engelbart's name come up&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:55:0&quot;&gt; comes up and even in his obituaries&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:55:3&quot;&gt; the the only thing I could really talk about was the mouse&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:55:6&quot;&gt; and this really bug&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:55:9&quot;&gt; Doug said the mouse the mouse is just&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:55:12&quot;&gt; a dial on a car radio we invented a whole&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:55:15&quot;&gt;car they won't look at it&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:55:18&quot;&gt; you can get an idea of this there are about 70&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:55:21&quot;&gt; papers on the website devoted to him&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:55:24&quot;&gt; talking about these deep ideas as I&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:55:27&quot;&gt; me mentioned previously only about 30%&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:55:30&quot;&gt; of what engelbart was talking about&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:55:33&quot;&gt; got taken up uh in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:55:36&quot;&gt; Computing today so this is a big huge area&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:55:39&quot;&gt; that's got fir Plies everywhere and these are just&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:55:42&quot;&gt; three of the 17 or&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:55:45&quot;&gt; 18 uh principal invest&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:55:48&quot;&gt; investigators that arpa put together&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:55:51&quot;&gt; so these are the kind of people and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:55:54&quot;&gt; if we talk about cooperation and methods we've&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:55:57&quot;&gt; got to talk about the blind&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:56:0&quot;&gt; philosophers trying to figure out an elephant&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:56:3&quot;&gt; this is a classic thing and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:56:6&quot;&gt; they all have this flaw that I&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:56:9&quot;&gt;in the beginning that they think what's between their&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:56:12&quot;&gt; ears is uh not belief&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:56:15&quot;&gt; but reality so of course this leads to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:56:18&quot;&gt;war&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:56:21&quot;&gt; and after thousands of years the idea of compromise&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:56:24&quot;&gt; comes about but this does not&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:56:27&quot;&gt; need to a pretty picture of an elephant or a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:56:30&quot;&gt; way to make an elephant and in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:56:33&quot;&gt; fact this is my picture of the way Computing is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:56:36&quot;&gt; today practical Computing is just a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:56:39&quot;&gt; horrendous compromise&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:56:42&quot;&gt; almost none of it was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:56:45&quot;&gt;necessary&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:56:48&quot;&gt; now if you get scientific&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:56:51&quot;&gt; philosophers they've learned how to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:56:54&quot;&gt; cooperate in science works by looking at&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:56:57&quot;&gt;parts of things and looking&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:57:0&quot;&gt; at what other people have looked at other&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:57:3&quot;&gt; people looked at other parts of things&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:57:6&quot;&gt; and eventually coming to conclusions about the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:57:9&quot;&gt; whole so that's a really good&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:57:12&quot;&gt; idea but in fact science&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:57:15&quot;&gt; because our brains want to believe rather than think&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:57:18&quot;&gt; these can turn into something like a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:57:21&quot;&gt; religion and the reason uh we don't&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:57:24&quot;&gt; want to come up with blind belief&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:57:36&quot;&gt;there's always&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:57:39&quot;&gt;more there's always more and what&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:57:42&quot;&gt; it is is something that we can't&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:57:48&quot;&gt;imagine so when we give a a name&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:57:51&quot;&gt; to something we're hurting our&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:57:54&quot;&gt; belief in because we&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:57:57&quot;&gt; defined it it's a category now&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:58:0&quot;&gt; we've hurt our ability&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:58:3&quot;&gt; to think more about it because it already has a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:58:6&quot;&gt; set of properties it already is the thing that the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:58:12&quot;&gt;denotes and here's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:58:15&quot;&gt; a an ad I suggested to Apple&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:58:18&quot;&gt; many years ago uh for the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:58:21&quot;&gt; kind of people they wanted to have at Apple what kind should they be and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:58:24&quot;&gt; I suggest well do make a picture of something&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:58:27&quot;&gt; like this uh the right&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:58:30&quot;&gt;do with&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:58:33&quot;&gt; good P implies q and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:58:36&quot;&gt; the left hand the right brain has to be able to do good woow&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:58:42&quot;&gt;oo&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:58:45&quot;&gt; and what is good wool because&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:58:48&quot;&gt; uh the thing the thing to understand here let me just&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:58:51&quot;&gt;second here I think to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:58:54&quot;&gt; understand here is it was really hard to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:58:57&quot;&gt; invent good Plies Q&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:59:0&quot;&gt; was only invented a few thousand years ago but once we did&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:59:3&quot;&gt; it it turned out to be fairly easy for us to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:59:6&quot;&gt; do and humans&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:59:9&quot;&gt; are more or less born babies are born with good&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:59:12&quot;&gt; woooo uh and woooo&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:59:15&quot;&gt; in general and the problem&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:59:18&quot;&gt; is that most woooo is actually uh quite&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:59:21&quot;&gt; dangerous for the human mind so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:59:24&quot;&gt;to find good woowoo&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:59:27&quot;&gt; so here's one&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:59:30&quot;&gt;definition art is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:59:33&quot;&gt; a lie that tells the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:59:36&quot;&gt;truth&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:59:39&quot;&gt;and learn&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:59:42&quot;&gt; the rules like a pro that's the stuff you can do on the right&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:59:45&quot;&gt; hand side of the board so you can break them like artist&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:59:48&quot;&gt; like an artist on the leftand side of the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:59:51&quot;&gt; board you got to do both or else&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:59:54&quot;&gt;just bullshitting around&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:0:0&quot;&gt;and this is hard to do in school because as Marvin&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:0:3&quot;&gt; said school is the best thing ever invented to keep you from thinking&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:0:6&quot;&gt;about something important for more than a few&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:0:9&quot;&gt; minutes you have to ask that about where you are&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:0:12&quot;&gt; right now even though I'm a professor&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:0:15&quot;&gt; there and Len is a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:0:18&quot;&gt; professor uh schools have their own way about&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:0:21&quot;&gt; them like the fact&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:0:24&quot;&gt; this talk actually has a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:0:27&quot;&gt; uh designed end back at&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:0:30&quot;&gt; MIT they would just get Marvin talking and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:0:33&quot;&gt;out of steam in about six hours or so and everybody&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:0:36&quot;&gt;happy&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:0:39&quot;&gt; here's another genius huge&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:0:42&quot;&gt; influence on me he said institutional&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:0:45&quot;&gt; education seeks to make the strange familiar&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:0:48&quot;&gt; well that that sounds kind of reasonable&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:0:51&quot;&gt; yeah that's what we're you're paying them for&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:0:54&quot;&gt; things you don't understand you want to Now understand it but&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:0:57&quot;&gt; Jerry says the job of real education&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:1:0&quot;&gt; is to make the familiar strange again&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:1:3&quot;&gt; it's the stuff that we've that has&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:1:6&quot;&gt; come embedded into our belief system about&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:1:9&quot;&gt; normal that is keeping us&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:1:12&quot;&gt; being pedestrian&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:1:15&quot;&gt;thinking would you do if normal could seem strange&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:1:21&quot;&gt;normal you would have been able to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:1:24&quot;&gt; escape your present if you escape your present&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:1:27&quot;&gt; don't forget to use a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:1:30&quot;&gt;Lifeline how do we measure&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:1:33&quot;&gt; things well usually with graphs that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:1:36&quot;&gt; go from the left in the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:1:39&quot;&gt; past towards the future going towards&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:1:42&quot;&gt; the right and if something goes up&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:1:45&quot;&gt; we say a and if it goes down we say boo and so on and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:1:48&quot;&gt; so forth and if you think about this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:1:51&quot;&gt; graphs like this are complete&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:1:54&quot;&gt; and the reason is in order&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:1:57&quot;&gt;understand whether we should say yay or not&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:2:0&quot;&gt; we have to have a threshold and the threshold&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:2:6&quot;&gt;here like these could be uh reading&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:2:9&quot;&gt;scores for children and uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:2:12&quot;&gt; the children are never learning to read here&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:2:15&quot;&gt; they're getting better or worse&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:2:18&quot;&gt; at what they're not being able to do&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:2:21&quot;&gt; and so the key to make&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:2:24&quot;&gt;is to understand that both better and perfect are the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:2:27&quot;&gt; enemies of what is actually needed better is the tough one&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:2:30&quot;&gt;in engineering school because you get rewards for doing something&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:2:33&quot;&gt; better but what we're looking for here is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:2:36&quot;&gt; something new and to get something new we&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:2:39&quot;&gt; have to come up with the low the minimal&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:2:42&quot;&gt; idea that is just above the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:2:45&quot;&gt; threshold it's just into the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:2:48&quot;&gt;blue&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:2:51&quot;&gt; and we've once we've stepped into the blue we're actually in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:2:54&quot;&gt; a different way of thinking about things&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:2:57&quot;&gt; so this is you know like going from&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:3:0&quot;&gt; uh not having mathematics to mathematics&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:3:3&quot;&gt; or not going from not having writing to having&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:3:6&quot;&gt; writing or going from not having science&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:3:9&quot;&gt; to having science these are big&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:3:12&quot;&gt; things so you want to look for that star&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:3:15&quot;&gt;and the learning curve you might have to start off&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:3:18&quot;&gt; below where other people&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:3:21&quot;&gt; think you should be but the main thing is to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:3:24&quot;&gt;up there okay so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:3:27&quot;&gt; here's another example world's greatest&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:3:30&quot;&gt; hockey player made many many more goals&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:3:33&quot;&gt; than anybody and he was not a big&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:3:36&quot;&gt;uy&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:3:39&quot;&gt; uh had a couple of nice sayings he missed&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:3:42&quot;&gt; 100% of the shots you don't take people do&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:3:45&quot;&gt; that all the time you don't try enough&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:3:48&quot;&gt; and here's this big one a good hockey player goes to where the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:3:51&quot;&gt; puck is a great one goes to where&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:3:54&quot;&gt; the puck will be and he didn't mean calculating&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:3:57&quot;&gt; the trajectory of the puck he meant getting to a place&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:4:0&quot;&gt; where one of his teammates could pass&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:4:3&quot;&gt;do a quick shot on goal&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:4:6&quot;&gt; that was the Wayne gy game and we can play it in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:4:9&quot;&gt; technology so here's an example from my&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:4:12&quot;&gt; own career I had a woowoo intuition&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:4:15&quot;&gt; about children having their own&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:4:18&quot;&gt; portable tablet computers in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:4:21&quot;&gt; 1968 which was impossible&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:4:24&quot;&gt; back then but the second&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:4:27&quot;&gt; stage is can you find a favorable exponential&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:4:30&quot;&gt;Mo's law&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:4:33&quot;&gt; and this allows you to take this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:4:36&quot;&gt; intuition out 30 years&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:4:39&quot;&gt; and out 30 years in the future&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:4:42&quot;&gt;could say you can ask&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:4:45&quot;&gt; would it be ridiculous if we didn't have this and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:4:48&quot;&gt; 30 years that's 1995 the answer is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:4:51&quot;&gt; yeah it' be ridiculous if we didn't have tablet computers&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:4:54&quot;&gt; by 1995&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:4:57&quot;&gt;okay so you bring it bring the idea back to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:5:0&quot;&gt; the mid 80s can we do&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:5:3&quot;&gt; something by the mid 80s&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:5:6&quot;&gt; yes but&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:5:9&quot;&gt; software takes a long long time&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:5:12&quot;&gt; and we're in 1972 now so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:5:15&quot;&gt; what we need to do is to make a bunch of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:5:18&quot;&gt; flexible supercomputer time machines&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:5:21&quot;&gt; personal make a lot of them&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:5:24&quot;&gt; so the researchers can live and work in the future&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:5:27&quot;&gt; that is what we did at Park that dollar&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:5:30&quot;&gt; sign says More's law&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:5:33&quot;&gt; means that for most&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:5:36&quot;&gt; points in the future you can have&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:5:39&quot;&gt; them now if you're willing to spend a lot more&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:5:42&quot;&gt; money the commodity thing in the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:5:45&quot;&gt; future is the supercomputer of the present&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:5:48&quot;&gt;build the right kind of supercomputer in the present&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:5:51&quot;&gt; and you now have years to work on these really hard&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:5:54&quot;&gt; software ideas and that is where the star&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:5:57&quot;&gt; was at Park&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:6:0&quot;&gt; uh the dotted line there says you better&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:6:3&quot;&gt;do this really quickly or else you're going to get&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:6:6&quot;&gt; submerged into tool building&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:6:9&quot;&gt; you're going to be doing uh just computers and operating&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:6:12&quot;&gt; systems and you're not going to be doing what you're originally&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:6:15&quot;&gt; trying to do so you have to be have to be&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:6:18&quot;&gt; have a lot of chops to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:6:21&quot;&gt; do this and in fact the alto was done in a period of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:6:24&quot;&gt; about three and a half months by an AB absolute genius&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:6:27&quot;&gt; uh Chuck&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:6:30&quot;&gt;ther and once You' got this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:6:33&quot;&gt; you can start inventing the software of the future and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:6:36&quot;&gt; the supercomputer nature of it means&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:6:39&quot;&gt; something like user interface&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:6:42&quot;&gt; you can you don't&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:6:45&quot;&gt; have to optimize you can just&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:6:48&quot;&gt; uh do 10 experiments a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:6:51&quot;&gt; day for a week throw away your code&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:6:54&quot;&gt; don't even bother stay because uh you could put a higher level&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:6:57&quot;&gt; language on it you can do experiments you don't have to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:7:0&quot;&gt; optimize you need to find out what the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:7:3&quot;&gt; how the users respond to things and then&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:7:6&quot;&gt;right hand side uh if you're&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:7:9&quot;&gt; willing to optimize you can do software like is going to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:7:12&quot;&gt; exis in quantity in the 80s&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:7:15&quot;&gt; that happens to be uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:7:18&quot;&gt; the first version of Microsoft Word which was done at&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:7:21&quot;&gt; ZX park it made uh Microsoft&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:7:24&quot;&gt; many many billions of dollars when it was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:7:27&quot;&gt; released uh 15 years&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:7:30&quot;&gt; later right&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:7:33&quot;&gt; okay okay we're coming down to the end here&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:7:36&quot;&gt; so 1963 lick wrote a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:7:39&quot;&gt; memo members and Affiliates&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:7:42&quot;&gt; of The Intergalactic computer&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:7:45&quot;&gt;network they asked them why Intergalactic&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:7:48&quot;&gt; he said well Engineers always give you less than you're asking&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:7:51&quot;&gt; for so I want a worldwide Network so I'm going to ask&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:7:54&quot;&gt; for an Intergalactic one and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:7:57&quot;&gt; when they when they quit bitching and moaning and scale it down it's still going&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:8:0&quot;&gt; to be worldwide had&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:8:3&quot;&gt; this great line here if we succeed&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:8:6&quot;&gt;an Intergalactic Network then our main problem&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:8:9&quot;&gt; will be learning to communicate with&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:8:12&quot;&gt; aliens we'll look at that for in a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:8:15&quot;&gt;minute and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:8:18&quot;&gt; to this psychologist he said at this extreme&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:8:21&quot;&gt; the problem is essentially the one discussed by science&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:8:24&quot;&gt;fiction writers how do you get&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:8:27&quot;&gt; communication started among totally&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:8:30&quot;&gt; uncorrelated Sapient beings and he thought&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:8:33&quot;&gt; here of that scaling&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:8:36&quot;&gt; more or less destroys communication&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:8:39&quot;&gt; even amongst humans and scaling&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:8:42&quot;&gt; and technology is going to destroy Communications&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:8:45&quot;&gt; and so forth so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:8:48&quot;&gt; this is the this is what we need to think&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:8:51&quot;&gt; about and he and Bob Taylor wrote a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:8:54&quot;&gt; paper of which I've expanded on a little&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:8:57&quot;&gt; bit so the idea is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:9:0&quot;&gt; uh here's a human&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:9:3&quot;&gt; who's trying to say I'm come in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:9:6&quot;&gt; peace and the alien is saying uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:9:9&quot;&gt; maybe I should kill this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:9:12&quot;&gt;guy between two humans&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:9:15&quot;&gt; uh a description of something with a man and ho&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:9:18&quot;&gt; Hooves and a tail could be a horse for one&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:9:21&quot;&gt; guy and a zebra for&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:9:24&quot;&gt;another here's our multiple&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:9:27&quot;&gt; BL brains I talked about one part of my&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:9:30&quot;&gt; brain wants chocolate the other one realizes I should have an&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:9:33&quot;&gt; apple then we've got this new thing&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:9:36&quot;&gt; the computer&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:9:39&quot;&gt; what is what's on its mind not much&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:9:42&quot;&gt; and uh it doesn't understand what a horse is that's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:9:48&quot;&gt;ure so when we're talking&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:9:51&quot;&gt;else we might not be able to get together on what a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:9:54&quot;&gt; horse or a zebra is but we have a better&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:9:57&quot;&gt;hamburger worldwide so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:10:0&quot;&gt; shared context is what we're looking&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:10:3&quot;&gt; for and if we find a way and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:10:6&quot;&gt; what we do with language is to try and point&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:10:9&quot;&gt;what we think is the shared context between us&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:10:15&quot;&gt;person so if we look back at the theater here&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:10:18&quot;&gt; what is it what is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:10:21&quot;&gt; shared what the theater is for is to reflect&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:10:24&quot;&gt; the intelligence of the audience back to them you're not&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:10:27&quot;&gt; trying to teach them I'm not trying to teach&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:10:30&quot;&gt; you right now I'm trying to give you something&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:10:33&quot;&gt; that you can reflect your intelligence back&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:10:36&quot;&gt; on so the theater has to do&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:10:39&quot;&gt; most of the negotiations for the audience that's too&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:10:42&quot;&gt; bad but writing and reading are the same&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:10:45&quot;&gt; thing same idea&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:10:48&quot;&gt; and there's a huge difference between a good writer&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:10:51&quot;&gt; and a bad writer for these&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:10:54&quot;&gt;reasons so let's think of communication&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:10:57&quot;&gt; as an extension of the gesture&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:11:0&quot;&gt; so what could two different computers have in common&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:11:3&quot;&gt; well could be something like the dynamic messaging&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:11:6&quot;&gt; of real objectoriented&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:11:9&quot;&gt; programming could be something like what Linda&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:11:12&quot;&gt; did but with David gar her we&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:11:15&quot;&gt;still have the problem of real aliens but let's look&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:11:18&quot;&gt; at the problem with the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:11:21&quot;&gt; person people and computer what&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:11:24&quot;&gt; could they have in common&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:11:27&quot;&gt;and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:11:30&quot;&gt; so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:11:33&quot;&gt; what can we make that is going to beam the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:11:36&quot;&gt;audience's intelligence and knowledge back out&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:11:39&quot;&gt; them what should we put on the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:11:42&quot;&gt;stage&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:11:45&quot;&gt; and so the guoy is a representation of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:11:48&quot;&gt; what the computer is thinking about&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:11:51&quot;&gt; in a form that humans can uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:11:54&quot;&gt; understand the human can&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:11:57&quot;&gt; actually gesture at the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:12:0&quot;&gt;topic that he wants to talk&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:12:3&quot;&gt; about each window holds a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:12:6&quot;&gt; context and is a topic for conversation all the possible&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:12:9&quot;&gt; conversation are active no modes&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:12:12&quot;&gt; undoing is critical everywhere gesturing and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:12:15&quot;&gt; dragging and J Eng gauges the body&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:12:18&quot;&gt; brain pictures are more memorable than&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:12:21&quot;&gt; words so use those doing with images make&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:12:24&quot;&gt; symbols and this is kind of Jerome Bruner&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:12:27&quot;&gt; 101 this one is particularly&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:12:30&quot;&gt;important okay so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:12:33&quot;&gt; this is kind of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:12:36&quot;&gt;a summary&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:12:39&quot;&gt; of the way&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:12:42&quot;&gt; people were thinking back then&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:12:45&quot;&gt; and if you think about the park&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:12:48&quot;&gt; guey of all the things that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:12:51&quot;&gt; this research community did back then&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:12:54&quot;&gt; the thing that made the trillion ion dollar&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:12:57&quot;&gt; Industries was not just Mo's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:13:0&quot;&gt; law because&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:13:3&quot;&gt; there was nobody to sell Mo's law or&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:13:6&quot;&gt; even any reason to do Mo's law&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:13:9&quot;&gt; at the scale it which was done unless&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:13:12&quot;&gt; millions and billions of people could actually use this stuff and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:13:15&quot;&gt;reason millions and billions of people can use the stuff&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:13:18&quot;&gt; is because of the invention of the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:13:21&quot;&gt;guy&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:13:24&quot;&gt; okay so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:13:27&quot;&gt; I don't even know what time it is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:13:30&quot;&gt; but um I'm up to the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:13:33&quot;&gt; dot dot dot question about what my greatest&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:13:36&quot;&gt; aha Etc was and but I'm gonna pause&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:13:39&quot;&gt; here and just check in with&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:13:45&quot;&gt;Lenny&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:13:48&quot;&gt;hello um&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:13:51&quot;&gt; how long how long was that by the way uh we&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:13:54&quot;&gt; are uh we uh we still have time so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:13:57&quot;&gt; if you have uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:14:0&quot;&gt; okay so um&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:14:3&quot;&gt; the so now now the choice&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:14:6&quot;&gt; uh uh can get&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:14:9&quot;&gt; a another question from the audience we can&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:14:12&quot;&gt; do this dot dot dot thing whatever you'd&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:14:15&quot;&gt; like um we have one&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:14:21&quot;&gt;question so Len&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:14:24&quot;&gt; was this uh was this recognizable to you&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:14:27&quot;&gt; oh my god totally I mean there anecdotes all&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:14:30&quot;&gt; over the presentation that would add to it&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:14:33&quot;&gt; but you nailed it beautifully you captured that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:14:36&quot;&gt; there and the characters&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:14:39&quot;&gt; and the uh mix between&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:14:42&quot;&gt; highly Cooperative groups and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:14:45&quot;&gt; individual working on their own&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:14:48&quot;&gt;things happen there's a lot of individual&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:14:51&quot;&gt; yet the group action came in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:14:54&quot;&gt;and out in and out it was an interest it wasn't&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:14:57&quot;&gt; pure you know one versus many&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:15:0&quot;&gt; it was so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:15:3&quot;&gt; I think I forgot to mention was uh that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:15:6&quot;&gt; I don't think uh lick intended it or maybe&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:15:9&quot;&gt; he did but uh what turned out to be the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:15:12&quot;&gt; messenger uh mechanism&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:15:15&quot;&gt; and there happened to be graduate students and interns&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:15:18&quot;&gt; including you for example&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:15:21&quot;&gt; I mean I flew 140,000 miles as a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:15:24&quot;&gt; grad student Dave Evans had a huge budget&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:15:27&quot;&gt; for airplane travel for his grad&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:15:30&quot;&gt;students well Steve managed&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:15:33&quot;&gt; to basically bankrupt mine&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:15:36&quot;&gt; doing the same thing yeah because you gota&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:15:39&quot;&gt; these and and ARP I should have mentioned&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:15:42&quot;&gt; that arpa in uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:15:45&quot;&gt; 1968 funded the first arpa&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:15:48&quot;&gt; graduate student conference which was modeled&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:15:51&quot;&gt; on the arpa contractors meetings&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:15:54&quot;&gt; that's another story about how that happened but&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:15:57&quot;&gt; uh that was really great because uh things went&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:16:0&quot;&gt; in the amount of intercommunication&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:16:3&quot;&gt; and Trust because a lot&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:16:6&quot;&gt;about trust and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:16:9&quot;&gt; yet it was not um what shall I&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:16:12&quot;&gt;say a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:16:15&quot;&gt; a bowl of soup it was contentious&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:16:18&quot;&gt; in a positive way I'll give you one example&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:16:21&quot;&gt;we had this principal investigators meeting John McCarthy&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:16:24&quot;&gt; arrived about 20 minutes late someone was presenting&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:16:27&quot;&gt;minutes later McCarthy raised his hand and says excuse&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:16:30&quot;&gt; me I have no idea what you're talking about&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:16:33&quot;&gt; he says but I was late&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:16:36&quot;&gt; however if I came in in time I still think I with no idea&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:16:39&quot;&gt; what you're talking about B can imagine your interaction&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:16:42&quot;&gt;was wonderful yeah I should have&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:16:45&quot;&gt;that the one of the main things I learned in grad school&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:16:48&quot;&gt; and everybody at Park knew was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:16:51&quot;&gt; uh that the purpose of arguing is not to win&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:16:54&quot;&gt; but to to illuminate&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:16:57&quot;&gt; and uh in fact when people started getting&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:17:0&quot;&gt; he in an argument Taylor would&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:17:3&quot;&gt; say type two type two&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:17:6&quot;&gt; and a type two argument was all&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:17:9&quot;&gt;sudden you had to explain the other person's position&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:17:12&quot;&gt; back to them until they agreed with&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:17:15&quot;&gt; it and then they had to explain your&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:17:18&quot;&gt;position back to you until you agreed with it and by&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:17:21&quot;&gt;happened you'd forgotten what you're arguing about and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:17:24&quot;&gt; you okay let's go to the question&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:17:27&quot;&gt; all right we have a question here yeah hello&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:17:30&quot;&gt; um and I I agree and I guess I kind of apologize&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:17:33&quot;&gt; for the uh structure&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:17:36&quot;&gt; that we have because it does impose any limitations on the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:17:39&quot;&gt; discussion um I'm on on the faculty&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:17:42&quot;&gt; too so uh but&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:17:45&quot;&gt; you know faculty meetings uh there's too&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:17:48&quot;&gt;much contention because the stakes are too&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:17:51&quot;&gt;low I&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:17:54&quot;&gt; quit going um so I have two questions which are&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:17:57&quot;&gt; a little related um so so number&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:18:0&quot;&gt; one was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:18:3&quot;&gt; do you think and and maybe you'll agree that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:18:6&quot;&gt; there's kind of been a split between the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:18:9&quot;&gt; practicers of technology which are the software engineers&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:18:12&quot;&gt; and the systems thinkers who are like the theoreticians&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:18:15&quot;&gt; and the inventors um if so why&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:18:18&quot;&gt; any suggestions to remediate this uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:18:21&quot;&gt;also asking to Professor kleinrock if he has any&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:18:24&quot;&gt; input on that and my second question is probably a little&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:18:27&quot;&gt; related um which is what are your&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:18:30&quot;&gt; thoughts on I guess all of this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:18:33&quot;&gt; development most like a lot of it has been going into private&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:18:36&quot;&gt;research Labs like Google X and Microsoft&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:18:39&quot;&gt; research um do do you think it's still kind of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:18:42&quot;&gt; analogous to Bell labs in back in the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:18:45&quot;&gt; day uh no&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:18:48&quot;&gt; B for instance at Bell Labs&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:18:51&quot;&gt; if you walked around back before&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:18:54&quot;&gt; the divesture uh you&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:18:57&quot;&gt;that would say&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:19:0&quot;&gt; either do something very useful or very&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:19:3&quot;&gt;beautiful&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:19:6&quot;&gt; I've never seen a sign like that at&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:19:12&quot;&gt;research okay so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:19:15&quot;&gt; because that's a pro that's a huge&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:19:18&quot;&gt; problem I&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:19:21&quot;&gt; guess go ahead yeah go ahead oh no I guess I have a follow-up&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:19:24&quot;&gt;question to that which is uh you mentioned a bit earlier in the talk&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:19:27&quot;&gt; one of the questions I sent over which is uh do you think&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:19:30&quot;&gt; younger people have a harder problem these days in you know living&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:19:33&quot;&gt; in this more materialistic world world so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:19:36&quot;&gt; to speak yeah you know&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:19:39&quot;&gt; just just one example I I was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:19:42&quot;&gt; at Park in Palo Alto and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:19:45&quot;&gt; um&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:19:48&quot;&gt; the general inflation has been about&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:19:51&quot;&gt; a factor of seven since then&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:19:54&quot;&gt; or so and when I&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:19:57&quot;&gt; factor that into the salary I got at Park it's about what&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:0&quot;&gt;I would get just you&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:3&quot;&gt; know I was just a year out of grad school when I went to park&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:6&quot;&gt; so uh really uh not a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:9&quot;&gt; huge wasn't a lot of money but&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:12&quot;&gt;with today&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:15&quot;&gt; however I was able to buy a house in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:18&quot;&gt; paloalto uh right near&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:21&quot;&gt; Park and it only cost twice my yearly&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:24&quot;&gt; salary&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:27&quot;&gt;okay that house has inflated&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:30&quot;&gt; by a factor of 70 not seven&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:33&quot;&gt; so then do you go go ahead&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:36&quot;&gt; go ahead so the uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:39&quot;&gt; so if Park existed today&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:39&quot;&gt; so if Park existed today&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:42&quot;&gt; uh none of us&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:45&quot;&gt; and and Taylor wanted to hire he only hired older&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:48&quot;&gt; people uh from the arpa community&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:51&quot;&gt; as advisers&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:54&quot;&gt; he didn't want I was the oldest person there and I&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:57&quot;&gt; was 30 he didn't&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:21:0&quot;&gt; he wanted a new know he wanted the researchers that ARA&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:21:3&quot;&gt; had Jed out there and he used&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:21:6&quot;&gt; the uh the generation before us as as advisers&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:21:9&quot;&gt; and so if&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:21:12&quot;&gt; if I if they had tried to set this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:21:15&quot;&gt; up uh somebody would have had to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:21:18&quot;&gt; buy a lot of housing in Palo Alo&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:21:21&quot;&gt; and you know when when Google is being&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:21:24&quot;&gt; set up and when HP was being set up I said hey look&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:21:27&quot;&gt; at Stanford Stanford figured this out a long time ago&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:21:30&quot;&gt; because if you get an associate professorship at&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:21:33&quot;&gt; Stanford one of the perks is a 99-year&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:21:36&quot;&gt; lease at a very low interest rate&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:21:39&quot;&gt; on Stanford land for a house&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:21:42&quot;&gt; and Stanford was owns a lot&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:21:45&quot;&gt;houses in Palo Alta they bought them up before the Big&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:21:48&quot;&gt; Deck companies got there because they&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:21:51&quot;&gt; understood that people have a life might&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:21:54&quot;&gt; not be much of a life outside the lab but they still got&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:21:57&quot;&gt; one by the way&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:22:0&quot;&gt; Lan will love the the story that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:22:3&quot;&gt; metf and bogs had the record&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:22:6&quot;&gt;longest period uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:22:9&quot;&gt; inside of Park without leaving it&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:22:12&quot;&gt; which uh during the critical period of the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:22:15&quot;&gt; the ethernet which was two and a half&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:22:18&quot;&gt;months they had a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:22:21&quot;&gt; cafeteria you know it had plenty of places you could sleep&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:22:24&quot;&gt; it had showers&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:22:27&quot;&gt;um wasn't wasn't that helpful on&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:22:30&quot;&gt; if you had a marriage that didn't&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:22:33&quot;&gt; get this idea uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:22:36&quot;&gt; they would suffer but yeah so to so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:22:39&quot;&gt; the the a big problem today and and you know&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:22:42&quot;&gt; I run run various&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:22:45&quot;&gt; kinds of I've been able to fund until&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:22:48&quot;&gt; about I don't know five six years ago I was able to fund&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:22:51&quot;&gt; a nonprofit research thing that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:22:54&quot;&gt; was about to size of the group I had at Park&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:22:57&quot;&gt; and uh and to get people who are&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:23:0&quot;&gt; as good as the people I had at Park&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:23:3&quot;&gt; but it wasn't the same as Park similarly&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:23:6&quot;&gt; Butler Lamson and Chuck ther went with deck&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:23:9&quot;&gt; initially and then with&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:23:12&quot;&gt; Microsoft and it wasn't the same as park&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:23:15&quot;&gt; because they&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:23:18&quot;&gt; uh you know for example&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:23:21&quot;&gt; my habit when when I would get confused&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:23:24&quot;&gt; about something was to go down and have&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:23:27&quot;&gt; Butler tear it to shreds&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:23:30&quot;&gt; and I miss missmiss&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:23:33&quot;&gt; being able to just walk down the hall into&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:23:36&quot;&gt; that crystallin Palace of his&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:23:39&quot;&gt; mind and you could&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:23:42&quot;&gt; never top Butler on the same&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:23:45&quot;&gt;least I couldn't but Butler&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:23:48&quot;&gt; was an was honest if you came back three days&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:23:51&quot;&gt; later and said now here is the real point&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:23:54&quot;&gt; you would say you're&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:23:57&quot;&gt; right so that's a really great C it's a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:24:0&quot;&gt; genius there's no question he's one of the most brilliant&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:24:3&quot;&gt; people I've ever met and an honest&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:24:6&quot;&gt; genius and a guy who by the way&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:24:9&quot;&gt; helped my group whenever he could&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:24:12&quot;&gt; despite the fact that our theory of programming language&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:24:15&quot;&gt; design was quite different from&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:24:18&quot;&gt; his he didn't give a about&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:24:21&quot;&gt; that so he was Butler was a big man&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:24:24&quot;&gt; in my opinion just a big fantastic&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:24:27&quot;&gt; so it's that Synergy&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:24:30&quot;&gt; it's what happens in the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:24:33&quot;&gt; halls and it's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:24:36&quot;&gt; what happens when you're having like&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:24:39&quot;&gt; EP uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:24:42&quot;&gt; you know how how many beer beer Laden lunches&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:24:45&quot;&gt; do you have how many bike rides up to the top&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:24:48&quot;&gt; of the uh the hills around&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:24:51&quot;&gt; Palo Alto with all these people no&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:24:54&quot;&gt; there's a whole whole thing there that is going to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:24:57&quot;&gt; pay off by&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:25:0&quot;&gt; what the group is willing to do and reason I kept on&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:25:3&quot;&gt; showing theater is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:25:6&quot;&gt; arpa at its best park at its best was like&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:25:9&quot;&gt; theater at its best you've got the most diverse&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:25:12&quot;&gt; group of people you ever saw&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:25:15&quot;&gt; some of which some of whom can't even&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:25:18&quot;&gt; stand each other&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:25:21&quot;&gt; but the whole point of the thing is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:25:24&quot;&gt;audience that's going to be there&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:25:27&quot;&gt; six weeks from now or six months&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:25:30&quot;&gt; from now and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:25:33&quot;&gt; so you get this thing where people&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:25:36&quot;&gt; work 24 hours a day and they just find&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:25:39&quot;&gt; ways to solve everything they&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:25:42&quot;&gt; do the woo woo on the leftand side that's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:25:45&quot;&gt; what theater is about and they&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:25:48&quot;&gt; do all of the stuff you have to do in the physical&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:25:51&quot;&gt; world to make it work and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:25:54&quot;&gt; know if you don't have those and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:25:57&quot;&gt; if they don't like Len did&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:26:0&quot;&gt; this if those people don't have some of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:26:3&quot;&gt; the other in them to have this shared context&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:26:6&quot;&gt; there has to be a place where you go and it's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:26:9&quot;&gt; the love of what you're gonna&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:26:12&quot;&gt; get the audience to try to think about&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:26:15&quot;&gt; because you can't tell the audience&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:26:18&quot;&gt; anything can't people only remember&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:26:21&quot;&gt;you make them feel&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:26:24&quot;&gt; so so you have to lay it this is why I&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:26:27&quot;&gt;all these pictures and stuff because I want the pictures&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:26:30&quot;&gt; to do things you can't do in regular&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:26:33&quot;&gt; words and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:26:36&quot;&gt; yeah so the question is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:26:39&quot;&gt; uh the way I look&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:26:42&quot;&gt; at playing the blame game&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:26:45&quot;&gt; here is businesses&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:26:48&quot;&gt; are in a terrible position&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:26:51&quot;&gt; fidu in a fiduciary responsibility way&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:26:54&quot;&gt; for doing the kind of stuff that arpa&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:26:57&quot;&gt; and park did they have every&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:27:0&quot;&gt; and especially the Milton Freedman American businesses&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:27:3&quot;&gt; which are a terrible way to do business in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:27:6&quot;&gt; general there you know Peter Dreer used to say&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:27:9&quot;&gt; that that business's main obligation&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:27:12&quot;&gt; is to their uh customers&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:27:15&quot;&gt; and Milton fredman said no business's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:27:18&quot;&gt; main obligation is to their stockholders&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:27:21&quot;&gt; and that has turned really ugly that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:27:24&quot;&gt; is really ugly so but in any case&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:27:27&quot;&gt; good or bad they're in a bad place for it&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:27:30&quot;&gt; uh research can only be&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:27:33&quot;&gt;xpensed eeks&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:27:36&quot;&gt; you could be sitting on a ton of cash tough&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:27:39&quot;&gt; comes out of the bottom&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:27:42&quot;&gt; line so so when I when&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:27:45&quot;&gt; I look there I Look to society and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:27:48&quot;&gt; government part of the idea&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:27:51&quot;&gt; of getting people to pay&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:27:54&quot;&gt; taxes is to deal with things&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:27:57&quot;&gt; in a way that is hard for&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:28:0&quot;&gt; scattered groups to deal with with or without&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:28:3&quot;&gt; engelbart stuff and I think the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:28:6&quot;&gt; the woo woo research stuff done&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:28:9&quot;&gt; right is one of those things and I just happened&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:28:12&quot;&gt; to stumble into it I didn't go to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:28:15&quot;&gt; Utah knowing anything about arpa I'd never heard of arpa&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:28:18&quot;&gt; I just stumbled in there by by and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:28:21&quot;&gt; chance and I found out I was in Paradise&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:28:24&quot;&gt;because&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:28:27&quot;&gt; and the dod was doing fine because&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:28:30&quot;&gt; uh arpa ipto cost almost nothing compared to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:28:33&quot;&gt; the the whole DOD&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:28:36&quot;&gt; budget it was just fingernail clipping so it's the perfect&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:28:39&quot;&gt; place for doing this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:28:42&quot;&gt; uh enlightened public&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:28:45&quot;&gt; domain uh research and you had the ultimate&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:28:48&quot;&gt; enlightened public domain mind in lick&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:28:51&quot;&gt; to do that the key thing&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:28:54&quot;&gt;Park was that Taylor loved&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:28:57&quot;&gt; lick he he was a psychologist&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:29:0&quot;&gt; also he truly loved&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:29:3&quot;&gt; lick and I'll I'll&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:29:6&quot;&gt; finish in one second Jason and he&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:29:9&quot;&gt;uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:29:12&quot;&gt; he studied lick so lick&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:29:15&quot;&gt; was intu&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:29:18&quot;&gt; intuition he had great inter but Taylor&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:29:21&quot;&gt; codified lick those rules&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:29:24&quot;&gt;put up there were not Lick's rules but Taylor's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:29:27&quot;&gt; rules and anytime you wanted to park you could&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:29:30&quot;&gt; go and lie on the floor in Taylor's office we we were floor culture&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:29:33&quot;&gt; we had thick carpets that were&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:29:36&quot;&gt;padding underneath so you could just roll around on the floor we had bean&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:29:39&quot;&gt; bags and inste of chairs so you go&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:29:42&quot;&gt;there and lie in there for an hour and let Taylor tell&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:29:45&quot;&gt; you what he was why he was doing what he was doing at&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:29:48&quot;&gt; Park and it was mostly these rules&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:29:51&quot;&gt;I wrote down you got to do this you got to do that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:29:54&quot;&gt; uh etc etc like&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:29:57&quot;&gt; okay so um&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:30:0&quot;&gt; yeah so I point I point my finger&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:30:3&quot;&gt; at the government and if you point your finger at the government you&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:30:6&quot;&gt;have to point your finger at the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:30:9&quot;&gt; uh uh the American&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:30:12&quot;&gt; Body politic and if you point your finger at them you have&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:30:15&quot;&gt; to point your finger at education&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:30:18&quot;&gt; public education if you point your finger at publication&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:30:21&quot;&gt; public education you point your finger at the government&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:30:24&quot;&gt; again so the government has not&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:30:27&quot;&gt; done its job and by the way over here in London in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:30:30&quot;&gt;the UK it's it's worse&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:30:33&quot;&gt; uh the politicians are a little nicer over here&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:30:36&quot;&gt; but they're equally uh incompetent&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:30:39&quot;&gt; they just don't do not understand and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:30:42&quot;&gt; their financial base is much smaller over here&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:30:45&quot;&gt; so they're in more desperate need&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:30:48&quot;&gt; of the kind of Industries they can afford&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:30:51&quot;&gt; that actually work in the 21st century&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:30:54&quot;&gt;need this um&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:30:57&quot;&gt; yeah so uh but when&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:31:0&quot;&gt;after the government&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:31:3&quot;&gt; should be doing this that and the other thing&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:31:6&quot;&gt; I I can't get far from the educ&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:31:9&quot;&gt;from the University because the university used to be the co&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:31:12&quot;&gt;the flame the whole&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:31:15&quot;&gt; point there was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:31:18&quot;&gt; the universities were not beholden to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:31:21&quot;&gt; business their job was not to do job&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:31:24&quot;&gt; training in obsolete software&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:31:27&quot;&gt; systems to deal with business's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:31:30&quot;&gt; problems with Legacy systems that is not the job&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:31:33&quot;&gt;university that's a trade school and there's nothing&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:31:36&quot;&gt; I love trade schools the high school I&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:31:39&quot;&gt; went to was a was a one you had to take&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:31:42&quot;&gt; a test to get into but it was a glorified trade school Lenny&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:31:45&quot;&gt; will tell you and uh I learned a lot&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:31:48&quot;&gt; there but Jesus the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:31:51&quot;&gt; universities have got to uphold&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:31:54&quot;&gt; something like the way the 21st century&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:31:57&quot;&gt; should be for the students or the students&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:32:0&quot;&gt; are just going to go there and buy degrees in order&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:32:3&quot;&gt; to get jobs that is my general&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:32:6&quot;&gt; picture so the university&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:32:9&quot;&gt; could put us you know I when I was active&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:32:12&quot;&gt; around UCLA at some faculty&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:32:15&quot;&gt; meeting uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:32:18&quot;&gt; maybe more than one&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:32:21&quot;&gt; I brought up the idea hey wait a minute UCLA is one of the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:32:24&quot;&gt; top 10 schools and uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:32:27&quot;&gt; there are other top 10 schools in the nation&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:32:30&quot;&gt;in the University of California&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:32:33&quot;&gt; you know basically you&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:32:36&quot;&gt; know why are we letting the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:32:39&quot;&gt; Regents determine that tenure&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:32:42&quot;&gt; uh re requires paper&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:32:45&quot;&gt;counting&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:32:48&quot;&gt; UCLA should be able to say well you know Screw You&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:32:51&quot;&gt; Regents screw you and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:32:54&quot;&gt; Davis and uh San Diego&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:32:57&quot;&gt; and Santa Barbara screw you Regents&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:33:0&quot;&gt; we're not going to do it that way&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:33:3&quot;&gt; we're not gonna count papers for Christ's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:33:6&quot;&gt; sake you know&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:33:9&quot;&gt; if you got to count a paper you at least have to put a weight on it&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:33:12&quot;&gt; and it's hard to put a weight on a paper until 10 years&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:33:15&quot;&gt; have passed you&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:33:18&quot;&gt; just can't do it that way or you're going to turn it into&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:33:21&quot;&gt; a Job Shop and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:33:24&quot;&gt; uh you know uh I pointed out&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:33:27&quot;&gt; to the UCLA faculty that because of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:33:30&quot;&gt; you know the the discussion was wow&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:33:33&quot;&gt; our department is really popular now we've got more&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:33:36&quot;&gt; students than we can handle I said well godamn it&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:33:39&quot;&gt; if you got that that's what the bean counters&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:33:42&quot;&gt; in the University care&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:33:45&quot;&gt; about is retention because it's money&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:33:48&quot;&gt; you've got them just say&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:33:51&quot;&gt; okay all right&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:33:54&quot;&gt; we're going to do tenure differently we're going to hire&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:33:57&quot;&gt;differently we're going to have a different set of Standards&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:34:0&quot;&gt; here&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:34:3&quot;&gt; or we're just goingon to uh you know etc&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:34:6&quot;&gt; etc but the 60s were&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:34:9&quot;&gt; long over by the time I made that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:34:12&quot;&gt;stand&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:34:18&quot;&gt;okay next question&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:34:21&quot;&gt; I have a question yes&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:34:24&quot;&gt;this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:34:27&quot;&gt; was sorry&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:34:30&quot;&gt; this was a and I've heard you many&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:34:33&quot;&gt; times and always I I recognize&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:34:36&quot;&gt; this accent always&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:34:39&quot;&gt; yes I'm ready I'm ready&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:34:42&quot;&gt; I'm ready always very entertaining&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:34:45&quot;&gt; and uh thoughtful&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:34:48&quot;&gt; but I I feel there is now&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:34:51&quot;&gt;a huge crra a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:34:54&quot;&gt; Gap uh which we didn't you didn't&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:34:57&quot;&gt;would be nice if you could have a thought or address&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:35:0&quot;&gt; which is everything in the past&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:35:3&quot;&gt; seems to me have to do let's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:35:6&quot;&gt; call it with mathematics has&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:35:9&quot;&gt; Precision prob language is not&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:35:12&quot;&gt;we talk it has precision&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:35:15&quot;&gt; and suddenly I think the new&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:35:18&quot;&gt; Queen the new the new thing in the helm&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:35:21&quot;&gt;the new Revolution is is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:35:24&quot;&gt; without Precision it's without&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:35:27&quot;&gt; and we built machine that we do not&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:35:30&quot;&gt; understand how they work but&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:35:33&quot;&gt; they work they perform they&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:35:36&quot;&gt; perform not in Precision&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:35:39&quot;&gt; you know if there will be a a self-driving&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:35:42&quot;&gt; car it will kill somebody there is no question you&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:35:45&quot;&gt; cannot guarantee that this will not happen&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:35:48&quot;&gt;it's a new thing and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:35:51&quot;&gt; I feel most of us here on this list&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:35:54&quot;&gt; on the nine people that are left&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:35:57&quot;&gt; we are dinosaurs of the past&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:36:0&quot;&gt; and what do you have any thoughts about&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:36:3&quot;&gt; this well uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:36:6&quot;&gt; just by chance in the late 60s&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:36:9&quot;&gt; I was visiting MIT and there was a meeting&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:36:12&quot;&gt; of DOD people with&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:36:15&quot;&gt; uh the AI people at MIT&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:36:18&quot;&gt; and I think mensky was saying&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:36:21&quot;&gt; you know in a few years we might be able to do what a dog can&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:36:24&quot;&gt; do and uh the fourstar&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:36:27&quot;&gt; general said a dog&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:36:30&quot;&gt; he said look we don't even want what ordinary humans can&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:36:33&quot;&gt; do we can draft them we've got two million&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:36:36&quot;&gt; robots in the in the Department of Defense already&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:36:39&quot;&gt; we train them and they learn well and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:36:42&quot;&gt;they carry guns and they do all the stuff that we want&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:36:45&quot;&gt; we already got intelligent robots we need&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:36:48&quot;&gt; superhuman intelligence that's what&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:36:51&quot;&gt; we need and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:36:54&quot;&gt;so I&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:36:57&quot;&gt; I don't want to start a long discussion about&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:37:0&quot;&gt; you know but it happens that the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:37:3&quot;&gt; what J Judea Pearl calls curve&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:37:6&quot;&gt;fitting machine learning&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:37:9&quot;&gt; uh as you know&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:37:12&quot;&gt; also very well goes all the way back&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:37:15&quot;&gt; 20 30 40 years&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:37:18&quot;&gt; or 50 years or more Minsky's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:37:21&quot;&gt;thesis was actually one of the first perceptrons&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:37:24&quot;&gt; so the idea of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:37:27&quot;&gt; of finding complex&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:37:30&quot;&gt; transfer functions between lots of inputs and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:37:33&quot;&gt; fewer outputs is has been around for a while&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:37:36&quot;&gt; and uh it's definitely a a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:37:39&quot;&gt; big component of what's going on inside of our&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:37:42&quot;&gt; brains but&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:37:45&quot;&gt; the I I think&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:37:48&quot;&gt; the we should ask&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:37:51&quot;&gt; more for example uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:37:54&quot;&gt; I wouldn't want to use an&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:37:57&quot;&gt; AI that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:38:0&quot;&gt; couldn't be vetted in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:38:3&quot;&gt; some way and of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:38:6&quot;&gt; course uh the chat Bots&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:38:9&quot;&gt; uh can lie whenever it suits them&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:38:12&quot;&gt; and by the way I just saw that uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:38:15&quot;&gt; uh open AI chatbot&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:38:18&quot;&gt; has recently gone nuts&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:38:21&quot;&gt; which is really fun track this down&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:38:24&quot;&gt;it started something went wrong and it's now it's mostly&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:38:27&quot;&gt; hallucinating so these are&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:38:30&quot;&gt; like human beings these are creators&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:38:33&quot;&gt; that's what we are that's what we&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:38:36&quot;&gt; got inside there and I believe that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:38:39&quot;&gt; we're we're better than we&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:38:42&quot;&gt; were 100,000 years ago mainly&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:38:45&quot;&gt; because we invented&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:38:48&quot;&gt; methods for thinking&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:38:51&quot;&gt; the big one being science&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:38:54&quot;&gt; math allows you to in a consistent&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:38:57&quot;&gt; way but it&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:39:0&quot;&gt; it doesn't have any necessary connection to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:39:3&quot;&gt; reality where science wants to be able&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:39:6&quot;&gt; to do uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:39:9&quot;&gt; crisp thinking in a way that is anchored to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:39:12&quot;&gt; reality such that the uh the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:39:15&quot;&gt;cues might have something to do with reality also&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:39:18&quot;&gt; I think that is a very very good thing I think it would help&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:39:21&quot;&gt; our politics on both sides of the lanic&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:39:24&quot;&gt; tremendously if uh schools started&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:39:27&quot;&gt; teaching CH basically doing what engelbart&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:39:30&quot;&gt; said we have to insert better methods&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:39:33&quot;&gt; than the ones we were born with or&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:39:36&quot;&gt; simple uh large language models&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:39:39&quot;&gt; have uh in order to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:39:42&quot;&gt; uh be able to use them in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:39:45&quot;&gt; any reasonable way that's my my&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:39:48&quot;&gt;answer&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:39:51&quot;&gt; got it got it and then we also have one more&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:39:54&quot;&gt; question from the audience um I wanted to get a chance to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:39:57&quot;&gt; yeah have him ask hi professor Kate thank you&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:40:0&quot;&gt; for your talk today um I'm born in the 21st century&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:40:3&quot;&gt; so my uh I guess&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:40:6&quot;&gt; thoughts about zorx Park is the only one I know of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:40:9&quot;&gt;Steve Jobs's visit where he commercializes&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:40:12&quot;&gt; the guey that you guys invented into the apple one&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:40:15&quot;&gt; so I was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:40:18&quot;&gt; yeah so what he saw was what&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:40:21&quot;&gt; what he saw was what we did&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:40:24&quot;&gt; he visited it was a visit to my&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:40:27&quot;&gt; group uh and I was in the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:40:30&quot;&gt; room uh during that visit&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:40:33&quot;&gt; and the demo we gave him and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:40:36&quot;&gt; uh we became friends uh partly&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:40:39&quot;&gt; as the result of that visit so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:40:42&quot;&gt; ask me any question you want to ask about that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:40:45&quot;&gt; visit uh yeah I mean my first question was going&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:40:48&quot;&gt;if you happen to be in the room at all but now I know&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:40:51&quot;&gt; uh second of all would be Steve had or&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:40:54&quot;&gt; Mr jobs uh had a way of combining design&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:40:57&quot;&gt; and pushing the boundaries of engineering through that I&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:41:0&quot;&gt; was wondering how Zero's or&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:41:3&quot;&gt; the Park's attitude towards pushing research&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:41:6&quot;&gt; um the boundaries of research were or what&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:41:9&quot;&gt; influence so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:41:12&quot;&gt; the so let me answer it's a two-part&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:41:15&quot;&gt; question so one part uh is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:41:18&quot;&gt; early in the 80s I said to both Steve&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:41:21&quot;&gt; and Bill Gates uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:41:24&quot;&gt; this is during the controversy of whether apple and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:41:27&quot;&gt; Microsoft had stolen the ideas from&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:41:30&quot;&gt; Xerox and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:41:33&quot;&gt; you know I told I said to both of them I said&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:41:36&quot;&gt; look we want this we want you to steal the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:41:39&quot;&gt; ideas but for Christ's sake steal&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:41:42&quot;&gt;whole idea don't steal a protest&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:41:45&quot;&gt; caricature yeah the whole&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:41:48&quot;&gt; yeah that's why I say the the disappointing figures&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:41:51&quot;&gt;that I put there was the amount of actual&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:41:54&quot;&gt; takeup uh so the second thing is that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:41:57&quot;&gt;what Steve was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:42:0&quot;&gt; uh he was NE say the two words you said again designer&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:42:3&quot;&gt; and a pusher of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:42:6&quot;&gt; engineering yeah right okay so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:42:9&quot;&gt; Steve was not a designer&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:42:12&quot;&gt; and he was a pusher of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:42:15&quot;&gt; people so the key thing about Steve&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:42:18&quot;&gt; was that he had a lot of good&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:42:21&quot;&gt; woowoo&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:42:24&quot;&gt; so where he picked up&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:42:27&quot;&gt; he could feel the fireflies if he'd been a scientist&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:42:30&quot;&gt; it would have been much better for&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:42:33&quot;&gt; everybody because as he said and there's a famous&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:42:36&quot;&gt; interview you can find on YouTube where&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:42:39&quot;&gt; Steve says he says when I first went to Xerox&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:42:42&quot;&gt; I was so blinded by the user interface I couldn't see anything&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:42:45&quot;&gt; else I couldn't see object-oriented programming I&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:42:48&quot;&gt;see the networks he had to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:42:51&quot;&gt; wait until he did next years later when he ran into&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:42:54&quot;&gt;another contingent from the old Arbor Community&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:42:57&quot;&gt; to explain to them why you why you need&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:43:0&quot;&gt; those but we he didn't&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:43:3&quot;&gt; understand how the stuff and we couldn't tell&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:43:6&quot;&gt; him uh we were&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:43:9&quot;&gt; able to show him uh like one of the famous&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:43:12&quot;&gt; things that happened in the demo&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:43:15&quot;&gt; my my one of my favorite demo things and if I had had time&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:43:18&quot;&gt;because we recreated that system just for the shits&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:43:21&quot;&gt; of it so it actually runs the system that we showed&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:43:24&quot;&gt; him and um I occasionally will'll do&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:43:27&quot;&gt; it live in a talk um&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:43:30&quot;&gt; but Steve had two complaints while he was and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:43:33&quot;&gt; he was really watching he&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:43:36&quot;&gt; had his acolytes around him&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:43:39&quot;&gt; uh but Steve Steve was really paying&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:43:42&quot;&gt; attention to the thing and he&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:43:45&quot;&gt;said you know&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:43:48&quot;&gt; I don't like You' never seen a scroll bar before but he&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:43:51&quot;&gt; didn't like the fact that as you pulled it it&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:43:54&quot;&gt;went line by line he&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:43:57&quot;&gt; says can't that go be done&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:44:0&quot;&gt; continuously and Dan Engles who was giving the demo&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:44:3&quot;&gt; because small talk is live&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:44:6&quot;&gt; I mean live down to the operating systems so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:44:9&quot;&gt; Dan was able to do a couple of Clips&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:44:12&quot;&gt; here's where the slow scroll bar thing is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:44:15&quot;&gt; uh change a line of code&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:44:18&quot;&gt; quar a second later things are scrolling&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:44:21&quot;&gt; smoothly and later on&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:44:24&quot;&gt; uh when we were showing text&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:44:27&quot;&gt; selection um we liked&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:44:30&quot;&gt; we tried a lot of different ways of doing it but we' like the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:44:33&quot;&gt; complimenting the characters&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:44:36&quot;&gt; which is what basically is done&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:44:39&quot;&gt; today uh and Steve didn't like that he said&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:44:42&quot;&gt; can't you do an outline&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:44:45&quot;&gt; around the you know he's right because it's comp&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:44:48&quot;&gt;and white complimenting&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:44:51&quot;&gt; is a little bit too in your face&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:44:54&quot;&gt; face so he's right there&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:44:57&quot;&gt; and so my jaw was on the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:45:0&quot;&gt; floor because Dan Engles went in there&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:45:3&quot;&gt; that was not a trivial thing you know because if&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:45:6&quot;&gt; you think of the selection&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:45:9&quot;&gt; you have to find the actual boundary of the selection and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:45:12&quot;&gt; you have to uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:45:15&quot;&gt; treat it the right way and Dan went right to the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:45:18&quot;&gt; thing and basically what he did was to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:45:21&quot;&gt; just take the code that comp mented&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:45:24&quot;&gt; copy it and shift the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:45:27&quot;&gt; coordinates of the comp of the second&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:45:30&quot;&gt; complementation uh diagonally&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:45:33&quot;&gt; by two&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:45:36&quot;&gt; so you get to so what it would do in it before you could see it would do&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:45:39&quot;&gt;compliment then it would shift diagonally do another compliment&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:45:42&quot;&gt; and that would leave a a black line around the selection&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:45:45&quot;&gt; just what Steve asked for it's like one of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:45:48&quot;&gt; the greatest things I've ever seen done unprepared&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:45:51&quot;&gt; in a demo in a program progamming system in my&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:45:54&quot;&gt; life that was uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:45:57&quot;&gt; 1979 yeah so that was uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:46:0&quot;&gt;good and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:46:3&quot;&gt; uh uh Apple didn't steal&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:46:6&quot;&gt; you know Apple did do a great thing&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:46:9&quot;&gt; as the ba from the basis of that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:46:12&quot;&gt; stuff uh which was the Lisa&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:46:15&quot;&gt;done before the mac&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:46:18&quot;&gt; and the Lisa was done&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:46:21&quot;&gt; uh with Park people who are&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:46:24&quot;&gt; hired&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:46:27&quot;&gt; uh uh and with&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:46:30&quot;&gt; some very smart people who are at Apple like Bill&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:46:33&quot;&gt; ainson and the Lisa was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:46:36&quot;&gt; really nice it was the best thing you&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:46:39&quot;&gt; could possibly do for that day was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:46:42&quot;&gt; done on a 68,000&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:46:45&quot;&gt; microprocessor which meant an enormous amount&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:46:48&quot;&gt; of programming for to do the graphics that were so easy&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:46:51&quot;&gt; on the alto but they did it and it was really&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:46:54&quot;&gt; great and uh a system&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:46:57&quot;&gt; you would die for you could get&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:47:0&quot;&gt; for 10,000&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:47:3&quot;&gt; bucks and $10,000 happen to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:47:6&quot;&gt; be the average price of a car new car in the United&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:47:9&quot;&gt; States at that time um sorry to interrupt&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:47:12&quot;&gt; we're almost at the top of the second hour uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:47:15&quot;&gt; of the of the talk so almost at the end of the second hour of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:47:18&quot;&gt;the talk um so I just want to get a quick chance for people who have&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:47:21&quot;&gt; class um but first please Round of Applause for our&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:47:24&quot;&gt; speaker for the people who are&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:47:27&quot;&gt;left yeah&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:47:30&quot;&gt; so I&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:47:33&quot;&gt; love I I just expected&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:47:36&quot;&gt; uh that you would have you would give me&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:47:39&quot;&gt; one of your uh Barbed&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:47:45&quot;&gt;comments I love&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:47:48&quot;&gt;those&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:47:51&quot;&gt; okay thank you thank you than you one and all&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:47:54&quot;&gt; thank you for thank you thank&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:47:57&quot;&gt; you Alan thank you so much yeah but don't&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:48:0&quot;&gt; don't use your car while you're driving Glen&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:48:3&quot;&gt; well I had to meet Stella she's waiting for me&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:48:6&quot;&gt; and for an hour and now so sorry I had to step&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:48:9&quot;&gt; out that's good you listen to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:48:12&quot;&gt;Marvin&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:48:15&quot;&gt; of course happy wife happy&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:48:18&quot;&gt; life uh the number one&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:48:21&quot;&gt; that's rule zero&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:48:24&quot;&gt; not that's not even rule one that's rule&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:48:27&quot;&gt; zero you got it you got it&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:48:30&quot;&gt; thank you very much again Alan thank you thanks&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:48:33&quot;&gt; so much Allan&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:48:36&quot;&gt; thank you bye bye&lt;/subtitle&gt;</div>

Ezequiel http://tinlizzie.org/IA/index.php?title=Talk:A_concept_video_and_Alan_Kay_talk_at_WWDC_%2790_(VPRI_358)&diff=3170 2025-01-30T00:34:54Z

<p>Ezequiel: add signature</p> <hr /> <div>I think we can still improve the beginning of this transcript by adding labels for the narrator at the beginning of the quoted film, and for each actor: the writer, her son, the classmate, and the computer agent. Same for the second video snippet of the girl cooking. If you think labels are too much, maybe adding signs like “—” when voices alternate. Let me know what you think and I'll give it a try. --[[User:Ezequiel|Ez3]] ([[User talk:Ezequiel|talk]])</div>

Ezequiel http://tinlizzie.org/IA/index.php?title=Talk:A_concept_video_and_Alan_Kay_talk_at_WWDC_%2790_(VPRI_358)&diff=3169 2025-01-30T00:34:03Z

<p>Ezequiel: Use labels and/or other signs for different voices</p> <hr /> <div>I think we can still improve the beginning of this transcript by adding labels for the narrator at the beginning of the quoted film, and for each actor: the writer, her son, the classmate, and the computer agent. Same for the second video snippet of the girl cooking. If you think labels are too much, maybe adding signs like “—” when voices alternate. Let me know what you think and I'll give it a try. --~~</div>

Ezequiel http://tinlizzie.org/IA/index.php?title=Alan_Kay_talk_at_UCLA_CS_Connection_Lab&diff=3168 2025-01-24T15:48:54Z

<p>Ezequiel: Subtitles first pass up until 0:25. Add note for the Q7 computer.</p> <hr /> <div><br /> {{#evt:<br /> service=youtubeIA<br /> |id=dZQ7x0-MZcI<br /> |alignment=left<br /> |autoresize=true<br /> }}<br /> <br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:0:7&quot;&gt;I'm here today with Alan Kay. We're at the UCLA&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:0:10&quot;&gt;Connection Lab with professor Kleinrock and the rest&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:0:13&quot;&gt;of our students here. We are very lucky to have Alan&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:0:16&quot;&gt;who is presenting on a broad range of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:0:19&quot;&gt;topics ranging from technology society and future research&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:0:22&quot;&gt;and I'll keep it short so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:0:25&quot;&gt;Alan needs no further introduction. I will let him begin right&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:0:28&quot;&gt;away. thank you so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:0:31&quot;&gt;much! Okay. Onward we&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:0:37&quot;&gt;go. So the way this started off is my&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:0:40&quot;&gt;long long friend&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:0:43&quot;&gt;Len kleinrock sent me an email&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:0:46&quot;&gt;saying would I do a talk&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:0:49&quot;&gt;and…, I wasn't&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:0:52&quot;&gt;sure&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:0:55&quot;&gt;[then it] says “about the view of the current…” yeah, basically&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:0:58&quot;&gt;about everything… “most rewarding&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:1:1&quot;&gt; work in my life”. I'm 84&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:1:4&quot;&gt; years old guys&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:1:7&quot;&gt; and “can I do it in just a few&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:1:10&quot;&gt; minutes?”, and of course I said okay&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:1:13&quot;&gt; and uh the wonderful&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:1:16&quot;&gt; Jason gathered&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:1:19&quot;&gt; up a bunch of questions and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:1:22&quot;&gt; I endeavored to look at all all of them&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:1:25&quot;&gt; and combine them in one way or another&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:1:28&quot;&gt;but&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:1:31&quot;&gt; the short an answers here&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:1:34&quot;&gt; are “is it&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:1:37&quot;&gt; still feasible today to do something like Xerox PARC?” and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:1:40&quot;&gt; the answer is “YES!” I don't know of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:1:43&quot;&gt; anything like Xerox PARC in the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:1:46&quot;&gt; computer realm of things.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:1:49&quot;&gt; They're all so goal&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:1:52&quot;&gt; oriented, but there's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:1:55&quot;&gt; a great Biology Institute funded by the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:1:58&quot;&gt;Hughes Foundation called Janelia Labs&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:2:1&quot;&gt; in near Washington DC, and there's the famous&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:2:4&quot;&gt; Max plank Institute, and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:2:7&quot;&gt;we'll see in a little bit why I don't&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:2:10&quot;&gt; consider there's a lot with&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:2:13&quot;&gt; the same kind of spirit as Xerox PARC.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:2:16&quot;&gt;As I'll say in a moment, it wasn't Xerox&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:2:19&quot;&gt; PARC. Xerox PARC was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:2:22&quot;&gt; part of the much larger&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:2:25&quot;&gt; ARPA research&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:2:28&quot;&gt;community; and considered, it was just funded by&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:2:31&quot;&gt; Xerox because the Department of Defense had quit&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:2:34&quot;&gt; funding ARPA the right way, and put the D on and changed&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:2:37&quot;&gt; everything. So we'll see about that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:2:40&quot;&gt; in a minute and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:2:43&quot;&gt; short answer [to]: “do I believe young people today&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:2:46&quot;&gt; have to solve a harder problem in requiring&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:2:49&quot;&gt; resources?”; and my answer is yes&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:2:52&quot;&gt; absolutely. It is much much harder&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:2:55&quot;&gt; as the businesses&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:2:58&quot;&gt; have moved in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:3:1&quot;&gt; which started really strongly in the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:3:4&quot;&gt;80s after the inventions of personal Computing&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:3:7&quot;&gt; and pervasive and local&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:3:10&quot;&gt; networking, there was something&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:3:13&quot;&gt; that could be…&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:3:16&quot;&gt; and the GUI which&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:3:19&quot;&gt; opened up the computer to the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:3:25&quot;&gt;rest…&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:3:28&quot;&gt; Sorry go ahead. I could hear people talking&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:3:31&quot;&gt; yeah um yes, so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:3:34&quot;&gt; it's much harder, much much harder&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:3:37&quot;&gt; and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:3:40&quot;&gt; there isn't time to really answer&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:3:43&quot;&gt; these completely separately,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:3:46&quot;&gt; so I sort of wove them together.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:3:49&quot;&gt; I&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:3:52&quot;&gt; like this one. This is a recent one: “What are some&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:3:55&quot;&gt; of the most tragic illusions that adults get stuck&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:4:1&quot;&gt;with?”. That is the most flattering thing I've&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:4:4&quot;&gt; heard in years because it assumes I'm not an adult,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:4:7&quot;&gt; which I'm not.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:4:10&quot;&gt; Number two was: “What did you guys being there at Xerox&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:4:13&quot;&gt; Park do for them?”&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:4:16&quot;&gt; and then there's this dot dot dot one&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:4:19&quot;&gt; which I did do a little prep on it but I&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:4:22&quot;&gt; left it to the end in case we run out of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:4:25&quot;&gt; time because in 84 years&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:4:28&quot;&gt; I've had a lot of aha moments, but&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:4:31&quot;&gt; let's start off with number&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:4:34&quot;&gt; one. This is part&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:4:37&quot;&gt; of the tragic Illusions&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:4:40&quot;&gt; what we're doing right now and what we do in most&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:4:43&quot;&gt; classrooms is to recapitulate&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:4:46&quot;&gt; something that happened 150,000 years ago&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:4:49&quot;&gt; which is a bunch of people gathering around a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:4:52&quot;&gt; campfire listening to somebody&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:4:55&quot;&gt;talk. And just&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:4:58&quot;&gt; think about it for a second how crazy&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:5:1&quot;&gt; is it for me to be doing what I'm doing now&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:5:4&quot;&gt; this is why I sent a couple of papers along to read.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:5:7&quot;&gt; It's crazy to orally discuss&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:5:10&quot;&gt; ideas and inventions that required reading and writing&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:5:13&quot;&gt;to invent and explain. The&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:5:16&quot;&gt; oral medium is not good for what&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:5:19&quot;&gt; the best of the stuff that we&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:5:22&quot;&gt;do; but&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:5:25&quot;&gt; we all have the same pink brains&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:5:28&quot;&gt; they love stories and so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:5:31&quot;&gt; what this guy wants is a story&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:5:34&quot;&gt; and what I'm trying to do is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:5:37&quot;&gt; to comply to tell stories about&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:5:40&quot;&gt; things that really aren't very good as&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:5:43&quot;&gt; stories and the problem was we're still basically&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:5:46&quot;&gt; the same species&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:5:49&quot;&gt; with the same pink brain that wants&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:5:52&quot;&gt;stories. And systems&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:5:55&quot;&gt; aren't stories. I'm basically a systems&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:5:58&quot;&gt;guy&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:6:1&quot;&gt; If we take a look at what happened going back a few&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:6:4&quot;&gt; hundred thousand years, human genetics&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:6:7&quot;&gt; yeah it has changed a little bit.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:6:10&quot;&gt; some of us got to be able to digest milk&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:6:13&quot;&gt; and so forth.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:6:16&quot;&gt; And human&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:6:19&quot;&gt; inventions gradually took&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:6:22&quot;&gt; off. And with modern&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:6:25&quot;&gt; theories about origins of languages,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:6:28&quot;&gt; a lot more of language seems to be an invention&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:6:31&quot;&gt; via culture than&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:6:34&quot;&gt; we thought in the past. And then we&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:6:37&quot;&gt; have this problem, which I hope you can see&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:6:40&quot;&gt; there because my little thing is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:6:43&quot;&gt; blocking.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:6:46&quot;&gt; Our Collective wisdom&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:6:49&quot;&gt; started being informed by our inventions&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:6:52&quot;&gt; but it grew at a much slower rate because the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:6:55&quot;&gt; inventions are various forms of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:6:58&quot;&gt; technology including symbolic technologies.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:7:4&quot;&gt;They turned out to be really easy once we got the hang of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:7:7&quot;&gt; it. And so we've got this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:7:10&quot;&gt; huge gap.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:7:13&quot;&gt; So we can turn the guy's spear into a Tomahawk&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:7:16&quot;&gt; missile. We can increase his power of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:7:19&quot;&gt; Destruction by a factor of a million.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:7:22&quot;&gt; And we could do something much much worse which is to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:7:25&quot;&gt; turn him into a bureaucrat&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:7:28&quot;&gt; and create bureaucracy.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:7:31&quot;&gt; And bureaucracy has killed millions&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:7:34&quot;&gt; and millions more people than the worst Atomic&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:7:37&quot;&gt; weapons. So&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:7:40&quot;&gt; this is a huge problem.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:7:43&quot;&gt; And education&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:7:46&quot;&gt;is supposed to do something about it. We'll talk about that a little bit&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:7:49&quot;&gt; later. But think about it, we&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:7:52&quot;&gt; just went through the inability of most&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:7:55&quot;&gt; of the population of the planet to not&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:7:58&quot;&gt; understand how viruses and diseases work&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:8:1&quot;&gt; that was botched almost&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:8:4&quot;&gt; everywhere. And for&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:8:7&quot;&gt; the last 60 plus years we've been&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:8:10&quot;&gt; ignoring something smaller than a virus, the CO₂ molecule,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:8:13&quot;&gt;which is gradually&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:8:16&quot;&gt; changing the entire planet that we live&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:8:19&quot;&gt; on. So if you're looking for&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:8:22&quot;&gt; human wisdom, it's not up to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:8:25&quot;&gt; the scaling of what we've been able to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:8:28&quot;&gt;invent.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:8:31&quot;&gt; Okay, so, Cliff Notes for Human Beings.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:8:34&quot;&gt; I'll do this quickly&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:8:37&quot;&gt;but… So, we're basically&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:8:40&quot;&gt; Hamlet.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:8:43&quot;&gt; Our minds are like theaters.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:8:46&quot;&gt; We're more theatrical than we think. We threate…,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:8:49&quot;&gt; We create…, treat our beliefs as reality.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:8:52&quot;&gt; That is the worst thing about human&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:8:58&quot;&gt;beings. And these theaters are tiny. We can&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:9:1&quot;&gt; only think of a few things that once it's hard for us&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:9:4&quot;&gt; to take in larger&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:9:7&quot;&gt; things. And if you look into biology&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:9:10&quot;&gt; we find out that most of our mind is not&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:9:13&quot;&gt; human. And we're more non-human&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:9:16&quot;&gt; than we assume. And we tend to react&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:9:19&quot;&gt; much more than actual thinking. Thinking actually had&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:9:22&quot;&gt; to be invented. We grow up in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:9:25&quot;&gt;we were born into.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:9:28&quot;&gt; and that shapes so much of who we are and also&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:9:31&quot;&gt; how we look at the world. Our conclusions&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:9:34&quot;&gt; tend to be societal. That's a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:9:37&quot;&gt; disaster. And we have&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:9:40&quot;&gt; not just one mind, and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:9:43&quot;&gt; really not just one brain. We maybe have&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:9:46&quot;&gt; about eighty&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:9:49&quot;&gt; different conglomerations of things that could be&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:9:52&quot;&gt; called brainlets.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:9:55&quot;&gt; We have a special set of ones&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:9:58&quot;&gt; shared with most animals which is learning&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:10:1&quot;&gt; by touching things. We learn&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:10:4&quot;&gt;seeing things. We have a completely different set of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:10:7&quot;&gt; knowledges from how things look.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:10:10&quot;&gt; And we have this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:10:13&quot;&gt; symbolic mechanism&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:10:16&quot;&gt; which is both our&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:10:19&quot;&gt; downfall and our&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:10:22&quot;&gt; Salvation. So we're much&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:10:25&quot;&gt; more fragmented. We only have one body&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:10:28&quot;&gt; but uh what we want&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:10:31&quot;&gt; actually conflicts&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:10:34&quot;&gt; internally. So this is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:10:37&quot;&gt; a whole area that's really&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:10:40&quot;&gt; worthwhile studying. Especially in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:10:43&quot;&gt; this age of computation and especially&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:10:46&quot;&gt; this area. I'll leave it at.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:10:49&quot;&gt; Now let's go to the the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:10:52&quot;&gt; second question is “what did we ever do&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:10:55&quot;&gt;for Xerox anyway?”&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:10:58&quot;&gt; well we'll talk a little bit later about where Xerox&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:11:1&quot;&gt; PARC came from but here are some of the things that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:11:7&quot;&gt;we did. The first&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:11:10&quot;&gt; thing like a modern personal&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:11:13&quot;&gt; computer. The&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:11:16&quot;&gt; GUI with icons and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:11:19&quot;&gt;pointing.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:11:22&quot;&gt; Basically a way of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:11:25&quot;&gt; dealing with symmetrical&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:11:28&quot;&gt; reading and writing. That was also [called] What You See&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:11:34&quot;&gt;is What You Get. What we have to call real OOP today,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:11:37&quot;&gt; that we only called OOP back then. But it was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:11:40&quot;&gt; different than what is called OOP&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:11:43&quot;&gt; today. And we did the laser&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:11:46&quot;&gt; printer which just for the engineers in the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:11:49&quot;&gt; crowd, the very first laser printer was a page&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:11:52&quot;&gt; a second, which most people have never&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:11:55&quot;&gt; experienced today, at 500 pixels&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:11:58&quot;&gt; to the inch. That is a great&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:12:1&quot;&gt; story all by itself. How Gary Starkweather&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:12:4&quot;&gt; did that.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:12:7&quot;&gt; The outline fonts and postcript, the Ethernet.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:12:10&quot;&gt; Peer [to] peer, and client/server, and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:12:13&quot;&gt; about half the internet.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:12:16&quot;&gt;PARC had its own internet which is called the PARC&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:12:19&quot;&gt; Universal packets.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:12:22&quot;&gt; It was spread all over the country and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:12:25&quot;&gt; about, I don't know,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:12:28&quot;&gt; half the general meetings&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:12:31&quot;&gt; that were held at UCLA especially,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:12:34&quot;&gt; were done by PARC people. Some of whom&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:12:37&quot;&gt;had already done some of the things [… working at…]&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:12:40&quot;&gt; The thing is that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:12:43&quot;&gt; all of these things came out of a particular&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:12:46&quot;&gt; community. So we locked the claim we&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:12:49&quot;&gt; had eight and a half visible inventions. And&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:12:52&quot;&gt; of course what's interesting about all of this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:12:55&quot;&gt; is all the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:12:58&quot;&gt;technology that had to be invented that was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:13:1&quot;&gt; invisible. And according to Butler&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:13:4&quot;&gt; Lampson, this was done&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:13:7&quot;&gt; with about 25 researchers over about five&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:13:10&quot;&gt; years. These particular ones I'm showing&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:13:13&quot;&gt; here. And PARC&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:13:16&quot;&gt; itself, existed in the form it was for&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:13:19&quot;&gt; about 10 years. So in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:13:22&quot;&gt; total today's dollars&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:13:25&quot;&gt; here is like, I don't know 15&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:13:28&quot;&gt; years ago or so, when I made the slide&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:13:31&quot;&gt; so it was in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:13:34&quot;&gt; dollars of 15 years ago, it was about 10&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:13:37&quot;&gt; million dollars a year, or about 100&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:13:40&quot;&gt; million to 120 million for the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:13:43&quot;&gt; for the 10 years. And PARC had four Labs&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:13:46&quot;&gt; so there was System Science, Computer Science,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:13:49&quot;&gt; Optical science and Physical science.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:13:52&quot;&gt; So this is the total budget of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:13:55&quot;&gt; Park. And when I&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:13:58&quot;&gt; first did this slide of, 15&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:14:1&quot;&gt; years years ago or so, the return was about $35&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:14:4&quot;&gt; trillion dollars to the world. Now&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:14:7&quot;&gt; I think it's up past 50 trillion&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:14:10&quot;&gt; or so and, to get back to the question&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:14:13&quot;&gt; is uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:14:16&quot;&gt; oh and this is an important idea, that the thing that confused&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:14:19&quot;&gt; people and Confused Xerox was, if you can&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:14:22&quot;&gt;these eight and a half inventions you see in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:14:25&quot;&gt; in Industry, it is the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:14:28&quot;&gt; basis of one of the main&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:14:31&quot;&gt; large Industries that we have&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:14:34&quot;&gt;today.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:14:37&quot;&gt; Now what about return to PARC. Well, PARC&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:14:40&quot;&gt; missed, I mean Xerox missed most of these.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:14:43&quot;&gt; But it doesn't matter because the return&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:14:46&quot;&gt; on the laser printer all by itself&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:14:49&quot;&gt; was about a factor of 200&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:14:52&quot;&gt; on the entire investment for park over the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:14:55&quot;&gt;entire 10 years. So&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:14:58&quot;&gt; Xerox made billions and billions just&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:15:1&quot;&gt; from this one thing. They missed the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:15:4&quot;&gt; trillions but&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:15:7&quot;&gt; if you look at it from a positive direction,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:15:10&quot;&gt; thank goodness they were willing to fund&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:15:13&quot;&gt; people that no business person in their right mind would&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:15:16&quot;&gt; fund. So we got what we&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:15:19&quot;&gt;got. Now,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:15:22&quot;&gt; the real story here is that back in the 40s&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:15:25&quot;&gt; the Cold War started with the Russian A&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:15:28&quot;&gt; bomb, after World War II, and that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:15:31&quot;&gt; gave rise to a bunch&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:15:34&quot;&gt; of DOD funding, which included Whirlwind&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:15:37&quot;&gt; which we'll talk about in a minute, the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:15:40&quot;&gt; SAGE air defense system.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:15:43&quot;&gt; We'll talk about in a minute, and then in 57 Sputnik&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:15:46&quot;&gt; came along and that created ARPA.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:15:49&quot;&gt; We'll talk about that in a minute. And here are some&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:15:52&quot;&gt;the things that ARPA did&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:15:55&quot;&gt; up to the time when the Vietnam War and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:15:58&quot;&gt; Congress decided to kill ARPA funding&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:16:1&quot;&gt; for public domain&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:16:4&quot;&gt; Computing. You can look at these yourself.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:16:7&quot;&gt; Things like personal Computing,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:16:10&quot;&gt; computer Graphics,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:16:13&quot;&gt; packet switching. That handsome guy in the patch packing&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:16:16&quot;&gt; switching thing on the the right is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:16:19&quot;&gt; none other than Len&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:16:22&quot;&gt;Kleinrock. Looking very confident as we all were&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:16:25&quot;&gt; back then. That led to the ARPANET,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:16:28&quot;&gt; and that led to the Internet,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:16:31&quot;&gt; and… The first tablet that was areally&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:16:34&quot;&gt; good one, that was done back in 1964, and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:16:37&quot;&gt; then there was the Engelbart system and so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:16:40&quot;&gt; forth. So PARC was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:16:43&quot;&gt; actually set up&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:16:46&quot;&gt; because one of the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:16:49&quot;&gt; Deputy directors of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:16:52&quot;&gt; ARPA&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:16:55&quot;&gt; IPTO feared that this work was not&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:16:58&quot;&gt; going to be continued to some kind of fruition.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:17:1&quot;&gt;So he started looking around and it happened that Xerox&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:17:4&quot;&gt; was looking around for a long range research&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:17:7&quot;&gt; lab, and they got together and the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:17:10&quot;&gt; the lab was put as far away from corporate&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:17:13&quot;&gt; headquarters as possible.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:17:16&quot;&gt; Next to a university so it's either going to be Berkeley&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:17:19&quot;&gt; or Stanford. They put it next to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:17:22&quot;&gt; Stanford.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:17:25&quot;&gt; Park completely thought of itself as&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:17:28&quot;&gt; being part of the ARPA Community. Almost every computer&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:17:31&quot;&gt; researcher there had been a graduate&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:17:34&quot;&gt; student at and had their degrees&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:17:37&quot;&gt; paid for by ARPA and so forth. So I never&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:17:40&quot;&gt; talk about PARC without bringing in this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:17:43&quot;&gt;larger context. And in fact&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:17:46&quot;&gt; it the larger context was the reason that PARC&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:17:49&quot;&gt; was able to do so many things&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:17:52&quot;&gt; with so few researchers. There was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:17:55&quot;&gt; all of this prior art available&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:17:58&quot;&gt; in the research community, and the research&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:18:1&quot;&gt; community also taught the grad students how to work&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:18:4&quot;&gt; together. I'll talk about that in a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:18:7&quot;&gt;minute.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:18:10&quot;&gt; Okay here's feedback from&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:18:13&quot;&gt;world pushback. Look at some&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:18:16&quot;&gt;of these numbers&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:18:19&quot;&gt; are dismally low. Like here are the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:18:22&quot;&gt;heartbreakers. On the other hand 100%&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:18:25&quot;&gt; of the internet, 100% of the Ethernet,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:18:28&quot;&gt; 100% of the laser printer, outline&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:18:31&quot;&gt; fonts. Peer-peer and all that stuff were accepted&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:18:34&quot;&gt; and this is in large part because there weren't&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:18:37&quot;&gt; good solutions already out&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:18:40&quot;&gt;there. The&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:18:43&quot;&gt; 50% on the pop modern personal computer&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:18:46&quot;&gt; is because the people who adapted&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:18:49&quot;&gt; this to the commercial World&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:18:52&quot;&gt; basically adapted it&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:18:55&quot;&gt; in its appearances. They didn't&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:18:58&quot;&gt;look any deeper.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:19:1&quot;&gt; Most of the hackers in the 80s thought they knew&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:19:4&quot;&gt; how to program so their interest in doing&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:19:7&quot;&gt; really new ways of programming was very low. So the least accepted&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:19:10&quot;&gt; thing was the way we did successful&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:19:13&quot;&gt; software at PARC.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:19:16&quot;&gt; Some of the deepest&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:19:19&quot;&gt; ideas uh that our field has ever come up with&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:19:22&quot;&gt; were done by Engelbart and his group&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:19:25&quot;&gt; and almost none of those have even&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:19:28&quot;&gt; be understood. And you know if I were there and person,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:19:31&quot;&gt; what I always do is ask students&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:19:34&quot;&gt; what Engelbart did, and they usually can't tell me.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:19:37&quot;&gt; And it's hard to find a student…&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:19:40&quot;&gt; In fact let's do it right now, just for the hell&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:19:43&quot;&gt; of it. Okay students&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:19:46&quot;&gt; can you hear me? Raise your&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:19:49&quot;&gt;hand?&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:19:52&quot;&gt;Okay. Let's see,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:19:55&quot;&gt; what do I want here?…&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:19:58&quot;&gt; Yes; so… Students&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:20:1&quot;&gt; please tell me anybody who's T&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:20:4&quot;&gt; typed “E N G E L B A&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:20:7&quot;&gt; R T” into Google.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:20:10&quot;&gt; Raise your&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:20:13&quot;&gt;hand.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:20:16&quot;&gt; [TA's answers]– I think one hand is Professor Kleinrock. [Alan Kay] Well&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:20:19&quot;&gt; of course. Okay so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:20:22&quot;&gt; this is basically being in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:20:25&quot;&gt; in physics, being&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:20:28&quot;&gt; a physics major, and not being curious about&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:20:34&quot;&gt;Newton. So this is not an&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:20:40&quot;&gt;exaggeration. Think about it.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:20:43&quot;&gt;And you know if you want some bitching from an old&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:20:46&quot;&gt; fart, a lot of us back in the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:20:49&quot;&gt; old days put out a lot of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:20:52&quot;&gt; effort, including Len in the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:20:55&quot;&gt; room, to get you guys personal&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:20:58&quot;&gt; computers, which you have with you.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:21:1&quot;&gt; And to get you guys networks that can connect&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:21:4&quot;&gt; to things, and to get you so you can be&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:21:7&quot;&gt; just a few characters and a mouse push&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:21:10&quot;&gt; away from satisfying your curiosity&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:21:13&quot;&gt; about the heroes of your own profession.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:21:16&quot;&gt; Think about that and none of you have done&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:21:19&quot;&gt; that. What do you think about&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:21:25&quot;&gt;that? Okay&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:21:28&quot;&gt; so let's now go quickly back again.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:21:31&quot;&gt; Russian A-bomb…&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:21:40&quot;&gt;Here's Whirlwind. So&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:21:43&quot;&gt; this is just a few racks of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:21:46&quot;&gt; Whirlwind. At MIT. Was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:21:49&quot;&gt; actually just a 16bit&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:21:52&quot;&gt; bit parallel real-time mini computer&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:21:55&quot;&gt; but took this amount of space. Had about 5,000 vacuum&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:21:58&quot;&gt; tubes. And the memory&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:22:1&quot;&gt; devices back around 1950&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:22:4&quot;&gt; were so bad for storage,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:22:7&quot;&gt; for RAM that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:22:10&quot;&gt; it forced uh one of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:22:13&quot;&gt; the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:22:16&quot;&gt; the guy in the middle there&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:22:19&quot;&gt; Jay Forrester to invent core memory&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:22:22&quot;&gt; which was the technology that let computers&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:22:25&quot;&gt; uh go commercial for the first&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:22:28&quot;&gt; time. And the guy to his&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:22:31&quot;&gt; uh let's see, to his left the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:22:34&quot;&gt; guy who's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:22:37&quot;&gt; standing behind them in the middle of the picture&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:22:40&quot;&gt; there Jay&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:22:43&quot;&gt; Everett&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:22:58&quot;&gt;Whoops! Oh now it's not letting me…&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:23:1&quot;&gt;I hate Zoom&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:23:7&quot;&gt;okay&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:23:10&quot;&gt; Sorry&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:23:13&quot;&gt; Also with this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:23:16&quot;&gt; was uh one of the earliest displays&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:23:19&quot;&gt; and Everett had&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:23:22&quot;&gt; had&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:23:28&quot;&gt;actually…&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:23:37&quot;&gt;sorry. Everett had&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:23:40&quot;&gt; actually invented a way to point at the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:23:43&quot;&gt; screen, and this is the as far as&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:23:46&quot;&gt;the first time there was computer&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:23:49&quot;&gt; graphics with a pointing&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:23:52&quot;&gt; device. And they did this because&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:23:55&quot;&gt; the Cold War changed their original&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:23:58&quot;&gt; theory about what they were doing which was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:24:1&quot;&gt; to make flight simulators&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:24:4&quot;&gt; and they were starting to lose their funding for&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:24:7&quot;&gt; that but the atomic bomb&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:24:10&quot;&gt; of the Russians got the military&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:24:13&quot;&gt; interested in whether you could hook a computer&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:24:16&quot;&gt; up to radar and track it. And they were&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:24:19&quot;&gt; the first to do this and that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:24:22&quot;&gt;hey built back then morphed its way into the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:24:25&quot;&gt; worldwide airplane&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:24:28&quot;&gt; tracking system that we use today.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:24:31&quot;&gt; Then the second phase of Whirlwind&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:24:34&quot;&gt; was to go&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:24:37&quot;&gt; all out and see if we could&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:24:40&quot;&gt; track Russian bombers&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:24:43&quot;&gt; before they could get to us.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:24:46&quot;&gt; And so they built these monstrous&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:24:49&quot;&gt; block houses out of concrete.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:24:52&quot;&gt; This is about the size they&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:24:55&quot;&gt; were. Bottom floor there is just the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:24:58&quot;&gt;power supply. The second second floor here&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;note for=&quot;0:25:1&quot;&gt;<br /> The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AN/FSQ-7_Combat_Direction_Central AN/FSQ-7 Combat Direction Central], referred to as the Q7 for short, was a computerized air defence command and control system.<br /> <br /> &lt;/note&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:25:1&quot;&gt; are two really big Q7&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:25:4&quot;&gt; computers with maybe 55,000&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:25:7&quot;&gt; vacuum tubes gang&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:25:10&quot;&gt; together uh they're really something&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:25:13&quot;&gt;walk around in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:25:16&quot;&gt; here's a block house so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:25:19&quot;&gt; 24 of these were built in the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:25:22&quot;&gt;US then up on the top&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:25:25&quot;&gt; floor were 100 to about&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:25:28&quot;&gt; 150 graphic terminals&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:25:31&quot;&gt; with pointing devices for dealing with various&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:25:34&quot;&gt;of information and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:25:37&quot;&gt; here's what one row of them look&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:25:40&quot;&gt;like so there are zillions&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:25:43&quot;&gt; of them and this is about maybe 1956&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:25:46&quot;&gt; 57&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:25:49&quot;&gt;now&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:25:52&quot;&gt; and they had a network wasn't&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:25:55&quot;&gt; a great Network it wasn't a packet switching&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:25:58&quot;&gt; network but they' gotten used to the idea&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:26:1&quot;&gt; that if you're going to build computers and have people&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:26:4&quot;&gt;work together you better have a network and some&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:26:7&quot;&gt; way of doing that so this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:26:10&quot;&gt; crowning Glory was just coming to fruition&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:26:13&quot;&gt; when the Russians decided oh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:26:16&quot;&gt; well let's just shoot some&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:26:19&quot;&gt;Rockets to show The Americans that we don't need to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:26:22&quot;&gt; deliver bombs by a bomber we can&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:26:25&quot;&gt; you make icbms&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:26:28&quot;&gt; so this shocked the and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:26:31&quot;&gt; Congress and they set up arpa&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:26:34&quot;&gt; Advanced research projects agency&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:26:37&quot;&gt; the director uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:26:40&quot;&gt; in the early 60s was Jack&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:26:42&quot;&gt; ruen and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:26:45&quot;&gt; he decided to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:26:48&quot;&gt; uh give this guy uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:26:51&quot;&gt; Jacob licklider known as lick&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:26:54&quot;&gt; some leftover money they had which&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:26:57&quot;&gt;by DOD standards wasn't a lot but by computer computer&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:27:0&quot;&gt; standards it was millions&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:27:3&quot;&gt; and they they gave it to him because they liked him and you'll&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:27:6&quot;&gt; you'll get an idea about this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:27:9&quot;&gt; soon and so here are the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:27:12&quot;&gt; 1960s directors of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:27:15&quot;&gt; arpa not a military person among them these were all&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:27:18&quot;&gt; PhD&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:27:21&quot;&gt;scientists and the four arpa&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:27:24&quot;&gt; computer research directors were all&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:27:27&quot;&gt; scientists and this is because&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:27:30&quot;&gt; the powers that set this up&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:27:33&quot;&gt; realized that having something like the military&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:27:36&quot;&gt; and something like congress&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:27:39&quot;&gt; with a dire threat&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:27:42&quot;&gt;were trying to deal with would just botch things up&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:27:45&quot;&gt; still true today&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:27:48&quot;&gt; so but&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:27:51&quot;&gt; of course Congress ultimately control&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:27:54&quot;&gt; the budget but they didn't have&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:27:57&quot;&gt; much power because the Americans were were&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:28:0&quot;&gt; frightened of the Russians&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:28:3&quot;&gt; and so they weren't&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:28:6&quot;&gt; going to curtail military spending&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:28:9&quot;&gt; but people in Congress would say&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:28:12&quot;&gt; these words that everybody has heard Still today&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:28:15&quot;&gt; how is this relevant tell me why this work that you're doing is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:28:18&quot;&gt; relevant to the Department of Defense and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:28:21&quot;&gt; they would get push back from these&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:28:24&quot;&gt; scientist Jack would say that's not the right&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:28:27&quot;&gt; question to ask Bob spra Senior would say the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:28:30&quot;&gt; right question to ask is how is this going to help the United&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:28:33&quot;&gt; States or this technology or our society or our&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:28:36&quot;&gt; culture generally holy&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:28:39&quot;&gt; Bob Taylor's remark&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:28:42&quot;&gt; was they would stand up to these guys&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:28:45&quot;&gt; and in a polite civilized way attack their&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:28:48&quot;&gt; myopia because these arpa directors were scientific&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:28:51&quot;&gt; Statesmen&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:28:54&quot;&gt; and Bob reflects we've had too few of those people&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:28:57&quot;&gt; in the job since then&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:29:0&quot;&gt;and around 1966&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:29:3&quot;&gt; Charlie hersfield asked bobw what&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:29:6&quot;&gt; what do you want and Bob said uh this network&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:29:9&quot;&gt; is what I want to do and here's why&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:29:12&quot;&gt; and Charlie said&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:29:15&quot;&gt; okay and Bob's recollection that was a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:29:18&quot;&gt;15minute conversation&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:29:21&quot;&gt; Charlie asked how much money do you need and Bob said well a million&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:29:24&quot;&gt; dollars is so it's like seven or eight billion seven or eight&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:29:27&quot;&gt; million dollars today just to get it organized&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:29:30&quot;&gt; and uh herzfeld said&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:29:33&quot;&gt; okay and Bob's recollection was that there was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:29:36&quot;&gt; no actual arpa paperwork order written or anything&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:29:39&quot;&gt; for months maybe even a year&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:29:42&quot;&gt; these people all trusted each other and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:29:45&quot;&gt; did a lot of things very quickly this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:29:48&quot;&gt; way now a key idea here if you can see&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:29:51&quot;&gt; him is that Bob&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:29:54&quot;&gt; Taylor uh after&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:29:57&quot;&gt; arpa went on to be the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:30:0&quot;&gt; founder uh of the computer science&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:30:3&quot;&gt; research at Xerox Park so he was the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:30:6&quot;&gt; connection as of course the computer science&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:30:9&quot;&gt; research park at Park was set up like&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:30:12&quot;&gt; the computer science research of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:30:15&quot;&gt; arpa and so when we look at&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:30:18&quot;&gt; this we want to see&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:30:21&quot;&gt; what what did these people weigh back then&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:30:24&quot;&gt; think about this we have all&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:30:27&quot;&gt; these questions that we can't answer all of them today&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:30:30&quot;&gt; we can look at the first couple there and we can get a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:30:33&quot;&gt; couple of samples of what they were saying&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:30:36&quot;&gt; so veva&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:30:39&quot;&gt; Bush uh pronounced the way&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:30:42&quot;&gt; Beaver is pronounced in New England beava&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:30:45&quot;&gt; beniva Bush who is president&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:30:48&quot;&gt; Rosevelt science advisor said&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:30:51&quot;&gt; in the 40s holy new forms of encyclopedias&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:30:54&quot;&gt; will appear readymade with a mesh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:30:57&quot;&gt; of associative Trails running through them ready to be&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:31:0&quot;&gt; dropped into the mimics and they're Amplified so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:31:3&quot;&gt; that got a lot of people&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:31:6&quot;&gt;thinking Li glider said in a few years&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:31:9&quot;&gt;the combination of humans and computers will think as no&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:31:12&quot;&gt; humans have ever thought&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:31:15&quot;&gt; before John McCarthy looked at&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:31:18&quot;&gt; the sage system and said every home will have one&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:31:21&quot;&gt;and with an intelligent interface because&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:31:24&quot;&gt; he thought way McCarthy thought about it is well this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:31:27&quot;&gt; is just like uh getting gas and Water&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:31:30&quot;&gt; and Electric power and so forth into a house&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:31:33&quot;&gt; it's a utility so every house&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:31:36&quot;&gt; will have a uh a terminal connected to a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:31:39&quot;&gt; worldwide utility that was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:31:42&quot;&gt; 1958 that affected the work at MIT&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:31:45&quot;&gt; by uh Corby Fernando&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:31:48&quot;&gt; corbo Ivan suin&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:31:51&quot;&gt; the inventor of computer Graphics said a graphic input&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:31:54&quot;&gt; coupled to some kind of computation which&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:31:57&quot;&gt; is in turn coupled to a graphical output is a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:32:0&quot;&gt; truly powerful tool for Education design&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:32:3&quot;&gt;and angelart here said we can boost Mankind's capability&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:32:6&quot;&gt; for coping with complex urgent Problems&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:32:9&quot;&gt; by augmenting the collective IQ&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:32:12&quot;&gt; of groups not just augmenting people&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:32:15&quot;&gt; but augmenting&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:32:18&quot;&gt;roups&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:32:21&quot;&gt; and I'm going to more concentrate more&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:32:24&quot;&gt; on these two but we'll get a look at a bit&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:32:27&quot;&gt; okay so what what with these guys&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:32:30&quot;&gt; looking for as far as people look was just&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:32:33&quot;&gt; looking for the best people Ivan was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:32:36&quot;&gt; looking for people uh who could choose their own problems and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:32:39&quot;&gt; methods Taylor's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:32:42&quot;&gt; thought his job was to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:32:45&quot;&gt; fix up the social environment so that when the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:32:48&quot;&gt; no Lone Wolf scientists needed to cooperate&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:32:51&quot;&gt; they will and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:32:54&quot;&gt; Larry uh said&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:32:57&quot;&gt; everybody understood the game&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:33:0&quot;&gt; here which was arpa&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:33:3&quot;&gt; ipto was allowed to help the country as long as it was helping&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:33:6&quot;&gt; the military and so what&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:33:9&quot;&gt; kind of people were they looking for this man right here is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:33:12&quot;&gt;my great-grandfather he's the first cat herder in our&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:33:18&quot;&gt;family don't let anybody tell you it's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:33:21&quot;&gt; easy anybody can hurt cattle&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:33:24&quot;&gt; holding together 10, half wild SS&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:33:27&quot;&gt; that's another thing all together&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:33:30&quot;&gt;well you get you get the idea&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:33:33&quot;&gt; and so the real question here is what if only cats can do this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:33:36&quot;&gt; stuff and adults don't&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:33:39&quot;&gt; get it adults are into command and control&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:33:42&quot;&gt; and command and control doesn't work with cats&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:33:45&quot;&gt; have a jar fill all the names of the toys we have&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:33:48&quot;&gt; sitting right next to us and we're going to take the jar one by&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:33:51&quot;&gt; one open up these toys all right would you like to go first&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:33:54&quot;&gt; piing something from the jar yes all right&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:33:57&quot;&gt; now it's on a spring I like&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:34:0&quot;&gt;all&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:34:3&quot;&gt; it's inside this box right here&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:34:6&quot;&gt;there's this little mouse on a spring is go up and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:34:9&quot;&gt; down and cats are going to try to catch it all righty our cats&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:34:12&quot;&gt;like having mouses but they keep on tearing them apart CU&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:34:15&quot;&gt; they're kind of vicious so got another one&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:34:18&quot;&gt; okay and this is the toy&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:34:24&quot;&gt;mouse what is this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:34:27&quot;&gt; what is this mysterious&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:34:33&quot;&gt;George I think you get&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:34:36&quot;&gt; it gotta have some feel for what cats&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:34:39&quot;&gt; want so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:34:42&quot;&gt; lick pointed out right at&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:34:45&quot;&gt; the beginning that great Visions are not the same as&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:34:48&quot;&gt; goals but they are the ultimate cat&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:34:51&quot;&gt;oy so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:34:54&quot;&gt; he stuck to this Vision which is not&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:34:57&quot;&gt; phrased as a goal he said computers are destined&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:35:0&quot;&gt; to become interactive intellectual&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:35:3&quot;&gt; amplifiers for everyone universally networked&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:35:6&quot;&gt; worldwide he did not know&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:35:9&quot;&gt; what this meant and in fact he was a psychologist&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:35:12&quot;&gt; not a what we call a card carrying&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:35:15&quot;&gt; engineer but he&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:35:18&quot;&gt; understood a lot&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:35:21&quot;&gt; that if you hide if you take this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:35:24&quot;&gt; vision and stick it behind the mountain&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:35:27&quot;&gt; range it sends out magnet field which is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:35:30&quot;&gt; Marvin Minsky like to point out if you don't&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:35:33&quot;&gt; know what to do get lots of people to do lots of things&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:35:36&quot;&gt; that's what lick was doing&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:35:39&quot;&gt; and so the number one principle here of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:35:42&quot;&gt; doing anything like this where you are going to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:35:45&quot;&gt; get have the possibility of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:35:48&quot;&gt; really large new things is the goodness&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:35:51&quot;&gt; of the results correlates most strongly with the goodness of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:35:54&quot;&gt; the funders that is my&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:35:57&quot;&gt; reflection uh for from the past&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:36:0&quot;&gt; because every era has really&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:36:3&quot;&gt; smart people I've never&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:36:6&quot;&gt; been in an era that didn't have people as smart as the people I&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:36:9&quot;&gt; worked with back then but the funders&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:36:12&quot;&gt; have were wonderful in the 60s&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:36:15&quot;&gt; and uh 70s and they've been&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:36:18&quot;&gt; uh ever more terrible ever&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:36:21&quot;&gt;since&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:36:24&quot;&gt; and so two of the main things that came&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:36:27&quot;&gt; out of this was human humans and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:36:30&quot;&gt; computers working together as an idea and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:36:33&quot;&gt; then this larger idea of augmenting human intellect&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:36:36&quot;&gt; in general so I'll just go through these quickly&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:36:39&quot;&gt;million of them they're in one of the papers I handed&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:36:42&quot;&gt; out but basically go against&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:36:45&quot;&gt; conventional wisdom do Visions&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:36:48&quot;&gt; not goals let&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:36:51&quot;&gt; somebody else do the goals fun problem finding&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:36:54&quot;&gt; not just problem solving this is a key&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:36:57&quot;&gt; one because a problem&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:37:0&quot;&gt; is often too rooted in the uh context&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:37:3&quot;&gt;he present&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:37:6&quot;&gt; and so if you're just doing that which is kind of what's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:37:9&quot;&gt; going on this is what NSF likes to fund&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:37:12&quot;&gt; problems that peer reviewers can understand in the present&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:37:15&quot;&gt; and most most of them uh don't make&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:37:18&quot;&gt; big contributions&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:37:21&quot;&gt; problem finding on the other hand is difficult for&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:37:24&quot;&gt; everybody but it gives you a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:37:27&quot;&gt; chance fun people not&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:37:30&quot;&gt; projects so in other words don't&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:37:33&quot;&gt;worry you know if you've got some crazy guy who's really&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:37:36&quot;&gt; good or girl who's really good&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:37:39&quot;&gt; don't worry about what they want to do&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:37:42&quot;&gt; give them some money and see what happens&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:37:45&quot;&gt; uh corollary fund of very best people&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:37:48&quot;&gt; I don't think that's being done&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:37:51&quot;&gt; today and an important part of the research&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:37:54&quot;&gt; results are new and better researchers&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:37:57&quot;&gt; and in in a sense&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:38:0&quot;&gt; NSF is paying for some of this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:38:3&quot;&gt; but I don't think a lot of research is being done I think&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:38:6&quot;&gt; it's mostly engineering so what I think is what&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:38:9&quot;&gt; NSF is paying for are new and better&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:38:12&quot;&gt; uh uh practical&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:38:15&quot;&gt;engineers and what we need is new and better&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:38:18&quot;&gt; researchers really Advance something very important&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:38:21&quot;&gt; well that's controversial because it probably&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:38:24&quot;&gt; uh is something&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:38:27&quot;&gt; new and here's a key one design&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:38:30&quot;&gt;build in the future and bring back to the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:38:33&quot;&gt; present and one that costs a lot of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:38:36&quot;&gt; money was make enough of the inventions&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:38:39&quot;&gt; and in a practical enough manner so that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:38:42&quot;&gt; many people can use them in other words live&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:38:45&quot;&gt; in your own uh your own mess that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:38:48&quot;&gt;you've made then Milestones&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:38:51&quot;&gt; not deadlines&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:38:54&quot;&gt;one&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:38:57&quot;&gt; okay so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:0&quot;&gt; here are five things that of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:3&quot;&gt; many things that people&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:6&quot;&gt; are in the indidual individual stars there are&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:9&quot;&gt; people get interested in Aesthetics&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:12&quot;&gt; or they prefer to Tinker they prefer to do&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:15&quot;&gt; engineering but the problem is The Sweet&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:18&quot;&gt; Spot in the center&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:21&quot;&gt; is something we have to get to because as Marvin says&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:22&quot;&gt; you don't understand&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:24&quot;&gt; something if you only understand it one way&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:27&quot;&gt; this is a key phrase for the 20&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:30&quot;&gt; 20th and 21st centuries&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:33&quot;&gt; and so no matter what&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:36&quot;&gt; your favorite one of these is you have to get fluent&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:39&quot;&gt; in all of them and this is a not&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:42&quot;&gt;he way universities are set up not the way companies&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:45&quot;&gt; are set up but you got to do it&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:48&quot;&gt; the best people I know all are in the center&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:51&quot;&gt; here and then there's a question about&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:54&quot;&gt; regarding Computing is is could there actually&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:57&quot;&gt; be a science of computing they&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:40:0&quot;&gt; are artificial objects after all&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:40:3&quot;&gt; we're not looking at molecules so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:40:6&quot;&gt; forth we're looking at constructed&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:40:9&quot;&gt; things and what does that mean as a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:40:12&quot;&gt;science&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:40:15&quot;&gt; so go back into the 50s&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:40:18&quot;&gt; again we've got&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:40:21&quot;&gt; phenomena we can see these artifacts they've got&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:40:24&quot;&gt; wires and vacuum tubes and we can program them&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:40:27&quot;&gt; and we can make a high LEL language for them like Fortran&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:40:30&quot;&gt; and so forth and that isn't really&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:40:33&quot;&gt; science what is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:40:36&quot;&gt;cience well I've&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:40:39&quot;&gt; got this cryptic phrase here scientists try to find&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:40:42&quot;&gt; fireflies and make&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:40:45&quot;&gt;t-shirts what does that mean&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:40:48&quot;&gt; it means that behind the stuff&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:40:51&quot;&gt; that distracts us&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:40:54&quot;&gt; there are hidden&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:40:57&quot;&gt; deeper properties the properties&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:41:0&quot;&gt; might not even be in there explicitly but they're&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:41:3&quot;&gt; there what scientists do&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:41:6&quot;&gt; is good what I call good&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:41:9&quot;&gt; woooo which is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:41:12&quot;&gt; they let their brain relax to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:41:15&quot;&gt;point where they can start thinking beneath the surface of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:41:18&quot;&gt; things and here's one of the first computer&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:41:21&quot;&gt; scientists John McCarthy and he&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:41:24&quot;&gt; looked at this stuff in the 50s and decided to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:41:27&quot;&gt;t-shirt of it and the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:41:30&quot;&gt; t-shirt looks like&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:41:33&quot;&gt; this so it's kind of backwell&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:41:36&quot;&gt;equations of computing and what's interesting about&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:41:39&quot;&gt; it is that it doesn't look like&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:41:42&quot;&gt; uh the hardware and it doesn't look like the software it's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:41:45&quot;&gt; actually a mathematical&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:41:48&quot;&gt;formulation of what John thought the most important&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:41:51&quot;&gt; relationships were so I would call this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:41:54&quot;&gt;maxwellian then&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:41:57&quot;&gt;stronger stronger&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:42:0&quot;&gt; along the lines of Newton which is to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:42:3&quot;&gt; explain important ideas&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:42:6&quot;&gt; here about what was lying beneath&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:42:9&quot;&gt; the surface and why it was really useful&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:42:12&quot;&gt; to think of doing things in a particular&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:42:15&quot;&gt; way and the thing&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:42:18&quot;&gt; about math is it has to be consistent meaning&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:42:21&quot;&gt; neat but it doesn't have to be&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:42:24&quot;&gt; real and so this thing that John did was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:42:27&quot;&gt; not real but another hero&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:42:30&quot;&gt; of mine Steve Russell the guy who invented space war&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:42:33&quot;&gt; was at MIT and he looked at&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:42:36&quot;&gt; John's math and he said that's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:42:39&quot;&gt; a program if I implement it we'll have a running system&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:42:42&quot;&gt; and John McCarthy said well he did and we did&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:42:45&quot;&gt; and that was the birth of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:42:48&quot;&gt;lisp and here's the cool thing about Computing&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:42:51&quot;&gt; the theory can also be the model and the artifact&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:42:54&quot;&gt; and you can make it&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:42:57&quot;&gt; real but there are a lot of complaints about&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:43:0&quot;&gt; dealing with pure semantics is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:43:3&quot;&gt; too slow even after&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:43:6&quot;&gt; factor of a million or a billion&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:43:9&quot;&gt; of or more of more moris&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:43:12&quot;&gt; law still seems to be too slow&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:43:15&quot;&gt; on the other hand&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:43:18&quot;&gt; you can build a special machine for&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:43:21&quot;&gt;these semantics that don't fit on regular&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:43:24&quot;&gt;machines because remember&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:43:27&quot;&gt; our computer's only there to run programs so why not make&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:43:30&quot;&gt; a computer that will run the programs you want to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:43:33&quot;&gt; run and if you try to optimize too early&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:43:36&quot;&gt; like buying a computer before&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:43:39&quot;&gt; that isn't a supercomputer before you've done your&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:43:42&quot;&gt; research you're in trouble because now you're&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:43:45&quot;&gt; forced to deal with its problems rather than your&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:43:48&quot;&gt; own so this is the kind of process&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:43:51&quot;&gt; that the arpa community went&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:43:54&quot;&gt;hrough&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:43:57&quot;&gt; and this is a fun story but&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:44:0&quot;&gt; I want to bring up the fireflies again&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:44:3&quot;&gt; you can't replicate what John&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:44:6&quot;&gt;McCarthy did because the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:44:9&quot;&gt; times are different now but the fireflies&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:44:12&quot;&gt; in what he did are still there and they can still&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:44:15&quot;&gt;what to do&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:44:18&quot;&gt; okay here's uh Story&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:44:21&quot;&gt; number two 62&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:44:24&quot;&gt; years ago in 1962&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:44:27&quot;&gt; this is in the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:44:30&quot;&gt;uh Sage experimental&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:44:33&quot;&gt; uh test computer called the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:44:36&quot;&gt; tx2 it was one of the LA one one of these&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:44:39&quot;&gt; computers that was the building&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:44:42&quot;&gt; and right down at the end of one corner was this guy sitting&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:44:45&quot;&gt;of a oscilloscope&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:44:54&quot;&gt;screen and what was he doing&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:44:57&quot;&gt; well&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:45:0&quot;&gt;here's the light pen he was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:45:6&quot;&gt;and now this display&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:45:9&quot;&gt; doesn't isn't a line drawing display it just makes a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:45:12&quot;&gt; DOT so the there's a program&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:45:15&quot;&gt; making these lines now he tells sketchpad&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:45:18&quot;&gt; to make them all mutually perpendicular and you&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:45:21&quot;&gt; just saw it automatically&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:45:24&quot;&gt; uh clean up the drawing this is why it's called sketch pad because&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:45:27&quot;&gt; you can just draw roughly he may wants&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:45:30&quot;&gt; to make a hole in this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:45:33&quot;&gt;flange so he says here make&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:45:36&quot;&gt; these both uh uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:45:39&quot;&gt; parallel and perpendicular and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:45:42&quot;&gt; now the constraint is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:45:45&quot;&gt; make these lines I'm drawing to be collinear with the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:45:48&quot;&gt; guidelines below so this allows&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:45:51&quot;&gt; him to quickly draw a dotted&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:45:54&quot;&gt;line&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:45:57&quot;&gt; now he's going going to make the guidelines&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:46:0&quot;&gt; transparent we get a hole in the flange&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:46:3&quot;&gt;and notice this is the first system to have a clipping&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:46:6&quot;&gt; window is actually drawing on a canvas&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:46:9&quot;&gt; about a third of a mile on a side being windowed&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:46:15&quot;&gt;here he needs a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:46:18&quot;&gt;rivet&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:46:21&quot;&gt; so this is the rough shape of a rivet&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:46:24&quot;&gt; draws this because he wants this as&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:46:27&quot;&gt; a center for an AR AR for the top of the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:46:30&quot;&gt; rivet and now he says okay make&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:46:33&quot;&gt; all these lines I'm pointing to here&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:46:36&quot;&gt; make these mutually perpendicular&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:46:39&quot;&gt; and that will force the drawing into&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:46:42&quot;&gt; something like a rivet maybe he doesn't&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:46:51&quot;&gt;shape&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:46:54&quot;&gt; because he didn't constrain the size of the thing so here's another&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:46:57&quot;&gt;solution with that those starting&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:47:0&quot;&gt; conditions but he said decides he likes the one&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:47:9&quot;&gt;first now here's another cool idea Ivan&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:47:12&quot;&gt; suland did&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:47:15&quot;&gt; which was to have Masters and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:47:18&quot;&gt; instances so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:47:21&quot;&gt; this is not the rivet he drew&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:47:24&quot;&gt; this is an instance of the rivet he drew&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:47:27&quot;&gt; and the rotation and the scaling&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:47:30&quot;&gt; are done by knobs that he has on&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:47:36&quot;&gt;console okay&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:47:39&quot;&gt; and wants to show you&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:47:42&quot;&gt; he can make more instances and that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:47:45&quot;&gt; these instances can be different sizes and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:47:48&quot;&gt; says whoops I forgot&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:47:51&quot;&gt; I left the crossbow on there I should make these guys transparent&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:47:54&quot;&gt; so he goes to the master drawing and makes them&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:47:57&quot;&gt; transparent and lo and behold&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:48:0&quot;&gt; all of the instances uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:48:3&quot;&gt; obey so he gets rid of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:48:6&quot;&gt;the thing and he says okay&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:48:9&quot;&gt; make that construction I just did into a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:48:12&quot;&gt; master now I'm going to make instances&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:48:24&quot;&gt;master&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:48:36&quot;&gt;ight here's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:48:39&quot;&gt; instances of the master&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:48:42&quot;&gt; that he made of the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:48:54&quot;&gt;conglomerate&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:49:3&quot;&gt;yeah okay&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:49:6&quot;&gt; so here's a high resolution picture of Ivan&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:49:9&quot;&gt; at the console and he's doing a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:49:12&quot;&gt; something much more complicated which is to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:49:15&quot;&gt; draw in a bridge&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:49:18&quot;&gt; and uh unfortunately the movie&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:49:21&quot;&gt;for this has been lost it's probably somewhere in Ivan's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:49:24&quot;&gt; garage but uh for fun a couple of years ago&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:49:27&quot;&gt; we we uh did a an&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:49:30&quot;&gt; emulation of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:49:33&quot;&gt;it so here's a simple trust&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:49:36&quot;&gt; bridge and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:49:39&quot;&gt; we can connect things up and if we turn gravity&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:49:42&quot;&gt; on which is a constraint&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:49:45&quot;&gt; you see it's Computing all the stresses and the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:49:48&quot;&gt; strains on the bridge&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:49:51&quot;&gt; and it's continuously Computing so if we add in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:49:54&quot;&gt; another strut&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:49:57&quot;&gt; here guess what it ripples over the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:50:0&quot;&gt; entire bridge if we H hang a weight on&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:50:3&quot;&gt;it we can stress&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:50:9&quot;&gt;bridge and so the big idea here&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:50:12&quot;&gt; is it's not just about imitating&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:50:15&quot;&gt; drafting it's that we can&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:50:18&quot;&gt; simulate uh any kind&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:50:21&quot;&gt; of computer AED design drawing that we do&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:50:24&quot;&gt; or model and uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:50:27&quot;&gt; we get not just CAD but CAD&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:50:30&quot;&gt; Sim so this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:50:33&quot;&gt; is a huge huge idea&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:50:36&quot;&gt; that's still done extremely poorly today&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:50:39&quot;&gt; for most&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:50:42&quot;&gt;people so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:50:45&quot;&gt; interact this is Ivan's PhD&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:50:48&quot;&gt; thesis in 1962&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:50:51&quot;&gt; inventing interactive computer Graphics&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:50:54&quot;&gt; clipping window pointing iconic IQ objects&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:50:57&quot;&gt; Masters and instances we'd call that object&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:51:0&quot;&gt;first objectoriented&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:51:3&quot;&gt; programming system that I know of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:51:6&quot;&gt; lots of nice technical things in it automatic&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:51:9&quot;&gt; Dynamic simulations from&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:51:12&quot;&gt; designs and you programmed it not in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:51:15&quot;&gt; the standard uh programming&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:51:18&quot;&gt; languages but you programmed it in terms of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:51:21&quot;&gt; goals in terms of the constraints that you want&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:51:24&quot;&gt;and sketchpad had three problem solvers that would solve&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:51:27&quot;&gt; problems say you could see so I once&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:51:30&quot;&gt; asked Ian how could you do this in one year all by yourself&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:51:33&quot;&gt; and he said well I didn't know it was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:51:39&quot;&gt;hard check out the fireflies from this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:51:42&quot;&gt; one&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:51:45&quot;&gt; today think about what the fireflies&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:51:48&quot;&gt; from this one are okay and also in 1962 we&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:51:51&quot;&gt; had this guy who was kind of like Moses opening&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:51:54&quot;&gt;Sea&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:51:57&quot;&gt; he's really interested&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:52:0&quot;&gt; in saving the world and trying to make people&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:52:3&quot;&gt; better so they can save the world so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:52:6&quot;&gt; his idea in 62 was to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:52:9&quot;&gt; have a screen much he knew about sketch pad he wanted a screen&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:52:12&quot;&gt;larger than that he wanted to hang the light pen&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:52:15&quot;&gt; from a a gimbal so you're&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:52:18&quot;&gt; you could just pull it down to the table and use it like a pencil&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:52:21&quot;&gt; and not have the blood run out of your hand&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:52:24&quot;&gt; when you're using it and there's this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:52:27&quot;&gt; problem of that he thought about very&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:52:30&quot;&gt; deeply which was humans&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:52:33&quot;&gt;good Learners&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:52:36&quot;&gt; from using tools we&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:52:39&quot;&gt; have this pink brain we use tools&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:52:42&quot;&gt;brain kind of way&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:52:45&quot;&gt; so like a hammer we can use to hammer&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:52:48&quot;&gt; a nail into something but we can break something with a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:52:51&quot;&gt; hammer we can do a lot of things with a hammer&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:52:54&quot;&gt; and we kind of get a hammerness into&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:52:57&quot;&gt; our brain but we get very little&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:53:0&quot;&gt; wisdom about tools and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:53:3&quot;&gt; hammers in our brain and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:53:6&quot;&gt; we become a hammerer&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:53:9&quot;&gt; 100 thousand years later we might decide to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:53:12&quot;&gt; use nuclear weapons on a city that's a way&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:53:15&quot;&gt; of hammering them into&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:53:18&quot;&gt;submission so part of engelbert's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:53:21&quot;&gt; idea was if you're going to augment human&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:53:24&quot;&gt; intellect for crying out loud&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:53:27&quot;&gt; you must insert Education and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:53:30&quot;&gt; Training because what's happened is that the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:53:33&quot;&gt; powerful agencies have gone up in power by factors&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:53:36&quot;&gt; of millions and our brains&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:53:39&quot;&gt; haven't so you want the education&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:53:42&quot;&gt; to turn parts of our brain this nice&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:53:45&quot;&gt; bluish cast and perhaps give us&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:53:48&quot;&gt; a little more wisdom on using our tools and then&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:53:51&quot;&gt;a little safer using powerful methods and Powerful languages&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:53:54&quot;&gt; and so forth to do things&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:53:57&quot;&gt; so this is this five unit thing&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:54:0&quot;&gt;engelbart's idea of what you really had to do if you're&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:54:3&quot;&gt; going to do this thing and you had to do it not just&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:54:6&quot;&gt; for a person but people in groups so the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:54:9&quot;&gt;groups have to be&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:54:12&quot;&gt; organized pretty much the same way&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:54:15&quot;&gt; this allows to get enormous amounts of synergy&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:54:18&quot;&gt; between the individuals they can be&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:54:21&quot;&gt; the different stars on the diagram&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:54:24&quot;&gt; I just showed you cooperating together&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:54:30&quot;&gt;and four years later they&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:54:33&quot;&gt; did a first pass at this which was incredibly&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:54:36&quot;&gt;impressive it's called the mother of all demos&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:54:39&quot;&gt; and uh if you type e n g l&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:54:42&quot;&gt; b a r t into&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:54:45&quot;&gt; uh Google uh in the first page of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:54:48&quot;&gt;hits you'll find a reference to the movie of that demo&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:54:51&quot;&gt; you should see what they were able to do back&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:54:54&quot;&gt;little machine&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:54:57&quot;&gt; and you know when engelbart's name come up&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:55:0&quot;&gt; comes up and even in his obituaries&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:55:3&quot;&gt; the the only thing I could really talk about was the mouse&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:55:6&quot;&gt; and this really bug&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:55:9&quot;&gt; Doug said the mouse the mouse is just&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:55:12&quot;&gt; a dial on a car radio we invented a whole&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:55:15&quot;&gt;car they won't look at it&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:55:18&quot;&gt; you can get an idea of this there are about 70&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:55:21&quot;&gt; papers on the website devoted to him&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:55:24&quot;&gt; talking about these deep ideas as I&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:55:27&quot;&gt; me mentioned previously only about 30%&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:55:30&quot;&gt; of what engelbart was talking about&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:55:33&quot;&gt; got taken up uh in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:55:36&quot;&gt; Computing today so this is a big huge area&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:55:39&quot;&gt; that's got fir Plies everywhere and these are just&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:55:42&quot;&gt; three of the 17 or&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:55:45&quot;&gt; 18 uh principal invest&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:55:48&quot;&gt; investigators that arpa put together&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:55:51&quot;&gt; so these are the kind of people and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:55:54&quot;&gt; if we talk about cooperation and methods we've&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:55:57&quot;&gt; got to talk about the blind&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:56:0&quot;&gt; philosophers trying to figure out an elephant&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:56:3&quot;&gt; this is a classic thing and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:56:6&quot;&gt; they all have this flaw that I&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:56:9&quot;&gt;in the beginning that they think what's between their&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:56:12&quot;&gt; ears is uh not belief&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:56:15&quot;&gt; but reality so of course this leads to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:56:18&quot;&gt;war&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:56:21&quot;&gt; and after thousands of years the idea of compromise&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:56:24&quot;&gt; comes about but this does not&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:56:27&quot;&gt; need to a pretty picture of an elephant or a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:56:30&quot;&gt; way to make an elephant and in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:56:33&quot;&gt; fact this is my picture of the way Computing is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:56:36&quot;&gt; today practical Computing is just a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:56:39&quot;&gt; horrendous compromise&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:56:42&quot;&gt; almost none of it was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:56:45&quot;&gt;necessary&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:56:48&quot;&gt; now if you get scientific&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:56:51&quot;&gt; philosophers they've learned how to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:56:54&quot;&gt; cooperate in science works by looking at&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:56:57&quot;&gt;parts of things and looking&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:57:0&quot;&gt; at what other people have looked at other&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:57:3&quot;&gt; people looked at other parts of things&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:57:6&quot;&gt; and eventually coming to conclusions about the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:57:9&quot;&gt; whole so that's a really good&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:57:12&quot;&gt; idea but in fact science&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:57:15&quot;&gt; because our brains want to believe rather than think&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:57:18&quot;&gt; these can turn into something like a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:57:21&quot;&gt; religion and the reason uh we don't&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:57:24&quot;&gt; want to come up with blind belief&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:57:36&quot;&gt;there's always&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:57:39&quot;&gt;more there's always more and what&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:57:42&quot;&gt; it is is something that we can't&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:57:48&quot;&gt;imagine so when we give a a name&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:57:51&quot;&gt; to something we're hurting our&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:57:54&quot;&gt; belief in because we&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:57:57&quot;&gt; defined it it's a category now&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:58:0&quot;&gt; we've hurt our ability&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:58:3&quot;&gt; to think more about it because it already has a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:58:6&quot;&gt; set of properties it already is the thing that the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:58:12&quot;&gt;denotes and here's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:58:15&quot;&gt; a an ad I suggested to Apple&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:58:18&quot;&gt; many years ago uh for the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:58:21&quot;&gt; kind of people they wanted to have at Apple what kind should they be and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:58:24&quot;&gt; I suggest well do make a picture of something&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:58:27&quot;&gt; like this uh the right&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:58:30&quot;&gt;do with&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:58:33&quot;&gt; good P implies q and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:58:36&quot;&gt; the left hand the right brain has to be able to do good woow&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:58:42&quot;&gt;oo&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:58:45&quot;&gt; and what is good wool because&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:58:48&quot;&gt; uh the thing the thing to understand here let me just&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:58:51&quot;&gt;second here I think to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:58:54&quot;&gt; understand here is it was really hard to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:58:57&quot;&gt; invent good Plies Q&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:59:0&quot;&gt; was only invented a few thousand years ago but once we did&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:59:3&quot;&gt; it it turned out to be fairly easy for us to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:59:6&quot;&gt; do and humans&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:59:9&quot;&gt; are more or less born babies are born with good&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:59:12&quot;&gt; woooo uh and woooo&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:59:15&quot;&gt; in general and the problem&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:59:18&quot;&gt; is that most woooo is actually uh quite&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:59:21&quot;&gt; dangerous for the human mind so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:59:24&quot;&gt;to find good woowoo&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:59:27&quot;&gt; so here's one&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:59:30&quot;&gt;definition art is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:59:33&quot;&gt; a lie that tells the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:59:36&quot;&gt;truth&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:59:39&quot;&gt;and learn&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:59:42&quot;&gt; the rules like a pro that's the stuff you can do on the right&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:59:45&quot;&gt; hand side of the board so you can break them like artist&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:59:48&quot;&gt; like an artist on the leftand side of the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:59:51&quot;&gt; board you got to do both or else&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:59:54&quot;&gt;just bullshitting around&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:0:0&quot;&gt;and this is hard to do in school because as Marvin&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:0:3&quot;&gt; said school is the best thing ever invented to keep you from thinking&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:0:6&quot;&gt;about something important for more than a few&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:0:9&quot;&gt; minutes you have to ask that about where you are&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:0:12&quot;&gt; right now even though I'm a professor&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:0:15&quot;&gt; there and Len is a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:0:18&quot;&gt; professor uh schools have their own way about&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:0:21&quot;&gt; them like the fact&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:0:24&quot;&gt; this talk actually has a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:0:27&quot;&gt; uh designed end back at&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:0:30&quot;&gt; MIT they would just get Marvin talking and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:0:33&quot;&gt;out of steam in about six hours or so and everybody&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:0:36&quot;&gt;happy&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:0:39&quot;&gt; here's another genius huge&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:0:42&quot;&gt; influence on me he said institutional&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:0:45&quot;&gt; education seeks to make the strange familiar&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:0:48&quot;&gt; well that that sounds kind of reasonable&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:0:51&quot;&gt; yeah that's what we're you're paying them for&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:0:54&quot;&gt; things you don't understand you want to Now understand it but&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:0:57&quot;&gt; Jerry says the job of real education&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:1:0&quot;&gt; is to make the familiar strange again&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:1:3&quot;&gt; it's the stuff that we've that has&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:1:6&quot;&gt; come embedded into our belief system about&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:1:9&quot;&gt; normal that is keeping us&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:1:12&quot;&gt; being pedestrian&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:1:15&quot;&gt;thinking would you do if normal could seem strange&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:1:21&quot;&gt;normal you would have been able to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:1:24&quot;&gt; escape your present if you escape your present&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:1:27&quot;&gt; don't forget to use a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:1:30&quot;&gt;Lifeline how do we measure&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:1:33&quot;&gt; things well usually with graphs that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:1:36&quot;&gt; go from the left in the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:1:39&quot;&gt; past towards the future going towards&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:1:42&quot;&gt; the right and if something goes up&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:1:45&quot;&gt; we say a and if it goes down we say boo and so on and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:1:48&quot;&gt; so forth and if you think about this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:1:51&quot;&gt; graphs like this are complete&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:1:54&quot;&gt; and the reason is in order&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:1:57&quot;&gt;understand whether we should say yay or not&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:2:0&quot;&gt; we have to have a threshold and the threshold&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:2:6&quot;&gt;here like these could be uh reading&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:2:9&quot;&gt;scores for children and uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:2:12&quot;&gt; the children are never learning to read here&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:2:15&quot;&gt; they're getting better or worse&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:2:18&quot;&gt; at what they're not being able to do&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:2:21&quot;&gt; and so the key to make&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:2:24&quot;&gt;is to understand that both better and perfect are the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:2:27&quot;&gt; enemies of what is actually needed better is the tough one&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:2:30&quot;&gt;in engineering school because you get rewards for doing something&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:2:33&quot;&gt; better but what we're looking for here is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:2:36&quot;&gt; something new and to get something new we&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:2:39&quot;&gt; have to come up with the low the minimal&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:2:42&quot;&gt; idea that is just above the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:2:45&quot;&gt; threshold it's just into the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:2:48&quot;&gt;blue&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:2:51&quot;&gt; and we've once we've stepped into the blue we're actually in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:2:54&quot;&gt; a different way of thinking about things&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:2:57&quot;&gt; so this is you know like going from&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:3:0&quot;&gt; uh not having mathematics to mathematics&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:3:3&quot;&gt; or not going from not having writing to having&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:3:6&quot;&gt; writing or going from not having science&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:3:9&quot;&gt; to having science these are big&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:3:12&quot;&gt; things so you want to look for that star&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:3:15&quot;&gt;and the learning curve you might have to start off&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:3:18&quot;&gt; below where other people&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:3:21&quot;&gt; think you should be but the main thing is to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:3:24&quot;&gt;up there okay so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:3:27&quot;&gt; here's another example world's greatest&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:3:30&quot;&gt; hockey player made many many more goals&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:3:33&quot;&gt; than anybody and he was not a big&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:3:36&quot;&gt;uy&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:3:39&quot;&gt; uh had a couple of nice sayings he missed&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:3:42&quot;&gt; 100% of the shots you don't take people do&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:3:45&quot;&gt; that all the time you don't try enough&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:3:48&quot;&gt; and here's this big one a good hockey player goes to where the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:3:51&quot;&gt; puck is a great one goes to where&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:3:54&quot;&gt; the puck will be and he didn't mean calculating&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:3:57&quot;&gt; the trajectory of the puck he meant getting to a place&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:4:0&quot;&gt; where one of his teammates could pass&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:4:3&quot;&gt;do a quick shot on goal&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:4:6&quot;&gt; that was the Wayne gy game and we can play it in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:4:9&quot;&gt; technology so here's an example from my&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:4:12&quot;&gt; own career I had a woowoo intuition&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:4:15&quot;&gt; about children having their own&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:4:18&quot;&gt; portable tablet computers in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:4:21&quot;&gt; 1968 which was impossible&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:4:24&quot;&gt; back then but the second&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:4:27&quot;&gt; stage is can you find a favorable exponential&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:4:30&quot;&gt;Mo's law&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:4:33&quot;&gt; and this allows you to take this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:4:36&quot;&gt; intuition out 30 years&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:4:39&quot;&gt; and out 30 years in the future&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:4:42&quot;&gt;could say you can ask&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:4:45&quot;&gt; would it be ridiculous if we didn't have this and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:4:48&quot;&gt; 30 years that's 1995 the answer is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:4:51&quot;&gt; yeah it' be ridiculous if we didn't have tablet computers&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:4:54&quot;&gt; by 1995&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:4:57&quot;&gt;okay so you bring it bring the idea back to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:5:0&quot;&gt; the mid 80s can we do&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:5:3&quot;&gt; something by the mid 80s&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:5:6&quot;&gt; yes but&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:5:9&quot;&gt; software takes a long long time&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:5:12&quot;&gt; and we're in 1972 now so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:5:15&quot;&gt; what we need to do is to make a bunch of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:5:18&quot;&gt; flexible supercomputer time machines&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:5:21&quot;&gt; personal make a lot of them&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:5:24&quot;&gt; so the researchers can live and work in the future&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:5:27&quot;&gt; that is what we did at Park that dollar&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:5:30&quot;&gt; sign says More's law&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:5:33&quot;&gt; means that for most&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:5:36&quot;&gt; points in the future you can have&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:5:39&quot;&gt; them now if you're willing to spend a lot more&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:5:42&quot;&gt; money the commodity thing in the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:5:45&quot;&gt; future is the supercomputer of the present&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:5:48&quot;&gt;build the right kind of supercomputer in the present&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:5:51&quot;&gt; and you now have years to work on these really hard&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:5:54&quot;&gt; software ideas and that is where the star&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:5:57&quot;&gt; was at Park&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:6:0&quot;&gt; uh the dotted line there says you better&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:6:3&quot;&gt;do this really quickly or else you're going to get&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:6:6&quot;&gt; submerged into tool building&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:6:9&quot;&gt; you're going to be doing uh just computers and operating&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:6:12&quot;&gt; systems and you're not going to be doing what you're originally&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:6:15&quot;&gt; trying to do so you have to be have to be&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:6:18&quot;&gt; have a lot of chops to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:6:21&quot;&gt; do this and in fact the alto was done in a period of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:6:24&quot;&gt; about three and a half months by an AB absolute genius&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:6:27&quot;&gt; uh Chuck&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:6:30&quot;&gt;ther and once You' got this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:6:33&quot;&gt; you can start inventing the software of the future and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:6:36&quot;&gt; the supercomputer nature of it means&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:6:39&quot;&gt; something like user interface&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:6:42&quot;&gt; you can you don't&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:6:45&quot;&gt; have to optimize you can just&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:6:48&quot;&gt; uh do 10 experiments a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:6:51&quot;&gt; day for a week throw away your code&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:6:54&quot;&gt; don't even bother stay because uh you could put a higher level&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:6:57&quot;&gt; language on it you can do experiments you don't have to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:7:0&quot;&gt; optimize you need to find out what the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:7:3&quot;&gt; how the users respond to things and then&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:7:6&quot;&gt;right hand side uh if you're&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:7:9&quot;&gt; willing to optimize you can do software like is going to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:7:12&quot;&gt; exis in quantity in the 80s&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:7:15&quot;&gt; that happens to be uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:7:18&quot;&gt; the first version of Microsoft Word which was done at&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:7:21&quot;&gt; ZX park it made uh Microsoft&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:7:24&quot;&gt; many many billions of dollars when it was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:7:27&quot;&gt; released uh 15 years&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:7:30&quot;&gt; later right&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:7:33&quot;&gt; okay okay we're coming down to the end here&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:7:36&quot;&gt; so 1963 lick wrote a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:7:39&quot;&gt; memo members and Affiliates&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:7:42&quot;&gt; of The Intergalactic computer&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:7:45&quot;&gt;network they asked them why Intergalactic&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:7:48&quot;&gt; he said well Engineers always give you less than you're asking&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:7:51&quot;&gt; for so I want a worldwide Network so I'm going to ask&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:7:54&quot;&gt; for an Intergalactic one and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:7:57&quot;&gt; when they when they quit bitching and moaning and scale it down it's still going&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:8:0&quot;&gt; to be worldwide had&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:8:3&quot;&gt; this great line here if we succeed&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:8:6&quot;&gt;an Intergalactic Network then our main problem&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:8:9&quot;&gt; will be learning to communicate with&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:8:12&quot;&gt; aliens we'll look at that for in a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:8:15&quot;&gt;minute and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:8:18&quot;&gt; to this psychologist he said at this extreme&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:8:21&quot;&gt; the problem is essentially the one discussed by science&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:8:24&quot;&gt;fiction writers how do you get&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:8:27&quot;&gt; communication started among totally&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:8:30&quot;&gt; uncorrelated Sapient beings and he thought&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:8:33&quot;&gt; here of that scaling&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:8:36&quot;&gt; more or less destroys communication&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:8:39&quot;&gt; even amongst humans and scaling&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:8:42&quot;&gt; and technology is going to destroy Communications&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:8:45&quot;&gt; and so forth so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:8:48&quot;&gt; this is the this is what we need to think&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:8:51&quot;&gt; about and he and Bob Taylor wrote a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:8:54&quot;&gt; paper of which I've expanded on a little&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:8:57&quot;&gt; bit so the idea is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:9:0&quot;&gt; uh here's a human&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:9:3&quot;&gt; who's trying to say I'm come in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:9:6&quot;&gt; peace and the alien is saying uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:9:9&quot;&gt; maybe I should kill this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:9:12&quot;&gt;guy between two humans&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:9:15&quot;&gt; uh a description of something with a man and ho&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:9:18&quot;&gt; Hooves and a tail could be a horse for one&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:9:21&quot;&gt; guy and a zebra for&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:9:24&quot;&gt;another here's our multiple&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:9:27&quot;&gt; BL brains I talked about one part of my&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:9:30&quot;&gt; brain wants chocolate the other one realizes I should have an&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:9:33&quot;&gt; apple then we've got this new thing&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:9:36&quot;&gt; the computer&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:9:39&quot;&gt; what is what's on its mind not much&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:9:42&quot;&gt; and uh it doesn't understand what a horse is that's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:9:48&quot;&gt;ure so when we're talking&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:9:51&quot;&gt;else we might not be able to get together on what a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:9:54&quot;&gt; horse or a zebra is but we have a better&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:9:57&quot;&gt;hamburger worldwide so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:10:0&quot;&gt; shared context is what we're looking&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:10:3&quot;&gt; for and if we find a way and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:10:6&quot;&gt; what we do with language is to try and point&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:10:9&quot;&gt;what we think is the shared context between us&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:10:15&quot;&gt;person so if we look back at the theater here&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:10:18&quot;&gt; what is it what is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:10:21&quot;&gt; shared what the theater is for is to reflect&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:10:24&quot;&gt; the intelligence of the audience back to them you're not&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:10:27&quot;&gt; trying to teach them I'm not trying to teach&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:10:30&quot;&gt; you right now I'm trying to give you something&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:10:33&quot;&gt; that you can reflect your intelligence back&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:10:36&quot;&gt; on so the theater has to do&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:10:39&quot;&gt; most of the negotiations for the audience that's too&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:10:42&quot;&gt; bad but writing and reading are the same&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:10:45&quot;&gt; thing same idea&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:10:48&quot;&gt; and there's a huge difference between a good writer&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:10:51&quot;&gt; and a bad writer for these&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:10:54&quot;&gt;reasons so let's think of communication&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:10:57&quot;&gt; as an extension of the gesture&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:11:0&quot;&gt; so what could two different computers have in common&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:11:3&quot;&gt; well could be something like the dynamic messaging&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:11:6&quot;&gt; of real objectoriented&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:11:9&quot;&gt; programming could be something like what Linda&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:11:12&quot;&gt; did but with David gar her we&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:11:15&quot;&gt;still have the problem of real aliens but let's look&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:11:18&quot;&gt; at the problem with the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:11:21&quot;&gt; person people and computer what&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:11:24&quot;&gt; could they have in common&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:11:27&quot;&gt;and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:11:30&quot;&gt; so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:11:33&quot;&gt; what can we make that is going to beam the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:11:36&quot;&gt;audience's intelligence and knowledge back out&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:11:39&quot;&gt; them what should we put on the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:11:42&quot;&gt;stage&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:11:45&quot;&gt; and so the guoy is a representation of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:11:48&quot;&gt; what the computer is thinking about&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:11:51&quot;&gt; in a form that humans can uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:11:54&quot;&gt; understand the human can&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:11:57&quot;&gt; actually gesture at the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:12:0&quot;&gt;topic that he wants to talk&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:12:3&quot;&gt; about each window holds a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:12:6&quot;&gt; context and is a topic for conversation all the possible&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:12:9&quot;&gt; conversation are active no modes&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:12:12&quot;&gt; undoing is critical everywhere gesturing and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:12:15&quot;&gt; dragging and J Eng gauges the body&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:12:18&quot;&gt; brain pictures are more memorable than&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:12:21&quot;&gt; words so use those doing with images make&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:12:24&quot;&gt; symbols and this is kind of Jerome Bruner&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:12:27&quot;&gt; 101 this one is particularly&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:12:30&quot;&gt;important okay so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:12:33&quot;&gt; this is kind of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:12:36&quot;&gt;a summary&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:12:39&quot;&gt; of the way&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:12:42&quot;&gt; people were thinking back then&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:12:45&quot;&gt; and if you think about the park&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:12:48&quot;&gt; guey of all the things that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:12:51&quot;&gt; this research community did back then&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:12:54&quot;&gt; the thing that made the trillion ion dollar&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:12:57&quot;&gt; Industries was not just Mo's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:13:0&quot;&gt; law because&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:13:3&quot;&gt; there was nobody to sell Mo's law or&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:13:6&quot;&gt; even any reason to do Mo's law&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:13:9&quot;&gt; at the scale it which was done unless&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:13:12&quot;&gt; millions and billions of people could actually use this stuff and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:13:15&quot;&gt;reason millions and billions of people can use the stuff&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:13:18&quot;&gt; is because of the invention of the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:13:21&quot;&gt;guy&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:13:24&quot;&gt; okay so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:13:27&quot;&gt; I don't even know what time it is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:13:30&quot;&gt; but um I'm up to the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:13:33&quot;&gt; dot dot dot question about what my greatest&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:13:36&quot;&gt; aha Etc was and but I'm gonna pause&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:13:39&quot;&gt; here and just check in with&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:13:45&quot;&gt;Lenny&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:13:48&quot;&gt;hello um&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:13:51&quot;&gt; how long how long was that by the way uh we&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:13:54&quot;&gt; are uh we uh we still have time so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:13:57&quot;&gt; if you have uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:14:0&quot;&gt; okay so um&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:14:3&quot;&gt; the so now now the choice&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:14:6&quot;&gt; uh uh can get&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:14:9&quot;&gt; a another question from the audience we can&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:14:12&quot;&gt; do this dot dot dot thing whatever you'd&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:14:15&quot;&gt; like um we have one&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:14:21&quot;&gt;question so Len&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:14:24&quot;&gt; was this uh was this recognizable to you&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:14:27&quot;&gt; oh my god totally I mean there anecdotes all&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:14:30&quot;&gt; over the presentation that would add to it&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:14:33&quot;&gt; but you nailed it beautifully you captured that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:14:36&quot;&gt; there and the characters&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:14:39&quot;&gt; and the uh mix between&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:14:42&quot;&gt; highly Cooperative groups and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:14:45&quot;&gt; individual working on their own&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:14:48&quot;&gt;things happen there's a lot of individual&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:14:51&quot;&gt; yet the group action came in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:14:54&quot;&gt;and out in and out it was an interest it wasn't&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:14:57&quot;&gt; pure you know one versus many&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:15:0&quot;&gt; it was so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:15:3&quot;&gt; I think I forgot to mention was uh that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:15:6&quot;&gt; I don't think uh lick intended it or maybe&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:15:9&quot;&gt; he did but uh what turned out to be the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:15:12&quot;&gt; messenger uh mechanism&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:15:15&quot;&gt; and there happened to be graduate students and interns&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:15:18&quot;&gt; including you for example&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:15:21&quot;&gt; I mean I flew 140,000 miles as a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:15:24&quot;&gt; grad student Dave Evans had a huge budget&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:15:27&quot;&gt; for airplane travel for his grad&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:15:30&quot;&gt;students well Steve managed&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:15:33&quot;&gt; to basically bankrupt mine&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:15:36&quot;&gt; doing the same thing yeah because you gota&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:15:39&quot;&gt; these and and ARP I should have mentioned&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:15:42&quot;&gt; that arpa in uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:15:45&quot;&gt; 1968 funded the first arpa&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:15:48&quot;&gt; graduate student conference which was modeled&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:15:51&quot;&gt; on the arpa contractors meetings&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:15:54&quot;&gt; that's another story about how that happened but&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:15:57&quot;&gt; uh that was really great because uh things went&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:16:0&quot;&gt; in the amount of intercommunication&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:16:3&quot;&gt; and Trust because a lot&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:16:6&quot;&gt;about trust and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:16:9&quot;&gt; yet it was not um what shall I&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:16:12&quot;&gt;say a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:16:15&quot;&gt; a bowl of soup it was contentious&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:16:18&quot;&gt; in a positive way I'll give you one example&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:16:21&quot;&gt;we had this principal investigators meeting John McCarthy&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:16:24&quot;&gt; arrived about 20 minutes late someone was presenting&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:16:27&quot;&gt;minutes later McCarthy raised his hand and says excuse&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:16:30&quot;&gt; me I have no idea what you're talking about&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:16:33&quot;&gt; he says but I was late&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:16:36&quot;&gt; however if I came in in time I still think I with no idea&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:16:39&quot;&gt; what you're talking about B can imagine your interaction&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:16:42&quot;&gt;was wonderful yeah I should have&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:16:45&quot;&gt;that the one of the main things I learned in grad school&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:16:48&quot;&gt; and everybody at Park knew was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:16:51&quot;&gt; uh that the purpose of arguing is not to win&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:16:54&quot;&gt; but to to illuminate&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:16:57&quot;&gt; and uh in fact when people started getting&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:17:0&quot;&gt; he in an argument Taylor would&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:17:3&quot;&gt; say type two type two&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:17:6&quot;&gt; and a type two argument was all&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:17:9&quot;&gt;sudden you had to explain the other person's position&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:17:12&quot;&gt; back to them until they agreed with&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:17:15&quot;&gt; it and then they had to explain your&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:17:18&quot;&gt;position back to you until you agreed with it and by&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:17:21&quot;&gt;happened you'd forgotten what you're arguing about and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:17:24&quot;&gt; you okay let's go to the question&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:17:27&quot;&gt; all right we have a question here yeah hello&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:17:30&quot;&gt; um and I I agree and I guess I kind of apologize&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:17:33&quot;&gt; for the uh structure&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:17:36&quot;&gt; that we have because it does impose any limitations on the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:17:39&quot;&gt; discussion um I'm on on the faculty&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:17:42&quot;&gt; too so uh but&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:17:45&quot;&gt; you know faculty meetings uh there's too&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:17:48&quot;&gt;much contention because the stakes are too&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:17:51&quot;&gt;low I&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:17:54&quot;&gt; quit going um so I have two questions which are&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:17:57&quot;&gt; a little related um so so number&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:18:0&quot;&gt; one was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:18:3&quot;&gt; do you think and and maybe you'll agree that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:18:6&quot;&gt; there's kind of been a split between the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:18:9&quot;&gt; practicers of technology which are the software engineers&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:18:12&quot;&gt; and the systems thinkers who are like the theoreticians&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:18:15&quot;&gt; and the inventors um if so why&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:18:18&quot;&gt; any suggestions to remediate this uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:18:21&quot;&gt;also asking to Professor kleinrock if he has any&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:18:24&quot;&gt; input on that and my second question is probably a little&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:18:27&quot;&gt; related um which is what are your&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:18:30&quot;&gt; thoughts on I guess all of this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:18:33&quot;&gt; development most like a lot of it has been going into private&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:18:36&quot;&gt;research Labs like Google X and Microsoft&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:18:39&quot;&gt; research um do do you think it's still kind of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:18:42&quot;&gt; analogous to Bell labs in back in the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:18:45&quot;&gt; day uh no&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:18:48&quot;&gt; B for instance at Bell Labs&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:18:51&quot;&gt; if you walked around back before&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:18:54&quot;&gt; the divesture uh you&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:18:57&quot;&gt;that would say&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:19:0&quot;&gt; either do something very useful or very&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:19:3&quot;&gt;beautiful&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:19:6&quot;&gt; I've never seen a sign like that at&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:19:12&quot;&gt;research okay so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:19:15&quot;&gt; because that's a pro that's a huge&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:19:18&quot;&gt; problem I&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:19:21&quot;&gt; guess go ahead yeah go ahead oh no I guess I have a follow-up&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:19:24&quot;&gt;question to that which is uh you mentioned a bit earlier in the talk&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:19:27&quot;&gt; one of the questions I sent over which is uh do you think&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:19:30&quot;&gt; younger people have a harder problem these days in you know living&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:19:33&quot;&gt; in this more materialistic world world so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:19:36&quot;&gt; to speak yeah you know&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:19:39&quot;&gt; just just one example I I was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:19:42&quot;&gt; at Park in Palo Alto and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:19:45&quot;&gt; um&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:19:48&quot;&gt; the general inflation has been about&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:19:51&quot;&gt; a factor of seven since then&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:19:54&quot;&gt; or so and when I&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:19:57&quot;&gt; factor that into the salary I got at Park it's about what&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:0&quot;&gt;I would get just you&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:3&quot;&gt; know I was just a year out of grad school when I went to park&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:6&quot;&gt; so uh really uh not a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:9&quot;&gt; huge wasn't a lot of money but&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:12&quot;&gt;with today&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:15&quot;&gt; however I was able to buy a house in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:18&quot;&gt; paloalto uh right near&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:21&quot;&gt; Park and it only cost twice my yearly&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:24&quot;&gt; salary&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:27&quot;&gt;okay that house has inflated&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:30&quot;&gt; by a factor of 70 not seven&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:33&quot;&gt; so then do you go go ahead&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:36&quot;&gt; go ahead so the uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:39&quot;&gt; so if Park existed today&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:39&quot;&gt; so if Park existed today&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:42&quot;&gt; uh none of us&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:45&quot;&gt; and and Taylor wanted to hire he only hired older&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:48&quot;&gt; people uh from the arpa community&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:51&quot;&gt; as advisers&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:54&quot;&gt; he didn't want I was the oldest person there and I&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:57&quot;&gt; was 30 he didn't&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:21:0&quot;&gt; he wanted a new know he wanted the researchers that ARA&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:21:3&quot;&gt; had Jed out there and he used&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:21:6&quot;&gt; the uh the generation before us as as advisers&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:21:9&quot;&gt; and so if&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:21:12&quot;&gt; if I if they had tried to set this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:21:15&quot;&gt; up uh somebody would have had to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:21:18&quot;&gt; buy a lot of housing in Palo Alo&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:21:21&quot;&gt; and you know when when Google is being&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:21:24&quot;&gt; set up and when HP was being set up I said hey look&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:21:27&quot;&gt; at Stanford Stanford figured this out a long time ago&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:21:30&quot;&gt; because if you get an associate professorship at&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:21:33&quot;&gt; Stanford one of the perks is a 99-year&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:21:36&quot;&gt; lease at a very low interest rate&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:21:39&quot;&gt; on Stanford land for a house&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:21:42&quot;&gt; and Stanford was owns a lot&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:21:45&quot;&gt;houses in Palo Alta they bought them up before the Big&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:21:48&quot;&gt; Deck companies got there because they&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:21:51&quot;&gt; understood that people have a life might&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:21:54&quot;&gt; not be much of a life outside the lab but they still got&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:21:57&quot;&gt; one by the way&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:22:0&quot;&gt; Lan will love the the story that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:22:3&quot;&gt; metf and bogs had the record&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:22:6&quot;&gt;longest period uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:22:9&quot;&gt; inside of Park without leaving it&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:22:12&quot;&gt; which uh during the critical period of the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:22:15&quot;&gt; the ethernet which was two and a half&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:22:18&quot;&gt;months they had a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:22:21&quot;&gt; cafeteria you know it had plenty of places you could sleep&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:22:24&quot;&gt; it had showers&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:22:27&quot;&gt;um wasn't wasn't that helpful on&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:22:30&quot;&gt; if you had a marriage that didn't&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:22:33&quot;&gt; get this idea uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:22:36&quot;&gt; they would suffer but yeah so to so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:22:39&quot;&gt; the the a big problem today and and you know&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:22:42&quot;&gt; I run run various&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:22:45&quot;&gt; kinds of I've been able to fund until&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:22:48&quot;&gt; about I don't know five six years ago I was able to fund&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:22:51&quot;&gt; a nonprofit research thing that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:22:54&quot;&gt; was about to size of the group I had at Park&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:22:57&quot;&gt; and uh and to get people who are&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:23:0&quot;&gt; as good as the people I had at Park&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:23:3&quot;&gt; but it wasn't the same as Park similarly&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:23:6&quot;&gt; Butler Lamson and Chuck ther went with deck&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:23:9&quot;&gt; initially and then with&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:23:12&quot;&gt; Microsoft and it wasn't the same as park&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:23:15&quot;&gt; because they&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:23:18&quot;&gt; uh you know for example&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:23:21&quot;&gt; my habit when when I would get confused&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:23:24&quot;&gt; about something was to go down and have&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:23:27&quot;&gt; Butler tear it to shreds&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:23:30&quot;&gt; and I miss missmiss&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:23:33&quot;&gt; being able to just walk down the hall into&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:23:36&quot;&gt; that crystallin Palace of his&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:23:39&quot;&gt; mind and you could&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:23:42&quot;&gt; never top Butler on the same&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:23:45&quot;&gt;least I couldn't but Butler&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:23:48&quot;&gt; was an was honest if you came back three days&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:23:51&quot;&gt; later and said now here is the real point&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:23:54&quot;&gt; you would say you're&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:23:57&quot;&gt; right so that's a really great C it's a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:24:0&quot;&gt; genius there's no question he's one of the most brilliant&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:24:3&quot;&gt; people I've ever met and an honest&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:24:6&quot;&gt; genius and a guy who by the way&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:24:9&quot;&gt; helped my group whenever he could&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:24:12&quot;&gt; despite the fact that our theory of programming language&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:24:15&quot;&gt; design was quite different from&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:24:18&quot;&gt; his he didn't give a about&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:24:21&quot;&gt; that so he was Butler was a big man&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:24:24&quot;&gt; in my opinion just a big fantastic&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:24:27&quot;&gt; so it's that Synergy&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:24:30&quot;&gt; it's what happens in the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:24:33&quot;&gt; halls and it's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:24:36&quot;&gt; what happens when you're having like&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:24:39&quot;&gt; EP uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:24:42&quot;&gt; you know how how many beer beer Laden lunches&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:24:45&quot;&gt; do you have how many bike rides up to the top&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:24:48&quot;&gt; of the uh the hills around&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:24:51&quot;&gt; Palo Alto with all these people no&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:24:54&quot;&gt; there's a whole whole thing there that is going to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:24:57&quot;&gt; pay off by&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:25:0&quot;&gt; what the group is willing to do and reason I kept on&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:25:3&quot;&gt; showing theater is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:25:6&quot;&gt; arpa at its best park at its best was like&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:25:9&quot;&gt; theater at its best you've got the most diverse&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:25:12&quot;&gt; group of people you ever saw&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:25:15&quot;&gt; some of which some of whom can't even&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:25:18&quot;&gt; stand each other&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:25:21&quot;&gt; but the whole point of the thing is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:25:24&quot;&gt;audience that's going to be there&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:25:27&quot;&gt; six weeks from now or six months&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:25:30&quot;&gt; from now and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:25:33&quot;&gt; so you get this thing where people&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:25:36&quot;&gt; work 24 hours a day and they just find&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:25:39&quot;&gt; ways to solve everything they&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:25:42&quot;&gt; do the woo woo on the leftand side that's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:25:45&quot;&gt; what theater is about and they&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:25:48&quot;&gt; do all of the stuff you have to do in the physical&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:25:51&quot;&gt; world to make it work and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:25:54&quot;&gt; know if you don't have those and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:25:57&quot;&gt; if they don't like Len did&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:26:0&quot;&gt; this if those people don't have some of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:26:3&quot;&gt; the other in them to have this shared context&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:26:6&quot;&gt; there has to be a place where you go and it's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:26:9&quot;&gt; the love of what you're gonna&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:26:12&quot;&gt; get the audience to try to think about&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:26:15&quot;&gt; because you can't tell the audience&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:26:18&quot;&gt; anything can't people only remember&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:26:21&quot;&gt;you make them feel&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:26:24&quot;&gt; so so you have to lay it this is why I&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:26:27&quot;&gt;all these pictures and stuff because I want the pictures&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:26:30&quot;&gt; to do things you can't do in regular&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:26:33&quot;&gt; words and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:26:36&quot;&gt; yeah so the question is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:26:39&quot;&gt; uh the way I look&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:26:42&quot;&gt; at playing the blame game&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:26:45&quot;&gt; here is businesses&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:26:48&quot;&gt; are in a terrible position&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:26:51&quot;&gt; fidu in a fiduciary responsibility way&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:26:54&quot;&gt; for doing the kind of stuff that arpa&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:26:57&quot;&gt; and park did they have every&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:27:0&quot;&gt; and especially the Milton Freedman American businesses&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:27:3&quot;&gt; which are a terrible way to do business in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:27:6&quot;&gt; general there you know Peter Dreer used to say&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:27:9&quot;&gt; that that business's main obligation&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:27:12&quot;&gt; is to their uh customers&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:27:15&quot;&gt; and Milton fredman said no business's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:27:18&quot;&gt; main obligation is to their stockholders&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:27:21&quot;&gt; and that has turned really ugly that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:27:24&quot;&gt; is really ugly so but in any case&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:27:27&quot;&gt; good or bad they're in a bad place for it&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:27:30&quot;&gt; uh research can only be&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:27:33&quot;&gt;xpensed eeks&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:27:36&quot;&gt; you could be sitting on a ton of cash tough&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:27:39&quot;&gt; comes out of the bottom&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:27:42&quot;&gt; line so so when I when&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:27:45&quot;&gt; I look there I Look to society and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:27:48&quot;&gt; government part of the idea&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:27:51&quot;&gt; of getting people to pay&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:27:54&quot;&gt; taxes is to deal with things&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:27:57&quot;&gt; in a way that is hard for&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:28:0&quot;&gt; scattered groups to deal with with or without&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:28:3&quot;&gt; engelbart stuff and I think the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:28:6&quot;&gt; the woo woo research stuff done&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:28:9&quot;&gt; right is one of those things and I just happened&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:28:12&quot;&gt; to stumble into it I didn't go to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:28:15&quot;&gt; Utah knowing anything about arpa I'd never heard of arpa&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:28:18&quot;&gt; I just stumbled in there by by and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:28:21&quot;&gt; chance and I found out I was in Paradise&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:28:24&quot;&gt;because&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:28:27&quot;&gt; and the dod was doing fine because&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:28:30&quot;&gt; uh arpa ipto cost almost nothing compared to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:28:33&quot;&gt; the the whole DOD&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:28:36&quot;&gt; budget it was just fingernail clipping so it's the perfect&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:28:39&quot;&gt; place for doing this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:28:42&quot;&gt; uh enlightened public&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:28:45&quot;&gt; domain uh research and you had the ultimate&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:28:48&quot;&gt; enlightened public domain mind in lick&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:28:51&quot;&gt; to do that the key thing&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:28:54&quot;&gt;Park was that Taylor loved&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:28:57&quot;&gt; lick he he was a psychologist&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:29:0&quot;&gt; also he truly loved&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:29:3&quot;&gt; lick and I'll I'll&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:29:6&quot;&gt; finish in one second Jason and he&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:29:9&quot;&gt;uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:29:12&quot;&gt; he studied lick so lick&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:29:15&quot;&gt; was intu&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:29:18&quot;&gt; intuition he had great inter but Taylor&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:29:21&quot;&gt; codified lick those rules&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:29:24&quot;&gt;put up there were not Lick's rules but Taylor's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:29:27&quot;&gt; rules and anytime you wanted to park you could&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:29:30&quot;&gt; go and lie on the floor in Taylor's office we we were floor culture&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:29:33&quot;&gt; we had thick carpets that were&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:29:36&quot;&gt;padding underneath so you could just roll around on the floor we had bean&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:29:39&quot;&gt; bags and inste of chairs so you go&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:29:42&quot;&gt;there and lie in there for an hour and let Taylor tell&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:29:45&quot;&gt; you what he was why he was doing what he was doing at&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:29:48&quot;&gt; Park and it was mostly these rules&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:29:51&quot;&gt;I wrote down you got to do this you got to do that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:29:54&quot;&gt; uh etc etc like&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:29:57&quot;&gt; okay so um&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:30:0&quot;&gt; yeah so I point I point my finger&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:30:3&quot;&gt; at the government and if you point your finger at the government you&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:30:6&quot;&gt;have to point your finger at the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:30:9&quot;&gt; uh uh the American&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:30:12&quot;&gt; Body politic and if you point your finger at them you have&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:30:15&quot;&gt; to point your finger at education&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:30:18&quot;&gt; public education if you point your finger at publication&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:30:21&quot;&gt; public education you point your finger at the government&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:30:24&quot;&gt; again so the government has not&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:30:27&quot;&gt; done its job and by the way over here in London in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:30:30&quot;&gt;the UK it's it's worse&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:30:33&quot;&gt; uh the politicians are a little nicer over here&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:30:36&quot;&gt; but they're equally uh incompetent&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:30:39&quot;&gt; they just don't do not understand and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:30:42&quot;&gt; their financial base is much smaller over here&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:30:45&quot;&gt; so they're in more desperate need&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:30:48&quot;&gt; of the kind of Industries they can afford&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:30:51&quot;&gt; that actually work in the 21st century&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:30:54&quot;&gt;need this um&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:30:57&quot;&gt; yeah so uh but when&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:31:0&quot;&gt;after the government&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:31:3&quot;&gt; should be doing this that and the other thing&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:31:6&quot;&gt; I I can't get far from the educ&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:31:9&quot;&gt;from the University because the university used to be the co&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:31:12&quot;&gt;the flame the whole&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:31:15&quot;&gt; point there was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:31:18&quot;&gt; the universities were not beholden to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:31:21&quot;&gt; business their job was not to do job&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:31:24&quot;&gt; training in obsolete software&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:31:27&quot;&gt; systems to deal with business's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:31:30&quot;&gt; problems with Legacy systems that is not the job&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:31:33&quot;&gt;university that's a trade school and there's nothing&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:31:36&quot;&gt; I love trade schools the high school I&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:31:39&quot;&gt; went to was a was a one you had to take&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:31:42&quot;&gt; a test to get into but it was a glorified trade school Lenny&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:31:45&quot;&gt; will tell you and uh I learned a lot&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:31:48&quot;&gt; there but Jesus the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:31:51&quot;&gt; universities have got to uphold&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:31:54&quot;&gt; something like the way the 21st century&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:31:57&quot;&gt; should be for the students or the students&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:32:0&quot;&gt; are just going to go there and buy degrees in order&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:32:3&quot;&gt; to get jobs that is my general&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:32:6&quot;&gt; picture so the university&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:32:9&quot;&gt; could put us you know I when I was active&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:32:12&quot;&gt; around UCLA at some faculty&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:32:15&quot;&gt; meeting uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:32:18&quot;&gt; maybe more than one&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:32:21&quot;&gt; I brought up the idea hey wait a minute UCLA is one of the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:32:24&quot;&gt; top 10 schools and uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:32:27&quot;&gt; there are other top 10 schools in the nation&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:32:30&quot;&gt;in the University of California&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:32:33&quot;&gt; you know basically you&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:32:36&quot;&gt; know why are we letting the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:32:39&quot;&gt; Regents determine that tenure&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:32:42&quot;&gt; uh re requires paper&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:32:45&quot;&gt;counting&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:32:48&quot;&gt; UCLA should be able to say well you know Screw You&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:32:51&quot;&gt; Regents screw you and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:32:54&quot;&gt; Davis and uh San Diego&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:32:57&quot;&gt; and Santa Barbara screw you Regents&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:33:0&quot;&gt; we're not going to do it that way&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:33:3&quot;&gt; we're not gonna count papers for Christ's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:33:6&quot;&gt; sake you know&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:33:9&quot;&gt; if you got to count a paper you at least have to put a weight on it&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:33:12&quot;&gt; and it's hard to put a weight on a paper until 10 years&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:33:15&quot;&gt; have passed you&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:33:18&quot;&gt; just can't do it that way or you're going to turn it into&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:33:21&quot;&gt; a Job Shop and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:33:24&quot;&gt; uh you know uh I pointed out&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:33:27&quot;&gt; to the UCLA faculty that because of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:33:30&quot;&gt; you know the the discussion was wow&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:33:33&quot;&gt; our department is really popular now we've got more&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:33:36&quot;&gt; students than we can handle I said well godamn it&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:33:39&quot;&gt; if you got that that's what the bean counters&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:33:42&quot;&gt; in the University care&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:33:45&quot;&gt; about is retention because it's money&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:33:48&quot;&gt; you've got them just say&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:33:51&quot;&gt; okay all right&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:33:54&quot;&gt; we're going to do tenure differently we're going to hire&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:33:57&quot;&gt;differently we're going to have a different set of Standards&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:34:0&quot;&gt; here&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:34:3&quot;&gt; or we're just goingon to uh you know etc&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:34:6&quot;&gt; etc but the 60s were&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:34:9&quot;&gt; long over by the time I made that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:34:12&quot;&gt;stand&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:34:18&quot;&gt;okay next question&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:34:21&quot;&gt; I have a question yes&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:34:24&quot;&gt;this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:34:27&quot;&gt; was sorry&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:34:30&quot;&gt; this was a and I've heard you many&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:34:33&quot;&gt; times and always I I recognize&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:34:36&quot;&gt; this accent always&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:34:39&quot;&gt; yes I'm ready I'm ready&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:34:42&quot;&gt; I'm ready always very entertaining&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:34:45&quot;&gt; and uh thoughtful&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:34:48&quot;&gt; but I I feel there is now&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:34:51&quot;&gt;a huge crra a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:34:54&quot;&gt; Gap uh which we didn't you didn't&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:34:57&quot;&gt;would be nice if you could have a thought or address&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:35:0&quot;&gt; which is everything in the past&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:35:3&quot;&gt; seems to me have to do let's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:35:6&quot;&gt; call it with mathematics has&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:35:9&quot;&gt; Precision prob language is not&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:35:12&quot;&gt;we talk it has precision&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:35:15&quot;&gt; and suddenly I think the new&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:35:18&quot;&gt; Queen the new the new thing in the helm&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:35:21&quot;&gt;the new Revolution is is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:35:24&quot;&gt; without Precision it's without&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:35:27&quot;&gt; and we built machine that we do not&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:35:30&quot;&gt; understand how they work but&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:35:33&quot;&gt; they work they perform they&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:35:36&quot;&gt; perform not in Precision&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:35:39&quot;&gt; you know if there will be a a self-driving&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:35:42&quot;&gt; car it will kill somebody there is no question you&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:35:45&quot;&gt; cannot guarantee that this will not happen&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:35:48&quot;&gt;it's a new thing and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:35:51&quot;&gt; I feel most of us here on this list&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:35:54&quot;&gt; on the nine people that are left&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:35:57&quot;&gt; we are dinosaurs of the past&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:36:0&quot;&gt; and what do you have any thoughts about&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:36:3&quot;&gt; this well uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:36:6&quot;&gt; just by chance in the late 60s&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:36:9&quot;&gt; I was visiting MIT and there was a meeting&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:36:12&quot;&gt; of DOD people with&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:36:15&quot;&gt; uh the AI people at MIT&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:36:18&quot;&gt; and I think mensky was saying&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:36:21&quot;&gt; you know in a few years we might be able to do what a dog can&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:36:24&quot;&gt; do and uh the fourstar&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:36:27&quot;&gt; general said a dog&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:36:30&quot;&gt; he said look we don't even want what ordinary humans can&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:36:33&quot;&gt; do we can draft them we've got two million&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:36:36&quot;&gt; robots in the in the Department of Defense already&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:36:39&quot;&gt; we train them and they learn well and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:36:42&quot;&gt;they carry guns and they do all the stuff that we want&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:36:45&quot;&gt; we already got intelligent robots we need&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:36:48&quot;&gt; superhuman intelligence that's what&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:36:51&quot;&gt; we need and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:36:54&quot;&gt;so I&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:36:57&quot;&gt; I don't want to start a long discussion about&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:37:0&quot;&gt; you know but it happens that the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:37:3&quot;&gt; what J Judea Pearl calls curve&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:37:6&quot;&gt;fitting machine learning&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:37:9&quot;&gt; uh as you know&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:37:12&quot;&gt; also very well goes all the way back&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:37:15&quot;&gt; 20 30 40 years&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:37:18&quot;&gt; or 50 years or more Minsky's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:37:21&quot;&gt;thesis was actually one of the first perceptrons&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:37:24&quot;&gt; so the idea of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:37:27&quot;&gt; of finding complex&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:37:30&quot;&gt; transfer functions between lots of inputs and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:37:33&quot;&gt; fewer outputs is has been around for a while&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:37:36&quot;&gt; and uh it's definitely a a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:37:39&quot;&gt; big component of what's going on inside of our&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:37:42&quot;&gt; brains but&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:37:45&quot;&gt; the I I think&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:37:48&quot;&gt; the we should ask&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:37:51&quot;&gt; more for example uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:37:54&quot;&gt; I wouldn't want to use an&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:37:57&quot;&gt; AI that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:38:0&quot;&gt; couldn't be vetted in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:38:3&quot;&gt; some way and of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:38:6&quot;&gt; course uh the chat Bots&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:38:9&quot;&gt; uh can lie whenever it suits them&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:38:12&quot;&gt; and by the way I just saw that uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:38:15&quot;&gt; uh open AI chatbot&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:38:18&quot;&gt; has recently gone nuts&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:38:21&quot;&gt; which is really fun track this down&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:38:24&quot;&gt;it started something went wrong and it's now it's mostly&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:38:27&quot;&gt; hallucinating so these are&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:38:30&quot;&gt; like human beings these are creators&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:38:33&quot;&gt; that's what we are that's what we&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:38:36&quot;&gt; got inside there and I believe that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:38:39&quot;&gt; we're we're better than we&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:38:42&quot;&gt; were 100,000 years ago mainly&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:38:45&quot;&gt; because we invented&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:38:48&quot;&gt; methods for thinking&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:38:51&quot;&gt; the big one being science&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:38:54&quot;&gt; math allows you to in a consistent&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:38:57&quot;&gt; way but it&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:39:0&quot;&gt; it doesn't have any necessary connection to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:39:3&quot;&gt; reality where science wants to be able&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:39:6&quot;&gt; to do uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:39:9&quot;&gt; crisp thinking in a way that is anchored to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:39:12&quot;&gt; reality such that the uh the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:39:15&quot;&gt;cues might have something to do with reality also&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:39:18&quot;&gt; I think that is a very very good thing I think it would help&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:39:21&quot;&gt; our politics on both sides of the lanic&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:39:24&quot;&gt; tremendously if uh schools started&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:39:27&quot;&gt; teaching CH basically doing what engelbart&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:39:30&quot;&gt; said we have to insert better methods&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:39:33&quot;&gt; than the ones we were born with or&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:39:36&quot;&gt; simple uh large language models&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:39:39&quot;&gt; have uh in order to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:39:42&quot;&gt; uh be able to use them in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:39:45&quot;&gt; any reasonable way that's my my&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:39:48&quot;&gt;answer&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:39:51&quot;&gt; got it got it and then we also have one more&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:39:54&quot;&gt; question from the audience um I wanted to get a chance to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:39:57&quot;&gt; yeah have him ask hi professor Kate thank you&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:40:0&quot;&gt; for your talk today um I'm born in the 21st century&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:40:3&quot;&gt; so my uh I guess&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:40:6&quot;&gt; thoughts about zorx Park is the only one I know of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:40:9&quot;&gt;Steve Jobs's visit where he commercializes&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:40:12&quot;&gt; the guey that you guys invented into the apple one&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:40:15&quot;&gt; so I was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:40:18&quot;&gt; yeah so what he saw was what&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:40:21&quot;&gt; what he saw was what we did&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:40:24&quot;&gt; he visited it was a visit to my&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:40:27&quot;&gt; group uh and I was in the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:40:30&quot;&gt; room uh during that visit&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:40:33&quot;&gt; and the demo we gave him and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:40:36&quot;&gt; uh we became friends uh partly&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:40:39&quot;&gt; as the result of that visit so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:40:42&quot;&gt; ask me any question you want to ask about that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:40:45&quot;&gt; visit uh yeah I mean my first question was going&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:40:48&quot;&gt;if you happen to be in the room at all but now I know&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:40:51&quot;&gt; uh second of all would be Steve had or&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:40:54&quot;&gt; Mr jobs uh had a way of combining design&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:40:57&quot;&gt; and pushing the boundaries of engineering through that I&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:41:0&quot;&gt; was wondering how Zero's or&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:41:3&quot;&gt; the Park's attitude towards pushing research&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:41:6&quot;&gt; um the boundaries of research were or what&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:41:9&quot;&gt; influence so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:41:12&quot;&gt; the so let me answer it's a two-part&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:41:15&quot;&gt; question so one part uh is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:41:18&quot;&gt; early in the 80s I said to both Steve&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:41:21&quot;&gt; and Bill Gates uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:41:24&quot;&gt; this is during the controversy of whether apple and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:41:27&quot;&gt; Microsoft had stolen the ideas from&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:41:30&quot;&gt; Xerox and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:41:33&quot;&gt; you know I told I said to both of them I said&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:41:36&quot;&gt; look we want this we want you to steal the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:41:39&quot;&gt; ideas but for Christ's sake steal&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:41:42&quot;&gt;whole idea don't steal a protest&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:41:45&quot;&gt; caricature yeah the whole&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:41:48&quot;&gt; yeah that's why I say the the disappointing figures&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:41:51&quot;&gt;that I put there was the amount of actual&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:41:54&quot;&gt; takeup uh so the second thing is that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:41:57&quot;&gt;what Steve was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:42:0&quot;&gt; uh he was NE say the two words you said again designer&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:42:3&quot;&gt; and a pusher of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:42:6&quot;&gt; engineering yeah right okay so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:42:9&quot;&gt; Steve was not a designer&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:42:12&quot;&gt; and he was a pusher of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:42:15&quot;&gt; people so the key thing about Steve&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:42:18&quot;&gt; was that he had a lot of good&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:42:21&quot;&gt; woowoo&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:42:24&quot;&gt; so where he picked up&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:42:27&quot;&gt; he could feel the fireflies if he'd been a scientist&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:42:30&quot;&gt; it would have been much better for&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:42:33&quot;&gt; everybody because as he said and there's a famous&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:42:36&quot;&gt; interview you can find on YouTube where&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:42:39&quot;&gt; Steve says he says when I first went to Xerox&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:42:42&quot;&gt; I was so blinded by the user interface I couldn't see anything&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:42:45&quot;&gt; else I couldn't see object-oriented programming I&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:42:48&quot;&gt;see the networks he had to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:42:51&quot;&gt; wait until he did next years later when he ran into&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:42:54&quot;&gt;another contingent from the old Arbor Community&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:42:57&quot;&gt; to explain to them why you why you need&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:43:0&quot;&gt; those but we he didn't&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:43:3&quot;&gt; understand how the stuff and we couldn't tell&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:43:6&quot;&gt; him uh we were&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:43:9&quot;&gt; able to show him uh like one of the famous&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:43:12&quot;&gt; things that happened in the demo&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:43:15&quot;&gt; my my one of my favorite demo things and if I had had time&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:43:18&quot;&gt;because we recreated that system just for the shits&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:43:21&quot;&gt; of it so it actually runs the system that we showed&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:43:24&quot;&gt; him and um I occasionally will'll do&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:43:27&quot;&gt; it live in a talk um&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:43:30&quot;&gt; but Steve had two complaints while he was and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:43:33&quot;&gt; he was really watching he&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:43:36&quot;&gt; had his acolytes around him&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:43:39&quot;&gt; uh but Steve Steve was really paying&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:43:42&quot;&gt; attention to the thing and he&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:43:45&quot;&gt;said you know&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:43:48&quot;&gt; I don't like You' never seen a scroll bar before but he&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:43:51&quot;&gt; didn't like the fact that as you pulled it it&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:43:54&quot;&gt;went line by line he&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:43:57&quot;&gt; says can't that go be done&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:44:0&quot;&gt; continuously and Dan Engles who was giving the demo&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:44:3&quot;&gt; because small talk is live&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:44:6&quot;&gt; I mean live down to the operating systems so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:44:9&quot;&gt; Dan was able to do a couple of Clips&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:44:12&quot;&gt; here's where the slow scroll bar thing is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:44:15&quot;&gt; uh change a line of code&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:44:18&quot;&gt; quar a second later things are scrolling&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:44:21&quot;&gt; smoothly and later on&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:44:24&quot;&gt; uh when we were showing text&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:44:27&quot;&gt; selection um we liked&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:44:30&quot;&gt; we tried a lot of different ways of doing it but we' like the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:44:33&quot;&gt; complimenting the characters&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:44:36&quot;&gt; which is what basically is done&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:44:39&quot;&gt; today uh and Steve didn't like that he said&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:44:42&quot;&gt; can't you do an outline&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:44:45&quot;&gt; around the you know he's right because it's comp&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:44:48&quot;&gt;and white complimenting&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:44:51&quot;&gt; is a little bit too in your face&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:44:54&quot;&gt; face so he's right there&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:44:57&quot;&gt; and so my jaw was on the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:45:0&quot;&gt; floor because Dan Engles went in there&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:45:3&quot;&gt; that was not a trivial thing you know because if&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:45:6&quot;&gt; you think of the selection&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:45:9&quot;&gt; you have to find the actual boundary of the selection and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:45:12&quot;&gt; you have to uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:45:15&quot;&gt; treat it the right way and Dan went right to the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:45:18&quot;&gt; thing and basically what he did was to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:45:21&quot;&gt; just take the code that comp mented&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:45:24&quot;&gt; copy it and shift the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:45:27&quot;&gt; coordinates of the comp of the second&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:45:30&quot;&gt; complementation uh diagonally&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:45:33&quot;&gt; by two&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:45:36&quot;&gt; so you get to so what it would do in it before you could see it would do&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:45:39&quot;&gt;compliment then it would shift diagonally do another compliment&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:45:42&quot;&gt; and that would leave a a black line around the selection&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:45:45&quot;&gt; just what Steve asked for it's like one of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:45:48&quot;&gt; the greatest things I've ever seen done unprepared&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:45:51&quot;&gt; in a demo in a program progamming system in my&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:45:54&quot;&gt; life that was uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:45:57&quot;&gt; 1979 yeah so that was uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:46:0&quot;&gt;good and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:46:3&quot;&gt; uh uh Apple didn't steal&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:46:6&quot;&gt; you know Apple did do a great thing&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:46:9&quot;&gt; as the ba from the basis of that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:46:12&quot;&gt; stuff uh which was the Lisa&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:46:15&quot;&gt;done before the mac&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:46:18&quot;&gt; and the Lisa was done&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:46:21&quot;&gt; uh with Park people who are&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:46:24&quot;&gt; hired&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:46:27&quot;&gt; uh uh and with&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:46:30&quot;&gt; some very smart people who are at Apple like Bill&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:46:33&quot;&gt; ainson and the Lisa was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:46:36&quot;&gt; really nice it was the best thing you&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:46:39&quot;&gt; could possibly do for that day was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:46:42&quot;&gt; done on a 68,000&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:46:45&quot;&gt; microprocessor which meant an enormous amount&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:46:48&quot;&gt; of programming for to do the graphics that were so easy&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:46:51&quot;&gt; on the alto but they did it and it was really&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:46:54&quot;&gt; great and uh a system&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:46:57&quot;&gt; you would die for you could get&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:47:0&quot;&gt; for 10,000&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:47:3&quot;&gt; bucks and $10,000 happen to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:47:6&quot;&gt; be the average price of a car new car in the United&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:47:9&quot;&gt; States at that time um sorry to interrupt&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:47:12&quot;&gt; we're almost at the top of the second hour uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:47:15&quot;&gt; of the of the talk so almost at the end of the second hour of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:47:18&quot;&gt;the talk um so I just want to get a quick chance for people who have&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:47:21&quot;&gt; class um but first please Round of Applause for our&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:47:24&quot;&gt; speaker for the people who are&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:47:27&quot;&gt;left yeah&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:47:30&quot;&gt; so I&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:47:33&quot;&gt; love I I just expected&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:47:36&quot;&gt; uh that you would have you would give me&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:47:39&quot;&gt; one of your uh Barbed&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:47:45&quot;&gt;comments I love&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:47:48&quot;&gt;those&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:47:51&quot;&gt; okay thank you thank you than you one and all&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:47:54&quot;&gt; thank you for thank you thank&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:47:57&quot;&gt; you Alan thank you so much yeah but don't&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:48:0&quot;&gt; don't use your car while you're driving Glen&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:48:3&quot;&gt; well I had to meet Stella she's waiting for me&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:48:6&quot;&gt; and for an hour and now so sorry I had to step&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:48:9&quot;&gt; out that's good you listen to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:48:12&quot;&gt;Marvin&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:48:15&quot;&gt; of course happy wife happy&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:48:18&quot;&gt; life uh the number one&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:48:21&quot;&gt; that's rule zero&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:48:24&quot;&gt; not that's not even rule one that's rule&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:48:27&quot;&gt; zero you got it you got it&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:48:30&quot;&gt; thank you very much again Alan thank you thanks&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:48:33&quot;&gt; so much Allan&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:48:36&quot;&gt; thank you bye bye&lt;/subtitle&gt;</div>

Ezequiel http://tinlizzie.org/IA/index.php?title=Alan_Kay_talk_at_UCLA_CS_Connection_Lab&diff=3167 2025-01-23T16:47:01Z

<p>Ezequiel: Subtitles first pass up until 23:00</p> <hr /> <div><br /> {{#evt:<br /> service=youtubeIA<br /> |id=dZQ7x0-MZcI<br /> |alignment=left<br /> |autoresize=true<br /> }}<br /> <br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:0:7&quot;&gt;I'm here today with Alan Kay. We're at the UCLA&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:0:10&quot;&gt;Connection Lab with professor Kleinrock and the rest&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:0:13&quot;&gt;of our students here. We are very lucky to have Alan&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:0:16&quot;&gt;who is presenting on a broad range of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:0:19&quot;&gt;topics ranging from technology society and future research&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:0:22&quot;&gt;and I'll keep it short so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:0:25&quot;&gt;Alan needs no further introduction. I will let him begin right&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:0:28&quot;&gt;away. thank you so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:0:31&quot;&gt;much! Okay. Onward we&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:0:37&quot;&gt;go. So the way this started off is my&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:0:40&quot;&gt;long long friend&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:0:43&quot;&gt;Len kleinrock sent me an email&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:0:46&quot;&gt;saying would I do a talk&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:0:49&quot;&gt;and…, I wasn't&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:0:52&quot;&gt;sure&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:0:55&quot;&gt;[then it] says “about the view of the current…” yeah, basically&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:0:58&quot;&gt;about everything… “most rewarding&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:1:1&quot;&gt; work in my life”. I'm 84&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:1:4&quot;&gt; years old guys&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:1:7&quot;&gt; and “can I do it in just a few&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:1:10&quot;&gt; minutes?”, and of course I said okay&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:1:13&quot;&gt; and uh the wonderful&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:1:16&quot;&gt; Jason gathered&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:1:19&quot;&gt; up a bunch of questions and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:1:22&quot;&gt; I endeavored to look at all all of them&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:1:25&quot;&gt; and combine them in one way or another&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:1:28&quot;&gt;but&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:1:31&quot;&gt; the short an answers here&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:1:34&quot;&gt; are “is it&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:1:37&quot;&gt; still feasible today to do something like Xerox PARC?” and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:1:40&quot;&gt; the answer is “YES!” I don't know of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:1:43&quot;&gt; anything like Xerox PARC in the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:1:46&quot;&gt; computer realm of things.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:1:49&quot;&gt; They're all so goal&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:1:52&quot;&gt; oriented, but there's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:1:55&quot;&gt; a great Biology Institute funded by the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:1:58&quot;&gt;Hughes Foundation called Janelia Labs&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:2:1&quot;&gt; in near Washington DC, and there's the famous&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:2:4&quot;&gt; Max plank Institute, and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:2:7&quot;&gt;we'll see in a little bit why I don't&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:2:10&quot;&gt; consider there's a lot with&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:2:13&quot;&gt; the same kind of spirit as Xerox PARC.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:2:16&quot;&gt;As I'll say in a moment, it wasn't Xerox&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:2:19&quot;&gt; PARC. Xerox PARC was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:2:22&quot;&gt; part of the much larger&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:2:25&quot;&gt; ARPA research&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:2:28&quot;&gt;community; and considered, it was just funded by&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:2:31&quot;&gt; Xerox because the Department of Defense had quit&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:2:34&quot;&gt; funding ARPA the right way, and put the D on and changed&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:2:37&quot;&gt; everything. So we'll see about that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:2:40&quot;&gt; in a minute and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:2:43&quot;&gt; short answer [to]: “do I believe young people today&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:2:46&quot;&gt; have to solve a harder problem in requiring&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:2:49&quot;&gt; resources?”; and my answer is yes&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:2:52&quot;&gt; absolutely. It is much much harder&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:2:55&quot;&gt; as the businesses&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:2:58&quot;&gt; have moved in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:3:1&quot;&gt; which started really strongly in the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:3:4&quot;&gt;80s after the inventions of personal Computing&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:3:7&quot;&gt; and pervasive and local&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:3:10&quot;&gt; networking, there was something&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:3:13&quot;&gt; that could be…&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:3:16&quot;&gt; and the GUI which&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:3:19&quot;&gt; opened up the computer to the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:3:25&quot;&gt;rest…&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:3:28&quot;&gt; Sorry go ahead. I could hear people talking&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:3:31&quot;&gt; yeah um yes, so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:3:34&quot;&gt; it's much harder, much much harder&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:3:37&quot;&gt; and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:3:40&quot;&gt; there isn't time to really answer&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:3:43&quot;&gt; these completely separately,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:3:46&quot;&gt; so I sort of wove them together.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:3:49&quot;&gt; I&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:3:52&quot;&gt; like this one. This is a recent one: “What are some&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:3:55&quot;&gt; of the most tragic illusions that adults get stuck&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:4:1&quot;&gt;with?”. That is the most flattering thing I've&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:4:4&quot;&gt; heard in years because it assumes I'm not an adult,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:4:7&quot;&gt; which I'm not.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:4:10&quot;&gt; Number two was: “What did you guys being there at Xerox&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:4:13&quot;&gt; Park do for them?”&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:4:16&quot;&gt; and then there's this dot dot dot one&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:4:19&quot;&gt; which I did do a little prep on it but I&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:4:22&quot;&gt; left it to the end in case we run out of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:4:25&quot;&gt; time because in 84 years&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:4:28&quot;&gt; I've had a lot of aha moments, but&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:4:31&quot;&gt; let's start off with number&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:4:34&quot;&gt; one. This is part&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:4:37&quot;&gt; of the tragic Illusions&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:4:40&quot;&gt; what we're doing right now and what we do in most&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:4:43&quot;&gt; classrooms is to recapitulate&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:4:46&quot;&gt; something that happened 150,000 years ago&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:4:49&quot;&gt; which is a bunch of people gathering around a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:4:52&quot;&gt; campfire listening to somebody&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:4:55&quot;&gt;talk. And just&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:4:58&quot;&gt; think about it for a second how crazy&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:5:1&quot;&gt; is it for me to be doing what I'm doing now&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:5:4&quot;&gt; this is why I sent a couple of papers along to read.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:5:7&quot;&gt; It's crazy to orally discuss&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:5:10&quot;&gt; ideas and inventions that required reading and writing&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:5:13&quot;&gt;to invent and explain. The&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:5:16&quot;&gt; oral medium is not good for what&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:5:19&quot;&gt; the best of the stuff that we&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:5:22&quot;&gt;do; but&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:5:25&quot;&gt; we all have the same pink brains&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:5:28&quot;&gt; they love stories and so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:5:31&quot;&gt; what this guy wants is a story&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:5:34&quot;&gt; and what I'm trying to do is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:5:37&quot;&gt; to comply to tell stories about&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:5:40&quot;&gt; things that really aren't very good as&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:5:43&quot;&gt; stories and the problem was we're still basically&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:5:46&quot;&gt; the same species&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:5:49&quot;&gt; with the same pink brain that wants&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:5:52&quot;&gt;stories. And systems&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:5:55&quot;&gt; aren't stories. I'm basically a systems&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:5:58&quot;&gt;guy&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:6:1&quot;&gt; If we take a look at what happened going back a few&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:6:4&quot;&gt; hundred thousand years, human genetics&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:6:7&quot;&gt; yeah it has changed a little bit.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:6:10&quot;&gt; some of us got to be able to digest milk&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:6:13&quot;&gt; and so forth.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:6:16&quot;&gt; And human&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:6:19&quot;&gt; inventions gradually took&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:6:22&quot;&gt; off. And with modern&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:6:25&quot;&gt; theories about origins of languages,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:6:28&quot;&gt; a lot more of language seems to be an invention&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:6:31&quot;&gt; via culture than&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:6:34&quot;&gt; we thought in the past. And then we&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:6:37&quot;&gt; have this problem, which I hope you can see&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:6:40&quot;&gt; there because my little thing is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:6:43&quot;&gt; blocking.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:6:46&quot;&gt; Our Collective wisdom&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:6:49&quot;&gt; started being informed by our inventions&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:6:52&quot;&gt; but it grew at a much slower rate because the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:6:55&quot;&gt; inventions are various forms of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:6:58&quot;&gt; technology including symbolic technologies.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:7:4&quot;&gt;They turned out to be really easy once we got the hang of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:7:7&quot;&gt; it. And so we've got this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:7:10&quot;&gt; huge gap.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:7:13&quot;&gt; So we can turn the guy's spear into a Tomahawk&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:7:16&quot;&gt; missile. We can increase his power of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:7:19&quot;&gt; Destruction by a factor of a million.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:7:22&quot;&gt; And we could do something much much worse which is to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:7:25&quot;&gt; turn him into a bureaucrat&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:7:28&quot;&gt; and create bureaucracy.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:7:31&quot;&gt; And bureaucracy has killed millions&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:7:34&quot;&gt; and millions more people than the worst Atomic&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:7:37&quot;&gt; weapons. So&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:7:40&quot;&gt; this is a huge problem.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:7:43&quot;&gt; And education&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:7:46&quot;&gt;is supposed to do something about it. We'll talk about that a little bit&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:7:49&quot;&gt; later. But think about it, we&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:7:52&quot;&gt; just went through the inability of most&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:7:55&quot;&gt; of the population of the planet to not&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:7:58&quot;&gt; understand how viruses and diseases work&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:8:1&quot;&gt; that was botched almost&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:8:4&quot;&gt; everywhere. And for&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:8:7&quot;&gt; the last 60 plus years we've been&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:8:10&quot;&gt; ignoring something smaller than a virus, the CO₂ molecule,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:8:13&quot;&gt;which is gradually&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:8:16&quot;&gt; changing the entire planet that we live&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:8:19&quot;&gt; on. So if you're looking for&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:8:22&quot;&gt; human wisdom, it's not up to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:8:25&quot;&gt; the scaling of what we've been able to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:8:28&quot;&gt;invent.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:8:31&quot;&gt; Okay, so, Cliff Notes for Human Beings.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:8:34&quot;&gt; I'll do this quickly&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:8:37&quot;&gt;but… So, we're basically&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:8:40&quot;&gt; Hamlet.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:8:43&quot;&gt; Our minds are like theaters.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:8:46&quot;&gt; We're more theatrical than we think. We threate…,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:8:49&quot;&gt; We create…, treat our beliefs as reality.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:8:52&quot;&gt; That is the worst thing about human&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:8:58&quot;&gt;beings. And these theaters are tiny. We can&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:9:1&quot;&gt; only think of a few things that once it's hard for us&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:9:4&quot;&gt; to take in larger&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:9:7&quot;&gt; things. And if you look into biology&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:9:10&quot;&gt; we find out that most of our mind is not&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:9:13&quot;&gt; human. And we're more non-human&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:9:16&quot;&gt; than we assume. And we tend to react&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:9:19&quot;&gt; much more than actual thinking. Thinking actually had&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:9:22&quot;&gt; to be invented. We grow up in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:9:25&quot;&gt;we were born into.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:9:28&quot;&gt; and that shapes so much of who we are and also&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:9:31&quot;&gt; how we look at the world. Our conclusions&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:9:34&quot;&gt; tend to be societal. That's a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:9:37&quot;&gt; disaster. And we have&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:9:40&quot;&gt; not just one mind, and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:9:43&quot;&gt; really not just one brain. We maybe have&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:9:46&quot;&gt; about eighty&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:9:49&quot;&gt; different conglomerations of things that could be&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:9:52&quot;&gt; called brainlets.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:9:55&quot;&gt; We have a special set of ones&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:9:58&quot;&gt; shared with most animals which is learning&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:10:1&quot;&gt; by touching things. We learn&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:10:4&quot;&gt;seeing things. We have a completely different set of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:10:7&quot;&gt; knowledges from how things look.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:10:10&quot;&gt; And we have this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:10:13&quot;&gt; symbolic mechanism&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:10:16&quot;&gt; which is both our&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:10:19&quot;&gt; downfall and our&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:10:22&quot;&gt; Salvation. So we're much&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:10:25&quot;&gt; more fragmented. We only have one body&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:10:28&quot;&gt; but uh what we want&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:10:31&quot;&gt; actually conflicts&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:10:34&quot;&gt; internally. So this is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:10:37&quot;&gt; a whole area that's really&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:10:40&quot;&gt; worthwhile studying. Especially in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:10:43&quot;&gt; this age of computation and especially&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:10:46&quot;&gt; this area. I'll leave it at.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:10:49&quot;&gt; Now let's go to the the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:10:52&quot;&gt; second question is “what did we ever do&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:10:55&quot;&gt;for Xerox anyway?”&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:10:58&quot;&gt; well we'll talk a little bit later about where Xerox&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:11:1&quot;&gt; PARC came from but here are some of the things that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:11:7&quot;&gt;we did. The first&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:11:10&quot;&gt; thing like a modern personal&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:11:13&quot;&gt; computer. The&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:11:16&quot;&gt; GUI with icons and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:11:19&quot;&gt;pointing.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:11:22&quot;&gt; Basically a way of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:11:25&quot;&gt; dealing with symmetrical&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:11:28&quot;&gt; reading and writing. That was also [called] What You See&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:11:34&quot;&gt;is What You Get. What we have to call real OOP today,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:11:37&quot;&gt; that we only called OOP back then. But it was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:11:40&quot;&gt; different than what is called OOP&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:11:43&quot;&gt; today. And we did the laser&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:11:46&quot;&gt; printer which just for the engineers in the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:11:49&quot;&gt; crowd, the very first laser printer was a page&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:11:52&quot;&gt; a second, which most people have never&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:11:55&quot;&gt; experienced today, at 500 pixels&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:11:58&quot;&gt; to the inch. That is a great&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:12:1&quot;&gt; story all by itself. How Gary Starkweather&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:12:4&quot;&gt; did that.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:12:7&quot;&gt; The outline fonts and postcript, the Ethernet.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:12:10&quot;&gt; Peer [to] peer, and client/server, and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:12:13&quot;&gt; about half the internet.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:12:16&quot;&gt;PARC had its own internet which is called the PARC&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:12:19&quot;&gt; Universal packets.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:12:22&quot;&gt; It was spread all over the country and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:12:25&quot;&gt; about, I don't know,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:12:28&quot;&gt; half the general meetings&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:12:31&quot;&gt; that were held at UCLA especially,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:12:34&quot;&gt; were done by PARC people. Some of whom&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:12:37&quot;&gt;had already done some of the things [… working at…]&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:12:40&quot;&gt; The thing is that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:12:43&quot;&gt; all of these things came out of a particular&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:12:46&quot;&gt; community. So we locked the claim we&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:12:49&quot;&gt; had eight and a half visible inventions. And&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:12:52&quot;&gt; of course what's interesting about all of this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:12:55&quot;&gt; is all the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:12:58&quot;&gt;technology that had to be invented that was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:13:1&quot;&gt; invisible. And according to Butler&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:13:4&quot;&gt; Lampson, this was done&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:13:7&quot;&gt; with about 25 researchers over about five&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:13:10&quot;&gt; years. These particular ones I'm showing&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:13:13&quot;&gt; here. And PARC&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:13:16&quot;&gt; itself, existed in the form it was for&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:13:19&quot;&gt; about 10 years. So in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:13:22&quot;&gt; total today's dollars&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:13:25&quot;&gt; here is like, I don't know 15&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:13:28&quot;&gt; years ago or so, when I made the slide&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:13:31&quot;&gt; so it was in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:13:34&quot;&gt; dollars of 15 years ago, it was about 10&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:13:37&quot;&gt; million dollars a year, or about 100&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:13:40&quot;&gt; million to 120 million for the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:13:43&quot;&gt; for the 10 years. And PARC had four Labs&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:13:46&quot;&gt; so there was System Science, Computer Science,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:13:49&quot;&gt; Optical science and Physical science.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:13:52&quot;&gt; So this is the total budget of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:13:55&quot;&gt; Park. And when I&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:13:58&quot;&gt; first did this slide of, 15&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:14:1&quot;&gt; years years ago or so, the return was about $35&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:14:4&quot;&gt; trillion dollars to the world. Now&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:14:7&quot;&gt; I think it's up past 50 trillion&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:14:10&quot;&gt; or so and, to get back to the question&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:14:13&quot;&gt; is uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:14:16&quot;&gt; oh and this is an important idea, that the thing that confused&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:14:19&quot;&gt; people and Confused Xerox was, if you can&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:14:22&quot;&gt;these eight and a half inventions you see in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:14:25&quot;&gt; in Industry, it is the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:14:28&quot;&gt; basis of one of the main&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:14:31&quot;&gt; large Industries that we have&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:14:34&quot;&gt;today.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:14:37&quot;&gt; Now what about return to PARC. Well, PARC&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:14:40&quot;&gt; missed, I mean Xerox missed most of these.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:14:43&quot;&gt; But it doesn't matter because the return&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:14:46&quot;&gt; on the laser printer all by itself&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:14:49&quot;&gt; was about a factor of 200&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:14:52&quot;&gt; on the entire investment for park over the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:14:55&quot;&gt;entire 10 years. So&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:14:58&quot;&gt; Xerox made billions and billions just&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:15:1&quot;&gt; from this one thing. They missed the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:15:4&quot;&gt; trillions but&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:15:7&quot;&gt; if you look at it from a positive direction,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:15:10&quot;&gt; thank goodness they were willing to fund&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:15:13&quot;&gt; people that no business person in their right mind would&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:15:16&quot;&gt; fund. So we got what we&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:15:19&quot;&gt;got. Now,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:15:22&quot;&gt; the real story here is that back in the 40s&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:15:25&quot;&gt; the Cold War started with the Russian A&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:15:28&quot;&gt; bomb, after World War II, and that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:15:31&quot;&gt; gave rise to a bunch&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:15:34&quot;&gt; of DOD funding, which included Whirlwind&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:15:37&quot;&gt; which we'll talk about in a minute, the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:15:40&quot;&gt; SAGE air defense system.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:15:43&quot;&gt; We'll talk about in a minute, and then in 57 Sputnik&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:15:46&quot;&gt; came along and that created ARPA.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:15:49&quot;&gt; We'll talk about that in a minute. And here are some&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:15:52&quot;&gt;the things that ARPA did&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:15:55&quot;&gt; up to the time when the Vietnam War and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:15:58&quot;&gt; Congress decided to kill ARPA funding&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:16:1&quot;&gt; for public domain&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:16:4&quot;&gt; Computing. You can look at these yourself.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:16:7&quot;&gt; Things like personal Computing,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:16:10&quot;&gt; computer Graphics,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:16:13&quot;&gt; packet switching. That handsome guy in the patch packing&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:16:16&quot;&gt; switching thing on the the right is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:16:19&quot;&gt; none other than Len&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:16:22&quot;&gt;Kleinrock. Looking very confident as we all were&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:16:25&quot;&gt; back then. That led to the ARPANET,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:16:28&quot;&gt; and that led to the Internet,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:16:31&quot;&gt; and… The first tablet that was areally&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:16:34&quot;&gt; good one, that was done back in 1964, and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:16:37&quot;&gt; then there was the Engelbart system and so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:16:40&quot;&gt; forth. So PARC was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:16:43&quot;&gt; actually set up&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:16:46&quot;&gt; because one of the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:16:49&quot;&gt; Deputy directors of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:16:52&quot;&gt; ARPA&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:16:55&quot;&gt; IPTO feared that this work was not&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:16:58&quot;&gt; going to be continued to some kind of fruition.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:17:1&quot;&gt;So he started looking around and it happened that Xerox&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:17:4&quot;&gt; was looking around for a long range research&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:17:7&quot;&gt; lab, and they got together and the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:17:10&quot;&gt; the lab was put as far away from corporate&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:17:13&quot;&gt; headquarters as possible.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:17:16&quot;&gt; Next to a university so it's either going to be Berkeley&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:17:19&quot;&gt; or Stanford. They put it next to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:17:22&quot;&gt; Stanford.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:17:25&quot;&gt; Park completely thought of itself as&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:17:28&quot;&gt; being part of the ARPA Community. Almost every computer&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:17:31&quot;&gt; researcher there had been a graduate&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:17:34&quot;&gt; student at and had their degrees&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:17:37&quot;&gt; paid for by ARPA and so forth. So I never&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:17:40&quot;&gt; talk about PARC without bringing in this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:17:43&quot;&gt;larger context. And in fact&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:17:46&quot;&gt; it the larger context was the reason that PARC&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:17:49&quot;&gt; was able to do so many things&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:17:52&quot;&gt; with so few researchers. There was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:17:55&quot;&gt; all of this prior art available&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:17:58&quot;&gt; in the research community, and the research&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:18:1&quot;&gt; community also taught the grad students how to work&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:18:4&quot;&gt; together. I'll talk about that in a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:18:7&quot;&gt;minute.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:18:10&quot;&gt; Okay here's feedback from&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:18:13&quot;&gt;world pushback. Look at some&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:18:16&quot;&gt;of these numbers&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:18:19&quot;&gt; are dismally low. Like here are the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:18:22&quot;&gt;heartbreakers. On the other hand 100%&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:18:25&quot;&gt; of the internet, 100% of the Ethernet,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:18:28&quot;&gt; 100% of the laser printer, outline&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:18:31&quot;&gt; fonts. Peer-peer and all that stuff were accepted&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:18:34&quot;&gt; and this is in large part because there weren't&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:18:37&quot;&gt; good solutions already out&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:18:40&quot;&gt;there. The&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:18:43&quot;&gt; 50% on the pop modern personal computer&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:18:46&quot;&gt; is because the people who adapted&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:18:49&quot;&gt; this to the commercial World&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:18:52&quot;&gt; basically adapted it&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:18:55&quot;&gt; in its appearances. They didn't&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:18:58&quot;&gt;look any deeper.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:19:1&quot;&gt; Most of the hackers in the 80s thought they knew&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:19:4&quot;&gt; how to program so their interest in doing&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:19:7&quot;&gt; really new ways of programming was very low. So the least accepted&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:19:10&quot;&gt; thing was the way we did successful&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:19:13&quot;&gt; software at PARC.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:19:16&quot;&gt; Some of the deepest&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:19:19&quot;&gt; ideas uh that our field has ever come up with&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:19:22&quot;&gt; were done by Engelbart and his group&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:19:25&quot;&gt; and almost none of those have even&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:19:28&quot;&gt; be understood. And you know if I were there and person,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:19:31&quot;&gt; what I always do is ask students&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:19:34&quot;&gt; what Engelbart did, and they usually can't tell me.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:19:37&quot;&gt; And it's hard to find a student…&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:19:40&quot;&gt; In fact let's do it right now, just for the hell&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:19:43&quot;&gt; of it. Okay students&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:19:46&quot;&gt; can you hear me? Raise your&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:19:49&quot;&gt;hand?&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:19:52&quot;&gt;Okay. Let's see,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:19:55&quot;&gt; what do I want here?…&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:19:58&quot;&gt; Yes; so… Students&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:20:1&quot;&gt; please tell me anybody who's T&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:20:4&quot;&gt; typed “E N G E L B A&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:20:7&quot;&gt; R T” into Google.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:20:10&quot;&gt; Raise your&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:20:13&quot;&gt;hand.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:20:16&quot;&gt; [TA's answers]– I think one hand is Professor Kleinrock. [Alan Kay] Well&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:20:19&quot;&gt; of course. Okay so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:20:22&quot;&gt; this is basically being in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:20:25&quot;&gt; in physics, being&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:20:28&quot;&gt; a physics major, and not being curious about&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:20:34&quot;&gt;Newton. So this is not an&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:20:40&quot;&gt;exaggeration. Think about&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:20:43&quot;&gt;it. And you know if you want some bitching from an old&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:20:46&quot;&gt; fart, a lot of us back in the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:20:49&quot;&gt; old days put out a lot of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:20:52&quot;&gt; effort including Len in the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:20:55&quot;&gt; room, to get you guys personal&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:20:58&quot;&gt; computers, which you have with you.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:21:1&quot;&gt; And to get you guys networks that can connect&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:21:4&quot;&gt; to things and to get you so you can be&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:21:7&quot;&gt; just a few characters and a mouse push&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:21:10&quot;&gt; away from satisfying your curiosity&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:21:13&quot;&gt; about the heroes of your own profession.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:21:16&quot;&gt; Think about that and none of you have done&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:21:19&quot;&gt; that. What do you think about&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:21:25&quot;&gt;that? Okay&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:21:28&quot;&gt; so let's now go quickly back again.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:21:31&quot;&gt; Russian A-bomb…&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:21:40&quot;&gt;Here's Whirlwind. So&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:21:43&quot;&gt; this is just a few racks of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:21:46&quot;&gt; Whirlwind. At MIT. Was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:21:49&quot;&gt; actually just a 16bit&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:21:52&quot;&gt; bit parallel real-time mini computer&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:21:55&quot;&gt; but took this amount of space. Had about 5,000 vacuum&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:21:58&quot;&gt; tubes. And the memory&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:22:1&quot;&gt; devices back around 1950&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:22:4&quot;&gt; were so bad for storage,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:22:7&quot;&gt; for RAM that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:22:10&quot;&gt; it forced uh one of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:22:13&quot;&gt; the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:22:16&quot;&gt; the guy in the middle there&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:22:19&quot;&gt; Jay Forester to invent core memory&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:22:22&quot;&gt; which was the technology that let computers&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:22:25&quot;&gt; uh go commercial for the first&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:22:28&quot;&gt; time. And the guy to his&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:22:31&quot;&gt; uh let's see, to his left the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:22:34&quot;&gt; guy who's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:22:37&quot;&gt; standing behind them in the middle of the picture&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:22:40&quot;&gt; there Jay&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:22:43&quot;&gt; Everett&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:22:58&quot;&gt;Whoops. Oh now it's not letting me&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:23:1&quot;&gt;I hate Zoom&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:23:7&quot;&gt;okay&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:23:10&quot;&gt; sorry&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:23:13&quot;&gt; okay also with this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:23:16&quot;&gt; was uh one of the earliest displays&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:23:19&quot;&gt; and uh Everett had&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:23:22&quot;&gt; had uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:23:28&quot;&gt;actually&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:23:37&quot;&gt;sorry ever had&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:23:40&quot;&gt; actually invented a way to point at the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:23:43&quot;&gt; screen and this is the as far as&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:23:46&quot;&gt;the first time there was computer&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:23:49&quot;&gt; graphics with a pointing&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:23:52&quot;&gt; device and they did this because&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:23:55&quot;&gt; the Cold War changed their original&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:23:58&quot;&gt; theory about what they were doing which was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:24:1&quot;&gt; uh to make flight simulators&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:24:4&quot;&gt; uh and they were starting to lose their funding for&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:24:7&quot;&gt; that but uh the atomic bomb&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:24:10&quot;&gt; of the Russians got the military&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:24:13&quot;&gt; interested in whether you could hook a computer&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:24:16&quot;&gt; up to radar and track it and they were&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:24:19&quot;&gt; the first to do this and that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:24:22&quot;&gt;hey built back then morphed its way into the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:24:25&quot;&gt; worldwide uh airplane&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:24:28&quot;&gt; tracking system that we used to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:24:31&quot;&gt; day then the second phase of Whirlwind&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:24:34&quot;&gt; was to go&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:24:37&quot;&gt; all out and see if we could&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:24:40&quot;&gt; track Russian bombers&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:24:43&quot;&gt; before they could uh get to us&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:24:46&quot;&gt; and so they built these monstrous&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:24:49&quot;&gt; block houses out of concrete&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:24:52&quot;&gt; this is about the size they&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:24:55&quot;&gt; were bottom floor there is just the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:24:58&quot;&gt;power supply the second second floor here&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:25:1&quot;&gt; are two really big Q7&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:25:4&quot;&gt; computers with maybe 55,000&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:25:7&quot;&gt; vacuum tubes gang&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:25:10&quot;&gt; together uh they're really something&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:25:13&quot;&gt;walk around in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:25:16&quot;&gt; here's a block house so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:25:19&quot;&gt; 24 of these were built in the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:25:22&quot;&gt;US then up on the top&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:25:25&quot;&gt; floor were 100 to about&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:25:28&quot;&gt; 150 graphic terminals&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:25:31&quot;&gt; with pointing devices for dealing with various&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:25:34&quot;&gt;of information and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:25:37&quot;&gt; here's what one row of them look&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:25:40&quot;&gt;like so there are zillions&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:25:43&quot;&gt; of them and this is about maybe 1956&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:25:46&quot;&gt; 57&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:25:49&quot;&gt;now&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:25:52&quot;&gt; and they had a network wasn't&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:25:55&quot;&gt; a great Network it wasn't a packet switching&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:25:58&quot;&gt; network but they' gotten used to the idea&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:26:1&quot;&gt; that if you're going to build computers and have people&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:26:4&quot;&gt;work together you better have a network and some&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:26:7&quot;&gt; way of doing that so this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:26:10&quot;&gt; crowning Glory was just coming to fruition&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:26:13&quot;&gt; when the Russians decided oh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:26:16&quot;&gt; well let's just shoot some&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:26:19&quot;&gt;Rockets to show The Americans that we don't need to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:26:22&quot;&gt; deliver bombs by a bomber we can&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:26:25&quot;&gt; you make icbms&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:26:28&quot;&gt; so this shocked the and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:26:31&quot;&gt; Congress and they set up arpa&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:26:34&quot;&gt; Advanced research projects agency&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:26:37&quot;&gt; the director uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:26:40&quot;&gt; in the early 60s was Jack&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:26:42&quot;&gt; ruen and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:26:45&quot;&gt; he decided to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:26:48&quot;&gt; uh give this guy uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:26:51&quot;&gt; Jacob licklider known as lick&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:26:54&quot;&gt; some leftover money they had which&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:26:57&quot;&gt;by DOD standards wasn't a lot but by computer computer&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:27:0&quot;&gt; standards it was millions&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:27:3&quot;&gt; and they they gave it to him because they liked him and you'll&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:27:6&quot;&gt; you'll get an idea about this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:27:9&quot;&gt; soon and so here are the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:27:12&quot;&gt; 1960s directors of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:27:15&quot;&gt; arpa not a military person among them these were all&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:27:18&quot;&gt; PhD&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:27:21&quot;&gt;scientists and the four arpa&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:27:24&quot;&gt; computer research directors were all&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:27:27&quot;&gt; scientists and this is because&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:27:30&quot;&gt; the powers that set this up&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:27:33&quot;&gt; realized that having something like the military&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:27:36&quot;&gt; and something like congress&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:27:39&quot;&gt; with a dire threat&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:27:42&quot;&gt;were trying to deal with would just botch things up&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:27:45&quot;&gt; still true today&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:27:48&quot;&gt; so but&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:27:51&quot;&gt; of course Congress ultimately control&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:27:54&quot;&gt; the budget but they didn't have&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:27:57&quot;&gt; much power because the Americans were were&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:28:0&quot;&gt; frightened of the Russians&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:28:3&quot;&gt; and so they weren't&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:28:6&quot;&gt; going to curtail military spending&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:28:9&quot;&gt; but people in Congress would say&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:28:12&quot;&gt; these words that everybody has heard Still today&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:28:15&quot;&gt; how is this relevant tell me why this work that you're doing is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:28:18&quot;&gt; relevant to the Department of Defense and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:28:21&quot;&gt; they would get push back from these&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:28:24&quot;&gt; scientist Jack would say that's not the right&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:28:27&quot;&gt; question to ask Bob spra Senior would say the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:28:30&quot;&gt; right question to ask is how is this going to help the United&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:28:33&quot;&gt; States or this technology or our society or our&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:28:36&quot;&gt; culture generally holy&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:28:39&quot;&gt; Bob Taylor's remark&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:28:42&quot;&gt; was they would stand up to these guys&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:28:45&quot;&gt; and in a polite civilized way attack their&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:28:48&quot;&gt; myopia because these arpa directors were scientific&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:28:51&quot;&gt; Statesmen&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:28:54&quot;&gt; and Bob reflects we've had too few of those people&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:28:57&quot;&gt; in the job since then&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:29:0&quot;&gt;and around 1966&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:29:3&quot;&gt; Charlie hersfield asked bobw what&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:29:6&quot;&gt; what do you want and Bob said uh this network&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:29:9&quot;&gt; is what I want to do and here's why&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:29:12&quot;&gt; and Charlie said&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:29:15&quot;&gt; okay and Bob's recollection that was a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:29:18&quot;&gt;15minute conversation&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:29:21&quot;&gt; Charlie asked how much money do you need and Bob said well a million&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:29:24&quot;&gt; dollars is so it's like seven or eight billion seven or eight&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:29:27&quot;&gt; million dollars today just to get it organized&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:29:30&quot;&gt; and uh herzfeld said&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:29:33&quot;&gt; okay and Bob's recollection was that there was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:29:36&quot;&gt; no actual arpa paperwork order written or anything&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:29:39&quot;&gt; for months maybe even a year&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:29:42&quot;&gt; these people all trusted each other and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:29:45&quot;&gt; did a lot of things very quickly this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:29:48&quot;&gt; way now a key idea here if you can see&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:29:51&quot;&gt; him is that Bob&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:29:54&quot;&gt; Taylor uh after&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:29:57&quot;&gt; arpa went on to be the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:30:0&quot;&gt; founder uh of the computer science&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:30:3&quot;&gt; research at Xerox Park so he was the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:30:6&quot;&gt; connection as of course the computer science&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:30:9&quot;&gt; research park at Park was set up like&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:30:12&quot;&gt; the computer science research of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:30:15&quot;&gt; arpa and so when we look at&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:30:18&quot;&gt; this we want to see&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:30:21&quot;&gt; what what did these people weigh back then&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:30:24&quot;&gt; think about this we have all&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:30:27&quot;&gt; these questions that we can't answer all of them today&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:30:30&quot;&gt; we can look at the first couple there and we can get a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:30:33&quot;&gt; couple of samples of what they were saying&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:30:36&quot;&gt; so veva&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:30:39&quot;&gt; Bush uh pronounced the way&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:30:42&quot;&gt; Beaver is pronounced in New England beava&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:30:45&quot;&gt; beniva Bush who is president&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:30:48&quot;&gt; Rosevelt science advisor said&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:30:51&quot;&gt; in the 40s holy new forms of encyclopedias&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:30:54&quot;&gt; will appear readymade with a mesh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:30:57&quot;&gt; of associative Trails running through them ready to be&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:31:0&quot;&gt; dropped into the mimics and they're Amplified so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:31:3&quot;&gt; that got a lot of people&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:31:6&quot;&gt;thinking Li glider said in a few years&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:31:9&quot;&gt;the combination of humans and computers will think as no&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:31:12&quot;&gt; humans have ever thought&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:31:15&quot;&gt; before John McCarthy looked at&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:31:18&quot;&gt; the sage system and said every home will have one&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:31:21&quot;&gt;and with an intelligent interface because&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:31:24&quot;&gt; he thought way McCarthy thought about it is well this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:31:27&quot;&gt; is just like uh getting gas and Water&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:31:30&quot;&gt; and Electric power and so forth into a house&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:31:33&quot;&gt; it's a utility so every house&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:31:36&quot;&gt; will have a uh a terminal connected to a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:31:39&quot;&gt; worldwide utility that was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:31:42&quot;&gt; 1958 that affected the work at MIT&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:31:45&quot;&gt; by uh Corby Fernando&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:31:48&quot;&gt; corbo Ivan suin&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:31:51&quot;&gt; the inventor of computer Graphics said a graphic input&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:31:54&quot;&gt; coupled to some kind of computation which&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:31:57&quot;&gt; is in turn coupled to a graphical output is a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:32:0&quot;&gt; truly powerful tool for Education design&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:32:3&quot;&gt;and angelart here said we can boost Mankind's capability&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:32:6&quot;&gt; for coping with complex urgent Problems&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:32:9&quot;&gt; by augmenting the collective IQ&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:32:12&quot;&gt; of groups not just augmenting people&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:32:15&quot;&gt; but augmenting&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:32:18&quot;&gt;roups&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:32:21&quot;&gt; and I'm going to more concentrate more&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:32:24&quot;&gt; on these two but we'll get a look at a bit&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:32:27&quot;&gt; okay so what what with these guys&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:32:30&quot;&gt; looking for as far as people look was just&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:32:33&quot;&gt; looking for the best people Ivan was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:32:36&quot;&gt; looking for people uh who could choose their own problems and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:32:39&quot;&gt; methods Taylor's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:32:42&quot;&gt; thought his job was to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:32:45&quot;&gt; fix up the social environment so that when the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:32:48&quot;&gt; no Lone Wolf scientists needed to cooperate&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:32:51&quot;&gt; they will and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:32:54&quot;&gt; Larry uh said&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:32:57&quot;&gt; everybody understood the game&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:33:0&quot;&gt; here which was arpa&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:33:3&quot;&gt; ipto was allowed to help the country as long as it was helping&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:33:6&quot;&gt; the military and so what&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:33:9&quot;&gt; kind of people were they looking for this man right here is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:33:12&quot;&gt;my great-grandfather he's the first cat herder in our&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:33:18&quot;&gt;family don't let anybody tell you it's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:33:21&quot;&gt; easy anybody can hurt cattle&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:33:24&quot;&gt; holding together 10, half wild SS&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:33:27&quot;&gt; that's another thing all together&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:33:30&quot;&gt;well you get you get the idea&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:33:33&quot;&gt; and so the real question here is what if only cats can do this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:33:36&quot;&gt; stuff and adults don't&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:33:39&quot;&gt; get it adults are into command and control&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:33:42&quot;&gt; and command and control doesn't work with cats&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:33:45&quot;&gt; have a jar fill all the names of the toys we have&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:33:48&quot;&gt; sitting right next to us and we're going to take the jar one by&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:33:51&quot;&gt; one open up these toys all right would you like to go first&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:33:54&quot;&gt; piing something from the jar yes all right&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:33:57&quot;&gt; now it's on a spring I like&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:34:0&quot;&gt;all&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:34:3&quot;&gt; it's inside this box right here&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:34:6&quot;&gt;there's this little mouse on a spring is go up and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:34:9&quot;&gt; down and cats are going to try to catch it all righty our cats&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:34:12&quot;&gt;like having mouses but they keep on tearing them apart CU&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:34:15&quot;&gt; they're kind of vicious so got another one&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:34:18&quot;&gt; okay and this is the toy&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:34:24&quot;&gt;mouse what is this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:34:27&quot;&gt; what is this mysterious&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:34:33&quot;&gt;George I think you get&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:34:36&quot;&gt; it gotta have some feel for what cats&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:34:39&quot;&gt; want so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:34:42&quot;&gt; lick pointed out right at&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:34:45&quot;&gt; the beginning that great Visions are not the same as&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:34:48&quot;&gt; goals but they are the ultimate cat&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:34:51&quot;&gt;oy so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:34:54&quot;&gt; he stuck to this Vision which is not&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:34:57&quot;&gt; phrased as a goal he said computers are destined&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:35:0&quot;&gt; to become interactive intellectual&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:35:3&quot;&gt; amplifiers for everyone universally networked&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:35:6&quot;&gt; worldwide he did not know&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:35:9&quot;&gt; what this meant and in fact he was a psychologist&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:35:12&quot;&gt; not a what we call a card carrying&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:35:15&quot;&gt; engineer but he&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:35:18&quot;&gt; understood a lot&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:35:21&quot;&gt; that if you hide if you take this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:35:24&quot;&gt; vision and stick it behind the mountain&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:35:27&quot;&gt; range it sends out magnet field which is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:35:30&quot;&gt; Marvin Minsky like to point out if you don't&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:35:33&quot;&gt; know what to do get lots of people to do lots of things&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:35:36&quot;&gt; that's what lick was doing&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:35:39&quot;&gt; and so the number one principle here of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:35:42&quot;&gt; doing anything like this where you are going to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:35:45&quot;&gt; get have the possibility of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:35:48&quot;&gt; really large new things is the goodness&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:35:51&quot;&gt; of the results correlates most strongly with the goodness of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:35:54&quot;&gt; the funders that is my&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:35:57&quot;&gt; reflection uh for from the past&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:36:0&quot;&gt; because every era has really&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:36:3&quot;&gt; smart people I've never&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:36:6&quot;&gt; been in an era that didn't have people as smart as the people I&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:36:9&quot;&gt; worked with back then but the funders&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:36:12&quot;&gt; have were wonderful in the 60s&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:36:15&quot;&gt; and uh 70s and they've been&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:36:18&quot;&gt; uh ever more terrible ever&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:36:21&quot;&gt;since&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:36:24&quot;&gt; and so two of the main things that came&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:36:27&quot;&gt; out of this was human humans and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:36:30&quot;&gt; computers working together as an idea and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:36:33&quot;&gt; then this larger idea of augmenting human intellect&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:36:36&quot;&gt; in general so I'll just go through these quickly&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:36:39&quot;&gt;million of them they're in one of the papers I handed&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:36:42&quot;&gt; out but basically go against&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:36:45&quot;&gt; conventional wisdom do Visions&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:36:48&quot;&gt; not goals let&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:36:51&quot;&gt; somebody else do the goals fun problem finding&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:36:54&quot;&gt; not just problem solving this is a key&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:36:57&quot;&gt; one because a problem&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:37:0&quot;&gt; is often too rooted in the uh context&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:37:3&quot;&gt;he present&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:37:6&quot;&gt; and so if you're just doing that which is kind of what's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:37:9&quot;&gt; going on this is what NSF likes to fund&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:37:12&quot;&gt; problems that peer reviewers can understand in the present&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:37:15&quot;&gt; and most most of them uh don't make&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:37:18&quot;&gt; big contributions&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:37:21&quot;&gt; problem finding on the other hand is difficult for&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:37:24&quot;&gt; everybody but it gives you a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:37:27&quot;&gt; chance fun people not&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:37:30&quot;&gt; projects so in other words don't&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:37:33&quot;&gt;worry you know if you've got some crazy guy who's really&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:37:36&quot;&gt; good or girl who's really good&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:37:39&quot;&gt; don't worry about what they want to do&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:37:42&quot;&gt; give them some money and see what happens&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:37:45&quot;&gt; uh corollary fund of very best people&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:37:48&quot;&gt; I don't think that's being done&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:37:51&quot;&gt; today and an important part of the research&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:37:54&quot;&gt; results are new and better researchers&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:37:57&quot;&gt; and in in a sense&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:38:0&quot;&gt; NSF is paying for some of this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:38:3&quot;&gt; but I don't think a lot of research is being done I think&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:38:6&quot;&gt; it's mostly engineering so what I think is what&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:38:9&quot;&gt; NSF is paying for are new and better&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:38:12&quot;&gt; uh uh practical&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:38:15&quot;&gt;engineers and what we need is new and better&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:38:18&quot;&gt; researchers really Advance something very important&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:38:21&quot;&gt; well that's controversial because it probably&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:38:24&quot;&gt; uh is something&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:38:27&quot;&gt; new and here's a key one design&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:38:30&quot;&gt;build in the future and bring back to the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:38:33&quot;&gt; present and one that costs a lot of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:38:36&quot;&gt; money was make enough of the inventions&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:38:39&quot;&gt; and in a practical enough manner so that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:38:42&quot;&gt; many people can use them in other words live&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:38:45&quot;&gt; in your own uh your own mess that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:38:48&quot;&gt;you've made then Milestones&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:38:51&quot;&gt; not deadlines&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:38:54&quot;&gt;one&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:38:57&quot;&gt; okay so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:0&quot;&gt; here are five things that of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:3&quot;&gt; many things that people&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:6&quot;&gt; are in the indidual individual stars there are&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:9&quot;&gt; people get interested in Aesthetics&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:12&quot;&gt; or they prefer to Tinker they prefer to do&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:15&quot;&gt; engineering but the problem is The Sweet&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:18&quot;&gt; Spot in the center&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:21&quot;&gt; is something we have to get to because as Marvin says&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:22&quot;&gt; you don't understand&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:24&quot;&gt; something if you only understand it one way&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:27&quot;&gt; this is a key phrase for the 20&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:30&quot;&gt; 20th and 21st centuries&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:33&quot;&gt; and so no matter what&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:36&quot;&gt; your favorite one of these is you have to get fluent&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:39&quot;&gt; in all of them and this is a not&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:42&quot;&gt;he way universities are set up not the way companies&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:45&quot;&gt; are set up but you got to do it&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:48&quot;&gt; the best people I know all are in the center&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:51&quot;&gt; here and then there's a question about&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:54&quot;&gt; regarding Computing is is could there actually&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:39:57&quot;&gt; be a science of computing they&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:40:0&quot;&gt; are artificial objects after all&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:40:3&quot;&gt; we're not looking at molecules so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:40:6&quot;&gt; forth we're looking at constructed&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:40:9&quot;&gt; things and what does that mean as a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:40:12&quot;&gt;science&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:40:15&quot;&gt; so go back into the 50s&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:40:18&quot;&gt; again we've got&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:40:21&quot;&gt; phenomena we can see these artifacts they've got&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:40:24&quot;&gt; wires and vacuum tubes and we can program them&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:40:27&quot;&gt; and we can make a high LEL language for them like Fortran&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:40:30&quot;&gt; and so forth and that isn't really&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:40:33&quot;&gt; science what is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:40:36&quot;&gt;cience well I've&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:40:39&quot;&gt; got this cryptic phrase here scientists try to find&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:40:42&quot;&gt; fireflies and make&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:40:45&quot;&gt;t-shirts what does that mean&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:40:48&quot;&gt; it means that behind the stuff&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:40:51&quot;&gt; that distracts us&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:40:54&quot;&gt; there are hidden&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:40:57&quot;&gt; deeper properties the properties&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:41:0&quot;&gt; might not even be in there explicitly but they're&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:41:3&quot;&gt; there what scientists do&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:41:6&quot;&gt; is good what I call good&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:41:9&quot;&gt; woooo which is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:41:12&quot;&gt; they let their brain relax to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:41:15&quot;&gt;point where they can start thinking beneath the surface of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:41:18&quot;&gt; things and here's one of the first computer&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:41:21&quot;&gt; scientists John McCarthy and he&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:41:24&quot;&gt; looked at this stuff in the 50s and decided to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:41:27&quot;&gt;t-shirt of it and the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:41:30&quot;&gt; t-shirt looks like&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:41:33&quot;&gt; this so it's kind of backwell&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:41:36&quot;&gt;equations of computing and what's interesting about&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:41:39&quot;&gt; it is that it doesn't look like&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:41:42&quot;&gt; uh the hardware and it doesn't look like the software it's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:41:45&quot;&gt; actually a mathematical&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:41:48&quot;&gt;formulation of what John thought the most important&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:41:51&quot;&gt; relationships were so I would call this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:41:54&quot;&gt;maxwellian then&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:41:57&quot;&gt;stronger stronger&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:42:0&quot;&gt; along the lines of Newton which is to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:42:3&quot;&gt; explain important ideas&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:42:6&quot;&gt; here about what was lying beneath&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:42:9&quot;&gt; the surface and why it was really useful&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:42:12&quot;&gt; to think of doing things in a particular&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:42:15&quot;&gt; way and the thing&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:42:18&quot;&gt; about math is it has to be consistent meaning&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:42:21&quot;&gt; neat but it doesn't have to be&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:42:24&quot;&gt; real and so this thing that John did was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:42:27&quot;&gt; not real but another hero&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:42:30&quot;&gt; of mine Steve Russell the guy who invented space war&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:42:33&quot;&gt; was at MIT and he looked at&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:42:36&quot;&gt; John's math and he said that's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:42:39&quot;&gt; a program if I implement it we'll have a running system&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:42:42&quot;&gt; and John McCarthy said well he did and we did&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:42:45&quot;&gt; and that was the birth of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:42:48&quot;&gt;lisp and here's the cool thing about Computing&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:42:51&quot;&gt; the theory can also be the model and the artifact&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:42:54&quot;&gt; and you can make it&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:42:57&quot;&gt; real but there are a lot of complaints about&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:43:0&quot;&gt; dealing with pure semantics is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:43:3&quot;&gt; too slow even after&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:43:6&quot;&gt; factor of a million or a billion&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:43:9&quot;&gt; of or more of more moris&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:43:12&quot;&gt; law still seems to be too slow&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:43:15&quot;&gt; on the other hand&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:43:18&quot;&gt; you can build a special machine for&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:43:21&quot;&gt;these semantics that don't fit on regular&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:43:24&quot;&gt;machines because remember&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:43:27&quot;&gt; our computer's only there to run programs so why not make&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:43:30&quot;&gt; a computer that will run the programs you want to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:43:33&quot;&gt; run and if you try to optimize too early&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:43:36&quot;&gt; like buying a computer before&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:43:39&quot;&gt; that isn't a supercomputer before you've done your&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:43:42&quot;&gt; research you're in trouble because now you're&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:43:45&quot;&gt; forced to deal with its problems rather than your&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:43:48&quot;&gt; own so this is the kind of process&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:43:51&quot;&gt; that the arpa community went&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:43:54&quot;&gt;hrough&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:43:57&quot;&gt; and this is a fun story but&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:44:0&quot;&gt; I want to bring up the fireflies again&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:44:3&quot;&gt; you can't replicate what John&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:44:6&quot;&gt;McCarthy did because the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:44:9&quot;&gt; times are different now but the fireflies&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:44:12&quot;&gt; in what he did are still there and they can still&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:44:15&quot;&gt;what to do&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:44:18&quot;&gt; okay here's uh Story&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:44:21&quot;&gt; number two 62&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:44:24&quot;&gt; years ago in 1962&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:44:27&quot;&gt; this is in the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:44:30&quot;&gt;uh Sage experimental&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:44:33&quot;&gt; uh test computer called the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:44:36&quot;&gt; tx2 it was one of the LA one one of these&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:44:39&quot;&gt; computers that was the building&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:44:42&quot;&gt; and right down at the end of one corner was this guy sitting&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:44:45&quot;&gt;of a oscilloscope&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:44:54&quot;&gt;screen and what was he doing&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:44:57&quot;&gt; well&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:45:0&quot;&gt;here's the light pen he was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:45:6&quot;&gt;and now this display&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:45:9&quot;&gt; doesn't isn't a line drawing display it just makes a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:45:12&quot;&gt; DOT so the there's a program&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:45:15&quot;&gt; making these lines now he tells sketchpad&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:45:18&quot;&gt; to make them all mutually perpendicular and you&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:45:21&quot;&gt; just saw it automatically&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:45:24&quot;&gt; uh clean up the drawing this is why it's called sketch pad because&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:45:27&quot;&gt; you can just draw roughly he may wants&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:45:30&quot;&gt; to make a hole in this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:45:33&quot;&gt;flange so he says here make&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:45:36&quot;&gt; these both uh uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:45:39&quot;&gt; parallel and perpendicular and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:45:42&quot;&gt; now the constraint is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:45:45&quot;&gt; make these lines I'm drawing to be collinear with the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:45:48&quot;&gt; guidelines below so this allows&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:45:51&quot;&gt; him to quickly draw a dotted&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:45:54&quot;&gt;line&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:45:57&quot;&gt; now he's going going to make the guidelines&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:46:0&quot;&gt; transparent we get a hole in the flange&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:46:3&quot;&gt;and notice this is the first system to have a clipping&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:46:6&quot;&gt; window is actually drawing on a canvas&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:46:9&quot;&gt; about a third of a mile on a side being windowed&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:46:15&quot;&gt;here he needs a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:46:18&quot;&gt;rivet&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:46:21&quot;&gt; so this is the rough shape of a rivet&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:46:24&quot;&gt; draws this because he wants this as&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:46:27&quot;&gt; a center for an AR AR for the top of the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:46:30&quot;&gt; rivet and now he says okay make&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:46:33&quot;&gt; all these lines I'm pointing to here&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:46:36&quot;&gt; make these mutually perpendicular&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:46:39&quot;&gt; and that will force the drawing into&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:46:42&quot;&gt; something like a rivet maybe he doesn't&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:46:51&quot;&gt;shape&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:46:54&quot;&gt; because he didn't constrain the size of the thing so here's another&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:46:57&quot;&gt;solution with that those starting&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:47:0&quot;&gt; conditions but he said decides he likes the one&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:47:9&quot;&gt;first now here's another cool idea Ivan&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:47:12&quot;&gt; suland did&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:47:15&quot;&gt; which was to have Masters and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:47:18&quot;&gt; instances so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:47:21&quot;&gt; this is not the rivet he drew&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:47:24&quot;&gt; this is an instance of the rivet he drew&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:47:27&quot;&gt; and the rotation and the scaling&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:47:30&quot;&gt; are done by knobs that he has on&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:47:36&quot;&gt;console okay&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:47:39&quot;&gt; and wants to show you&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:47:42&quot;&gt; he can make more instances and that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:47:45&quot;&gt; these instances can be different sizes and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:47:48&quot;&gt; says whoops I forgot&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:47:51&quot;&gt; I left the crossbow on there I should make these guys transparent&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:47:54&quot;&gt; so he goes to the master drawing and makes them&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:47:57&quot;&gt; transparent and lo and behold&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:48:0&quot;&gt; all of the instances uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:48:3&quot;&gt; obey so he gets rid of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:48:6&quot;&gt;the thing and he says okay&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:48:9&quot;&gt; make that construction I just did into a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:48:12&quot;&gt; master now I'm going to make instances&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:48:24&quot;&gt;master&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:48:36&quot;&gt;ight here's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:48:39&quot;&gt; instances of the master&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:48:42&quot;&gt; that he made of the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:48:54&quot;&gt;conglomerate&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:49:3&quot;&gt;yeah okay&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:49:6&quot;&gt; so here's a high resolution picture of Ivan&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:49:9&quot;&gt; at the console and he's doing a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:49:12&quot;&gt; something much more complicated which is to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:49:15&quot;&gt; draw in a bridge&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:49:18&quot;&gt; and uh unfortunately the movie&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:49:21&quot;&gt;for this has been lost it's probably somewhere in Ivan's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:49:24&quot;&gt; garage but uh for fun a couple of years ago&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:49:27&quot;&gt; we we uh did a an&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:49:30&quot;&gt; emulation of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:49:33&quot;&gt;it so here's a simple trust&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:49:36&quot;&gt; bridge and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:49:39&quot;&gt; we can connect things up and if we turn gravity&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:49:42&quot;&gt; on which is a constraint&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:49:45&quot;&gt; you see it's Computing all the stresses and the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:49:48&quot;&gt; strains on the bridge&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:49:51&quot;&gt; and it's continuously Computing so if we add in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:49:54&quot;&gt; another strut&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:49:57&quot;&gt; here guess what it ripples over the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:50:0&quot;&gt; entire bridge if we H hang a weight on&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:50:3&quot;&gt;it we can stress&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:50:9&quot;&gt;bridge and so the big idea here&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:50:12&quot;&gt; is it's not just about imitating&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:50:15&quot;&gt; drafting it's that we can&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:50:18&quot;&gt; simulate uh any kind&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:50:21&quot;&gt; of computer AED design drawing that we do&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:50:24&quot;&gt; or model and uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:50:27&quot;&gt; we get not just CAD but CAD&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:50:30&quot;&gt; Sim so this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:50:33&quot;&gt; is a huge huge idea&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:50:36&quot;&gt; that's still done extremely poorly today&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:50:39&quot;&gt; for most&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:50:42&quot;&gt;people so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:50:45&quot;&gt; interact this is Ivan's PhD&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:50:48&quot;&gt; thesis in 1962&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:50:51&quot;&gt; inventing interactive computer Graphics&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:50:54&quot;&gt; clipping window pointing iconic IQ objects&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:50:57&quot;&gt; Masters and instances we'd call that object&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:51:0&quot;&gt;first objectoriented&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:51:3&quot;&gt; programming system that I know of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:51:6&quot;&gt; lots of nice technical things in it automatic&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:51:9&quot;&gt; Dynamic simulations from&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:51:12&quot;&gt; designs and you programmed it not in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:51:15&quot;&gt; the standard uh programming&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:51:18&quot;&gt; languages but you programmed it in terms of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:51:21&quot;&gt; goals in terms of the constraints that you want&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:51:24&quot;&gt;and sketchpad had three problem solvers that would solve&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:51:27&quot;&gt; problems say you could see so I once&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:51:30&quot;&gt; asked Ian how could you do this in one year all by yourself&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:51:33&quot;&gt; and he said well I didn't know it was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:51:39&quot;&gt;hard check out the fireflies from this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:51:42&quot;&gt; one&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:51:45&quot;&gt; today think about what the fireflies&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:51:48&quot;&gt; from this one are okay and also in 1962 we&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:51:51&quot;&gt; had this guy who was kind of like Moses opening&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:51:54&quot;&gt;Sea&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:51:57&quot;&gt; he's really interested&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:52:0&quot;&gt; in saving the world and trying to make people&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:52:3&quot;&gt; better so they can save the world so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:52:6&quot;&gt; his idea in 62 was to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:52:9&quot;&gt; have a screen much he knew about sketch pad he wanted a screen&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:52:12&quot;&gt;larger than that he wanted to hang the light pen&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:52:15&quot;&gt; from a a gimbal so you're&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:52:18&quot;&gt; you could just pull it down to the table and use it like a pencil&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:52:21&quot;&gt; and not have the blood run out of your hand&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:52:24&quot;&gt; when you're using it and there's this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:52:27&quot;&gt; problem of that he thought about very&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:52:30&quot;&gt; deeply which was humans&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:52:33&quot;&gt;good Learners&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:52:36&quot;&gt; from using tools we&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:52:39&quot;&gt; have this pink brain we use tools&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:52:42&quot;&gt;brain kind of way&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:52:45&quot;&gt; so like a hammer we can use to hammer&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:52:48&quot;&gt; a nail into something but we can break something with a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:52:51&quot;&gt; hammer we can do a lot of things with a hammer&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:52:54&quot;&gt; and we kind of get a hammerness into&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:52:57&quot;&gt; our brain but we get very little&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:53:0&quot;&gt; wisdom about tools and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:53:3&quot;&gt; hammers in our brain and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:53:6&quot;&gt; we become a hammerer&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:53:9&quot;&gt; 100 thousand years later we might decide to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:53:12&quot;&gt; use nuclear weapons on a city that's a way&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:53:15&quot;&gt; of hammering them into&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:53:18&quot;&gt;submission so part of engelbert's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:53:21&quot;&gt; idea was if you're going to augment human&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:53:24&quot;&gt; intellect for crying out loud&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:53:27&quot;&gt; you must insert Education and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:53:30&quot;&gt; Training because what's happened is that the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:53:33&quot;&gt; powerful agencies have gone up in power by factors&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:53:36&quot;&gt; of millions and our brains&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:53:39&quot;&gt; haven't so you want the education&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:53:42&quot;&gt; to turn parts of our brain this nice&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:53:45&quot;&gt; bluish cast and perhaps give us&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:53:48&quot;&gt; a little more wisdom on using our tools and then&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:53:51&quot;&gt;a little safer using powerful methods and Powerful languages&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:53:54&quot;&gt; and so forth to do things&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:53:57&quot;&gt; so this is this five unit thing&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:54:0&quot;&gt;engelbart's idea of what you really had to do if you're&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:54:3&quot;&gt; going to do this thing and you had to do it not just&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:54:6&quot;&gt; for a person but people in groups so the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:54:9&quot;&gt;groups have to be&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:54:12&quot;&gt; organized pretty much the same way&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:54:15&quot;&gt; this allows to get enormous amounts of synergy&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:54:18&quot;&gt; between the individuals they can be&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:54:21&quot;&gt; the different stars on the diagram&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:54:24&quot;&gt; I just showed you cooperating together&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:54:30&quot;&gt;and four years later they&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:54:33&quot;&gt; did a first pass at this which was incredibly&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:54:36&quot;&gt;impressive it's called the mother of all demos&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:54:39&quot;&gt; and uh if you type e n g l&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:54:42&quot;&gt; b a r t into&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:54:45&quot;&gt; uh Google uh in the first page of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:54:48&quot;&gt;hits you'll find a reference to the movie of that demo&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:54:51&quot;&gt; you should see what they were able to do back&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:54:54&quot;&gt;little machine&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:54:57&quot;&gt; and you know when engelbart's name come up&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:55:0&quot;&gt; comes up and even in his obituaries&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:55:3&quot;&gt; the the only thing I could really talk about was the mouse&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:55:6&quot;&gt; and this really bug&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:55:9&quot;&gt; Doug said the mouse the mouse is just&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:55:12&quot;&gt; a dial on a car radio we invented a whole&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:55:15&quot;&gt;car they won't look at it&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:55:18&quot;&gt; you can get an idea of this there are about 70&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:55:21&quot;&gt; papers on the website devoted to him&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:55:24&quot;&gt; talking about these deep ideas as I&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:55:27&quot;&gt; me mentioned previously only about 30%&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:55:30&quot;&gt; of what engelbart was talking about&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:55:33&quot;&gt; got taken up uh in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:55:36&quot;&gt; Computing today so this is a big huge area&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:55:39&quot;&gt; that's got fir Plies everywhere and these are just&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:55:42&quot;&gt; three of the 17 or&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:55:45&quot;&gt; 18 uh principal invest&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:55:48&quot;&gt; investigators that arpa put together&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:55:51&quot;&gt; so these are the kind of people and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:55:54&quot;&gt; if we talk about cooperation and methods we've&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:55:57&quot;&gt; got to talk about the blind&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:56:0&quot;&gt; philosophers trying to figure out an elephant&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:56:3&quot;&gt; this is a classic thing and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:56:6&quot;&gt; they all have this flaw that I&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:56:9&quot;&gt;in the beginning that they think what's between their&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:56:12&quot;&gt; ears is uh not belief&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:56:15&quot;&gt; but reality so of course this leads to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:56:18&quot;&gt;war&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:56:21&quot;&gt; and after thousands of years the idea of compromise&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:56:24&quot;&gt; comes about but this does not&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:56:27&quot;&gt; need to a pretty picture of an elephant or a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:56:30&quot;&gt; way to make an elephant and in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:56:33&quot;&gt; fact this is my picture of the way Computing is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:56:36&quot;&gt; today practical Computing is just a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:56:39&quot;&gt; horrendous compromise&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:56:42&quot;&gt; almost none of it was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:56:45&quot;&gt;necessary&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:56:48&quot;&gt; now if you get scientific&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:56:51&quot;&gt; philosophers they've learned how to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:56:54&quot;&gt; cooperate in science works by looking at&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:56:57&quot;&gt;parts of things and looking&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:57:0&quot;&gt; at what other people have looked at other&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:57:3&quot;&gt; people looked at other parts of things&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:57:6&quot;&gt; and eventually coming to conclusions about the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:57:9&quot;&gt; whole so that's a really good&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:57:12&quot;&gt; idea but in fact science&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:57:15&quot;&gt; because our brains want to believe rather than think&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:57:18&quot;&gt; these can turn into something like a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:57:21&quot;&gt; religion and the reason uh we don't&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:57:24&quot;&gt; want to come up with blind belief&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:57:36&quot;&gt;there's always&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:57:39&quot;&gt;more there's always more and what&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:57:42&quot;&gt; it is is something that we can't&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:57:48&quot;&gt;imagine so when we give a a name&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:57:51&quot;&gt; to something we're hurting our&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:57:54&quot;&gt; belief in because we&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:57:57&quot;&gt; defined it it's a category now&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:58:0&quot;&gt; we've hurt our ability&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:58:3&quot;&gt; to think more about it because it already has a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:58:6&quot;&gt; set of properties it already is the thing that the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:58:12&quot;&gt;denotes and here's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:58:15&quot;&gt; a an ad I suggested to Apple&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:58:18&quot;&gt; many years ago uh for the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:58:21&quot;&gt; kind of people they wanted to have at Apple what kind should they be and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:58:24&quot;&gt; I suggest well do make a picture of something&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:58:27&quot;&gt; like this uh the right&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:58:30&quot;&gt;do with&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:58:33&quot;&gt; good P implies q and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:58:36&quot;&gt; the left hand the right brain has to be able to do good woow&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:58:42&quot;&gt;oo&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:58:45&quot;&gt; and what is good wool because&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:58:48&quot;&gt; uh the thing the thing to understand here let me just&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:58:51&quot;&gt;second here I think to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:58:54&quot;&gt; understand here is it was really hard to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:58:57&quot;&gt; invent good Plies Q&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:59:0&quot;&gt; was only invented a few thousand years ago but once we did&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:59:3&quot;&gt; it it turned out to be fairly easy for us to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:59:6&quot;&gt; do and humans&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:59:9&quot;&gt; are more or less born babies are born with good&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:59:12&quot;&gt; woooo uh and woooo&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:59:15&quot;&gt; in general and the problem&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:59:18&quot;&gt; is that most woooo is actually uh quite&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:59:21&quot;&gt; dangerous for the human mind so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:59:24&quot;&gt;to find good woowoo&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:59:27&quot;&gt; so here's one&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:59:30&quot;&gt;definition art is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:59:33&quot;&gt; a lie that tells the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:59:36&quot;&gt;truth&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:59:39&quot;&gt;and learn&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:59:42&quot;&gt; the rules like a pro that's the stuff you can do on the right&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:59:45&quot;&gt; hand side of the board so you can break them like artist&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:59:48&quot;&gt; like an artist on the leftand side of the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:59:51&quot;&gt; board you got to do both or else&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;0:59:54&quot;&gt;just bullshitting around&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:0:0&quot;&gt;and this is hard to do in school because as Marvin&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:0:3&quot;&gt; said school is the best thing ever invented to keep you from thinking&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:0:6&quot;&gt;about something important for more than a few&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:0:9&quot;&gt; minutes you have to ask that about where you are&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:0:12&quot;&gt; right now even though I'm a professor&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:0:15&quot;&gt; there and Len is a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:0:18&quot;&gt; professor uh schools have their own way about&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:0:21&quot;&gt; them like the fact&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:0:24&quot;&gt; this talk actually has a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:0:27&quot;&gt; uh designed end back at&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:0:30&quot;&gt; MIT they would just get Marvin talking and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:0:33&quot;&gt;out of steam in about six hours or so and everybody&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:0:36&quot;&gt;happy&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:0:39&quot;&gt; here's another genius huge&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:0:42&quot;&gt; influence on me he said institutional&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:0:45&quot;&gt; education seeks to make the strange familiar&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:0:48&quot;&gt; well that that sounds kind of reasonable&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:0:51&quot;&gt; yeah that's what we're you're paying them for&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:0:54&quot;&gt; things you don't understand you want to Now understand it but&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:0:57&quot;&gt; Jerry says the job of real education&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:1:0&quot;&gt; is to make the familiar strange again&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:1:3&quot;&gt; it's the stuff that we've that has&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:1:6&quot;&gt; come embedded into our belief system about&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:1:9&quot;&gt; normal that is keeping us&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:1:12&quot;&gt; being pedestrian&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:1:15&quot;&gt;thinking would you do if normal could seem strange&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:1:21&quot;&gt;normal you would have been able to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:1:24&quot;&gt; escape your present if you escape your present&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:1:27&quot;&gt; don't forget to use a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:1:30&quot;&gt;Lifeline how do we measure&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:1:33&quot;&gt; things well usually with graphs that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:1:36&quot;&gt; go from the left in the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:1:39&quot;&gt; past towards the future going towards&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:1:42&quot;&gt; the right and if something goes up&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:1:45&quot;&gt; we say a and if it goes down we say boo and so on and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:1:48&quot;&gt; so forth and if you think about this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:1:51&quot;&gt; graphs like this are complete&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:1:54&quot;&gt; and the reason is in order&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:1:57&quot;&gt;understand whether we should say yay or not&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:2:0&quot;&gt; we have to have a threshold and the threshold&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:2:6&quot;&gt;here like these could be uh reading&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:2:9&quot;&gt;scores for children and uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:2:12&quot;&gt; the children are never learning to read here&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:2:15&quot;&gt; they're getting better or worse&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:2:18&quot;&gt; at what they're not being able to do&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:2:21&quot;&gt; and so the key to make&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:2:24&quot;&gt;is to understand that both better and perfect are the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:2:27&quot;&gt; enemies of what is actually needed better is the tough one&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:2:30&quot;&gt;in engineering school because you get rewards for doing something&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:2:33&quot;&gt; better but what we're looking for here is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:2:36&quot;&gt; something new and to get something new we&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:2:39&quot;&gt; have to come up with the low the minimal&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:2:42&quot;&gt; idea that is just above the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:2:45&quot;&gt; threshold it's just into the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:2:48&quot;&gt;blue&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:2:51&quot;&gt; and we've once we've stepped into the blue we're actually in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:2:54&quot;&gt; a different way of thinking about things&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:2:57&quot;&gt; so this is you know like going from&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:3:0&quot;&gt; uh not having mathematics to mathematics&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:3:3&quot;&gt; or not going from not having writing to having&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:3:6&quot;&gt; writing or going from not having science&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:3:9&quot;&gt; to having science these are big&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:3:12&quot;&gt; things so you want to look for that star&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:3:15&quot;&gt;and the learning curve you might have to start off&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:3:18&quot;&gt; below where other people&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:3:21&quot;&gt; think you should be but the main thing is to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:3:24&quot;&gt;up there okay so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:3:27&quot;&gt; here's another example world's greatest&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:3:30&quot;&gt; hockey player made many many more goals&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:3:33&quot;&gt; than anybody and he was not a big&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:3:36&quot;&gt;uy&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:3:39&quot;&gt; uh had a couple of nice sayings he missed&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:3:42&quot;&gt; 100% of the shots you don't take people do&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:3:45&quot;&gt; that all the time you don't try enough&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:3:48&quot;&gt; and here's this big one a good hockey player goes to where the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:3:51&quot;&gt; puck is a great one goes to where&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:3:54&quot;&gt; the puck will be and he didn't mean calculating&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:3:57&quot;&gt; the trajectory of the puck he meant getting to a place&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:4:0&quot;&gt; where one of his teammates could pass&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:4:3&quot;&gt;do a quick shot on goal&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:4:6&quot;&gt; that was the Wayne gy game and we can play it in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:4:9&quot;&gt; technology so here's an example from my&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:4:12&quot;&gt; own career I had a woowoo intuition&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:4:15&quot;&gt; about children having their own&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:4:18&quot;&gt; portable tablet computers in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:4:21&quot;&gt; 1968 which was impossible&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:4:24&quot;&gt; back then but the second&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:4:27&quot;&gt; stage is can you find a favorable exponential&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:4:30&quot;&gt;Mo's law&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:4:33&quot;&gt; and this allows you to take this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:4:36&quot;&gt; intuition out 30 years&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:4:39&quot;&gt; and out 30 years in the future&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:4:42&quot;&gt;could say you can ask&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:4:45&quot;&gt; would it be ridiculous if we didn't have this and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:4:48&quot;&gt; 30 years that's 1995 the answer is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:4:51&quot;&gt; yeah it' be ridiculous if we didn't have tablet computers&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:4:54&quot;&gt; by 1995&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:4:57&quot;&gt;okay so you bring it bring the idea back to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:5:0&quot;&gt; the mid 80s can we do&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:5:3&quot;&gt; something by the mid 80s&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:5:6&quot;&gt; yes but&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:5:9&quot;&gt; software takes a long long time&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:5:12&quot;&gt; and we're in 1972 now so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:5:15&quot;&gt; what we need to do is to make a bunch of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:5:18&quot;&gt; flexible supercomputer time machines&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:5:21&quot;&gt; personal make a lot of them&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:5:24&quot;&gt; so the researchers can live and work in the future&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:5:27&quot;&gt; that is what we did at Park that dollar&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:5:30&quot;&gt; sign says More's law&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:5:33&quot;&gt; means that for most&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:5:36&quot;&gt; points in the future you can have&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:5:39&quot;&gt; them now if you're willing to spend a lot more&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:5:42&quot;&gt; money the commodity thing in the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:5:45&quot;&gt; future is the supercomputer of the present&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:5:48&quot;&gt;build the right kind of supercomputer in the present&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:5:51&quot;&gt; and you now have years to work on these really hard&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:5:54&quot;&gt; software ideas and that is where the star&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:5:57&quot;&gt; was at Park&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:6:0&quot;&gt; uh the dotted line there says you better&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:6:3&quot;&gt;do this really quickly or else you're going to get&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:6:6&quot;&gt; submerged into tool building&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:6:9&quot;&gt; you're going to be doing uh just computers and operating&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:6:12&quot;&gt; systems and you're not going to be doing what you're originally&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:6:15&quot;&gt; trying to do so you have to be have to be&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:6:18&quot;&gt; have a lot of chops to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:6:21&quot;&gt; do this and in fact the alto was done in a period of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:6:24&quot;&gt; about three and a half months by an AB absolute genius&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:6:27&quot;&gt; uh Chuck&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:6:30&quot;&gt;ther and once You' got this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:6:33&quot;&gt; you can start inventing the software of the future and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:6:36&quot;&gt; the supercomputer nature of it means&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:6:39&quot;&gt; something like user interface&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:6:42&quot;&gt; you can you don't&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:6:45&quot;&gt; have to optimize you can just&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:6:48&quot;&gt; uh do 10 experiments a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:6:51&quot;&gt; day for a week throw away your code&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:6:54&quot;&gt; don't even bother stay because uh you could put a higher level&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:6:57&quot;&gt; language on it you can do experiments you don't have to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:7:0&quot;&gt; optimize you need to find out what the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:7:3&quot;&gt; how the users respond to things and then&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:7:6&quot;&gt;right hand side uh if you're&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:7:9&quot;&gt; willing to optimize you can do software like is going to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:7:12&quot;&gt; exis in quantity in the 80s&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:7:15&quot;&gt; that happens to be uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:7:18&quot;&gt; the first version of Microsoft Word which was done at&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:7:21&quot;&gt; ZX park it made uh Microsoft&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:7:24&quot;&gt; many many billions of dollars when it was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:7:27&quot;&gt; released uh 15 years&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:7:30&quot;&gt; later right&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:7:33&quot;&gt; okay okay we're coming down to the end here&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:7:36&quot;&gt; so 1963 lick wrote a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:7:39&quot;&gt; memo members and Affiliates&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:7:42&quot;&gt; of The Intergalactic computer&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:7:45&quot;&gt;network they asked them why Intergalactic&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:7:48&quot;&gt; he said well Engineers always give you less than you're asking&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:7:51&quot;&gt; for so I want a worldwide Network so I'm going to ask&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:7:54&quot;&gt; for an Intergalactic one and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:7:57&quot;&gt; when they when they quit bitching and moaning and scale it down it's still going&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:8:0&quot;&gt; to be worldwide had&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:8:3&quot;&gt; this great line here if we succeed&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:8:6&quot;&gt;an Intergalactic Network then our main problem&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:8:9&quot;&gt; will be learning to communicate with&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:8:12&quot;&gt; aliens we'll look at that for in a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:8:15&quot;&gt;minute and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:8:18&quot;&gt; to this psychologist he said at this extreme&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:8:21&quot;&gt; the problem is essentially the one discussed by science&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:8:24&quot;&gt;fiction writers how do you get&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:8:27&quot;&gt; communication started among totally&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:8:30&quot;&gt; uncorrelated Sapient beings and he thought&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:8:33&quot;&gt; here of that scaling&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:8:36&quot;&gt; more or less destroys communication&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:8:39&quot;&gt; even amongst humans and scaling&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:8:42&quot;&gt; and technology is going to destroy Communications&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:8:45&quot;&gt; and so forth so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:8:48&quot;&gt; this is the this is what we need to think&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:8:51&quot;&gt; about and he and Bob Taylor wrote a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:8:54&quot;&gt; paper of which I've expanded on a little&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:8:57&quot;&gt; bit so the idea is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:9:0&quot;&gt; uh here's a human&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:9:3&quot;&gt; who's trying to say I'm come in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:9:6&quot;&gt; peace and the alien is saying uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:9:9&quot;&gt; maybe I should kill this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:9:12&quot;&gt;guy between two humans&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:9:15&quot;&gt; uh a description of something with a man and ho&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:9:18&quot;&gt; Hooves and a tail could be a horse for one&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:9:21&quot;&gt; guy and a zebra for&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:9:24&quot;&gt;another here's our multiple&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:9:27&quot;&gt; BL brains I talked about one part of my&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:9:30&quot;&gt; brain wants chocolate the other one realizes I should have an&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:9:33&quot;&gt; apple then we've got this new thing&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:9:36&quot;&gt; the computer&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:9:39&quot;&gt; what is what's on its mind not much&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:9:42&quot;&gt; and uh it doesn't understand what a horse is that's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:9:48&quot;&gt;ure so when we're talking&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:9:51&quot;&gt;else we might not be able to get together on what a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:9:54&quot;&gt; horse or a zebra is but we have a better&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:9:57&quot;&gt;hamburger worldwide so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:10:0&quot;&gt; shared context is what we're looking&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:10:3&quot;&gt; for and if we find a way and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:10:6&quot;&gt; what we do with language is to try and point&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:10:9&quot;&gt;what we think is the shared context between us&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:10:15&quot;&gt;person so if we look back at the theater here&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:10:18&quot;&gt; what is it what is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:10:21&quot;&gt; shared what the theater is for is to reflect&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:10:24&quot;&gt; the intelligence of the audience back to them you're not&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:10:27&quot;&gt; trying to teach them I'm not trying to teach&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:10:30&quot;&gt; you right now I'm trying to give you something&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:10:33&quot;&gt; that you can reflect your intelligence back&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:10:36&quot;&gt; on so the theater has to do&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:10:39&quot;&gt; most of the negotiations for the audience that's too&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:10:42&quot;&gt; bad but writing and reading are the same&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:10:45&quot;&gt; thing same idea&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:10:48&quot;&gt; and there's a huge difference between a good writer&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:10:51&quot;&gt; and a bad writer for these&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:10:54&quot;&gt;reasons so let's think of communication&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:10:57&quot;&gt; as an extension of the gesture&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:11:0&quot;&gt; so what could two different computers have in common&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:11:3&quot;&gt; well could be something like the dynamic messaging&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:11:6&quot;&gt; of real objectoriented&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:11:9&quot;&gt; programming could be something like what Linda&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:11:12&quot;&gt; did but with David gar her we&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:11:15&quot;&gt;still have the problem of real aliens but let's look&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:11:18&quot;&gt; at the problem with the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:11:21&quot;&gt; person people and computer what&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:11:24&quot;&gt; could they have in common&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:11:27&quot;&gt;and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:11:30&quot;&gt; so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:11:33&quot;&gt; what can we make that is going to beam the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:11:36&quot;&gt;audience's intelligence and knowledge back out&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:11:39&quot;&gt; them what should we put on the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:11:42&quot;&gt;stage&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:11:45&quot;&gt; and so the guoy is a representation of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:11:48&quot;&gt; what the computer is thinking about&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:11:51&quot;&gt; in a form that humans can uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:11:54&quot;&gt; understand the human can&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:11:57&quot;&gt; actually gesture at the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:12:0&quot;&gt;topic that he wants to talk&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:12:3&quot;&gt; about each window holds a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:12:6&quot;&gt; context and is a topic for conversation all the possible&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:12:9&quot;&gt; conversation are active no modes&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:12:12&quot;&gt; undoing is critical everywhere gesturing and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:12:15&quot;&gt; dragging and J Eng gauges the body&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:12:18&quot;&gt; brain pictures are more memorable than&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:12:21&quot;&gt; words so use those doing with images make&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:12:24&quot;&gt; symbols and this is kind of Jerome Bruner&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:12:27&quot;&gt; 101 this one is particularly&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:12:30&quot;&gt;important okay so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:12:33&quot;&gt; this is kind of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:12:36&quot;&gt;a summary&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:12:39&quot;&gt; of the way&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:12:42&quot;&gt; people were thinking back then&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:12:45&quot;&gt; and if you think about the park&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:12:48&quot;&gt; guey of all the things that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:12:51&quot;&gt; this research community did back then&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:12:54&quot;&gt; the thing that made the trillion ion dollar&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:12:57&quot;&gt; Industries was not just Mo's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:13:0&quot;&gt; law because&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:13:3&quot;&gt; there was nobody to sell Mo's law or&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:13:6&quot;&gt; even any reason to do Mo's law&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:13:9&quot;&gt; at the scale it which was done unless&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:13:12&quot;&gt; millions and billions of people could actually use this stuff and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:13:15&quot;&gt;reason millions and billions of people can use the stuff&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:13:18&quot;&gt; is because of the invention of the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:13:21&quot;&gt;guy&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:13:24&quot;&gt; okay so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:13:27&quot;&gt; I don't even know what time it is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:13:30&quot;&gt; but um I'm up to the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:13:33&quot;&gt; dot dot dot question about what my greatest&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:13:36&quot;&gt; aha Etc was and but I'm gonna pause&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:13:39&quot;&gt; here and just check in with&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:13:45&quot;&gt;Lenny&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:13:48&quot;&gt;hello um&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:13:51&quot;&gt; how long how long was that by the way uh we&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:13:54&quot;&gt; are uh we uh we still have time so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:13:57&quot;&gt; if you have uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:14:0&quot;&gt; okay so um&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:14:3&quot;&gt; the so now now the choice&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:14:6&quot;&gt; uh uh can get&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:14:9&quot;&gt; a another question from the audience we can&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:14:12&quot;&gt; do this dot dot dot thing whatever you'd&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:14:15&quot;&gt; like um we have one&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:14:21&quot;&gt;question so Len&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:14:24&quot;&gt; was this uh was this recognizable to you&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:14:27&quot;&gt; oh my god totally I mean there anecdotes all&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:14:30&quot;&gt; over the presentation that would add to it&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:14:33&quot;&gt; but you nailed it beautifully you captured that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:14:36&quot;&gt; there and the characters&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:14:39&quot;&gt; and the uh mix between&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:14:42&quot;&gt; highly Cooperative groups and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:14:45&quot;&gt; individual working on their own&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:14:48&quot;&gt;things happen there's a lot of individual&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:14:51&quot;&gt; yet the group action came in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:14:54&quot;&gt;and out in and out it was an interest it wasn't&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:14:57&quot;&gt; pure you know one versus many&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:15:0&quot;&gt; it was so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:15:3&quot;&gt; I think I forgot to mention was uh that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:15:6&quot;&gt; I don't think uh lick intended it or maybe&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:15:9&quot;&gt; he did but uh what turned out to be the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:15:12&quot;&gt; messenger uh mechanism&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:15:15&quot;&gt; and there happened to be graduate students and interns&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:15:18&quot;&gt; including you for example&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:15:21&quot;&gt; I mean I flew 140,000 miles as a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:15:24&quot;&gt; grad student Dave Evans had a huge budget&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:15:27&quot;&gt; for airplane travel for his grad&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:15:30&quot;&gt;students well Steve managed&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:15:33&quot;&gt; to basically bankrupt mine&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:15:36&quot;&gt; doing the same thing yeah because you gota&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:15:39&quot;&gt; these and and ARP I should have mentioned&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:15:42&quot;&gt; that arpa in uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:15:45&quot;&gt; 1968 funded the first arpa&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:15:48&quot;&gt; graduate student conference which was modeled&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:15:51&quot;&gt; on the arpa contractors meetings&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:15:54&quot;&gt; that's another story about how that happened but&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:15:57&quot;&gt; uh that was really great because uh things went&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:16:0&quot;&gt; in the amount of intercommunication&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:16:3&quot;&gt; and Trust because a lot&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:16:6&quot;&gt;about trust and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:16:9&quot;&gt; yet it was not um what shall I&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:16:12&quot;&gt;say a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:16:15&quot;&gt; a bowl of soup it was contentious&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:16:18&quot;&gt; in a positive way I'll give you one example&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:16:21&quot;&gt;we had this principal investigators meeting John McCarthy&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:16:24&quot;&gt; arrived about 20 minutes late someone was presenting&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:16:27&quot;&gt;minutes later McCarthy raised his hand and says excuse&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:16:30&quot;&gt; me I have no idea what you're talking about&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:16:33&quot;&gt; he says but I was late&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:16:36&quot;&gt; however if I came in in time I still think I with no idea&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:16:39&quot;&gt; what you're talking about B can imagine your interaction&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:16:42&quot;&gt;was wonderful yeah I should have&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:16:45&quot;&gt;that the one of the main things I learned in grad school&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:16:48&quot;&gt; and everybody at Park knew was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:16:51&quot;&gt; uh that the purpose of arguing is not to win&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:16:54&quot;&gt; but to to illuminate&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:16:57&quot;&gt; and uh in fact when people started getting&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:17:0&quot;&gt; he in an argument Taylor would&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:17:3&quot;&gt; say type two type two&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:17:6&quot;&gt; and a type two argument was all&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:17:9&quot;&gt;sudden you had to explain the other person's position&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:17:12&quot;&gt; back to them until they agreed with&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:17:15&quot;&gt; it and then they had to explain your&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:17:18&quot;&gt;position back to you until you agreed with it and by&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:17:21&quot;&gt;happened you'd forgotten what you're arguing about and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:17:24&quot;&gt; you okay let's go to the question&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:17:27&quot;&gt; all right we have a question here yeah hello&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:17:30&quot;&gt; um and I I agree and I guess I kind of apologize&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:17:33&quot;&gt; for the uh structure&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:17:36&quot;&gt; that we have because it does impose any limitations on the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:17:39&quot;&gt; discussion um I'm on on the faculty&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:17:42&quot;&gt; too so uh but&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:17:45&quot;&gt; you know faculty meetings uh there's too&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:17:48&quot;&gt;much contention because the stakes are too&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:17:51&quot;&gt;low I&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:17:54&quot;&gt; quit going um so I have two questions which are&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:17:57&quot;&gt; a little related um so so number&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:18:0&quot;&gt; one was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:18:3&quot;&gt; do you think and and maybe you'll agree that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:18:6&quot;&gt; there's kind of been a split between the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:18:9&quot;&gt; practicers of technology which are the software engineers&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:18:12&quot;&gt; and the systems thinkers who are like the theoreticians&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:18:15&quot;&gt; and the inventors um if so why&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:18:18&quot;&gt; any suggestions to remediate this uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:18:21&quot;&gt;also asking to Professor kleinrock if he has any&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:18:24&quot;&gt; input on that and my second question is probably a little&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:18:27&quot;&gt; related um which is what are your&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:18:30&quot;&gt; thoughts on I guess all of this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:18:33&quot;&gt; development most like a lot of it has been going into private&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:18:36&quot;&gt;research Labs like Google X and Microsoft&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:18:39&quot;&gt; research um do do you think it's still kind of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:18:42&quot;&gt; analogous to Bell labs in back in the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:18:45&quot;&gt; day uh no&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:18:48&quot;&gt; B for instance at Bell Labs&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:18:51&quot;&gt; if you walked around back before&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:18:54&quot;&gt; the divesture uh you&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:18:57&quot;&gt;that would say&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:19:0&quot;&gt; either do something very useful or very&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:19:3&quot;&gt;beautiful&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:19:6&quot;&gt; I've never seen a sign like that at&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:19:12&quot;&gt;research okay so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:19:15&quot;&gt; because that's a pro that's a huge&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:19:18&quot;&gt; problem I&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:19:21&quot;&gt; guess go ahead yeah go ahead oh no I guess I have a follow-up&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:19:24&quot;&gt;question to that which is uh you mentioned a bit earlier in the talk&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:19:27&quot;&gt; one of the questions I sent over which is uh do you think&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:19:30&quot;&gt; younger people have a harder problem these days in you know living&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:19:33&quot;&gt; in this more materialistic world world so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:19:36&quot;&gt; to speak yeah you know&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:19:39&quot;&gt; just just one example I I was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:19:42&quot;&gt; at Park in Palo Alto and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:19:45&quot;&gt; um&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:19:48&quot;&gt; the general inflation has been about&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:19:51&quot;&gt; a factor of seven since then&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:19:54&quot;&gt; or so and when I&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:19:57&quot;&gt; factor that into the salary I got at Park it's about what&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:0&quot;&gt;I would get just you&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:3&quot;&gt; know I was just a year out of grad school when I went to park&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:6&quot;&gt; so uh really uh not a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:9&quot;&gt; huge wasn't a lot of money but&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:12&quot;&gt;with today&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:15&quot;&gt; however I was able to buy a house in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:18&quot;&gt; paloalto uh right near&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:21&quot;&gt; Park and it only cost twice my yearly&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:24&quot;&gt; salary&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:27&quot;&gt;okay that house has inflated&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:30&quot;&gt; by a factor of 70 not seven&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:33&quot;&gt; so then do you go go ahead&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:36&quot;&gt; go ahead so the uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:39&quot;&gt; so if Park existed today&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:39&quot;&gt; so if Park existed today&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:42&quot;&gt; uh none of us&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:45&quot;&gt; and and Taylor wanted to hire he only hired older&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:48&quot;&gt; people uh from the arpa community&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:51&quot;&gt; as advisers&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:54&quot;&gt; he didn't want I was the oldest person there and I&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:20:57&quot;&gt; was 30 he didn't&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:21:0&quot;&gt; he wanted a new know he wanted the researchers that ARA&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:21:3&quot;&gt; had Jed out there and he used&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:21:6&quot;&gt; the uh the generation before us as as advisers&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:21:9&quot;&gt; and so if&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:21:12&quot;&gt; if I if they had tried to set this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:21:15&quot;&gt; up uh somebody would have had to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:21:18&quot;&gt; buy a lot of housing in Palo Alo&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:21:21&quot;&gt; and you know when when Google is being&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:21:24&quot;&gt; set up and when HP was being set up I said hey look&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:21:27&quot;&gt; at Stanford Stanford figured this out a long time ago&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:21:30&quot;&gt; because if you get an associate professorship at&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:21:33&quot;&gt; Stanford one of the perks is a 99-year&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:21:36&quot;&gt; lease at a very low interest rate&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:21:39&quot;&gt; on Stanford land for a house&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:21:42&quot;&gt; and Stanford was owns a lot&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:21:45&quot;&gt;houses in Palo Alta they bought them up before the Big&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:21:48&quot;&gt; Deck companies got there because they&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:21:51&quot;&gt; understood that people have a life might&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:21:54&quot;&gt; not be much of a life outside the lab but they still got&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:21:57&quot;&gt; one by the way&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:22:0&quot;&gt; Lan will love the the story that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:22:3&quot;&gt; metf and bogs had the record&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:22:6&quot;&gt;longest period uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:22:9&quot;&gt; inside of Park without leaving it&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:22:12&quot;&gt; which uh during the critical period of the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:22:15&quot;&gt; the ethernet which was two and a half&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:22:18&quot;&gt;months they had a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:22:21&quot;&gt; cafeteria you know it had plenty of places you could sleep&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:22:24&quot;&gt; it had showers&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:22:27&quot;&gt;um wasn't wasn't that helpful on&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:22:30&quot;&gt; if you had a marriage that didn't&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:22:33&quot;&gt; get this idea uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:22:36&quot;&gt; they would suffer but yeah so to so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:22:39&quot;&gt; the the a big problem today and and you know&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:22:42&quot;&gt; I run run various&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:22:45&quot;&gt; kinds of I've been able to fund until&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:22:48&quot;&gt; about I don't know five six years ago I was able to fund&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:22:51&quot;&gt; a nonprofit research thing that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:22:54&quot;&gt; was about to size of the group I had at Park&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:22:57&quot;&gt; and uh and to get people who are&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:23:0&quot;&gt; as good as the people I had at Park&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:23:3&quot;&gt; but it wasn't the same as Park similarly&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:23:6&quot;&gt; Butler Lamson and Chuck ther went with deck&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:23:9&quot;&gt; initially and then with&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:23:12&quot;&gt; Microsoft and it wasn't the same as park&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:23:15&quot;&gt; because they&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:23:18&quot;&gt; uh you know for example&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:23:21&quot;&gt; my habit when when I would get confused&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:23:24&quot;&gt; about something was to go down and have&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:23:27&quot;&gt; Butler tear it to shreds&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:23:30&quot;&gt; and I miss missmiss&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:23:33&quot;&gt; being able to just walk down the hall into&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:23:36&quot;&gt; that crystallin Palace of his&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:23:39&quot;&gt; mind and you could&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:23:42&quot;&gt; never top Butler on the same&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:23:45&quot;&gt;least I couldn't but Butler&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:23:48&quot;&gt; was an was honest if you came back three days&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:23:51&quot;&gt; later and said now here is the real point&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:23:54&quot;&gt; you would say you're&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:23:57&quot;&gt; right so that's a really great C it's a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:24:0&quot;&gt; genius there's no question he's one of the most brilliant&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:24:3&quot;&gt; people I've ever met and an honest&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:24:6&quot;&gt; genius and a guy who by the way&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:24:9&quot;&gt; helped my group whenever he could&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:24:12&quot;&gt; despite the fact that our theory of programming language&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:24:15&quot;&gt; design was quite different from&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:24:18&quot;&gt; his he didn't give a about&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:24:21&quot;&gt; that so he was Butler was a big man&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:24:24&quot;&gt; in my opinion just a big fantastic&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:24:27&quot;&gt; so it's that Synergy&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:24:30&quot;&gt; it's what happens in the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:24:33&quot;&gt; halls and it's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:24:36&quot;&gt; what happens when you're having like&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:24:39&quot;&gt; EP uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:24:42&quot;&gt; you know how how many beer beer Laden lunches&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:24:45&quot;&gt; do you have how many bike rides up to the top&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:24:48&quot;&gt; of the uh the hills around&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:24:51&quot;&gt; Palo Alto with all these people no&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:24:54&quot;&gt; there's a whole whole thing there that is going to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:24:57&quot;&gt; pay off by&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:25:0&quot;&gt; what the group is willing to do and reason I kept on&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:25:3&quot;&gt; showing theater is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:25:6&quot;&gt; arpa at its best park at its best was like&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:25:9&quot;&gt; theater at its best you've got the most diverse&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:25:12&quot;&gt; group of people you ever saw&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:25:15&quot;&gt; some of which some of whom can't even&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:25:18&quot;&gt; stand each other&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:25:21&quot;&gt; but the whole point of the thing is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:25:24&quot;&gt;audience that's going to be there&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:25:27&quot;&gt; six weeks from now or six months&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:25:30&quot;&gt; from now and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:25:33&quot;&gt; so you get this thing where people&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:25:36&quot;&gt; work 24 hours a day and they just find&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:25:39&quot;&gt; ways to solve everything they&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:25:42&quot;&gt; do the woo woo on the leftand side that's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:25:45&quot;&gt; what theater is about and they&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:25:48&quot;&gt; do all of the stuff you have to do in the physical&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:25:51&quot;&gt; world to make it work and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:25:54&quot;&gt; know if you don't have those and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:25:57&quot;&gt; if they don't like Len did&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:26:0&quot;&gt; this if those people don't have some of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:26:3&quot;&gt; the other in them to have this shared context&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:26:6&quot;&gt; there has to be a place where you go and it's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:26:9&quot;&gt; the love of what you're gonna&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:26:12&quot;&gt; get the audience to try to think about&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:26:15&quot;&gt; because you can't tell the audience&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:26:18&quot;&gt; anything can't people only remember&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:26:21&quot;&gt;you make them feel&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:26:24&quot;&gt; so so you have to lay it this is why I&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:26:27&quot;&gt;all these pictures and stuff because I want the pictures&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:26:30&quot;&gt; to do things you can't do in regular&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:26:33&quot;&gt; words and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:26:36&quot;&gt; yeah so the question is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:26:39&quot;&gt; uh the way I look&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:26:42&quot;&gt; at playing the blame game&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:26:45&quot;&gt; here is businesses&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:26:48&quot;&gt; are in a terrible position&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:26:51&quot;&gt; fidu in a fiduciary responsibility way&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:26:54&quot;&gt; for doing the kind of stuff that arpa&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:26:57&quot;&gt; and park did they have every&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:27:0&quot;&gt; and especially the Milton Freedman American businesses&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:27:3&quot;&gt; which are a terrible way to do business in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:27:6&quot;&gt; general there you know Peter Dreer used to say&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:27:9&quot;&gt; that that business's main obligation&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:27:12&quot;&gt; is to their uh customers&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:27:15&quot;&gt; and Milton fredman said no business's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:27:18&quot;&gt; main obligation is to their stockholders&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:27:21&quot;&gt; and that has turned really ugly that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:27:24&quot;&gt; is really ugly so but in any case&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:27:27&quot;&gt; good or bad they're in a bad place for it&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:27:30&quot;&gt; uh research can only be&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:27:33&quot;&gt;xpensed eeks&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:27:36&quot;&gt; you could be sitting on a ton of cash tough&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:27:39&quot;&gt; comes out of the bottom&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:27:42&quot;&gt; line so so when I when&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:27:45&quot;&gt; I look there I Look to society and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:27:48&quot;&gt; government part of the idea&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:27:51&quot;&gt; of getting people to pay&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:27:54&quot;&gt; taxes is to deal with things&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:27:57&quot;&gt; in a way that is hard for&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:28:0&quot;&gt; scattered groups to deal with with or without&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:28:3&quot;&gt; engelbart stuff and I think the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:28:6&quot;&gt; the woo woo research stuff done&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:28:9&quot;&gt; right is one of those things and I just happened&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:28:12&quot;&gt; to stumble into it I didn't go to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:28:15&quot;&gt; Utah knowing anything about arpa I'd never heard of arpa&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:28:18&quot;&gt; I just stumbled in there by by and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:28:21&quot;&gt; chance and I found out I was in Paradise&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:28:24&quot;&gt;because&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:28:27&quot;&gt; and the dod was doing fine because&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:28:30&quot;&gt; uh arpa ipto cost almost nothing compared to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:28:33&quot;&gt; the the whole DOD&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:28:36&quot;&gt; budget it was just fingernail clipping so it's the perfect&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:28:39&quot;&gt; place for doing this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:28:42&quot;&gt; uh enlightened public&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:28:45&quot;&gt; domain uh research and you had the ultimate&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:28:48&quot;&gt; enlightened public domain mind in lick&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:28:51&quot;&gt; to do that the key thing&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:28:54&quot;&gt;Park was that Taylor loved&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:28:57&quot;&gt; lick he he was a psychologist&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:29:0&quot;&gt; also he truly loved&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:29:3&quot;&gt; lick and I'll I'll&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:29:6&quot;&gt; finish in one second Jason and he&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:29:9&quot;&gt;uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:29:12&quot;&gt; he studied lick so lick&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:29:15&quot;&gt; was intu&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:29:18&quot;&gt; intuition he had great inter but Taylor&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:29:21&quot;&gt; codified lick those rules&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:29:24&quot;&gt;put up there were not Lick's rules but Taylor's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:29:27&quot;&gt; rules and anytime you wanted to park you could&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:29:30&quot;&gt; go and lie on the floor in Taylor's office we we were floor culture&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:29:33&quot;&gt; we had thick carpets that were&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:29:36&quot;&gt;padding underneath so you could just roll around on the floor we had bean&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:29:39&quot;&gt; bags and inste of chairs so you go&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:29:42&quot;&gt;there and lie in there for an hour and let Taylor tell&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:29:45&quot;&gt; you what he was why he was doing what he was doing at&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:29:48&quot;&gt; Park and it was mostly these rules&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:29:51&quot;&gt;I wrote down you got to do this you got to do that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:29:54&quot;&gt; uh etc etc like&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:29:57&quot;&gt; okay so um&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:30:0&quot;&gt; yeah so I point I point my finger&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:30:3&quot;&gt; at the government and if you point your finger at the government you&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:30:6&quot;&gt;have to point your finger at the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:30:9&quot;&gt; uh uh the American&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:30:12&quot;&gt; Body politic and if you point your finger at them you have&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:30:15&quot;&gt; to point your finger at education&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:30:18&quot;&gt; public education if you point your finger at publication&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:30:21&quot;&gt; public education you point your finger at the government&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:30:24&quot;&gt; again so the government has not&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:30:27&quot;&gt; done its job and by the way over here in London in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:30:30&quot;&gt;the UK it's it's worse&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:30:33&quot;&gt; uh the politicians are a little nicer over here&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:30:36&quot;&gt; but they're equally uh incompetent&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:30:39&quot;&gt; they just don't do not understand and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:30:42&quot;&gt; their financial base is much smaller over here&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:30:45&quot;&gt; so they're in more desperate need&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:30:48&quot;&gt; of the kind of Industries they can afford&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:30:51&quot;&gt; that actually work in the 21st century&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:30:54&quot;&gt;need this um&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:30:57&quot;&gt; yeah so uh but when&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:31:0&quot;&gt;after the government&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:31:3&quot;&gt; should be doing this that and the other thing&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:31:6&quot;&gt; I I can't get far from the educ&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:31:9&quot;&gt;from the University because the university used to be the co&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:31:12&quot;&gt;the flame the whole&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:31:15&quot;&gt; point there was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:31:18&quot;&gt; the universities were not beholden to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:31:21&quot;&gt; business their job was not to do job&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:31:24&quot;&gt; training in obsolete software&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:31:27&quot;&gt; systems to deal with business's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:31:30&quot;&gt; problems with Legacy systems that is not the job&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:31:33&quot;&gt;university that's a trade school and there's nothing&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:31:36&quot;&gt; I love trade schools the high school I&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:31:39&quot;&gt; went to was a was a one you had to take&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:31:42&quot;&gt; a test to get into but it was a glorified trade school Lenny&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:31:45&quot;&gt; will tell you and uh I learned a lot&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:31:48&quot;&gt; there but Jesus the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:31:51&quot;&gt; universities have got to uphold&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:31:54&quot;&gt; something like the way the 21st century&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:31:57&quot;&gt; should be for the students or the students&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:32:0&quot;&gt; are just going to go there and buy degrees in order&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:32:3&quot;&gt; to get jobs that is my general&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:32:6&quot;&gt; picture so the university&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:32:9&quot;&gt; could put us you know I when I was active&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:32:12&quot;&gt; around UCLA at some faculty&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:32:15&quot;&gt; meeting uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:32:18&quot;&gt; maybe more than one&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:32:21&quot;&gt; I brought up the idea hey wait a minute UCLA is one of the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:32:24&quot;&gt; top 10 schools and uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:32:27&quot;&gt; there are other top 10 schools in the nation&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:32:30&quot;&gt;in the University of California&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:32:33&quot;&gt; you know basically you&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:32:36&quot;&gt; know why are we letting the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:32:39&quot;&gt; Regents determine that tenure&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:32:42&quot;&gt; uh re requires paper&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:32:45&quot;&gt;counting&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:32:48&quot;&gt; UCLA should be able to say well you know Screw You&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:32:51&quot;&gt; Regents screw you and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:32:54&quot;&gt; Davis and uh San Diego&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:32:57&quot;&gt; and Santa Barbara screw you Regents&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:33:0&quot;&gt; we're not going to do it that way&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:33:3&quot;&gt; we're not gonna count papers for Christ's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:33:6&quot;&gt; sake you know&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:33:9&quot;&gt; if you got to count a paper you at least have to put a weight on it&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:33:12&quot;&gt; and it's hard to put a weight on a paper until 10 years&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:33:15&quot;&gt; have passed you&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:33:18&quot;&gt; just can't do it that way or you're going to turn it into&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:33:21&quot;&gt; a Job Shop and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:33:24&quot;&gt; uh you know uh I pointed out&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:33:27&quot;&gt; to the UCLA faculty that because of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:33:30&quot;&gt; you know the the discussion was wow&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:33:33&quot;&gt; our department is really popular now we've got more&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:33:36&quot;&gt; students than we can handle I said well godamn it&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:33:39&quot;&gt; if you got that that's what the bean counters&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:33:42&quot;&gt; in the University care&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:33:45&quot;&gt; about is retention because it's money&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:33:48&quot;&gt; you've got them just say&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:33:51&quot;&gt; okay all right&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:33:54&quot;&gt; we're going to do tenure differently we're going to hire&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:33:57&quot;&gt;differently we're going to have a different set of Standards&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:34:0&quot;&gt; here&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:34:3&quot;&gt; or we're just goingon to uh you know etc&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:34:6&quot;&gt; etc but the 60s were&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:34:9&quot;&gt; long over by the time I made that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:34:12&quot;&gt;stand&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:34:18&quot;&gt;okay next question&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:34:21&quot;&gt; I have a question yes&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:34:24&quot;&gt;this&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:34:27&quot;&gt; was sorry&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:34:30&quot;&gt; this was a and I've heard you many&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:34:33&quot;&gt; times and always I I recognize&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:34:36&quot;&gt; this accent always&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:34:39&quot;&gt; yes I'm ready I'm ready&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:34:42&quot;&gt; I'm ready always very entertaining&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:34:45&quot;&gt; and uh thoughtful&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:34:48&quot;&gt; but I I feel there is now&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:34:51&quot;&gt;a huge crra a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:34:54&quot;&gt; Gap uh which we didn't you didn't&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:34:57&quot;&gt;would be nice if you could have a thought or address&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:35:0&quot;&gt; which is everything in the past&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:35:3&quot;&gt; seems to me have to do let's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:35:6&quot;&gt; call it with mathematics has&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:35:9&quot;&gt; Precision prob language is not&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:35:12&quot;&gt;we talk it has precision&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:35:15&quot;&gt; and suddenly I think the new&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:35:18&quot;&gt; Queen the new the new thing in the helm&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:35:21&quot;&gt;the new Revolution is is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:35:24&quot;&gt; without Precision it's without&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:35:27&quot;&gt; and we built machine that we do not&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:35:30&quot;&gt; understand how they work but&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:35:33&quot;&gt; they work they perform they&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:35:36&quot;&gt; perform not in Precision&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:35:39&quot;&gt; you know if there will be a a self-driving&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:35:42&quot;&gt; car it will kill somebody there is no question you&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:35:45&quot;&gt; cannot guarantee that this will not happen&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:35:48&quot;&gt;it's a new thing and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:35:51&quot;&gt; I feel most of us here on this list&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:35:54&quot;&gt; on the nine people that are left&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:35:57&quot;&gt; we are dinosaurs of the past&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:36:0&quot;&gt; and what do you have any thoughts about&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:36:3&quot;&gt; this well uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:36:6&quot;&gt; just by chance in the late 60s&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:36:9&quot;&gt; I was visiting MIT and there was a meeting&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:36:12&quot;&gt; of DOD people with&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:36:15&quot;&gt; uh the AI people at MIT&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:36:18&quot;&gt; and I think mensky was saying&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:36:21&quot;&gt; you know in a few years we might be able to do what a dog can&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:36:24&quot;&gt; do and uh the fourstar&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:36:27&quot;&gt; general said a dog&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:36:30&quot;&gt; he said look we don't even want what ordinary humans can&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:36:33&quot;&gt; do we can draft them we've got two million&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:36:36&quot;&gt; robots in the in the Department of Defense already&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:36:39&quot;&gt; we train them and they learn well and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:36:42&quot;&gt;they carry guns and they do all the stuff that we want&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:36:45&quot;&gt; we already got intelligent robots we need&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:36:48&quot;&gt; superhuman intelligence that's what&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:36:51&quot;&gt; we need and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:36:54&quot;&gt;so I&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:36:57&quot;&gt; I don't want to start a long discussion about&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:37:0&quot;&gt; you know but it happens that the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:37:3&quot;&gt; what J Judea Pearl calls curve&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:37:6&quot;&gt;fitting machine learning&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:37:9&quot;&gt; uh as you know&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:37:12&quot;&gt; also very well goes all the way back&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:37:15&quot;&gt; 20 30 40 years&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:37:18&quot;&gt; or 50 years or more Minsky's&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:37:21&quot;&gt;thesis was actually one of the first perceptrons&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:37:24&quot;&gt; so the idea of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:37:27&quot;&gt; of finding complex&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:37:30&quot;&gt; transfer functions between lots of inputs and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:37:33&quot;&gt; fewer outputs is has been around for a while&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:37:36&quot;&gt; and uh it's definitely a a&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:37:39&quot;&gt; big component of what's going on inside of our&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:37:42&quot;&gt; brains but&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:37:45&quot;&gt; the I I think&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:37:48&quot;&gt; the we should ask&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:37:51&quot;&gt; more for example uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:37:54&quot;&gt; I wouldn't want to use an&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:37:57&quot;&gt; AI that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:38:0&quot;&gt; couldn't be vetted in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:38:3&quot;&gt; some way and of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:38:6&quot;&gt; course uh the chat Bots&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:38:9&quot;&gt; uh can lie whenever it suits them&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:38:12&quot;&gt; and by the way I just saw that uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:38:15&quot;&gt; uh open AI chatbot&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:38:18&quot;&gt; has recently gone nuts&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:38:21&quot;&gt; which is really fun track this down&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:38:24&quot;&gt;it started something went wrong and it's now it's mostly&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:38:27&quot;&gt; hallucinating so these are&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:38:30&quot;&gt; like human beings these are creators&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:38:33&quot;&gt; that's what we are that's what we&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:38:36&quot;&gt; got inside there and I believe that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:38:39&quot;&gt; we're we're better than we&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:38:42&quot;&gt; were 100,000 years ago mainly&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:38:45&quot;&gt; because we invented&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:38:48&quot;&gt; methods for thinking&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:38:51&quot;&gt; the big one being science&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:38:54&quot;&gt; math allows you to in a consistent&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:38:57&quot;&gt; way but it&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:39:0&quot;&gt; it doesn't have any necessary connection to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:39:3&quot;&gt; reality where science wants to be able&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:39:6&quot;&gt; to do uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:39:9&quot;&gt; crisp thinking in a way that is anchored to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:39:12&quot;&gt; reality such that the uh the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:39:15&quot;&gt;cues might have something to do with reality also&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:39:18&quot;&gt; I think that is a very very good thing I think it would help&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:39:21&quot;&gt; our politics on both sides of the lanic&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:39:24&quot;&gt; tremendously if uh schools started&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:39:27&quot;&gt; teaching CH basically doing what engelbart&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:39:30&quot;&gt; said we have to insert better methods&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:39:33&quot;&gt; than the ones we were born with or&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:39:36&quot;&gt; simple uh large language models&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:39:39&quot;&gt; have uh in order to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:39:42&quot;&gt; uh be able to use them in&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:39:45&quot;&gt; any reasonable way that's my my&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:39:48&quot;&gt;answer&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:39:51&quot;&gt; got it got it and then we also have one more&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:39:54&quot;&gt; question from the audience um I wanted to get a chance to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:39:57&quot;&gt; yeah have him ask hi professor Kate thank you&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:40:0&quot;&gt; for your talk today um I'm born in the 21st century&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:40:3&quot;&gt; so my uh I guess&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:40:6&quot;&gt; thoughts about zorx Park is the only one I know of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:40:9&quot;&gt;Steve Jobs's visit where he commercializes&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:40:12&quot;&gt; the guey that you guys invented into the apple one&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:40:15&quot;&gt; so I was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:40:18&quot;&gt; yeah so what he saw was what&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:40:21&quot;&gt; what he saw was what we did&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:40:24&quot;&gt; he visited it was a visit to my&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:40:27&quot;&gt; group uh and I was in the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:40:30&quot;&gt; room uh during that visit&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:40:33&quot;&gt; and the demo we gave him and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:40:36&quot;&gt; uh we became friends uh partly&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:40:39&quot;&gt; as the result of that visit so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:40:42&quot;&gt; ask me any question you want to ask about that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:40:45&quot;&gt; visit uh yeah I mean my first question was going&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:40:48&quot;&gt;if you happen to be in the room at all but now I know&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:40:51&quot;&gt; uh second of all would be Steve had or&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:40:54&quot;&gt; Mr jobs uh had a way of combining design&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:40:57&quot;&gt; and pushing the boundaries of engineering through that I&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:41:0&quot;&gt; was wondering how Zero's or&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:41:3&quot;&gt; the Park's attitude towards pushing research&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:41:6&quot;&gt; um the boundaries of research were or what&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:41:9&quot;&gt; influence so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:41:12&quot;&gt; the so let me answer it's a two-part&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:41:15&quot;&gt; question so one part uh is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:41:18&quot;&gt; early in the 80s I said to both Steve&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:41:21&quot;&gt; and Bill Gates uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:41:24&quot;&gt; this is during the controversy of whether apple and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:41:27&quot;&gt; Microsoft had stolen the ideas from&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:41:30&quot;&gt; Xerox and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:41:33&quot;&gt; you know I told I said to both of them I said&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:41:36&quot;&gt; look we want this we want you to steal the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:41:39&quot;&gt; ideas but for Christ's sake steal&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:41:42&quot;&gt;whole idea don't steal a protest&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:41:45&quot;&gt; caricature yeah the whole&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:41:48&quot;&gt; yeah that's why I say the the disappointing figures&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:41:51&quot;&gt;that I put there was the amount of actual&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:41:54&quot;&gt; takeup uh so the second thing is that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:41:57&quot;&gt;what Steve was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:42:0&quot;&gt; uh he was NE say the two words you said again designer&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:42:3&quot;&gt; and a pusher of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:42:6&quot;&gt; engineering yeah right okay so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:42:9&quot;&gt; Steve was not a designer&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:42:12&quot;&gt; and he was a pusher of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:42:15&quot;&gt; people so the key thing about Steve&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:42:18&quot;&gt; was that he had a lot of good&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:42:21&quot;&gt; woowoo&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:42:24&quot;&gt; so where he picked up&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:42:27&quot;&gt; he could feel the fireflies if he'd been a scientist&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:42:30&quot;&gt; it would have been much better for&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:42:33&quot;&gt; everybody because as he said and there's a famous&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:42:36&quot;&gt; interview you can find on YouTube where&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:42:39&quot;&gt; Steve says he says when I first went to Xerox&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:42:42&quot;&gt; I was so blinded by the user interface I couldn't see anything&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:42:45&quot;&gt; else I couldn't see object-oriented programming I&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:42:48&quot;&gt;see the networks he had to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:42:51&quot;&gt; wait until he did next years later when he ran into&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:42:54&quot;&gt;another contingent from the old Arbor Community&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:42:57&quot;&gt; to explain to them why you why you need&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:43:0&quot;&gt; those but we he didn't&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:43:3&quot;&gt; understand how the stuff and we couldn't tell&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:43:6&quot;&gt; him uh we were&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:43:9&quot;&gt; able to show him uh like one of the famous&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:43:12&quot;&gt; things that happened in the demo&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:43:15&quot;&gt; my my one of my favorite demo things and if I had had time&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:43:18&quot;&gt;because we recreated that system just for the shits&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:43:21&quot;&gt; of it so it actually runs the system that we showed&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:43:24&quot;&gt; him and um I occasionally will'll do&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:43:27&quot;&gt; it live in a talk um&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:43:30&quot;&gt; but Steve had two complaints while he was and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:43:33&quot;&gt; he was really watching he&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:43:36&quot;&gt; had his acolytes around him&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:43:39&quot;&gt; uh but Steve Steve was really paying&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:43:42&quot;&gt; attention to the thing and he&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:43:45&quot;&gt;said you know&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:43:48&quot;&gt; I don't like You' never seen a scroll bar before but he&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:43:51&quot;&gt; didn't like the fact that as you pulled it it&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:43:54&quot;&gt;went line by line he&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:43:57&quot;&gt; says can't that go be done&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:44:0&quot;&gt; continuously and Dan Engles who was giving the demo&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:44:3&quot;&gt; because small talk is live&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:44:6&quot;&gt; I mean live down to the operating systems so&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:44:9&quot;&gt; Dan was able to do a couple of Clips&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:44:12&quot;&gt; here's where the slow scroll bar thing is&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:44:15&quot;&gt; uh change a line of code&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:44:18&quot;&gt; quar a second later things are scrolling&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:44:21&quot;&gt; smoothly and later on&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:44:24&quot;&gt; uh when we were showing text&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:44:27&quot;&gt; selection um we liked&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:44:30&quot;&gt; we tried a lot of different ways of doing it but we' like the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:44:33&quot;&gt; complimenting the characters&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:44:36&quot;&gt; which is what basically is done&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:44:39&quot;&gt; today uh and Steve didn't like that he said&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:44:42&quot;&gt; can't you do an outline&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:44:45&quot;&gt; around the you know he's right because it's comp&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:44:48&quot;&gt;and white complimenting&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:44:51&quot;&gt; is a little bit too in your face&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:44:54&quot;&gt; face so he's right there&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:44:57&quot;&gt; and so my jaw was on the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:45:0&quot;&gt; floor because Dan Engles went in there&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:45:3&quot;&gt; that was not a trivial thing you know because if&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:45:6&quot;&gt; you think of the selection&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:45:9&quot;&gt; you have to find the actual boundary of the selection and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:45:12&quot;&gt; you have to uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:45:15&quot;&gt; treat it the right way and Dan went right to the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:45:18&quot;&gt; thing and basically what he did was to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:45:21&quot;&gt; just take the code that comp mented&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:45:24&quot;&gt; copy it and shift the&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:45:27&quot;&gt; coordinates of the comp of the second&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:45:30&quot;&gt; complementation uh diagonally&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:45:33&quot;&gt; by two&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:45:36&quot;&gt; so you get to so what it would do in it before you could see it would do&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:45:39&quot;&gt;compliment then it would shift diagonally do another compliment&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:45:42&quot;&gt; and that would leave a a black line around the selection&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:45:45&quot;&gt; just what Steve asked for it's like one of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:45:48&quot;&gt; the greatest things I've ever seen done unprepared&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:45:51&quot;&gt; in a demo in a program progamming system in my&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:45:54&quot;&gt; life that was uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:45:57&quot;&gt; 1979 yeah so that was uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:46:0&quot;&gt;good and&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:46:3&quot;&gt; uh uh Apple didn't steal&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:46:6&quot;&gt; you know Apple did do a great thing&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:46:9&quot;&gt; as the ba from the basis of that&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:46:12&quot;&gt; stuff uh which was the Lisa&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:46:15&quot;&gt;done before the mac&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:46:18&quot;&gt; and the Lisa was done&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:46:21&quot;&gt; uh with Park people who are&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:46:24&quot;&gt; hired&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:46:27&quot;&gt; uh uh and with&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:46:30&quot;&gt; some very smart people who are at Apple like Bill&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:46:33&quot;&gt; ainson and the Lisa was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:46:36&quot;&gt; really nice it was the best thing you&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:46:39&quot;&gt; could possibly do for that day was&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:46:42&quot;&gt; done on a 68,000&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:46:45&quot;&gt; microprocessor which meant an enormous amount&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:46:48&quot;&gt; of programming for to do the graphics that were so easy&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:46:51&quot;&gt; on the alto but they did it and it was really&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:46:54&quot;&gt; great and uh a system&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:46:57&quot;&gt; you would die for you could get&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:47:0&quot;&gt; for 10,000&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:47:3&quot;&gt; bucks and $10,000 happen to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:47:6&quot;&gt; be the average price of a car new car in the United&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:47:9&quot;&gt; States at that time um sorry to interrupt&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:47:12&quot;&gt; we're almost at the top of the second hour uh&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:47:15&quot;&gt; of the of the talk so almost at the end of the second hour of&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:47:18&quot;&gt;the talk um so I just want to get a quick chance for people who have&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:47:21&quot;&gt; class um but first please Round of Applause for our&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:47:24&quot;&gt; speaker for the people who are&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:47:27&quot;&gt;left yeah&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:47:30&quot;&gt; so I&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:47:33&quot;&gt; love I I just expected&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:47:36&quot;&gt; uh that you would have you would give me&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:47:39&quot;&gt; one of your uh Barbed&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:47:45&quot;&gt;comments I love&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:47:48&quot;&gt;those&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:47:51&quot;&gt; okay thank you thank you than you one and all&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:47:54&quot;&gt; thank you for thank you thank&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:47:57&quot;&gt; you Alan thank you so much yeah but don't&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:48:0&quot;&gt; don't use your car while you're driving Glen&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:48:3&quot;&gt; well I had to meet Stella she's waiting for me&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:48:6&quot;&gt; and for an hour and now so sorry I had to step&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:48:9&quot;&gt; out that's good you listen to&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:48:12&quot;&gt;Marvin&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:48:15&quot;&gt; of course happy wife happy&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:48:18&quot;&gt; life uh the number one&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:48:21&quot;&gt; that's rule zero&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:48:24&quot;&gt; not that's not even rule one that's rule&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:48:27&quot;&gt; zero you got it you got it&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:48:30&quot;&gt; thank you very much again Alan thank you thanks&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:48:33&quot;&gt; so much Allan&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id=&quot;1:48:36&quot;&gt; thank you bye bye&lt;/subtitle&gt;</div>

Ezequiel http://tinlizzie.org/IA/index.php?title=A_concept_video_and_Alan_Kay_talk_at_WWDC_%2790_(VPRI_358)&diff=3166 2025-01-19T21:07:17Z

<p>Ezequiel: minor edit</p> <hr /> <div>{{#evt:<br /> service=youtubeIA<br /> |id=zRrR4ryx-yE<br /> |alignment=left<br /> |autoresize=false<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == A concept video on the world with digital agents == <br /> &lt;note for='00:00:31'&gt;<br /> The Wikipedia page of the movie. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hunchback_of_Notre_Dame_(1923_film)].<br /> The novel is available on Project Gutenberg, etc. [http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/2610].<br /> &lt;/note&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:00:31'&gt;1923 Lon Chaney's brilliant characterization of Quasimodo in [The] Hunchback of Notre Dame played on the audiences tendency to stereotype. To prejudge individuals,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:00:42'&gt;According to their appearance rather than understand them for who they really were.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:00:53'&gt;Stop. Dictate. It's been nearly a century since the Hunchback of Notre Dame horrified audiences in the silent movie houses.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:01:02'&gt;But have attitudes changed much in 95 years or do we still judge far too quickly the content by the cover?&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:01:22'&gt;Ugh!, where do we go from here?&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:01:29'&gt;Show me writer's block. The current project is untitled.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:01:35'&gt;Continue. You may wish to review your outline, explore the suggestion box, or view great writers' methods. Sometimes a short break helps to stimulate ideas.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:01:45'&gt;Perhaps you'd enjoy a pleasant walk.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:01:47'&gt;[giggle] No, it's not that bad yet. Um, show me the outline.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:01:53'&gt;Your next heading is: Technology's Impact on Attitudes Toward People With Disabilities.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:01:58'&gt;The subheading is The Catalyst for Change.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:02:01'&gt;Okay, I need some examples. Where can we go for information about how attitudes and expectations have changed toward people with disability in the last, say, 15 or 20 years?&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:02:14'&gt;I have a list of consultants who provide data excerpts and related areas. There is also a media index called capabilities enhancement.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:02:14'&gt;Good. Show me the index. Hold the list.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:02:31'&gt;Didn't you guys just finish an entire box of cookies?&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:02:36'&gt;Mom, the science thing makes you hungry. Besides it wasn't an entire box: You had some, too.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:02:45'&gt;One, I had one, well, maybe two. Honey it's too early for dinner. I'm working against a deadline. Can you wait about an hour?&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:02:53'&gt;Maybe.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:02:59'&gt;The lonely unappreciated scientific genius forges on, despite enormous odds.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:03:03'&gt;Right. Happy forging. Bye.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:03:07'&gt;Okay, so much for the hydrogen iodide.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:03:11'&gt;One more unit and we're done.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:03:13'&gt;No wait a second. What do you think would happen if we mix chlorine with this.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:03:20'&gt;Zach, don't do this to me, please.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:03:21'&gt;Come Mark! Where is you sense of adventure. Trust me.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:03:52'&gt;Show me this one.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:04:05'&gt;Hi, Cindy.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:04:09'&gt;Well, hi there, Cindy what's cooking today?&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:04:12'&gt;I'm cooking some strawberry cake for mom's birthday.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:04:17'&gt;A strawberry cake for mom's birthday? Okay, first let's get our equipment.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:04:20'&gt;A big spoon and mixing bowl and your special measuring cup.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:04:25'&gt;Okay.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:04:28'&gt;The first thing to do is to put the measuring cup on the scale.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:04:34'&gt;Good. Now pour in 3/4 cup of milk.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:04:42'&gt;That's it. Keep pouring.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:04:49'&gt;Cindy, you stopped. You need 1/4 cup more.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:04:53'&gt;Here, I'll show you. Fill it up to the yellow line.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:04:57'&gt;Okay.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:04:58'&gt;3/4 cup.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:05:04'&gt;That's it. Keep pouring all the way up to the yellow line.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:05:11'&gt;That's it.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:05:12'&gt;Good. Now, make sure you stir the batter until it is smooth and creamy.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:05:18'&gt;Cindy, are you finished yet?&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:05:23'&gt;Yep.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:05:24'&gt;Did you get all of the lumps out?&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:05:26'&gt;Mm-hmm.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:05:27'&gt;Okay, now put the baking bowl into the microwave, and I'll take care of the rest.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:05:33'&gt;I'll call you when it's ready then we can put on the strawberries.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:05:39'&gt;(sprinkle, sprinkle, sprinkle, sprinkle)&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:05:41'&gt;Well, Cindy, that should just about do it.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:05:43'&gt;I hope you had fun making Mom's birthday cake. I think she'll really be surprised.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:05:53'&gt;Good. save this in the presentation folder. Show me the main index again.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:06:15'&gt;It's not doing anything!&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:06:20'&gt;Good. We'll just submit the results and move on in next one.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:06:23'&gt;No, wait a min, maybe we should try heating it up.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:06:27'&gt;I can't believe this.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:06:39'&gt;show me this one.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:06:45'&gt;What? I can't hear you.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:06:53'&gt;Sorry. I said, if you'll let my advertising deficit ride for this quarter, I promise to make it up to you in the fall.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:07:02'&gt;Steph, that's what you said last year.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:07:04'&gt;I know, but this year, I'm planning a huge promotion to get ready for the holiday.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:07:08'&gt;I think we can at least double our normal business for the season.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:07:12'&gt;How much stock would you need?&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:07:14'&gt;I'm estimating about 10,000 pieces, and I want to run four weeks of full-page ads in the mailer.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:07:21'&gt;Four weeks, really?&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:07:25'&gt;I think we can work something out&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:07:27'&gt;I'll have to talk with my sales manager, but, yes, I think we can.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:07:34'&gt;Bonjour madame, heureux de vous revoir. (Hello madam, happy to see you again)&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:07:37'&gt;Bonjour Pierre. (Hello, Pierre). Nice to be back.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:07:39'&gt;Puis je vous offrir un apéritif? (Can I offer you a drink?)&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:07:41'&gt;Would you like to drink?&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:07:43'&gt;No, no, thank you.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:07:48'&gt;I think we'll just see the menu, thank you.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:07:47'&gt;Très bien madame, tout de suite. (Very good madam, right away.)&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:07:51'&gt;Impressive. I didn't know you spoke French&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:07:53'&gt;Well, I don't really, but I understand a little.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:08:01'&gt;Wow, I think we just discovered hydrocloric acid partner. Now, I'm pouring.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:08:17'&gt;Zack, I just realized something.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:08:21'&gt;And now, for the hydrogen.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:08:21'&gt;Zack, don't these halogens, as you go up the periodic table, don't they get volatile?&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:08:21'&gt;You were saying?&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:08:38'&gt;Never mind.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:08:42'&gt;Gentlemen, we can discuss this particular reaction tomorrow in lab.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:08:48'&gt;In the meantime, please, review the program on halogens before it means the end of civilization as we know it.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:08:57'&gt;I'll make sure.. right away, sir.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:09:01'&gt;Good luck.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:09:02'&gt;Some partner?&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:09:10'&gt;As we move into the 20s, we begin an era of discovery were doing even simple things can bring great power.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:09:20'&gt;Each new year brings the hope that even our bravest dreams may yet come true.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:09:25'&gt;if Quasimodo is a symbol of the last century sometimes backward ways, then people like Stephanie and Cindy are symbols of the future&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:09:37'&gt;Technology is not the only answer, but it can be and is a catalyst for change.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:09:46'&gt;Stop. Let's shut down.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:09:50'&gt;This document is unnamed. What is your title?&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:09:54'&gt;Good question.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:09:58'&gt;Hey, Einstein, you got any good ideas what I should call this thing?&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:10:02'&gt;Call what?&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:10:03'&gt;The project I'm working on.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:10:03'&gt;I don't know, you didn't finish?&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:10:07'&gt;No, I just got started really.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:10:23'&gt;Chapter 1, that's not a bad idea. Okay, you guys, let's see.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> <br /> == Introducing Alan Kay ==<br /> <br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:10:50'&gt;That's my favorite Apple video.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:10:55'&gt;My favorite quote from our next speaker is “the best way to predict the future is to invent it”.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:11:06'&gt;I've got some bad news for some of you, though. Alan Kay is not going to invent the future.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:11:15'&gt;That's right. That's your job. Alan's gonna help, though.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:11:25'&gt;He's going to challenge you to forge some new links in that organic computer between your ears.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:11:33'&gt;Please join me in welcoming Alan Kay.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> <br /> == Introduction ==<br /> <br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:11:47'&gt;Thanks for inviting me here tonight.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:11:53'&gt;With all of these projectors. I usually rate a conference by how many video projectors there are.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:12:03'&gt;Let me get rid of that guy.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:12:05'&gt;Looking at the number of video projectors there are here I have to come to the conclusion that Apple must care about our developers very very much.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:12:20'&gt;Or else John Sculley is going to give a talk tomorrow.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:12:28'&gt;Or both.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:12:35'&gt;I've given talks to the developers before, and that makes it difficult because some of my favorite things I like to show over and over and over until people get sick of them I'm not going to show tonight.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:12:50'&gt;I know. But what I'd like to do is to talk about the three things I've been interested in for more than twenty years about computing.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:13:02'&gt;And they're how do you find what you need, how do you use it once you've found it, and how do you make it into something that's closer to what you wanted.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;note for=&quot;00:13:12&quot;&gt;<br /> ''antediluvian'': Before Flood, or the age before a big change happened.<br /> &lt;/note&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:13:12'&gt;Those are sort of the three questions that got us out of the antediluvian age of the mainframe and time-sharing into what we're doing today.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:13:23'&gt;And, there's another round of these things coming up in the future.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;note for=&quot;00:13:27&quot;&gt;<br /> The video of Knowledge Navigator is available. [https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=knowledge+navigator].<br /> Alan Kay once mentioned that it would have been much stronger concept video if the assistant is portable, and carried with the person, and show the &quot;third way&quot; (&quot;intimate&quot; in &quot;Going from institutional, personal, to intimate.&quot;) in this talk.<br /> &lt;/note&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:13:27'&gt;We've talked about them in various ways. You've seen videos of the Knowledge Navigator, and you just saw another agent-based one.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> <br /> == Tools. Extension of Human Beings ==<br /> <br /> &lt;note for=&quot;00:13:36&quot;&gt;<br /> We use an incomplete list of slides we have so far.<br /> &lt;slide for=&quot;00:13:36&quot; name=&quot;WWDC90-1.JPG&quot;/&gt;<br /> &lt;slide for=&quot;00:13:41&quot; name=&quot;WWDC90-2.JPG&quot;/&gt;<br /> &lt;slide for=&quot;00:14:35&quot; name=&quot;WWDC90-3.JPG&quot;/&gt;<br /> &lt;slide for=&quot;00:17:34&quot; name=&quot;WWDC90-4.JPG&quot;/&gt;<br /> &lt;slide for=&quot;00:17:53&quot; name=&quot;WWDC90-5.JPG&quot;/&gt;<br /> &lt;/note&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:13:36'&gt;But, I thought one way of talking about it in perspective is to think of what we're trying to do is to extend human beings.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:13:49'&gt;Human beings are inescapably technology-bound in the sense that we find it almost impossible to deal with the world on any kind of direct terms.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:14:05'&gt;Part of it is because our brain can't contain the universe: what our brain contains is representations of the universe.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:14:14'&gt;And those representations can't be the universe itself.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:14:20'&gt;So, already we're at one remove as are the other animals from what we like to think of as reality.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:14:29'&gt;But we've gone much farther than that. We've put ourselves in many many degrees of remove.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:14:35'&gt;We put clothing on. We put language on. We put lots of things on.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:14:41'&gt;So everywhere we turn, technology is around except that we never think of it that way.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:14:48'&gt;Technology is all of that stuff that wasn't around when you were born, right?&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:14:53'&gt;Stuff we were born with is not technically: clothes aren't technology. Language isn't technology.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:14:58'&gt;Paper and pencil aren't technology. It's all that new stuff that's around.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:15:03'&gt;Every time we're in the process of trying to invent technology for people, we have this dilemma, which is: if we make it look like stuff that's already around they'll be comforted.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:15:16'&gt;But if it looks too much like the stuff that's already around they won't be helped much.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:15:21'&gt;Each time we have to design. It's like the central question that you ask in education all the time, which is when should it be easy and when should it be hard.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:15:32'&gt;You want to make it easy some of the time so the students won't be so discouraged that they'll give up.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:15:37'&gt;But every time you make something easy, what you're doing is exploiting structures that are already there.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:15:44'&gt;So, you're not building much there, but what you're doing is consolidating.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:15:48'&gt;And then, if things are safe enough you can risk a challenge.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:15:53'&gt;A challenge is going to be hard in various ways. And, some mental structure is going to be built.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:16:00'&gt;And then, you need to make it easy again.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:16:02'&gt;What the Mac did, I think, is to find a way to make some things that seem to be hard easy.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:16:12'&gt;What we have to do in the next few years is to find a way of getting out of the kazoo range,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:16:19'&gt;As one of the ways of thinking about it is in musical instrument terms, most musical instruments that are very expressive are difficult to learn how to play, like the violin.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:16:30'&gt;The reason is is they have an incredible number of parameters that you want to really control in order to get that expression out.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:16:39'&gt;The violin has this learning curve that is sort of like this. You have to climb up a thousand foot cliff over a period of two years before you get to do anything &lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:16:50'&gt;Then, you start progressing in various stages. What we've done on the Mac is more kazoo like.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:16:58'&gt;Taking something that people can learn to do basic operations within a few seconds.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:17:03'&gt;And, with an enormous amount more difficulty they can actually create things themselves. So, we have this.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:17:14'&gt;As long as people stay in a very simple level on the Mac everything is fine.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:17:18'&gt;But then, we have these discontinuities of pulling them up to all of the things that the computer can really do.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:17:25'&gt;The context, one way of thinking about it, is in terms of these extensions of humans.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:17:34'&gt;And the one we always think of are things like screwdrivers and wheels. Less often, we think of tools as language, tools as mathematics.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:17:46'&gt;I like to think of all of these things as extension of the grasp.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:17:53'&gt;The M-word for me is manipulation on these things.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:17:58'&gt;Even for things like mathematics. Mathematics is a way of taking things that are too abstract to deal with directly.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:18:03'&gt;Make them into little symbols, bring them down, no matter how big it is or how small it is, we can make it into something that is roughly the same size&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:18:13'&gt;We can manipulate them in a way that is almost impossible to do in the real world.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:18:20'&gt;The M-word for the tool extensions I think of as manipulation.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> <br /> == Agents as Extension of Human ==<br /> <br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:18:24'&gt;Now, we have another way of extending ourselves over the last several hundred thousand years. It's a little more subtle.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:18:30'&gt;we don't often think of it. That's by using agents. An agent is an entity that is going to be able to take on some of our goals structure.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:18:43'&gt;We've used horses as agents. We use sometimes dogs as agents. The puppy will go out and bring the paper in.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:18:53'&gt;Most of the agents that we've used throughout history are us humans.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:18:57'&gt;We must like to do that. We're social creatures.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:19:02'&gt;We have a strong propensity to want to take on other people's goals. And we also have propensity for trying to get other people to take on our goals.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:19:12'&gt;And human society has built up at that. As Lewis Mumford said he wrote a great [book]...&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;note for=&quot;00:19:17&quot;&gt;<br /> The book by Lewis Mumford is Technics and Civilization. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technics_and_Civilization|Wikipedia].<br /> &lt;/note&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:19:17'&gt;He was actually sort of an architectural critic, but he also wrote more generally about the plight of humans. He wrote a book called Technics and Civilization, which he called these structures like the structure that we have out here tonight, mega-machines.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:19:33'&gt;He said, for most of human history, [most of the structures that] most of the machines that humans have created have other humans as moving parts.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:19:44'&gt;So, we make cities. We make cultures. We have hunting groups.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:19:48'&gt;We have all different kinds of things. These are a microcosm of the general human situation.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:19:57'&gt;Of course, one of the useful thing about agents is that they can use a tool on your behalf.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:20:01'&gt;You don't have to be around when they're using the tool.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:20:07'&gt;What's even better about agents is that they can get other agents to do things.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:20:12'&gt;Agents can proliferate your goals in a way that tools are not set up to do.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:20:19'&gt;The M-word here I use is management. So, we manipulate tools, we manage agents.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:20:26'&gt;I think of tools is something that we look at and manipulate.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:20:30'&gt;And, agents are something that look at us, and we manage them.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:20:35'&gt;It was a very different way of dealing them but they are the two main ways that we've extended ourselves over the years.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> <br /> == Is Computer A Tool or an Agent? ==<br /> <br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:20:43'&gt;One of the biggest problems when computers came out is that the mainframe didn't look like either.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:20:50'&gt;Mainframe was out of human scale. Things that are out of human scale, we have mechanisms in our brain that treat them religiously.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:21:03'&gt;When it's out of human scale we start making up myths about it and there are priests and all the paraphernalia that have gone along with mainstream's over the years.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:21:15'&gt;When people started thinking about, in the late 50s or so, they started wondering both:&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:21:23'&gt;One group of people started thinking about making things into tools, and another group started thinking about making them into agents.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;note for=&quot;00:21:29&quot;&gt;<br /> The Whirlwind computer done at MIT Lincoln Labs had interactive code change and data examination. A programming experience on a later system inspired by this was described at the bottom of: [http://wiki.c2.com/?ProgrammingInTheDebugger]<br /> &lt;/note&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:21:29'&gt;Both of these ideas go back to maybe 1957 or 58. The first really good interactive debugger was was done at Lincoln Labs around 1957.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:21:42'&gt;The SAGE air defense system was done in the mid 50's.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;note for=&quot;00:21:51&quot;&gt;<br /> The advice taker paper by McCarthy is here: [http://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/mcc59.pdf].<br /> &lt;/note&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:21:51'&gt;The first pointing device called the light gun was used back then. McCarthy around 1958 wrote a paper called The Advice Taker.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:21:59'&gt;In this paper, McCarthy, who is one of the founders of AI, like this is why he got into AI, said: it is quite obvious that in the near future (unfortunately John is still alive because this hasn't happened yet but see how optimistic everyone one was back then. To him it was obvious.).&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:22:20'&gt;He said, in the near future that we will soon be embedded in the midst of an information utility that is as dense and as one-for-one as our power and light utilities.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:22:34'&gt;He realized right away that presented with a wealth of such resources that there'd be no possible way you could deal with these things directly.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:22:47'&gt;So he said we have to have something like that I'm calling an advice taker, which is an artificial intelligence whose job it is to try and take on our goal structures and work on them autonomously.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:22:58'&gt;And the way we will deal with it is we'll give it advice. In other words, we'll manage it. We won't program it. We'll manage it.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;note for='00:23:05'&gt;<br /> MCC was a research consortium to complete against Japanese Fifth-Generation Computer Project. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microelectronics_and_Computer_Technology_Corporation].<br /> The Cyc project is going at Cycorp inc. [http://www.cyc.com/].<br /> &lt;/note&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:23:05'&gt;This started off (a very long-standing...) It's gone on for many many years now, the latest most interesting thing like what John McCarthy wanted to do is a project called Cyc, which is a model of human common-sense done at MCC by Doug Lenat.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;note for=&quot;00:23:26&quot;&gt;<br /> The book is Building &quot;Large Knowledge-Based Systems; Representation and Inference in the Cyc Project&quot; by Lenat and R.V. Guha, published in 1990.<br /> &lt;/note&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:23:26'&gt;If you're interested in I refer you to that work. he's also at Stanford and he's just written a pretty good book about it.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:23:33'&gt;This goes all the way back to McCarthy's original ideas on this. It is a very hard problem.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:23:41'&gt;But McCarthy's insight was very strong because we are going to be embedded in the midst of an information utility.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:23:51'&gt;It's happening willy-nilly. AT&amp;T could have done it after the divestiture, but they were frightened of the idea.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:24:59'&gt;Somebody told them they had a network, they said: &quot;network? We thought we had a telephone!&quot;&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:24:04'&gt;And, they fired the guy they had originally gotten in to do this project called Baby Bell, which was going to be a pervasive network in the early 80s that people could write applications to.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:24:16'&gt;But the point is that we're just now starting to go into a change as large, I believe, as the one from the mainframes to what you're doing today.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:24:28'&gt;And the question is how frightening is it actually going to be.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> <br /> == Seeds of Transition from Institutionalized Computing to Personal Computing ==<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:24:35'&gt;Well, I got a big surprise. I this is the first personal computer I did it was called the FLEX machine. (Must be a critic.)&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:24:46'&gt;it's called the FLEX machine.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;note for=&quot;00:24:50&quot;&gt;<br /> Doug Engelbart Institute website [http://www.dougengelbart.org/] has large collection of his group's work.<br /> &lt;/note&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:24:50'&gt;I did it, inspired by the work of Doug Engelbart over here at SRI. Great guy.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:24:59'&gt;This is one of the great things about our business is that we've compressed to 400 years of ordinary history of Technology into 40.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:25:09'&gt;So, all of these great people who have these original ideas are still alive and we can tell them that...&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:25:13'&gt;you know, giving a testimonial to somebody after they're dead really stinks but, it's wonderful that these people, &lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:25:21'&gt;who are real heroes because they did this stuff when it was really hard.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:25:25'&gt;We think it's hard now, but it's not even, not even close to what it was like back then.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:25:30'&gt;I think of him as the actual father of personal computing.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:25:34'&gt;He didn't do the first personal computer, that was done at Lincoln Labs in in 1962.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:25:41'&gt;But, he was the guy who thought about the users relationship to the machine in the way we think of today with with personal computing.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:25:48'&gt; I think that's the most important part of it. So, I got really excited. The main bug in the Engelbart's thing is he tried to do it on time sharing.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:25:56'&gt;You don't have enough cycles to do user interface the way it needs to be done. So, it was just getting, this is 1967 or so.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:26:08'&gt;(The chip,) General Instruments I think it was a company that no longer is with us had just come out with a marvelous chip that had 512 bits on it.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:26:19'&gt;It's 512 bit ROM.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;note for=&quot;00:26:25&quot;&gt;<br /> Core Rope Memory on Wikipedia [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core_rope_memory].<br /> &lt;/note&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:26:25'&gt;You know how we went to the moon? You guys have ever seen anything called core rope?&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:26:34'&gt;The way they program computers with read-only memory before then was they had magnetic cores which are about this big, and they were magnetized.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:26:40'&gt;You program them by stringing wire through them. Each core would have as many wires as you could string through it.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:26:49'&gt;Each wire was a sense wire.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:26:52'&gt;The computer that the astronauts went to the moon on was a program by a tangle of wire of about two cubic feet that was held onboard of that spacecraft.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:27:03'&gt;So, 512-bit rom was a big deal. It meant we could do micro coding in a way that would not completely drive us crazy.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:27:13'&gt;But, the problem with this approach and I think the approach of this middle way of going about it is that Engelbart's user interface was too violin-like.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:27:25'&gt;If you're willing to spend many many hours getting expert at it you could do truly amazing things.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:27:31'&gt;There's a real discontinuity. In 1968, I saw a terrific system done at RAND which did hand character recognition.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:27:41'&gt;That changed my whole notion about machines because Engelbart's way of thinking about it was that the mainframe is sort of like a railroad, and somebody needs to be Henry Ford.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:27:56'&gt;We don't want IBM or these big companies telling us what we can do with a computer.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:27:59'&gt;Everybody needs their own personal vehicle and that was a very powerful metaphor back then.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:28:05'&gt;But the thing that struck me when I saw the GRAIL system was that the computer is much more like paper.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:28:13'&gt;It's more like dynamic paper, and that changes every relationship because on a car we wait until people are 18 or so until they learned how to drive, which is really ridiculous when you think of it that's the most dangerous period to learn how to drive.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:28:28'&gt;10 year ten-year-old kid is much more sensible.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:28:37'&gt;This idea that if the thing is media, if it's like paper than it should extend in the world of childhood and it's a completely different relationship.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:28:47'&gt;It's an intimate relationship. So, we wind up with these neat slides that Larry Tesler did a couple years ago which is a way of characterizing these three major ways.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:29:03'&gt;You can think of it as like the institutional, the mainframe computer is sort of like the Ptolemaic system of astronomy.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:29:12'&gt;The middle one is sort of like Newtonian physics.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:29:15'&gt;The one on the right hand side is maybe the theory of relativity or something modern.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> <br /> == The Transition is not Incremental, but Qualitatively Different Relationship ==<br /> <br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:29:21'&gt;The important idea that these are huge. They are not progressive changes that are just about computers getting smaller.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:29:27'&gt;They're actually changes in point of view. Big changes in the relationship of the user to the machine.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:29:34'&gt;I'll just give you one example: if you take the mainframe, 3270 glass teletype screens way of doing things,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:29:46'&gt;and that extends to the IBM PC because the IBM PC was sort of a way of doing a small mainframe without adding any new insights into how you were to interact with it.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:30:00'&gt;The basic idea of user interface on these machines is to think of it as access to function.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:30:09'&gt;Machine has their function keys, control keys.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:30:14'&gt;What we want to do in the user interface is do access to function.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:30:17'&gt;A lot of people who are trying to fit MS-DOS applications to MS Windows are simply mapping function keys into pulldown menus.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:30:28'&gt;They think of it as access to function. Now, it's not with what the Mac, in this middle category, is about at all.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:30:33'&gt;What the Mac is about is making the users aware of what the possibilities are.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:30:40'&gt;It's number one task is to gently teach you all the things that it can do and make you aware each time what can be done next.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:30:50'&gt;Putting things into pulldown menus as a primary strategy is a terrible one.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:30:56'&gt;When I see a Mac application that has no visible menus, I say: &quot;oh-oh, this thing probably ran on an IBM PC at some point and they're just trying to put Bearnaise sauce on the hot dog.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:31:11'&gt;But you have to do more. You have to change the user's relationship to the system and realize that your major task is to have the users learn as they go along.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:31:20'&gt;Just as that is a such a large revolution that most of the people who are trying to imitate it don't understand it.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> <br /> == Intimate Computing Will Be Proactive Engine == <br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:31:29'&gt;We're just starting on the next revolution which is going to be equally cataclysmic because the computer that goes wherever we are will probably not even have an on/off switch.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:31:41'&gt;It's not going to be a standalone laptop. It almost certainly will be hooked into digital cellular.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:31:47'&gt;It will not just be your phone, but it will be constantly trickling down information by means of agents.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:31:47'&gt;So that you will rarely have to do a proactive thing on the computer.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:32:01'&gt;You will have a kind of panorama of the up-to-date resources that you need as you go along.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:32:13'&gt;So, this change from reactive, my thesis in 1969 it was about the FLEX machine, I call it the reactive engine. The Mac is a reactive engine.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:32:23'&gt;But, what we're going to have in the next few years is a proactive engine.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:32:27'&gt;That's a proactive engine that's going to be embedded in a pervasive network.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:32:33'&gt;Not like local area net, not sharing files, but ones in which we are going to get resources not in a computer store.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:32:43'&gt;But, somebody in Timbuktu is going to write us an application.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:32:48'&gt;They don't know about us but they're going to write a component that is exactly what we want and our agent is going to find it for us.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:32:56'&gt;It better not be in Sanskrit when it shows up. So we have this problem.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:33:01'&gt;How do we find things? Right now, we find them by going to a store or that's usually on a floppy, sometimes on a local area net.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:33:11'&gt;How do we make use of those things once we found them?&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:33:16'&gt;And, how do we make them more into the thing that we actually wanted?&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:33:19'&gt;Those are the three questions that I want to ask over and over because I think these are the driving questions for the next 10 years.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:33:28'&gt;And, that the major difference is that we're asking those questions now in the Macintosh.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:33:32'&gt;A few years from now, we're going to have to start seriously asking them about an entirely new way of doing computing.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> <br /> == What is Relevant is Finding Important Information ==<br /> <br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:33:42'&gt;So, these are a couple of Larry's examples, which I think are particularly nice.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:33:46'&gt;People worried about response time on the mainframe.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:33:51'&gt;3090. Today typical 3090 in a public utilities that I'm familiar with, you get 0.05 MIPSs per user.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:33:51'&gt;It has lots.. that, you know, it's about a 30 MIPS machines but there are 450 terminals on it.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;note for=&quot;00:34:09&quot;&gt;<br /> A Wikipedia page on path length: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instruction_path_length].<br /> &lt;/note&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:34:09'&gt;What they worry about when they do software on it is what they call path length.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:34:13'&gt;(because) Does anybody in this room ever heard the expression path length? Right.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:34:20'&gt;I rest my case. Path length is all a talk at about in companies like Arthur Andersen and IBM.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:34:27'&gt;Path length is how many millions of instructions have to be executed by the mainframe before you get a response back to the terminal.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:34:38'&gt;Right? We don't worry about that. Instead, what we're in is a horsepower race.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:34:43'&gt;Most of you here are too young to remember the 50s. This is before the gas wars. In the 50s, we had these great old Dodges with 450 horsepower.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:34:54'&gt;They got about 6 miles to the gallon, and they made a lot of noise.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:34:57'&gt;You could lay a strip of rubber a block long and these things. That's where we are right now.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:35:04'&gt;Everybody is sort of thrusting around with a number of MIPS that they have.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:35:13'&gt;But, believe me, it's irrelevant. Totally irrelevant because all we're going to we're worried about five and ten years from now is access.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:35:25'&gt;We're gonna have tons of MIPS. 50 to 100 MIPS in 1995 easy.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:35:30'&gt;Much more than that, actually. (It's) We're going to be drowned in MIPS.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:35:35'&gt;We won't know what to do with the MIPS. In fact, the MIPS are going to disappear from our view just like path length is something that we no longer think about.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:35:46'&gt;We're going to worry about: can we find what we need out of the trillion objects or more that we're connected to dynamically.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:35:54'&gt;Can we find it?&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> <br /> == Integrate Information Key Ideas about Dynamic Linking ==<br /> <br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:36:00'&gt;Integrate information, what is something that is closer to home. We don't on a mainframe.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:36:04'&gt;The Mac does it by cutting and pasting, and I think everybody believes that what we need is dynamic linking of various kinds.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;note for=&quot;00:36:12&quot;&gt;<br /> System 7 was a version of Mac OS. The linking feature was Publish and Subscribe [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publish_and_Subscribe_(Mac_OS)].<br /> &lt;/note&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:36:12'&gt;System 7 has a way of doing dynamic linking. But, dynamic linking is more than just passing information from one place to another.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:36:22'&gt;Philosophically, dynamic linking is much more important.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:36:26'&gt;Dynamic linking means I have more dimensions in the computer than I ever have in my information space.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:36:35'&gt;You have this wonderful wonderful thing you can do.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:36:44'&gt;If you give me two dimensions and I make a spot here in a spot here I've generated the idea of distance.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:36:54'&gt;If you give me one more dimension I can always get rid of the distance.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:36:59'&gt;And the computer is that thing that always has one more dimension than any dimension of data that we have.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:37:04'&gt;One way of thinking about linking is in the classical way of thinking about linking.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:37:10'&gt;But a stronger ways to thinking of it is, what you're trying to do, is get a higher dimensional space on the data that people are interested in then the data has itself.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:37:19'&gt;If you can do that, then you can get all of the relevant stuff seem to be in the same place.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:37:26'&gt;A critical insight first had by Engelbart. &lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> <br /> == Feel of Interaction ==<br /> <br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:37:29'&gt;Feel of interaction. It feels like editing on a 3270 or an IBM PC. Layout on the Mac, you're moving around 2D things.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:37:39'&gt;Larry says orchestration, but I like to use the word conducting because what we're going to be manipulating on the in this next revolution is going to be active, proactive, objects not passive ones.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:37:58'&gt;Issue commands. Again, think of Institutional, well, you have to remember and type.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;note for=&quot;00:38:02&quot;&gt;<br /> Standard Operating Procedure manuals.<br /> &lt;/note&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:38:02'&gt;You know, there are all of these SOP manuals.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:38:05'&gt;I just had this amusing experience now I was spending thirty five minutes trying to take a Mac portable out of Apple.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:38:18'&gt;And, I had already signed for it in one place, but nobody had thought to give the guards a Mac with a link into the database that happened to know that I'd already signed for it.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:38:33'&gt;We don't use badges down in (..) Now, we don't use no stinking badges down in Los Angeles.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:38:43'&gt;In fact, nobody knew that I was kosher. It took a very very long time to get the thing.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:38:49'&gt;If anybody who'd like to steal a Mac portable, I can tell you it can be done in 35 minutes.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:39:00'&gt;This progression is coming from remembering type, seeing point on the Mac, visual, and then ask and tell and gesture.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:39:11'&gt;Going from institutional, personal, to intimate.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:39:19'&gt;Groupware is big. I think this is probably one of the topics of conversation developers are starting to bitch at Apple about servers and networks. Keep on.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:39:35'&gt;Now, because you have to realize that we have a symbiotic relationship with you.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:39:45'&gt;You are making our company by providing the content that runs on our machines. We're trying to help by doing some of the research.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:39:52'&gt;But in order for us all to get into this third phase and not leave it up to somebody like the Japanese to do, we have to be willing to turn the corner at the same time.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:40:02'&gt;And so the more the developers agitate for support for getting into this third way, this third paradigm of computing, the more easy it is for Apple to decide to do it.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:40:12'&gt;It works both ways.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> <br /> == Difference in Programming Models: COBOL vs. Object-Oriented ==<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:40:17'&gt;Here's an interesting one.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:40:21'&gt;The first thing probably is foreign to you, but it's what goes on in the other world out there. That world slightly to the east of the San Andreas Fault.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;note for=&quot;00:40:36&quot;&gt;<br /> This project was for Brooklyn Union Gas. A paper titled &quot;Object-oriented development at Brooklyn Union Gas&quot; by John Davis and Tom Morgan exists.<br /> &lt;/note&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:40:36'&gt;What happens is companies like Arthur Andersen get hired by a public utility as an example to do a billing program.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:40:47'&gt;They sit down and they have these design tools, and they figure: &quot;hmm, this program is going to take about 1.6 million lines of COBOL to do.&quot;&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:41:00'&gt;this is an actual example now. I can't tell you that I'm on Arthur Andersen's Advisory Board.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:41:06'&gt;So, I get to see stuff like this. &quot;1.6 million lines of COBOL, and we'll take about 250 people three years to do.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:41:17'&gt;And, that will be 22 million dollars, please.&quot; Okay, they do this all the time. Their gross is about 1.5 billion.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:41:26'&gt;An enormous large number of that comes from these kinds of jobs. 3090 mainframe 450 terminals. Got to have a good response time and all that stuff.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:41:36'&gt;It's unbelievable what they do. They use these CASE tools. CASE tools are an orthotic brace for hopelessly crippled patient.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:41:52'&gt;They come up with these custom applications. Now, in this middle personal area, the Mac sort of acts like it's object-oriented on the outside and a little bit less object-oriented inside.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:42:07'&gt;But, we're all supposed to be thinking object-oriented. So, it's a whole different way of doing things.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:42:13'&gt;Just to give you an example, because the Arthur people are interest in object-oriented stuff, I said: &quot;Well, instead of doing this thing with 1.6 million lines of COBOL, why don't you try and convince the public utility to try doing at an object-oriented form, and let's see what happens.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:42:33'&gt;So, they did and they had some people who've been doing object-oriented programming for five years at Arthur.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:42:40'&gt;Now, the problem was there wasn't any object-oriented system on the mainframe so they had to build one.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:42:46'&gt;So they prototyped it in Smalltalk. And then, on the mainframe they wrote an object-oriented environment using PL/1 macros, and implemented this billing system.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:43:03'&gt;Here's the interesting thing. A year and a half later, they were done. They did it with 30 people.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:43:10'&gt;And, the code size was 110,000 lines of PL/1 code, counting the code they had to write for the environment.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:43:18'&gt;So, that's a factor of about 14 and a half reduction in code size.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:43:24'&gt;A year less, and about a factor of 8 less people. They were able to certify the system in a month, instead of a year, because they're able to make changes and additions and fix bugs and stuff much more quickly.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:43:43'&gt;This project is now being written up as a case study.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:43:43'&gt;This is an amusing project to me because it is, simultaneously, the smallest mainframe program that has this functionality, and the largest object-oriented program that has ever been written.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:44:02'&gt;Anything that's over an order of magnitude should catch our attention as a way of dealing with things.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:44:09'&gt;The thing that shocked me about this was not that they got some improvement in code size, but the fact that the improvement was greater at that size of code.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:44:21'&gt;Basically, probably it says something really ugly about COBOL.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:44:26'&gt;Maybe then, instead of something good about object-oriented programming but I was aghast because I've seen typical factors of ten improvements on what I think of as large programs but are very small by this scale.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:44:41'&gt;But, the idea of having it go actually up to almost a factor of 15 on a job this size was shocking.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:44:47'&gt;And, we're now getting it at this position where we can't afford not to do object-oriented programs on the machine we dearly love namely the Mac.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:44:56'&gt;We have to do it.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:45:01'&gt;This is not a plea for Apple events, but it's just to get you to realize that what Apple events are about is to try and find an object-oriented protocol for things that are big and ugly inside, but are nonetheless going to have to be treated as objects in order to make progression as far as integration is concerned.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> <br /> == Objects to Components ==<br /> <br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:45:23'&gt;Now, the important thing is if you take a look at the right-hand panel there, what we see is not generic tools.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:45:30'&gt;The generic tool is like a spreadsheet, like a desktop publishing system.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:45:35'&gt;We can't afford to have those anymore guys. We cannot afford to have one company like lecture set try and do all the tools you need to do to do desktop publishing.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;note for='00:45:47'&gt;<br /> Lotus Jazz. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotus_Jazz].<br /> &lt;/note&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:45:47'&gt;You can't do is like Lotus's failed attempt with Jazz.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:45:51'&gt;You just can't build in all of those tools.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:45:53'&gt;What you really want to do when you do a system like that, is make an operating system for doing desktop publishing.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:46:01'&gt;It's a Finder for desktop publishing.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:46:02'&gt;You want, you can build in a few tools, but you should let fourth-party developers build in those extra fancy tools in the toolbox.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:46:14'&gt;Think of what it actually means. You know, the person who comes up with the best one of these is always going to get bought.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:46:22'&gt;That's the operating system part of the thing.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:46:24'&gt;But, you can spread the risk, and widen the functionality by getting other people to develop tools for yourself.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:46:30'&gt;This is why you have to go object-oriented. You don't want to go object-oriented in the way that Smalltalk went many years ago.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:46:37'&gt;Smalltalk is almost 20 years old now. It's a middle kind of object-oriented system.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:46:43'&gt;You want to go object-oriented in the way on the right, which is towards components.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:46:48'&gt;Let's think of what the destiny of a component actually is.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:46:52'&gt;Well, it's to me, if you move a piece of data from one place to another, you're doing all sorts of awful things.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:47:02'&gt;Because you're giving the receiving end permission to zero out any of the fields. Data is quite unprotected.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:47:09'&gt;You're requiring the receiving end to write a lot of code to understand the data and use the data.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:47:14'&gt;If you ever change the format of the data you're requiring the receiving end to be able to take on transmitted changes of those formats.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:47:22'&gt;This is really ugly. It's a terrible way of doing things.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:47:27'&gt;If you move an object, classical object, from one place to the other, all the important code that knows about the internal formats and stuff goes with it.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:47:36'&gt;This is the promise of object-oriented programming. But you still have to write code in its receiving end.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:47:42'&gt;In order for that object to be a component, it has to adhere to some sort of standard protocol.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:47:47'&gt;That's what Apple events is supposed to be about. But I think you can see that that is not going to last in the world of pervasive networking, right?&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:47:56'&gt;It's so hard, you know, the joke is that the only people smart enough to do a standard are too dumb to do a good one.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:48:04'&gt;So the idea that we can go into the world of pervasive networking with upwards more than a million applications, hundreds of millions of things that are going to be transmitted around, and have them adhere all to the same protocol was farcical.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:48:21'&gt;So what do we have to do? Well, these components have to be self configuring.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:48:26'&gt;They have to be things that when they are sent to a receiver, they can configure themselves, so they may have a completely different protocol than the receiver can do.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:48:39'&gt;But the receiver and the sender have to be able to work out what the protocol is going to be.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:48:43'&gt;That means that the components have to be much more self describing, even than objects are.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:48:49'&gt;This is a real challenge. It has not been done successfully. At the end of this talk, I'm going to show you a couple of examples of some experiments in this because I think it's a really interesting way of thinking about the future.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> <br /> == Tools Change Very Slowly: Screwdriver ==<br /> <br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:49:06'&gt;Finally, what's the key to all this stuff? Well, if you ask somebody for a screwdriver, and they just give you this, you would get very angry.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:49:15'&gt;They say: &quot;what's wrong? You know I'm giving you a screwdriver this is a mainframe. This is the functional part of it. What are you complaining about?&quot;&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:49:24'&gt;You say, &quot;well, no. I want the user interface.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:49:28'&gt;Because if I don't do that, I'm not going to have a tool. Now, when I was making this slide, I looked at this and it occurred to me that this was the dumbest design for a screwdriver that I'd ever saw.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:49:40'&gt;I'd never looked at it before. I was thinking that, wow, the mechanical advantage is the ratio of the diameter of the handle to the diameter of the shaft.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;note for=&quot;00:49:50&quot;&gt;<br /> Alan was gesturing the way where his palm would be on the side of the handle.<br /> &lt;/note&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:49:50'&gt;That's small. I get the most purchase on it by grabbing it like this, but I do it like this it slides off the screw.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;note for=&quot;00:49:56&quot;&gt;<br /> Here, his palm is at the end of handle but only fingers are used to turn the handle.<br /> &lt;/note&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:49:56'&gt;If I hold it the way it wants me to do I get very little leverage.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:50:59'&gt;As I started thinking &quot;what should a screwdriver look like?&quot; What should it look like?&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:50:05'&gt;A ball. Does anybody ever seen a screwdriver like that? Yeah. Somebody said this is...&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:50:15'&gt;Now it now what's interesting, I have a book from Diderot encyclopedia, which is published in France in the 1700s.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:50:22'&gt;And, there are screwdrivers in there that look exactly like the ones we buy in Sears today.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:50:27'&gt;So this is the MS-DOS of screwdrivers.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:50:36'&gt;But the moral of the story is that screwdrivers were made like this for literally hundreds of years.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:50:44'&gt;Hundreds of years, and nobody thought &quot;gee, it should look more like a ball&quot;, until recently.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:50:51'&gt;That's what we have to always be looking at.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:50:52'&gt;Just because something has been around for a long time. just because C has been around for a long time.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:51:04'&gt;What you want to ask is this thing an old kind of tools, or is this a new kind of tool?&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:51:09'&gt;User interface is the key here.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> <br /> == User Interface as the way to change the relationship ==<br /> <br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:51:14'&gt;The important idea in the user interface is that you can change the relationship of the user to his knowledge by giving them a different kind of representation system to think about it in terms of.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:51:29'&gt;That is a key notion. It is incredibly difficult to deal with numbers in terms of Roman numerals.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:51:39'&gt;I was just telling somebody today only the nerds in 60 BC could multiply numbers together. right?&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:51:46'&gt;There in any population, 5% of the people are natural-born nerds for whatever it is.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:51:53'&gt;We're all in this room together. But the other 95% have other, more reasonable, more balanced pursuits.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:52:07'&gt;The way of getting them to do multiplication [of] two [numbers] is to come up with Arabic notation that has a simple algorithm and then everybody can learn how to do it.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:52:17'&gt;If you want to communicate with an animal, then come up with a representation system that will link what you want to communicate with what the animal can deal with.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:52:26'&gt;This is an example of a chimpanzee doing a symbolic language in terms of icons that work quite well some years ago.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:52:37'&gt;So that's what we want to get interested in. So let's just take a look at a couple of examples here that I think are important to consider.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:52:45'&gt;the first one is how do we find our resources today. Well, generally we go into a store, sometimes we get it on the network, but we don't have an interesting way of finding things today.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:53:00'&gt;How do we make use of what we found.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:53:05'&gt;Well, we have a user interface that seems to work pretty well. Let me give you an example.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> <br /> == Lara uses Mac: Similarity among Applications ==<br /> <br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:53:22'&gt;This is a 22 month old little girl and her her mother is my accountant.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:53:31'&gt;Both their parents, when this was taken, worked at home. Each of them had a Macintosh.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:53:40'&gt;When I found out the little girl was interested in computers I gave her an Apple II, which she rejected.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:53:48'&gt;This is about 1985, and I originally used this video to try and convince Apple that they should put a hard disk in every machine.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:54:02'&gt;So, I want to warn you that this is not a first time user you're looking at. So, don't be impressed here.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:54:07'&gt;She's been using the Mac already for about six months.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:54:12'&gt;Now, even though this interface was originally developed with children in mind, it was still a little startling to see a 22 months old use it like this.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:54:23'&gt;But of course, why shouldn't she be able to use visible menus and MacPaint.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:54:29'&gt;That seems reasonable enough. So, she starts doing things, and. I said: &quot;all right, I believe this. This is not too impressive.&quot;&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:54:39'&gt;But what happened next really amazed me. She wants to get a clean sheet of paper.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:54:44'&gt;So she goes up to the close box of the window, and she saves her old drawing using the pop-up and then she goes to the pulldown to get a new one and she's off and rolling again.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:55:10'&gt;[This was sewing] That doesn't make you want to buy a Mac?&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;note for='00:55:22'&gt;<br /> Somebody presumably joked about wanting to buy a child, not a Mac.<br /> &lt;/note&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:55:22'&gt;that's what's great about children. You can make them. you don't have to buy them.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:55:31'&gt;This was so intriguing that we took about another nine hours of her doing various things on the Mac.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:55:40'&gt;And, we discovered that she was about 70% literate in the Mac user interface.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:55:46'&gt;She could even start up a really hard application like PageMaker.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:55:52'&gt;She could make some marks in it. She could print the marks out. She could save them, get them back.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:55:58'&gt;About 70% of the things you expect from one Mac app to another, it was already part of her vocabulary at age 22 months.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:56:07'&gt;The mouse for her was about the size of a brick. But because of it, it was actually more stable than a pen.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:56:15'&gt;She couldn't really use crayons yet but she could use the mouse in a in a sensible way.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:56:22'&gt;Our solution to .. how do you use it once you've found it is that we want the Mac applications to be similar so that when you learn one you've learned 70% of the next one.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:56:34'&gt;Every time we do that, we're actually helping not just ourselves but we're helping our colleague developers, because you guys are really colleagues you aren't competitors&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:56:46'&gt;Every time the synergy goes together, especially when you start doing components for each other, it'll be (much more) something where everybody will be much more of a win-win situation, because every time somebody does something that can act as a repository for other things everybody gets to implement towards it&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:57:07'&gt;Now, in this world, how do we make it more like what we'd like it? that is really hard.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:57:14'&gt;Hypercard, we can go in and look at a script and move a button around.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:57:20'&gt;All the applications you guys are doing are not that way.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:57:24'&gt;You ever opened the hood of a Cadillac? If you wanted to find the carburetor you wouldn't even know where to look for it even if it had one.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:57:33'&gt;It can't fire off one cylinder without energizing about a hundred thousand transistors.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;note for=&quot;00:57:39&quot;&gt;<br /> The nickname of the Model T is Tin Lizzie, which is used to symbolize the VPRI's later work, including the domain name of this site.<br /> &lt;/note&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:57:39'&gt;There's nothing like a Model T. That's what it's like if the users are allowed to pop the hood of your applications.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:57:46'&gt;There's very little that they can do to customize it and yet every user that you have within the first month of using your tools has ideas about the way it should actually be.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:57:58'&gt;You give them something like an application written in HyperCard you can watch them making little changes.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:58:03'&gt;Maybe one or two changes a week is all they do, but after a few months, they've got it much more like the way they would like it to be.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:58:11'&gt;In order to get ahead, you're going to have to start thinking about making your applications that way.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:58:17'&gt;Because that will give you the possibility of doing something like this.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:58:29'&gt;This is a an application like MacDraw.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;note for='00:58:37'&gt;<br /> Egghead Software [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egghead_Software].<br /> &lt;/note&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:58:37'&gt;This one you might only spend 99 bucks for at Egghead. But in fact, this movie was taken in 1975.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;note for=&quot;00:58:48&quot;&gt;<br /> Possibly by Susan Hamet. See. [http://worrydream.com/EarlyHistoryOfSmalltalk]<br /> &lt;/note&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:58:48'&gt;This application, not the drawing here, but the application was designed and implemented by a twelve-year-old child.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:58:55'&gt;So, this is an example of end-user programming. This is almost impossible to do in HyperCard because she's not using pre-done graphics primitives here.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:59:05'&gt;She did the graphics programming herself as well.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:59:08'&gt;The entire amount of code she had to write for this was about 50 lines of code.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:59:14'&gt;About one page of code to do this application.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:59:17'&gt;This horrifies college professors when I suggest they do this as a term project for their beginning programming class because it's too hard in pascal.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:59:27'&gt;But, this is the kind of thing that when you think of the system ahead of time as being something that the end user is going to do more with than just twitch parameters you've set then you'll design it in a different way.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:59:50'&gt;What you'd like to see is even if you've got a Cadillac down there, and most of you guys have Ferraris, written in things much worse than C, screaming machine code.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='01:00:02'&gt;Even if you've got all that stuff down there, what you should start thinking about doing is give the user a Model T version of it to look at.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='01:00:10'&gt;When they pop the hood there's a schematic version of what you have optimized down below and let them change some of those things.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='01:00:18'&gt;It'll change their entire way of dealing with the Machine and thinking about you.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='01:00:31'&gt;What about agents? Similar to the screwdriver, if you want functionality with an agent you get one without a head.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='01:00:42'&gt;You need language and context to go along with it, and finally you get an agent who can actually do something for you.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='01:00:52'&gt;The important thing to remember is that the agent is watching you. You're not watching it so much anymore. It's watching you.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='01:00:59'&gt;And, you want it to track your goals in an extremely high-resolution way.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> <br /> == An example of Computer Agent: The Synthetic Performer ==<br /> <br /> &lt;subtitle id='01:01:04'&gt;I thought for quite a while and what can I show you that will illustrate an agent track and goals.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;note for=&quot;01:01:19&quot;&gt;<br /> The work is called The Synthetic Performer by Barry Vercoe with Larry Beauregard. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vOYky8MmrEU]<br /> &lt;/note&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='01:01:09'&gt;And, I found an agent done at MIT that I think illustrates this idea.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='01:01:19'&gt;Here, the computer is playing the harpsichord.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='01:02:03'&gt;Well, that's impressive, but of course the flute player didn't make any mistakes, and that ain't the way it really goes.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='01:02:11'&gt;How did that work? Well, the computer had a model of the whole set of goals to be accomplished, including what it was supposed to do, and what the human was trying to accomplish.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='01:02:22'&gt;It was tracking both of them, and making some judgments about what the guy was playing expressively and so forth.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='01:02:29'&gt;But you'd really like this thing to be extremely robust in terms of errors.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='01:02:35'&gt;So here's an example of that same flute player now playing much more like an amateur, or the way we would be actually dealing with this situation.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='01:03:30'&gt;You can imagine the computer say: &quot;what is this guy doing?&quot;&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='01:03:36'&gt;You think about what was going on there it's fairly sophisticated, because it doesn't know whether he's playing expressively or he's made a mistake.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='01:03:44'&gt;It doesn't know where he's going to go to to pick up again. So it has to kind of noodle around, be looking pattern-matching ahead in the immediate space of where they were trying to figure out when the guy is getting back on the track again.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='01:03:58'&gt;That's precisely what our agent based software is going to have to do.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='01:04:02'&gt;This is one of the first tasks. The interesting thing about agents is they don't have to be terribly smart.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='01:04:08'&gt;This one is not terribly smart, and it works quite well.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;note for=&quot;01:04:11&quot;&gt;<br /> (Work at the ATARI Research. Not the one Alan describes but related work from ATARI Research can be seen here: [https://www.youtube.com/edit?o=U&amp;video_id=KMKVTbcF2ro]<br /> &lt;/note&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='01:04:11'&gt;One of the first agents I designed is one that simply stayed up all night and found you the newspaper you'd most like to read next morning.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='01:04:20'&gt;It did it by looking at 12 different databases, spending hours sifting through things.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='01:04:26'&gt;When it found something that looked interesting, it had a video disc with 45,000 pictures of famous people on it.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='01:04:35'&gt; So, if Mitterrand was mentioned in an article, it would find a picture of Mitterrand. Another one had 37,000 maps on it. So, if Paris was mentioned it could find you a map of Paris.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='01:04:46'&gt;You know would do the kinds of things people do and they gather newspaper articles, and would present it to you as a laid out thing next morning.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='01:04:53'&gt;The headline might say new fighting in Afghanistan, or it might say your three o'clock meeting was cancelled today because one of the news sources that went after was your own electronic mail.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='01:05:04'&gt;So something important to come in at night, the agent would recognize &quot;oh this is important I'd better make it a headline.&quot;&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='01:05:11'&gt;This is one of the hundred most interesting things I found tonight.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='01:05:15'&gt;You can imagine a sidebar saying your children slept well last night, right?&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='01:05:22'&gt;The idea is that every time a technology comes along it redefines news.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='01:05:26'&gt;The major thing about agents is not how smart they are. This is why in some sense these futuristic videos we do at Apple are misleading because they always show these incredibly smart agents.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='01:05:38'&gt;It's what what we call the Beethoven complex in AI, which is the belief by most AI funders that you have to do something much better than a human before it's interesting.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='01:05:47'&gt;whereas in truth we can't even do a decent cat yet.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='01:05:58'&gt;The important thing is to realize that it is not the intelligence of the agent that is making it so useful, but its ability to act autonomously.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='01:06:06'&gt;The places where it can best act autonomously are in information retrieval over enormously large possibilities.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='01:06:14'&gt;Possibilities that are so large you would never be able to do them by hand or ever want to.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='01:06:19'&gt;I believe that the first agents that are going to be commercially viable are going to be all of that kind.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='01:06:24'&gt;They won't have a guy with a bowtie. they won't need a guy with a bowtie.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='01:06:32'&gt;You know, eventually at some point, when the agent gets smart enough to start making you think anthropomorphic thoughts you're going to have to do something to let the user understand at what level of intelligence this thing is operating at.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='01:06:46'&gt;So you will have something like a cartoon character.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='01:06:49'&gt;But initially, the most important idea is that agents can do things for you while you're somewhere else.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='01:06:55'&gt;It's taken an amazing number of decades to do the simplest agent that anybody ever thought of.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='01:07:01'&gt;That's the one that automatically downloads your mail onto your hard disk while you're doing other things.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='01:07:08'&gt;It's unbelievable to me. The first good mail system I ever used fifteen years ago did that.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='01:07:17'&gt;This is sort of an Apple problem in a sense is that the the people who did Apple link refused to admit that most Mac's have hard disks on them.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='01:07:27'&gt;Because of that, they make you wait for the modem, and wait for the modem.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='01:07:30'&gt;You don't have to wait for the modem! An agent can download the stuff, and have it ready to go, and it can even do some of the reading of it while you're doing.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='01:07:37'&gt;Why don't one of you guys do one of those things?&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='01:07:41'&gt;In credit, you know, because you can do agents now. So start doing it. We need them.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='01:07:49'&gt;The only way we can get better on this stuff is to have a lot of things to use and to criticize.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='01:07:53'&gt;It's the most important aspect. So, this is sort of an old farts talk, I realize.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='01:08:01'&gt;I'm working on my old farts merit badge.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='01:08:07'&gt;But the way we make progress here is by trying to go for the good stuff, trying to find a romantic ideal, and realizing and having faith that the money will come by doing something good.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='01:08:22'&gt;That's how the Mac got there in the first place. The Mac was a romantic ideal of trying to change people's relationship with the computer.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='01:08:30'&gt;Now, we're all making money on it, but if we just set out to do money we would have done another MS-DOS clone like Compaq does.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='01:08:41'&gt;The same thing is true for this stuff. We can actually push into this new era and be one of the leaders for this new way of proactive computing.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='01:08:52'&gt;And we can do it starting now on the Macintosh with your help. As always the strongest weapon we have to explore a strange new world like this is the one between our ears, providing it's loaded.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='01:09:06'&gt;Thank you very much. Thank you.&lt;/subtitle&gt;</div>

Ezequiel http://tinlizzie.org/IA/index.php?title=A_concept_video_and_Alan_Kay_talk_at_WWDC_%2790_(VPRI_358)&diff=3165 2025-01-19T21:04:53Z

<p>Ezequiel: Review finished</p> <hr /> <div>{{#evt:<br /> service=youtubeIA<br /> |id=zRrR4ryx-yE<br /> |alignment=left<br /> |autoresize=false<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == A concept video on the world with digital agents == <br /> &lt;note for='00:00:31'&gt;<br /> The Wikipedia page of the movie. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hunchback_of_Notre_Dame_(1923_film)].<br /> The novel is available on Project Gutenberg, etc. [http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/2610].<br /> &lt;/note&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:00:31'&gt;1923 Lon Chaney's brilliant characterization of Quasimodo in [The] Hunchback of Notre Dame played on the audiences tendency to stereotype. To prejudge individuals,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:00:42'&gt;According to their appearance rather than understand them for who they really were.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:00:53'&gt;Stop. Dictate. It's been nearly a century since the Hunchback of Notre Dame horrified audiences in the silent movie houses.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:01:02'&gt;But have attitudes changed much in 95 years or do we still judge far too quickly the content by the cover.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:01:22'&gt;Ugh!, where do we go from here?&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:01:29'&gt;Show me writer's block. The current project is untitled.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:01:35'&gt;Continue. You may wish to review your outline, explore the suggestion box, or view great writers' methods. Sometimes a short break helps to stimulate ideas.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:01:45'&gt;Perhaps you'd enjoy a pleasant walk.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:01:47'&gt;[giggle] No, it's not that bad yet. Um, show me the outline.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:01:53'&gt;Your next heading is: Technology's Impact on Attitudes Toward People With Disabilities.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:01:58'&gt;The subheading is The Catalyst for Change.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:02:01'&gt;Okay, I need some examples. Where can we go for information about how attitudes and expectations have changed toward people with disability in the last, say, 15 or 20 years?&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:02:14'&gt;I have a list of consultants who provide data excerpts and related areas. There is also a media index called capabilities enhancement.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:02:14'&gt;Good. Show me the index. Hold the list.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:02:31'&gt;Didn't you guys just finish an entire box of cookies?&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:02:36'&gt;Mom, the science thing makes you hungry. Besides it wasn't an entire box: You had some, too.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:02:45'&gt;One, I had one, well, maybe two. Honey it's too early for dinner. I'm working against a deadline. Can you wait about an hour?&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:02:53'&gt;Maybe.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:02:59'&gt;The lonely unappreciated scientific genius forges on, despite enormous odds.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:03:03'&gt;Right. Happy forging. Bye.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:03:07'&gt;Okay, so much for the hydrogen iodide.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:03:11'&gt;One more unit and we're done.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:03:13'&gt;No wait a second. What do you think would happen if we mix chlorine with this.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:03:20'&gt;Zach, don't do this to me, please.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:03:21'&gt;Come Mark! Where is you sense of adventure. Trust me.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:03:52'&gt;Show me this one.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:04:05'&gt;Hi, Cindy.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:04:09'&gt;Well, hi there, Cindy what's cooking today?&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:04:12'&gt;I'm cooking some strawberry cake for mom's birthday.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:04:17'&gt;A strawberry cake for mom's birthday? Okay, first let's get our equipment.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:04:20'&gt;A big spoon and mixing bowl and your special measuring cup.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:04:25'&gt;Okay.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:04:28'&gt;The first thing to do is to put the measuring cup on the scale.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:04:34'&gt;Good. Now pour in 3/4 cup of milk.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:04:42'&gt;That's it. Keep pouring.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:04:49'&gt;Cindy, you stopped. You need 1/4 cup more.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:04:53'&gt;Here, I'll show you. Fill it up to the yellow line.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:04:57'&gt;Okay.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:04:58'&gt;3/4 cup.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:05:04'&gt;That's it. Keep pouring all the way up to the yellow line.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:05:11'&gt;That's it.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:05:12'&gt;Good. Now, make sure you stir the batter until it is smooth and creamy.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:05:18'&gt;Cindy, are you finished yet?&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:05:23'&gt;Yep.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:05:24'&gt;Did you get all of the lumps out?&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:05:26'&gt;Mm-hmm.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:05:27'&gt;Okay, now put the baking bowl into the microwave, and I'll take care of the rest.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:05:33'&gt;I'll call you when it's ready then we can put on the strawberries.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:05:39'&gt;(sprinkle, sprinkle, sprinkle, sprinkle)&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:05:41'&gt;Well, Cindy, that should just about do it.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:05:43'&gt;I hope you had fun making Mom's birthday cake. I think she'll really be surprised.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:05:53'&gt;Good. save this in the presentation folder. Show me the main index again.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:06:15'&gt;It's not doing anything!&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:06:20'&gt;Good. We'll just submit the results and move on in next one.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:06:23'&gt;No, wait a min, maybe we should try heating it up.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:06:27'&gt;I can't believe this.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:06:39'&gt;show me this one.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:06:45'&gt;What? I can't hear you.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:06:53'&gt;Sorry. I said, if you'll let my advertising deficit ride for this quarter, I promise to make it up to you in the fall.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:07:02'&gt;Steph, that's what you said last year.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:07:04'&gt;I know, but this year, I'm planning a huge promotion to get ready for the holiday.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:07:08'&gt;I think we can at least double our normal business for the season.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:07:12'&gt;How much stock would you need?&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:07:14'&gt;I'm estimating about 10,000 pieces, and I want to run four weeks of full-page ads in the mailer.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:07:21'&gt;Four weeks, really?&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:07:25'&gt;I think we can work something out&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:07:27'&gt;I'll have to talk with my sales manager, but, yes, I think we can.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:07:34'&gt;Bonjour madame, heureux de vous revoir. (Hello madam, happy to see you again)&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:07:37'&gt;Bonjour Pierre. (Hello, Pierre). Nice to be back.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:07:39'&gt;Puis je vous offrir un apéritif? (Can I offer you a drink?)&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:07:41'&gt;Would you like to drink?&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:07:43'&gt;No, no, thank you.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:07:48'&gt;I think we'll just see the menu, thank you.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:07:47'&gt;Très bien madame, tout de suite. (Very good madam, right away.)&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:07:51'&gt;Impressive. I didn't know you spoke French&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:07:53'&gt;Well, I don't really, but I understand a little.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:08:01'&gt;Wow, I think we just discovered hydrocloric acid partner. Now, I'm pouring.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:08:17'&gt;Zack, I just realized something.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:08:21'&gt;And now, for the hydrogen.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:08:21'&gt;Zack, don't these halogens, as you go up the periodic table, don't they get volatile?&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:08:21'&gt;You were saying?&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:08:38'&gt;Never mind.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:08:42'&gt;Gentlemen, we can discuss this particular reaction tomorrow in lab.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:08:48'&gt;In the meantime, please, review the program on halogens before it means the end of civilization as we know it.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:08:57'&gt;I'll make sure.. right away, sir.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:09:01'&gt;Good luck.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:09:02'&gt;Some partner?&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:09:10'&gt;As we move into the 20s, we begin an era of discovery were doing even simple things can bring great power.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:09:20'&gt;Each new year brings the hope that even our bravest dreams may yet come true.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:09:25'&gt;if Quasimodo is a symbol of the last century sometimes backward ways, then people like Stephanie and Cindy are symbols of the future&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:09:37'&gt;Technology is not the only answer, but it can be and is a catalyst for change.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:09:46'&gt;Stop. Let's shut down.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:09:50'&gt;This document is unnamed. What is your title?&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:09:54'&gt;Good question.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:09:58'&gt;Hey, Einstein, you got any good ideas what I should call this thing?&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:10:02'&gt;Call what?&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:10:03'&gt;The project I'm working on.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:10:03'&gt;I don't know, you didn't finish?&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:10:07'&gt;No, I just got started really.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:10:23'&gt;Chapter 1, that's not a bad idea. Okay, you guys, let's see.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> <br /> == Introducing Alan Kay ==<br /> <br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:10:50'&gt;That's my favorite Apple video.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:10:55'&gt;My favorite quote from our next speaker is “the best way to predict the future is to invent it”.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:11:06'&gt;I've got some bad news for some of you, though. Alan Kay is not going to invent the future.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:11:15'&gt;That's right. That's your job. Alan's gonna help, though.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:11:25'&gt;He's going to challenge you to forge some new links in that organic computer between your ears.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:11:33'&gt;Please join me in welcoming Alan Kay.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> <br /> == Introduction ==<br /> <br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:11:47'&gt;Thanks for inviting me here tonight.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:11:53'&gt;With all of these projectors. I usually rate a conference by how many video projectors there are.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:12:03'&gt;Let me get rid of that guy.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:12:05'&gt;Looking at the number of video projectors there are here I have to come to the conclusion that Apple must care about our developers very very much.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:12:20'&gt;Or else John Sculley is going to give a talk tomorrow.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:12:28'&gt;Or both.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:12:35'&gt;I've given talks to the developers before, and that makes it difficult because some of my favorite things I like to show over and over and over until people get sick of them I'm not going to show tonight.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:12:50'&gt;I know. But what I'd like to do is to talk about the three things I've been interested in for more than twenty years about computing.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:13:02'&gt;And they're how do you find what you need, how do you use it once you've found it, and how do you make it into something that's closer to what you wanted.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;note for=&quot;00:13:12&quot;&gt;<br /> ''antediluvian'': Before Flood, or the age before a big change happened.<br /> &lt;/note&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:13:12'&gt;Those are sort of the three questions that got us out of the antediluvian age of the mainframe and time-sharing into what we're doing today.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:13:23'&gt;And, there's another round of these things coming up in the future.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;note for=&quot;00:13:27&quot;&gt;<br /> The video of Knowledge Navigator is available. [https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=knowledge+navigator].<br /> Alan Kay once mentioned that it would have been much stronger concept video if the assistant is portable, and carried with the person, and show the &quot;third way&quot; (&quot;intimate&quot; in &quot;Going from institutional, personal, to intimate.&quot;) in this talk.<br /> &lt;/note&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:13:27'&gt;We've talked about them in various ways. You've seen videos of the Knowledge Navigator, and you just saw another agent-based one.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> <br /> == Tools. Extension of Human Beings ==<br /> <br /> &lt;note for=&quot;00:13:36&quot;&gt;<br /> We use an incomplete list of slides we have so far.<br /> &lt;slide for=&quot;00:13:36&quot; name=&quot;WWDC90-1.JPG&quot;/&gt;<br /> &lt;slide for=&quot;00:13:41&quot; name=&quot;WWDC90-2.JPG&quot;/&gt;<br /> &lt;slide for=&quot;00:14:35&quot; name=&quot;WWDC90-3.JPG&quot;/&gt;<br /> &lt;slide for=&quot;00:17:34&quot; name=&quot;WWDC90-4.JPG&quot;/&gt;<br /> &lt;slide for=&quot;00:17:53&quot; name=&quot;WWDC90-5.JPG&quot;/&gt;<br /> &lt;/note&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:13:36'&gt;But, I thought one way of talking about it in perspective is to think of what we're trying to do is to extend human beings.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:13:49'&gt;Human beings are inescapably technology-bound in the sense that we find it almost impossible to deal with the world on any kind of direct terms.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:14:05'&gt;Part of it is because our brain can't contain the universe: what our brain contains is representations of the universe.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:14:14'&gt;And those representations can't be the universe itself.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:14:20'&gt;So, already we're at one remove as are the other animals from what we like to think of as reality.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:14:29'&gt;But we've gone much farther than that. We've put ourselves in many many degrees of remove.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:14:35'&gt;We put clothing on. We put language on. We put lots of things on.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:14:41'&gt;So everywhere we turn, technology is around except that we never think of it that way.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:14:48'&gt;Technology is all of that stuff that wasn't around when you were born, right?&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:14:53'&gt;Stuff we were born with is not technically: clothes aren't technology. Language isn't technology.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:14:58'&gt;Paper and pencil aren't technology. It's all that new stuff that's around.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:15:03'&gt;Every time we're in the process of trying to invent technology for people, we have this dilemma, which is: if we make it look like stuff that's already around they'll be comforted.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:15:16'&gt;But if it looks too much like the stuff that's already around they won't be helped much.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:15:21'&gt;Each time we have to design. It's like the central question that you ask in education all the time, which is when should it be easy and when should it be hard.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:15:32'&gt;You want to make it easy some of the time so the students won't be so discouraged that they'll give up.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:15:37'&gt;But every time you make something easy, what you're doing is exploiting structures that are already there.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:15:44'&gt;So, you're not building much there, but what you're doing is consolidating.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:15:48'&gt;And then, if things are safe enough you can risk a challenge.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:15:53'&gt;A challenge is going to be hard in various ways. And, some mental structure is going to be built.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:16:00'&gt;And then, you need to make it easy again.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:16:02'&gt;What the Mac did, I think, is to find a way to make some things that seem to be hard easy.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:16:12'&gt;What we have to do in the next few years is to find a way of getting out of the kazoo range,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:16:19'&gt;As one of the ways of thinking about it is in musical instrument terms, most musical instruments that are very expressive are difficult to learn how to play, like the violin.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:16:30'&gt;The reason is is they have an incredible number of parameters that you want to really control in order to get that expression out.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:16:39'&gt;The violin has this learning curve that is sort of like this. You have to climb up a thousand foot cliff over a period of two years before you get to do anything &lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:16:50'&gt;Then, you start progressing in various stages. What we've done on the Mac is more kazoo like.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:16:58'&gt;Taking something that people can learn to do basic operations within a few seconds.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:17:03'&gt;And, with an enormous amount more difficulty they can actually create things themselves. So, we have this.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:17:14'&gt;As long as people stay in a very simple level on the Mac everything is fine.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:17:18'&gt;But then, we have these discontinuities of pulling them up to all of the things that the computer can really do.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:17:25'&gt;The context, one way of thinking about it, is in terms of these extensions of humans.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:17:34'&gt;And the one we always think of are things like screwdrivers and wheels. Less often, we think of tools as language, tools as mathematics.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:17:46'&gt;I like to think of all of these things as extension of the grasp.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:17:53'&gt;The M-word for me is manipulation on these things.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:17:58'&gt;Even for things like mathematics. Mathematics is a way of taking things that are too abstract to deal with directly.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:18:03'&gt;Make them into little symbols, bring them down, no matter how big it is or how small it is, we can make it into something that is roughly the same size&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:18:13'&gt;We can manipulate them in a way that is almost impossible to do in the real world.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:18:20'&gt;The M-word for the tool extensions I think of as manipulation.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> <br /> == Agents as Extension of Human ==<br /> <br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:18:24'&gt;Now, we have another way of extending ourselves over the last several hundred thousand years. It's a little more subtle.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:18:30'&gt;we don't often think of it. That's by using agents. An agent is an entity that is going to be able to take on some of our goals structure.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:18:43'&gt;We've used horses as agents. We use sometimes dogs as agents. The puppy will go out and bring the paper in.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:18:53'&gt;Most of the agents that we've used throughout history are us humans.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:18:57'&gt;We must like to do that. We're social creatures.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:19:02'&gt;We have a strong propensity to want to take on other people's goals. And we also have propensity for trying to get other people to take on our goals.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:19:12'&gt;And human society has built up at that. As Lewis Mumford said he wrote a great [book]...&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;note for=&quot;00:19:17&quot;&gt;<br /> The book by Lewis Mumford is Technics and Civilization. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technics_and_Civilization|Wikipedia].<br /> &lt;/note&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:19:17'&gt;He was actually sort of an architectural critic, but he also wrote more generally about the plight of humans. He wrote a book called Technics and Civilization, which he called these structures like the structure that we have out here tonight, mega-machines.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:19:33'&gt;He said, for most of human history, [most of the structures that] most of the machines that humans have created have other humans as moving parts.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:19:44'&gt;So, we make cities. We make cultures. We have hunting groups.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:19:48'&gt;We have all different kinds of things. These are a microcosm of the general human situation.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:19:57'&gt;Of course, one of the useful thing about agents is that they can use a tool on your behalf.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:20:01'&gt;You don't have to be around when they're using the tool.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:20:07'&gt;What's even better about agents is that they can get other agents to do things.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:20:12'&gt;Agents can proliferate your goals in a way that tools are not set up to do.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:20:19'&gt;The M-word here I use is management. So, we manipulate tools, we manage agents.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:20:26'&gt;I think of tools is something that we look at and manipulate.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:20:30'&gt;And, agents are something that look at us, and we manage them.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:20:35'&gt;It was a very different way of dealing them but they are the two main ways that we've extended ourselves over the years.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> <br /> == Is Computer A Tool or an Agent? ==<br /> <br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:20:43'&gt;One of the biggest problems when computers came out is that the mainframe didn't look like either.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:20:50'&gt;Mainframe was out of human scale. Things that are out of human scale, we have mechanisms in our brain that treat them religiously.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:21:03'&gt;When it's out of human scale we start making up myths about it and there are priests and all the paraphernalia that have gone along with mainstream's over the years.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:21:15'&gt;When people started thinking about, in the late 50s or so, they started wondering both:&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:21:23'&gt;One group of people started thinking about making things into tools, and another group started thinking about making them into agents.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;note for=&quot;00:21:29&quot;&gt;<br /> The Whirlwind computer done at MIT Lincoln Labs had interactive code change and data examination. A programming experience on a later system inspired by this was described at the bottom of: [http://wiki.c2.com/?ProgrammingInTheDebugger]<br /> &lt;/note&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:21:29'&gt;Both of these ideas go back to maybe 1957 or 58. The first really good interactive debugger was was done at Lincoln Labs around 1957.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:21:42'&gt;The SAGE air defense system was done in the mid 50's.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;note for=&quot;00:21:51&quot;&gt;<br /> The advice taker paper by McCarthy is here: [http://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/mcc59.pdf].<br /> &lt;/note&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:21:51'&gt;The first pointing device called the light gun was used back then. McCarthy around 1958 wrote a paper called The Advice Taker.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:21:59'&gt;In this paper, McCarthy, who is one of the founders of AI, like this is why he got into AI, said: it is quite obvious that in the near future (unfortunately John is still alive because this hasn't happened yet but see how optimistic everyone one was back then. To him it was obvious.).&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:22:20'&gt;He said, in the near future that we will soon be embedded in the midst of an information utility that is as dense and as one-for-one as our power and light utilities.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:22:34'&gt;He realized right away that presented with a wealth of such resources that there'd be no possible way you could deal with these things directly.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:22:47'&gt;So he said we have to have something like that I'm calling an advice taker, which is an artificial intelligence whose job it is to try and take on our goal structures and work on them autonomously.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:22:58'&gt;And the way we will deal with it is we'll give it advice. In other words, we'll manage it. We won't program it. We'll manage it.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;note for='00:23:05'&gt;<br /> MCC was a research consortium to complete against Japanese Fifth-Generation Computer Project. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microelectronics_and_Computer_Technology_Corporation].<br /> The Cyc project is going at Cycorp inc. [http://www.cyc.com/].<br /> &lt;/note&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:23:05'&gt;This started off (a very long-standing...) It's gone on for many many years now, the latest most interesting thing like what John McCarthy wanted to do is a project called Cyc, which is a model of human common-sense done at MCC by Doug Lenat.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;note for=&quot;00:23:26&quot;&gt;<br /> The book is Building &quot;Large Knowledge-Based Systems; Representation and Inference in the Cyc Project&quot; by Lenat and R.V. Guha, published in 1990.<br /> &lt;/note&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:23:26'&gt;If you're interested in I refer you to that work. he's also at Stanford and he's just written a pretty good book about it.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:23:33'&gt;This goes all the way back to McCarthy's original ideas on this. It is a very hard problem.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:23:41'&gt;But McCarthy's insight was very strong because we are going to be embedded in the midst of an information utility.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:23:51'&gt;It's happening willy-nilly. AT&amp;T could have done it after the divestiture, but they were frightened of the idea.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:24:59'&gt;Somebody told them they had a network, they said: &quot;network? We thought we had a telephone!&quot;&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:24:04'&gt;And, they fired the guy they had originally gotten in to do this project called Baby Bell, which was going to be a pervasive network in the early 80s that people could write applications to.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:24:16'&gt;But the point is that we're just now starting to go into a change as large, I believe, as the one from the mainframes to what you're doing today.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:24:28'&gt;And the question is how frightening is it actually going to be.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> <br /> == Seeds of Transition from Institutionalized Computing to Personal Computing ==<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:24:35'&gt;Well, I got a big surprise. I this is the first personal computer I did it was called the FLEX machine. (Must be a critic.)&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:24:46'&gt;it's called the FLEX machine.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;note for=&quot;00:24:50&quot;&gt;<br /> Doug Engelbart Institute website [http://www.dougengelbart.org/] has large collection of his group's work.<br /> &lt;/note&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:24:50'&gt;I did it, inspired by the work of Doug Engelbart over here at SRI. Great guy.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:24:59'&gt;This is one of the great things about our business is that we've compressed to 400 years of ordinary history of Technology into 40.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:25:09'&gt;So, all of these great people who have these original ideas are still alive and we can tell them that...&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:25:13'&gt;you know, giving a testimonial to somebody after they're dead really stinks but, it's wonderful that these people, &lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:25:21'&gt;who are real heroes because they did this stuff when it was really hard.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:25:25'&gt;We think it's hard now, but it's not even, not even close to what it was like back then.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:25:30'&gt;I think of him as the actual father of personal computing.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:25:34'&gt;He didn't do the first personal computer, that was done at Lincoln Labs in in 1962.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:25:41'&gt;But, he was the guy who thought about the users relationship to the machine in the way we think of today with with personal computing.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:25:48'&gt; I think that's the most important part of it. So, I got really excited. The main bug in the Engelbart's thing is he tried to do it on time sharing.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:25:56'&gt;You don't have enough cycles to do user interface the way it needs to be done. So, it was just getting, this is 1967 or so.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:26:08'&gt;(The chip,) General Instruments I think it was a company that no longer is with us had just come out with a marvelous chip that had 512 bits on it.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:26:19'&gt;It's 512 bit ROM.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;note for=&quot;00:26:25&quot;&gt;<br /> Core Rope Memory on Wikipedia [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core_rope_memory].<br /> &lt;/note&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:26:25'&gt;You know how we went to the moon? You guys have ever seen anything called core rope?&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:26:34'&gt;The way they program computers with read-only memory before then was they had magnetic cores which are about this big, and they were magnetized.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:26:40'&gt;You program them by stringing wire through them. Each core would have as many wires as you could string through it.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:26:49'&gt;Each wire was a sense wire.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:26:52'&gt;The computer that the astronauts went to the moon on was a program by a tangle of wire of about two cubic feet that was held onboard of that spacecraft.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:27:03'&gt;So, 512-bit rom was a big deal. It meant we could do micro coding in a way that would not completely drive us crazy.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:27:13'&gt;But, the problem with this approach and I think the approach of this middle way of going about it is that Engelbart's user interface was too violin-like.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:27:25'&gt;If you're willing to spend many many hours getting expert at it you could do truly amazing things.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:27:31'&gt;There's a real discontinuity. In 1968, I saw a terrific system done at RAND which did hand character recognition.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:27:41'&gt;That changed my whole notion about machines because Engelbart's way of thinking about it was that the mainframe is sort of like a railroad, and somebody needs to be Henry Ford.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:27:56'&gt;We don't want IBM or these big companies telling us what we can do with a computer.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:27:59'&gt;Everybody needs their own personal vehicle and that was a very powerful metaphor back then.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:28:05'&gt;But the thing that struck me when I saw the GRAIL system was that the computer is much more like paper.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:28:13'&gt;It's more like dynamic paper, and that changes every relationship because on a car we wait until people are 18 or so until they learned how to drive, which is really ridiculous when you think of it that's the most dangerous period to learn how to drive.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:28:28'&gt;10 year ten-year-old kid is much more sensible.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:28:37'&gt;This idea that if the thing is media, if it's like paper than it should extend in the world of childhood and it's a completely different relationship.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:28:47'&gt;It's an intimate relationship. So, we wind up with these neat slides that Larry Tesler did a couple years ago which is a way of characterizing these three major ways.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:29:03'&gt;You can think of it as like the institutional, the mainframe computer is sort of like the Ptolemaic system of astronomy.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:29:12'&gt;The middle one is sort of like Newtonian physics.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:29:15'&gt;The one on the right hand side is maybe the theory of relativity or something modern.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> <br /> == The Transition is not Incremental, but Qualitatively Different Relationship ==<br /> <br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:29:21'&gt;The important idea that these are huge. They are not progressive changes that are just about computers getting smaller.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:29:27'&gt;They're actually changes in point of view. Big changes in the relationship of the user to the machine.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:29:34'&gt;I'll just give you one example: if you take the mainframe, 3270 glass teletype screens way of doing things,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:29:46'&gt;and that extends to the IBM PC because the IBM PC was sort of a way of doing a small mainframe without adding any new insights into how you were to interact with it.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:30:00'&gt;The basic idea of user interface on these machines is to think of it as access to function.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:30:09'&gt;Machine has their function keys, control keys.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:30:14'&gt;What we want to do in the user interface is do access to function.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:30:17'&gt;A lot of people who are trying to fit MS-DOS applications to MS Windows are simply mapping function keys into pulldown menus.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:30:28'&gt;They think of it as access to function. Now, it's not with what the Mac, in this middle category, is about at all.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:30:33'&gt;What the Mac is about is making the users aware of what the possibilities are.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:30:40'&gt;It's number one task is to gently teach you all the things that it can do and make you aware each time what can be done next.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:30:50'&gt;Putting things into pulldown menus as a primary strategy is a terrible one.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:30:56'&gt;When I see a Mac application that has no visible menus, I say: &quot;oh-oh, this thing probably ran on an IBM PC at some point and they're just trying to put Bearnaise sauce on the hot dog.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:31:11'&gt;But you have to do more. You have to change the user's relationship to the system and realize that your major task is to have the users learn as they go along.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:31:20'&gt;Just as that is a such a large revolution that most of the people who are trying to imitate it don't understand it.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> <br /> == Intimate Computing Will Be Proactive Engine == <br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:31:29'&gt;We're just starting on the next revolution which is going to be equally cataclysmic because the computer that goes wherever we are will probably not even have an on/off switch.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:31:41'&gt;It's not going to be a standalone laptop. It almost certainly will be hooked into digital cellular.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:31:47'&gt;It will not just be your phone, but it will be constantly trickling down information by means of agents.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:31:47'&gt;So that you will rarely have to do a proactive thing on the computer.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:32:01'&gt;You will have a kind of panorama of the up-to-date resources that you need as you go along.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:32:13'&gt;So, this change from reactive, my thesis in 1969 it was about the FLEX machine, I call it the reactive engine. The Mac is a reactive engine.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:32:23'&gt;But, what we're going to have in the next few years is a proactive engine.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:32:27'&gt;That's a proactive engine that's going to be embedded in a pervasive network.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:32:33'&gt;Not like local area net, not sharing files, but ones in which we are going to get resources not in a computer store.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:32:43'&gt;But, somebody in Timbuktu is going to write us an application.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:32:48'&gt;They don't know about us but they're going to write a component that is exactly what we want and our agent is going to find it for us.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:32:56'&gt;It better not be in Sanskrit when it shows up. So we have this problem.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:33:01'&gt;How do we find things? Right now, we find them by going to a store or that's usually on a floppy, sometimes on a local area net.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:33:11'&gt;How do we make use of those things once we found them?&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:33:16'&gt;And, how do we make them more into the thing that we actually wanted?&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:33:19'&gt;Those are the three questions that I want to ask over and over because I think these are the driving questions for the next 10 years.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:33:28'&gt;And, that the major difference is that we're asking those questions now in the Macintosh.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:33:32'&gt;A few years from now, we're going to have to start seriously asking them about an entirely new way of doing computing.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> <br /> == What is Relevant is Finding Important Information ==<br /> <br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:33:42'&gt;So, these are a couple of Larry's examples, which I think are particularly nice.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:33:46'&gt;People worried about response time on the mainframe.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:33:51'&gt;3090. Today typical 3090 in a public utilities that I'm familiar with, you get 0.05 MIPSs per user.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:33:51'&gt;It has lots.. that, you know, it's about a 30 MIPS machines but there are 450 terminals on it.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;note for=&quot;00:34:09&quot;&gt;<br /> A Wikipedia page on path length: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instruction_path_length].<br /> &lt;/note&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:34:09'&gt;What they worry about when they do software on it is what they call path length.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:34:13'&gt;(because) Does anybody in this room ever heard the expression path length? Right.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:34:20'&gt;I rest my case. Path length is all a talk at about in companies like Arthur Andersen and IBM.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:34:27'&gt;Path length is how many millions of instructions have to be executed by the mainframe before you get a response back to the terminal.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:34:38'&gt;Right? We don't worry about that. Instead, what we're in is a horsepower race.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:34:43'&gt;Most of you here are too young to remember the 50s. This is before the gas wars. In the 50s, we had these great old Dodges with 450 horsepower.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:34:54'&gt;They got about 6 miles to the gallon, and they made a lot of noise.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:34:57'&gt;You could lay a strip of rubber a block long and these things. That's where we are right now.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:35:04'&gt;Everybody is sort of thrusting around with a number of MIPS that they have.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:35:13'&gt;But, believe me, it's irrelevant. Totally irrelevant because all we're going to we're worried about five and ten years from now is access.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:35:25'&gt;We're gonna have tons of MIPS. 50 to 100 MIPS in 1995 easy.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:35:30'&gt;Much more than that, actually. (It's) We're going to be drowned in MIPS.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:35:35'&gt;We won't know what to do with the MIPS. In fact, the MIPS are going to disappear from our view just like path length is something that we no longer think about.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:35:46'&gt;We're going to worry about: can we find what we need out of the trillion objects or more that we're connected to dynamically.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:35:54'&gt;Can we find it?&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> <br /> == Integrate Information Key Ideas about Dynamic Linking ==<br /> <br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:36:00'&gt;Integrate information, what is something that is closer to home. We don't on a mainframe.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:36:04'&gt;The Mac does it by cutting and pasting, and I think everybody believes that what we need is dynamic linking of various kinds.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;note for=&quot;00:36:12&quot;&gt;<br /> System 7 was a version of Mac OS. The linking feature was Publish and Subscribe [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publish_and_Subscribe_(Mac_OS)].<br /> &lt;/note&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:36:12'&gt;System 7 has a way of doing dynamic linking. But, dynamic linking is more than just passing information from one place to another.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:36:22'&gt;Philosophically, dynamic linking is much more important.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:36:26'&gt;Dynamic linking means I have more dimensions in the computer than I ever have in my information space.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:36:35'&gt;You have this wonderful wonderful thing you can do.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:36:44'&gt;If you give me two dimensions and I make a spot here in a spot here I've generated the idea of distance.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:36:54'&gt;If you give me one more dimension I can always get rid of the distance.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:36:59'&gt;And the computer is that thing that always has one more dimension than any dimension of data that we have.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:37:04'&gt;One way of thinking about linking is in the classical way of thinking about linking.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:37:10'&gt;But a stronger ways to thinking of it is, what you're trying to do, is get a higher dimensional space on the data that people are interested in then the data has itself.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:37:19'&gt;If you can do that, then you can get all of the relevant stuff seem to be in the same place.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:37:26'&gt;A critical insight first had by Engelbart. &lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> <br /> == Feel of Interaction ==<br /> <br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:37:29'&gt;Feel of interaction. It feels like editing on a 3270 or an IBM PC. Layout on the Mac, you're moving around 2D things.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:37:39'&gt;Larry says orchestration, but I like to use the word conducting because what we're going to be manipulating on the in this next revolution is going to be active, proactive, objects not passive ones.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:37:58'&gt;Issue commands. Again, think of Institutional, well, you have to remember and type.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;note for=&quot;00:38:02&quot;&gt;<br /> Standard Operating Procedure manuals.<br /> &lt;/note&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:38:02'&gt;You know, there are all of these SOP manuals.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:38:05'&gt;I just had this amusing experience now I was spending thirty five minutes trying to take a Mac portable out of Apple.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:38:18'&gt;And, I had already signed for it in one place, but nobody had thought to give the guards a Mac with a link into the database that happened to know that I'd already signed for it.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:38:33'&gt;We don't use badges down in (..) Now, we don't use no stinking badges down in Los Angeles.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:38:43'&gt;In fact, nobody knew that I was kosher. It took a very very long time to get the thing.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:38:49'&gt;If anybody who'd like to steal a Mac portable, I can tell you it can be done in 35 minutes.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:39:00'&gt;This progression is coming from remembering type, seeing point on the Mac, visual, and then ask and tell and gesture.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:39:11'&gt;Going from institutional, personal, to intimate.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:39:19'&gt;Groupware is big. I think this is probably one of the topics of conversation developers are starting to bitch at Apple about servers and networks. Keep on.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:39:35'&gt;Now, because you have to realize that we have a symbiotic relationship with you.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:39:45'&gt;You are making our company by providing the content that runs on our machines. We're trying to help by doing some of the research.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:39:52'&gt;But in order for us all to get into this third phase and not leave it up to somebody like the Japanese to do, we have to be willing to turn the corner at the same time.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:40:02'&gt;And so the more the developers agitate for support for getting into this third way, this third paradigm of computing, the more easy it is for Apple to decide to do it.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:40:12'&gt;It works both ways.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> <br /> == Difference in Programming Models: COBOL vs. Object-Oriented ==<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:40:17'&gt;Here's an interesting one.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:40:21'&gt;The first thing probably is foreign to you, but it's what goes on in the other world out there. That world slightly to the east of the San Andreas Fault.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;note for=&quot;00:40:36&quot;&gt;<br /> This project was for Brooklyn Union Gas. A paper titled &quot;Object-oriented development at Brooklyn Union Gas&quot; by John Davis and Tom Morgan exists.<br /> &lt;/note&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:40:36'&gt;What happens is companies like Arthur Andersen get hired by a public utility as an example to do a billing program.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:40:47'&gt;They sit down and they have these design tools, and they figure: &quot;hmm, this program is going to take about 1.6 million lines of COBOL to do.&quot;&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:41:00'&gt;this is an actual example now. I can't tell you that I'm on Arthur Andersen's Advisory Board.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:41:06'&gt;So, I get to see stuff like this. &quot;1.6 million lines of COBOL, and we'll take about 250 people three years to do.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:41:17'&gt;And, that will be 22 million dollars, please.&quot; Okay, they do this all the time. Their gross is about 1.5 billion.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:41:26'&gt;An enormous large number of that comes from these kinds of jobs. 3090 mainframe 450 terminals. Got to have a good response time and all that stuff.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:41:36'&gt;It's unbelievable what they do. They use these CASE tools. CASE tools are an orthotic brace for hopelessly crippled patient.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:41:52'&gt;They come up with these custom applications. Now, in this middle personal area, the Mac sort of acts like it's object-oriented on the outside and a little bit less object-oriented inside.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:42:07'&gt;But, we're all supposed to be thinking object-oriented. So, it's a whole different way of doing things.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:42:13'&gt;Just to give you an example, because the Arthur people are interest in object-oriented stuff, I said: &quot;Well, instead of doing this thing with 1.6 million lines of COBOL, why don't you try and convince the public utility to try doing at an object-oriented form, and let's see what happens.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:42:33'&gt;So, they did and they had some people who've been doing object-oriented programming for five years at Arthur.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:42:40'&gt;Now, the problem was there wasn't any object-oriented system on the mainframe so they had to build one.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:42:46'&gt;So they prototyped it in Smalltalk. And then, on the mainframe they wrote an object-oriented environment using PL/1 macros, and implemented this billing system.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:43:03'&gt;Here's the interesting thing. A year and a half later, they were done. They did it with 30 people.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:43:10'&gt;And, the code size was 110,000 lines of PL/1 code, counting the code they had to write for the environment.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:43:18'&gt;So, that's a factor of about 14 and a half reduction in code size.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:43:24'&gt;A year less, and about a factor of 8 less people. They were able to certify the system in a month, instead of a year, because they're able to make changes and additions and fix bugs and stuff much more quickly.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:43:43'&gt;This project is now being written up as a case study.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:43:43'&gt;This is an amusing project to me because it is, simultaneously, the smallest mainframe program that has this functionality, and the largest object-oriented program that has ever been written.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:44:02'&gt;Anything that's over an order of magnitude should catch our attention as a way of dealing with things.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:44:09'&gt;The thing that shocked me about this was not that they got some improvement in code size, but the fact that the improvement was greater at that size of code.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:44:21'&gt;Basically, probably it says something really ugly about COBOL.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:44:26'&gt;Maybe then, instead of something good about object-oriented programming but I was aghast because I've seen typical factors of ten improvements on what I think of as large programs but are very small by this scale.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:44:41'&gt;But, the idea of having it go actually up to almost a factor of 15 on a job this size was shocking.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:44:47'&gt;And, we're now getting it at this position where we can't afford not to do object-oriented programs on the machine we dearly love namely the Mac.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:44:56'&gt;We have to do it.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:45:01'&gt;This is not a plea for Apple events, but it's just to get you to realize that what Apple events are about is to try and find an object-oriented protocol for things that are big and ugly inside, but are nonetheless going to have to be treated as objects in order to make progression as far as integration is concerned.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> <br /> == Objects to Components ==<br /> <br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:45:23'&gt;Now, the important thing is if you take a look at the right-hand panel there, what we see is not generic tools.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:45:30'&gt;The generic tool is like a spreadsheet, like a desktop publishing system.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:45:35'&gt;We can't afford to have those anymore guys. We cannot afford to have one company like lecture set try and do all the tools you need to do to do desktop publishing.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;note for='00:45:47'&gt;<br /> Lotus Jazz. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotus_Jazz].<br /> &lt;/note&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:45:47'&gt;You can't do is like Lotus's failed attempt with Jazz.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:45:51'&gt;You just can't build in all of those tools.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:45:53'&gt;What you really want to do when you do a system like that, is make an operating system for doing desktop publishing.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:46:01'&gt;It's a Finder for desktop publishing.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:46:02'&gt;You want, you can build in a few tools, but you should let fourth-party developers build in those extra fancy tools in the toolbox.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:46:14'&gt;Think of what it actually means. You know, the person who comes up with the best one of these is always going to get bought.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:46:22'&gt;That's the operating system part of the thing.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:46:24'&gt;But, you can spread the risk, and widen the functionality by getting other people to develop tools for yourself.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:46:30'&gt;This is why you have to go object-oriented. You don't want to go object-oriented in the way that Smalltalk went many years ago.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:46:37'&gt;Smalltalk is almost 20 years old now. It's a middle kind of object-oriented system.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:46:43'&gt;You want to go object-oriented in the way on the right, which is towards components.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:46:48'&gt;Let's think of what the destiny of a component actually is.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:46:52'&gt;Well, it's to me, if you move a piece of data from one place to another, you're doing all sorts of awful things.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:47:02'&gt;Because you're giving the receiving end permission to zero out any of the fields. Data is quite unprotected.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:47:09'&gt;You're requiring the receiving end to write a lot of code to understand the data and use the data.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:47:14'&gt;If you ever change the format of the data you're requiring the receiving end to be able to take on transmitted changes of those formats.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:47:22'&gt;This is really ugly. It's a terrible way of doing things.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:47:27'&gt;If you move an object, classical object, from one place to the other, all the important code that knows about the internal formats and stuff goes with it.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:47:36'&gt;This is the promise of object-oriented programming. But you still have to write code in its receiving end.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:47:42'&gt;In order for that object to be a component, it has to adhere to some sort of standard protocol.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:47:47'&gt;That's what Apple events is supposed to be about. But I think you can see that that is not going to last in the world of pervasive networking, right?&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:47:56'&gt;It's so hard, you know, the joke is that the only people smart enough to do a standard are too dumb to do a good one.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:48:04'&gt;So the idea that we can go into the world of pervasive networking with upwards more than a million applications, hundreds of millions of things that are going to be transmitted around, and have them adhere all to the same protocol was farcical.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:48:21'&gt;So what do we have to do? Well, these components have to be self configuring.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:48:26'&gt;They have to be things that when they are sent to a receiver, they can configure themselves, so they may have a completely different protocol than the receiver can do.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:48:39'&gt;But the receiver and the sender have to be able to work out what the protocol is going to be.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:48:43'&gt;That means that the components have to be much more self describing, even than objects are.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:48:49'&gt;This is a real challenge. It has not been done successfully. At the end of this talk, I'm going to show you a couple of examples of some experiments in this because I think it's a really interesting way of thinking about the future.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> <br /> == Tools Change Very Slowly: Screwdriver ==<br /> <br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:49:06'&gt;Finally, what's the key to all this stuff? Well, if you ask somebody for a screwdriver, and they just give you this, you would get very angry.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:49:15'&gt;They say: &quot;what's wrong? You know I'm giving you a screwdriver this is a mainframe. This is the functional part of it. What are you complaining about?&quot;&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:49:24'&gt;You say, &quot;well, no. I want the user interface.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:49:28'&gt;Because if I don't do that, I'm not going to have a tool. Now, when I was making this slide, I looked at this and it occurred to me that this was the dumbest design for a screwdriver that I'd ever saw.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:49:40'&gt;I'd never looked at it before. I was thinking that, wow, the mechanical advantage is the ratio of the diameter of the handle to the diameter of the shaft.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;note for=&quot;00:49:50&quot;&gt;<br /> Alan was gesturing the way where his palm would be on the side of the handle.<br /> &lt;/note&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:49:50'&gt;That's small. I get the most purchase on it by grabbing it like this, but I do it like this it slides off the screw.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;note for=&quot;00:49:56&quot;&gt;<br /> Here, his palm is at the end of handle but only fingers are used to turn the handle.<br /> &lt;/note&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:49:56'&gt;If I hold it the way it wants me to do I get very little leverage.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:50:59'&gt;As I started thinking &quot;what should a screwdriver look like?&quot; What should it look like?&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:50:05'&gt;A ball. Does anybody ever seen a screwdriver like that? Yeah. Somebody said this is...&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:50:15'&gt;Now it now what's interesting, I have a book from Diderot encyclopedia, which is published in France in the 1700s.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:50:22'&gt;And, there are screwdrivers in there that look exactly like the ones we buy in Sears today.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:50:27'&gt;So this is the MS-DOS of screwdrivers.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:50:36'&gt;But the moral of the story is that screwdrivers were made like this for literally hundreds of years.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:50:44'&gt;Hundreds of years, and nobody thought &quot;gee, it should look more like a ball&quot;, until recently.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:50:51'&gt;That's what we have to always be looking at.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:50:52'&gt;Just because something has been around for a long time. just because C has been around for a long time.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:51:04'&gt;What you want to ask is this thing an old kind of tools, or is this a new kind of tool?&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:51:09'&gt;User interface is the key here.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> <br /> == User Interface as the way to change the relationship ==<br /> <br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:51:14'&gt;The important idea in the user interface is that you can change the relationship of the user to his knowledge by giving them a different kind of representation system to think about it in terms of.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:51:29'&gt;That is a key notion. It is incredibly difficult to deal with numbers in terms of Roman numerals.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:51:39'&gt;I was just telling somebody today only the nerds in 60 BC could multiply numbers together. right?&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:51:46'&gt;There in any population, 5% of the people are natural-born nerds for whatever it is.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:51:53'&gt;We're all in this room together. But the other 95% have other, more reasonable, more balanced pursuits.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:52:07'&gt;The way of getting them to do multiplication [of] two [numbers] is to come up with Arabic notation that has a simple algorithm and then everybody can learn how to do it.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:52:17'&gt;If you want to communicate with an animal, then come up with a representation system that will link what you want to communicate with what the animal can deal with.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:52:26'&gt;This is an example of a chimpanzee doing a symbolic language in terms of icons that work quite well some years ago.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:52:37'&gt;So that's what we want to get interested in. So let's just take a look at a couple of examples here that I think are important to consider.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:52:45'&gt;the first one is how do we find our resources today. Well, generally we go into a store, sometimes we get it on the network, but we don't have an interesting way of finding things today.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:53:00'&gt;How do we make use of what we found.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:53:05'&gt;Well, we have a user interface that seems to work pretty well. Let me give you an example.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> <br /> == Lara uses Mac: Similarity among Applications ==<br /> <br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:53:22'&gt;This is a 22 month old little girl and her her mother is my accountant.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:53:31'&gt;Both their parents, when this was taken, worked at home. Each of them had a Macintosh.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:53:40'&gt;When I found out the little girl was interested in computers I gave her an Apple II, which she rejected.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:53:48'&gt;This is about 1985, and I originally used this video to try and convince Apple that they should put a hard disk in every machine.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:54:02'&gt;So, I want to warn you that this is not a first time user you're looking at. So, don't be impressed here.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:54:07'&gt;She's been using the Mac already for about six months.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:54:12'&gt;Now, even though this interface was originally developed with children in mind, it was still a little startling to see a 22 months old use it like this.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:54:23'&gt;But of course, why shouldn't she be able to use visible menus and MacPaint.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:54:29'&gt;That seems reasonable enough. So, she starts doing things, and. I said: &quot;all right, I believe this. This is not too impressive.&quot;&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:54:39'&gt;But what happened next really amazed me. She wants to get a clean sheet of paper.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:54:44'&gt;So she goes up to the close box of the window, and she saves her old drawing using the pop-up and then she goes to the pulldown to get a new one and she's off and rolling again.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:55:10'&gt;[This was sewing] That doesn't make you want to buy a Mac?&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;note for='00:55:22'&gt;<br /> Somebody presumably joked about wanting to buy a child, not a Mac.<br /> &lt;/note&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:55:22'&gt;that's what's great about children. You can make them. you don't have to buy them.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:55:31'&gt;This was so intriguing that we took about another nine hours of her doing various things on the Mac.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:55:40'&gt;And, we discovered that she was about 70% literate in the Mac user interface.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:55:46'&gt;She could even start up a really hard application like PageMaker.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:55:52'&gt;She could make some marks in it. She could print the marks out. She could save them, get them back.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:55:58'&gt;About 70% of the things you expect from one Mac app to another, it was already part of her vocabulary at age 22 months.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:56:07'&gt;The mouse for her was about the size of a brick. But because of it, it was actually more stable than a pen.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:56:15'&gt;She couldn't really use crayons yet but she could use the mouse in a in a sensible way.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:56:22'&gt;Our solution to .. how do you use it once you've found it is that we want the Mac applications to be similar so that when you learn one you've learned 70% of the next one.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:56:34'&gt;Every time we do that, we're actually helping not just ourselves but we're helping our colleague developers, because you guys are really colleagues you aren't competitors&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:56:46'&gt;Every time the synergy goes together, especially when you start doing components for each other, it'll be (much more) something where everybody will be much more of a win-win situation, because every time somebody does something that can act as a repository for other things everybody gets to implement towards it&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:57:07'&gt;Now, in this world, how do we make it more like what we'd like it? that is really hard.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:57:14'&gt;Hypercard, we can go in and look at a script and move a button around.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:57:20'&gt;All the applications you guys are doing are not that way.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:57:24'&gt;You ever opened the hood of a Cadillac? If you wanted to find the carburetor you wouldn't even know where to look for it even if it had one.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:57:33'&gt;It can't fire off one cylinder without energizing about a hundred thousand transistors.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;note for=&quot;00:57:39&quot;&gt;<br /> The nickname of the Model T is Tin Lizzie, which is used to symbolize the VPRI's later work, including the domain name of this site.<br /> &lt;/note&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:57:39'&gt;There's nothing like a Model T. That's what it's like if the users are allowed to pop the hood of your applications.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:57:46'&gt;There's very little that they can do to customize it and yet every user that you have within the first month of using your tools has ideas about the way it should actually be.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:57:58'&gt;You give them something like an application written in HyperCard you can watch them making little changes.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:58:03'&gt;Maybe one or two changes a week is all they do, but after a few months, they've got it much more like the way they would like it to be.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:58:11'&gt;In order to get ahead, you're going to have to start thinking about making your applications that way.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:58:17'&gt;Because that will give you the possibility of doing something like this.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:58:29'&gt;This is a an application like MacDraw.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;note for='00:58:37'&gt;<br /> Egghead Software [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egghead_Software].<br /> &lt;/note&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:58:37'&gt;This one you might only spend 99 bucks for at Egghead. But in fact, this movie was taken in 1975.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;note for=&quot;00:58:48&quot;&gt;<br /> Possibly by Susan Hamet. See. [http://worrydream.com/EarlyHistoryOfSmalltalk]<br /> &lt;/note&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:58:48'&gt;This application, not the drawing here, but the application was designed and implemented by a twelve-year-old child.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:58:55'&gt;So, this is an example of end-user programming. This is almost impossible to do in HyperCard because she's not using pre-done graphics primitives here.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:59:05'&gt;She did the graphics programming herself as well.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:59:08'&gt;The entire amount of code she had to write for this was about 50 lines of code.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:59:14'&gt;About one page of code to do this application.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:59:17'&gt;This horrifies college professors when I suggest they do this as a term project for their beginning programming class because it's too hard in pascal.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:59:27'&gt;But, this is the kind of thing that when you think of the system ahead of time as being something that the end user is going to do more with than just twitch parameters you've set then you'll design it in a different way.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:59:50'&gt;What you'd like to see is even if you've got a Cadillac down there, and most of you guys have Ferraris, written in things much worse than C, screaming machine code.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='01:00:02'&gt;Even if you've got all that stuff down there, what you should start thinking about doing is give the user a Model T version of it to look at.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='01:00:10'&gt;When they pop the hood there's a schematic version of what you have optimized down below and let them change some of those things.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='01:00:18'&gt;It'll change their entire way of dealing with the Machine and thinking about you.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='01:00:31'&gt;What about agents? Similar to the screwdriver, if you want functionality with an agent you get one without a head.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='01:00:42'&gt;You need language and context to go along with it, and finally you get an agent who can actually do something for you.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='01:00:52'&gt;The important thing to remember is that the agent is watching you. You're not watching it so much anymore. It's watching you.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='01:00:59'&gt;And, you want it to track your goals in an extremely high-resolution way.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> <br /> == An example of Computer Agent: The Synthetic Performer ==<br /> <br /> &lt;subtitle id='01:01:04'&gt;I thought for quite a while and what can I show you that will illustrate an agent track and goals.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;note for=&quot;01:01:19&quot;&gt;<br /> The work is called The Synthetic Performer by Barry Vercoe with Larry Beauregard. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vOYky8MmrEU]<br /> &lt;/note&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='01:01:09'&gt;And, I found an agent done at MIT that I think illustrates this idea.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='01:01:19'&gt;Here, the computer is playing the harpsichord.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='01:02:03'&gt;Well, that's impressive, but of course the flute player didn't make any mistakes, and that ain't the way it really goes.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='01:02:11'&gt;How did that work? Well, the computer had a model of the whole set of goals to be accomplished, including what it was supposed to do, and what the human was trying to accomplish.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='01:02:22'&gt;It was tracking both of them, and making some judgments about what the guy was playing expressively and so forth.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='01:02:29'&gt;But you'd really like this thing to be extremely robust in terms of errors.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='01:02:35'&gt;So here's an example of that same flute player now playing much more like an amateur, or the way we would be actually dealing with this situation.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='01:03:30'&gt;You can imagine the computer say: &quot;what is this guy doing?&quot;&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='01:03:36'&gt;You think about what was going on there it's fairly sophisticated, because it doesn't know whether he's playing expressively or he's made a mistake.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='01:03:44'&gt;It doesn't know where he's going to go to to pick up again. So it has to kind of noodle around, be looking pattern-matching ahead in the immediate space of where they were trying to figure out when the guy is getting back on the track again.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='01:03:58'&gt;That's precisely what our agent based software is going to have to do.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='01:04:02'&gt;This is one of the first tasks. The interesting thing about agents is they don't have to be terribly smart.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='01:04:08'&gt;This one is not terribly smart, and it works quite well.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;note for=&quot;01:04:11&quot;&gt;<br /> (Work at the ATARI Research. Not the one Alan describes but related work from ATARI Research can be seen here: [https://www.youtube.com/edit?o=U&amp;video_id=KMKVTbcF2ro]<br /> &lt;/note&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='01:04:11'&gt;One of the first agents I designed is one that simply stayed up all night and found you the newspaper you'd most like to read next morning.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='01:04:20'&gt;It did it by looking at 12 different databases, spending hours sifting through things.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='01:04:26'&gt;When it found something that looked interesting, it had a video disc with 45,000 pictures of famous people on it.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='01:04:35'&gt; So, if Mitterrand was mentioned in an article, it would find a picture of Mitterrand. Another one had 37,000 maps on it. So, if Paris was mentioned it could find you a map of Paris.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='01:04:46'&gt;You know would do the kinds of things people do and they gather newspaper articles, and would present it to you as a laid out thing next morning.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='01:04:53'&gt;The headline might say new fighting in Afghanistan, or it might say your three o'clock meeting was cancelled today because one of the news sources that went after was your own electronic mail.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='01:05:04'&gt;So something important to come in at night, the agent would recognize &quot;oh this is important I'd better make it a headline.&quot;&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='01:05:11'&gt;This is one of the hundred most interesting things I found tonight.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='01:05:15'&gt;You can imagine a sidebar saying your children slept well last night, right?&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='01:05:22'&gt;The idea is that every time a technology comes along it redefines news.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='01:05:26'&gt;The major thing about agents is not how smart they are. This is why in some sense these futuristic videos we do at Apple are misleading because they always show these incredibly smart agents.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='01:05:38'&gt;It's what what we call the Beethoven complex in AI, which is the belief by most AI funders that you have to do something much better than a human before it's interesting.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='01:05:47'&gt;whereas in truth we can't even do a decent cat yet.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='01:05:58'&gt;The important thing is to realize that it is not the intelligence of the agent that is making it so useful, but its ability to act autonomously.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='01:06:06'&gt;The places where it can best act autonomously are in information retrieval over enormously large possibilities.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='01:06:14'&gt;Possibilities that are so large you would never be able to do them by hand or ever want to.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='01:06:19'&gt;I believe that the first agents that are going to be commercially viable are going to be all of that kind.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='01:06:24'&gt;They won't have a guy with a bowtie. they won't need a guy with a bowtie.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='01:06:32'&gt;You know, eventually at some point, when the agent gets smart enough to start making you think anthropomorphic thoughts you're going to have to do something to let the user understand at what level of intelligence this thing is operating at.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='01:06:46'&gt;So you will have something like a cartoon character.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='01:06:49'&gt;But initially, the most important idea is that agents can do things for you while you're somewhere else.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='01:06:55'&gt;It's taken an amazing number of decades to do the simplest agent that anybody ever thought of.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='01:07:01'&gt;That's the one that automatically downloads your mail onto your hard disk while you're doing other things.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='01:07:08'&gt;It's unbelievable to me. The first good mail system I ever used fifteen years ago did that.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='01:07:17'&gt;This is sort of an Apple problem in a sense is that the the people who did Apple link refused to admit that most Mac's have hard disks on them.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='01:07:27'&gt;Because of that, they make you wait for the modem, and wait for the modem.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='01:07:30'&gt;You don't have to wait for the modem! An agent can download the stuff, and have it ready to go, and it can even do some of the reading of it while you're doing.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='01:07:37'&gt;Why don't one of you guys do one of those things?&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='01:07:41'&gt;In credit, you know, because you can do agents now. So start doing it. We need them.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='01:07:49'&gt;The only way we can get better on this stuff is to have a lot of things to use and to criticize.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='01:07:53'&gt;It's the most important aspect. So, this is sort of an old farts talk, I realize.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='01:08:01'&gt;I'm working on my old farts merit badge.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='01:08:07'&gt;But the way we make progress here is by trying to go for the good stuff, trying to find a romantic ideal, and realizing and having faith that the money will come by doing something good.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='01:08:22'&gt;That's how the Mac got there in the first place. The Mac was a romantic ideal of trying to change people's relationship with the computer.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='01:08:30'&gt;Now, we're all making money on it, but if we just set out to do money we would have done another MS-DOS clone like Compaq does.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='01:08:41'&gt;The same thing is true for this stuff. We can actually push into this new era and be one of the leaders for this new way of proactive computing.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='01:08:52'&gt;And we can do it starting now on the Macintosh with your help. As always the strongest weapon we have to explore a strange new world like this is the one between our ears, providing it's loaded.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='01:09:06'&gt;Thank you very much. Thank you.&lt;/subtitle&gt;</div>

Ezequiel http://tinlizzie.org/IA/index.php?title=A_concept_video_and_Alan_Kay_talk_at_WWDC_%2790_(VPRI_358)&diff=3164 2025-01-19T08:18:31Z

<p>Ezequiel: Review up to circa 46:00</p> <hr /> <div>{{#evt:<br /> service=youtubeIA<br /> |id=zRrR4ryx-yE<br /> |alignment=left<br /> |autoresize=false<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == A concept video on the world with digital agents == <br /> &lt;note for='00:00:31'&gt;<br /> The Wikipedia page of the movie. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hunchback_of_Notre_Dame_(1923_film)].<br /> The novel is available on Project Gutenberg, etc. [http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/2610].<br /> &lt;/note&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:00:31'&gt;1923 Lon Chaney's brilliant characterization of Quasimodo in [The] Hunchback of Notre Dame played on the audiences tendency to stereotype. To prejudge individuals,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:00:42'&gt;According to their appearance rather than understand them for who they really were.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:00:53'&gt;Stop. Dictate. It's been nearly a century since the Hunchback of Notre Dame horrified audiences in the silent movie houses.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:01:02'&gt;But have attitudes changed much in 95 years or do we still judge far too quickly the content by the cover.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:01:22'&gt;Ugh!, where do we go from here?&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:01:29'&gt;Show me writer's block. The current project is untitled.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:01:35'&gt;Continue. You may wish to review your outline, explore the suggestion box, or view great writers' methods. Sometimes a short break helps to stimulate ideas.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:01:45'&gt;Perhaps you'd enjoy a pleasant walk.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:01:47'&gt;[giggle] No, it's not that bad yet. Um, show me the outline.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:01:53'&gt;Your next heading is: Technology's Impact on Attitudes Toward People With Disabilities.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:01:58'&gt;The subheading is The Catalyst for Change.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:02:01'&gt;Okay, I need some examples. Where can we go for information about how attitudes and expectations have changed toward people with disability in the last, say, 15 or 20 years?&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:02:14'&gt;I have a list of consultants who provide data excerpts and related areas. There is also a media index called capabilities enhancement.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:02:14'&gt;Good. Show me the index. Hold the list.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:02:31'&gt;Didn't you guys just finish an entire box of cookies?&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:02:36'&gt;Mom, the science thing makes you hungry. Besides it wasn't an entire box: You had some, too.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:02:45'&gt;One, I had one, well, maybe two. Honey it's too early for dinner. I'm working against a deadline. Can you wait about an hour?&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:02:53'&gt;Maybe.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:02:59'&gt;The lonely unappreciated scientific genius forges on, despite enormous odds.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:03:03'&gt;Right. Happy forging. Bye.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:03:07'&gt;Okay, so much for the hydrogen iodide.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:03:11'&gt;One more unit and we're done.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:03:13'&gt;No wait a second. What do you think would happen if we mix chlorine with this.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:03:20'&gt;Zach, don't do this to me, please.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:03:21'&gt;Come Mark! Where is you sense of adventure. Trust me.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:03:52'&gt;Show me this one.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:04:05'&gt;Hi, Cindy.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:04:09'&gt;Well, hi there, Cindy what's cooking today?&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:04:12'&gt;I'm cooking some strawberry cake for mom's birthday.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:04:17'&gt;A strawberry cake for mom's birthday? Okay, first let's get our equipment.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:04:20'&gt;A big spoon and mixing bowl and your special measuring cup.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:04:25'&gt;Okay.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:04:28'&gt;The first thing to do is to put the measuring cup on the scale.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:04:34'&gt;Good. Now pour in 3/4 cup of milk.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:04:42'&gt;That's it. Keep pouring.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:04:49'&gt;Cindy, you stopped. You need 1/4 cup more.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:04:53'&gt;Here, I'll show you. Fill it up to the yellow line.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:04:57'&gt;Okay.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:04:58'&gt;3/4 cup.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:05:04'&gt;That's it. Keep pouring all the way up to the yellow line.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:05:11'&gt;That's it.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:05:12'&gt;Good. Now, make sure you stir the batter until it is smooth and creamy.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:05:18'&gt;Cindy, are you finished yet?&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:05:23'&gt;Yep.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:05:24'&gt;Did you get all of the lumps out?&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:05:26'&gt;Mm-hmm.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:05:27'&gt;Okay, now put the baking bowl into the microwave, and I'll take care of the rest.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:05:33'&gt;I'll call you when it's ready then we can put on the strawberries.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:05:39'&gt;(sprinkle, sprinkle, sprinkle, sprinkle)&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:05:41'&gt;Well, Cindy, that should just about do it.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:05:43'&gt;I hope you had fun making Mom's birthday cake. I think she'll really be surprised.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:05:53'&gt;Good. save this in the presentation folder. Show me the main index again.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:06:15'&gt;It's not doing anything!&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:06:20'&gt;Good. We'll just submit the results and move on in next one.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:06:23'&gt;No, wait a min, maybe we should try heating it up.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:06:27'&gt;I can't believe this.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:06:39'&gt;show me this one.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:06:45'&gt;What? I can't hear you.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:06:53'&gt;Sorry. I said, if you'll let my advertising deficit ride for this quarter, I promise to make it up to you in the fall.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:07:02'&gt;Steph, that's what you said last year.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:07:04'&gt;I know, but this year, I'm planning a huge promotion to get ready for the holiday.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:07:08'&gt;I think we can at least double our normal business for the season.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:07:12'&gt;How much stock would you need?&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:07:14'&gt;I'm estimating about 10,000 pieces, and I want to run four weeks of full-page ads in the mailer.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:07:21'&gt;Four weeks, really?&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:07:25'&gt;I think we can work something out&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:07:27'&gt;I'll have to talk with my sales manager, but, yes, I think we can.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:07:34'&gt;Bonjour madame, heureux de vous revoir. (Hello madam, happy to see you again)&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:07:37'&gt;Bonjour Pierre. (Hello, Pierre). Nice to be back.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:07:39'&gt;Puis je vous offrir un apéritif? (Can I offer you a drink?)&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:07:41'&gt;Would you like to drink?&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:07:43'&gt;No, no, thank you.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:07:48'&gt;I think we'll just see the menu, thank you.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:07:47'&gt;Très bien madame, tout de suite. (Very good madam, right away.)&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:07:51'&gt;Impressive. I didn't know you spoke French&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:07:53'&gt;Well, I don't really, but I understand a little.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:08:01'&gt;Wow, I think we just discovered hydrocloric acid partner. Now, I'm pouring.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:08:17'&gt;Zack, I just realized something.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:08:21'&gt;And now, for the hydrogen.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:08:21'&gt;Zack, don't these halogens, as you go up the periodic table, don't they get volatile?&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:08:21'&gt;You were saying?&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:08:38'&gt;Never mind.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:08:42'&gt;Gentlemen, we can discuss this particular reaction tomorrow in lab.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:08:48'&gt;In the meantime, please, review the program on halogens before it means the end of civilization as we know it.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:08:57'&gt;I'll make sure.. right away, sir.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:09:01'&gt;Good luck.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:09:02'&gt;Some partner?&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:09:10'&gt;As we move into the 20s, we begin an era of discovery were doing even simple things can bring great power.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:09:20'&gt;Each new year brings the hope that even our bravest dreams may yet come true.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:09:25'&gt;if Quasimodo is a symbol of the last century sometimes backward ways, then people like Stephanie and Cindy are symbols of the future&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:09:37'&gt;Technology is not the only answer, but it can be and is a catalyst for change.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:09:46'&gt;Stop. Let's shut down.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:09:50'&gt;This document is unnamed. What is your title?&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:09:54'&gt;Good question.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:09:58'&gt;Hey, Einstein, you got any good ideas what I should call this thing?&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:10:02'&gt;Call what?&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:10:03'&gt;The project I'm working on.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:10:03'&gt;I don't know, you didn't finish?&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:10:07'&gt;No, I just got started really.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:10:23'&gt;Chapter 1, that's not a bad idea. Okay, you guys, let's see.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> <br /> == Introducing Alan Kay ==<br /> <br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:10:50'&gt;that's my favorite Apple video.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:10:55'&gt;My favorite quote from our next speaker is the best way to predict the future is to invent it.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:11:06'&gt;I've got some bad news for some of you, though. Alan Kay is not going to invent the future.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:11:15'&gt;That's right. That's your job. Alan's gonna help, though.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:11:25'&gt;He's going to challenge you to forge some new links in that organic computer between your ears.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:11:33'&gt;Please join me in welcoming Alan Kay.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> <br /> == Introduction ==<br /> <br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:11:47'&gt;Thanks for inviting me here tonight.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:11:53'&gt;With all of these projectors. I usually rate a conference by how many video projectors there are.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:12:03'&gt;Let me get rid of that guy.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:12:05'&gt;Looking at the number of video projectors there are here I have to come to the conclusion that Apple must care about our developers very very much.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:12:20'&gt;Or else John Sculley is going to give a talk tomorrow.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:12:28'&gt;Or both.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:12:35'&gt;I've given talks to the developers before, and that makes it difficult because some of my favorite things I like to show over and over and over until people get sick of them I'm not going to show tonight.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:12:50'&gt;I know. But what I'd like to do is to talk about the three things I've been interested in for more than twenty years about computing.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:13:02'&gt;And they're how do you find what you need, how do you use it once you've found it, and how do you make it into something that's closer to what you wanted.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;note for=&quot;00:13:12&quot;&gt;<br /> ''antediluvian'': Before Flood, or the age before a big change happened.<br /> &lt;/note&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:13:12'&gt;Those are sort of the three questions that got us out of the antediluvian age of the mainframe and time-sharing into what we're doing today.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:13:23'&gt;And, there's another round of these things coming up in the future.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;note for=&quot;00:13:27&quot;&gt;<br /> The video of Knowledge Navigator is available. [https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=knowledge+navigator].<br /> Alan Kay once mentioned that it would have been much stronger concept video if the assistant is portable, and carried with the person, and show the &quot;third way&quot; (&quot;intimate&quot; in &quot;Going from institutional, personal, to intimate.&quot;) in this talk.<br /> &lt;/note&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:13:27'&gt;We've talked about them in various ways. You've seen videos of the Knowledge Navigator, and you just saw another agent-based one.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> <br /> == Tools. Extension of Human Beings ==<br /> <br /> &lt;note for=&quot;00:13:36&quot;&gt;<br /> We use an incomplete list of slides we have so far.<br /> &lt;slide for=&quot;00:13:36&quot; name=&quot;WWDC90-1.JPG&quot;/&gt;<br /> &lt;slide for=&quot;00:13:41&quot; name=&quot;WWDC90-2.JPG&quot;/&gt;<br /> &lt;slide for=&quot;00:14:35&quot; name=&quot;WWDC90-3.JPG&quot;/&gt;<br /> &lt;slide for=&quot;00:17:34&quot; name=&quot;WWDC90-4.JPG&quot;/&gt;<br /> &lt;slide for=&quot;00:17:53&quot; name=&quot;WWDC90-5.JPG&quot;/&gt;<br /> &lt;/note&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:13:36'&gt;But, I thought one way of talking about it in perspective is to think of what we're trying to do is to extend human beings.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:13:49'&gt;Human beings are inescapably technology-bound in the sense that we find it almost impossible to deal with the world on any kind of direct terms.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:14:05'&gt;Part of it is because our brain can't contain the universe: what our brain contains is representations of the universe.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:14:14'&gt;And those representations can't be the universe itself.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:14:20'&gt;So, already we're at one remove as are the other animals from what we like to think of as reality.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:14:29'&gt;But we've gone much farther than that. We've put ourselves in many many degrees of remove.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:14:35'&gt;We put clothing on. We put language on. We put lots of things on.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:14:41'&gt;So everywhere we turn, technology is around except that we never think of it that way.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:14:48'&gt;Technology is all of that stuff that wasn't around when you were born, right?&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:14:53'&gt;Stuff we were born with is not technically: clothes aren't technology. Language isn't technology.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:14:58'&gt;Paper and pencil aren't technology. It's all that new stuff that's around.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:15:03'&gt;Every time we're in the process of trying to invent technology for people, we have this dilemma, which is: if we make it look like stuff that's already around they'll be comforted.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:15:16'&gt;But if it looks too much like the stuff that's already around they won't be helped much.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:15:21'&gt;Each time we have to design. It's like the central question that you ask in education all the time, which is when should it be easy and when should it be hard.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:15:32'&gt;You want to make it easy some of the time so the students won't be so discouraged that they'll give up.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:15:37'&gt;But every time you make something easy, what you're doing is exploiting structures that are already there.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:15:44'&gt;So, you're not building much there, but what you're doing is consolidating.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:15:48'&gt;And then, if things are safe enough you can risk a challenge.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:15:53'&gt;A challenge is going to be hard in various ways. And, some mental structure is going to be built.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:16:00'&gt;And then, you need to make it easy again.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:16:02'&gt;What the Mac did, I think, is to find a way to make some things that seem to be hard easy.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:16:12'&gt;What we have to do in the next few years is to find a way of getting out of the kazoo range,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:16:19'&gt;As one of the ways of thinking about it is in musical instrument terms, most musical instruments that are very expressive are difficult to learn how to play, like the violin.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:16:30'&gt;The reason is is they have an incredible number of parameters that you want to really control in order to get that expression out.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:16:39'&gt;The violin has this learning curve that is sort of like this. You have to climb up a thousand foot cliff over a period of two years before you get to do anything &lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:16:50'&gt;Then, you start progressing in various stages. What we've done on the Mac is more kazoo like.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:16:58'&gt;Taking something that people can learn to do basic operations within a few seconds.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:17:03'&gt;And, with an enormous amount more difficulty they can actually create things themselves. So, we have this.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:17:14'&gt;As long as people stay in a very simple level on the Mac everything is fine.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:17:18'&gt;But then, we have these discontinuities of pulling them up to all of the things that the computer can really do.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:17:25'&gt;The context, one way of thinking about it, is in terms of these extensions of humans.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:17:34'&gt;And the one we always think of are things like screwdrivers and wheels. Less often, we think of tools as language, tools as mathematics.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:17:46'&gt;I like to think of all of these things as extension of the grasp.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:17:53'&gt;The M-word for me is manipulation on these things.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:17:58'&gt;Even for things like mathematics. Mathematics is a way of taking things that are too abstract to deal with directly.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:18:03'&gt;Make them into little symbols, bring them down, no matter how big it is or how small it is, we can make it into something that is roughly the same size&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:18:13'&gt;We can manipulate them in a way that is almost impossible to do in the real world.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:18:20'&gt;The M-word for the tool extensions I think of as manipulation.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> <br /> == Agents as Extension of Human ==<br /> <br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:18:24'&gt;Now, we have another way of extending ourselves over the last several hundred thousand years. It's a little more subtle.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:18:30'&gt;we don't often think of it. That's by using agents. An agent is an entity that is going to be able to take on some of our goals structure.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:18:43'&gt;We've used horses as agents. We use sometimes dogs as agents. The puppy will go out and bring the paper in.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:18:53'&gt;Most of the agents that we've used throughout history are us humans.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:18:57'&gt;We must like to do that. We're social creatures.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:19:02'&gt;We have a strong propensity to want to take on other people's goals. And we also have propensity for trying to get other people to take on our goals.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:19:12'&gt;And human society has built up at that. As Lewis Mumford said he wrote a great [book]...&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;note for=&quot;00:19:17&quot;&gt;<br /> The book by Lewis Mumford is Technics and Civilization. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technics_and_Civilization|Wikipedia].<br /> &lt;/note&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:19:17'&gt;He was actually sort of an architectural critic, but he also wrote more generally about the plight of humans. He wrote a book called Technics and Civilization, which he called these structures like the structure that we have out here tonight, mega-machines.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:19:33'&gt;He said, for most of human history, [most of the structures that] most of the machines that humans have created have other humans as moving parts.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:19:44'&gt;So, we make cities. We make cultures. We have hunting groups.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:19:48'&gt;We have all different kinds of things. These are a microcosm of the general human situation.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:19:57'&gt;Of course, one of the useful thing about agents is that they can use a tool on your behalf.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:20:01'&gt;You don't have to be around when they're using the tool.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:20:07'&gt;What's even better about agents is that they can get other agents to do things.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:20:12'&gt;Agents can proliferate your goals in a way that tools are not set up to do.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:20:19'&gt;The M-word here I use is management. So, we manipulate tools, we manage agents.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:20:26'&gt;I think of tools is something that we look at and manipulate.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:20:30'&gt;And, agents are something that look at us, and we manage them.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:20:35'&gt;It was a very different way of dealing them but they are the two main ways that we've extended ourselves over the years.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> <br /> == Is Computer A Tool or an Agent? ==<br /> <br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:20:43'&gt;One of the biggest problems when computers came out is that the mainframe didn't look like either.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:20:50'&gt;Mainframe was out of human scale. Things that are out of human scale, we have mechanisms in our brain that treat them religiously.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:21:03'&gt;When it's out of human scale we start making up myths about it and there are priests and all the paraphernalia that have gone along with mainstream's over the years.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:21:15'&gt;When people started thinking about, in the late 50s or so, they started wondering both:&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:21:23'&gt;One group of people started thinking about making things into tools, and another group started thinking about making them into agents.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;note for=&quot;00:21:29&quot;&gt;<br /> The Whirlwind computer done at MIT Lincoln Labs had interactive code change and data examination. A programming experience on a later system inspired by this was described at the bottom of: [http://wiki.c2.com/?ProgrammingInTheDebugger]<br /> &lt;/note&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:21:29'&gt;Both of these ideas go back to maybe 1957 or 58. The first really good interactive debugger was was done at Lincoln Labs around 1957.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:21:42'&gt;The SAGE air defense system was done in the mid 50's.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;note for=&quot;00:21:51&quot;&gt;<br /> The advice taker paper by McCarthy is here: [http://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/mcc59.pdf].<br /> &lt;/note&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:21:51'&gt;The first pointing device called the light gun was used back then. McCarthy around 1958 wrote a paper called The Advice Taker.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:21:59'&gt;In this paper, McCarthy, who is one of the founders of AI, like this is why he got into AI, said: it is quite obvious that in the near future (unfortunately John is still alive because this hasn't happened yet but see how optimistic everyone one was back then. To him it was obvious.).&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:22:20'&gt;He said, in the near future that we will soon be embedded in the midst of an information utility that is as dense and as one-for-one as our power and light utilities.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:22:34'&gt;He realized right away that presented with a wealth of such resources that there'd be no possible way you could deal with these things directly.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:22:47'&gt;So he said we have to have something like that I'm calling an advice taker, which is an artificial intelligence whose job it is to try and take on our goal structures and work on them autonomously.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:22:58'&gt;And the way we will deal with it is we'll give it advice. In other words, we'll manage it. We won't program it. We'll manage it.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;note for='00:23:05'&gt;<br /> MCC was a research consortium to complete against Japanese Fifth-Generation Computer Project. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microelectronics_and_Computer_Technology_Corporation].<br /> The Cyc project is going at Cycorp inc. [http://www.cyc.com/].<br /> &lt;/note&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:23:05'&gt;This started off (a very long-standing...) It's gone on for many many years now, the latest most interesting thing like what John McCarthy wanted to do is a project called Cyc, which is a model of human common-sense done at MCC by Doug Lenat.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;note for=&quot;00:23:26&quot;&gt;<br /> The book is Building &quot;Large Knowledge-Based Systems; Representation and Inference in the Cyc Project&quot; by Lenat and R.V. Guha, published in 1990.<br /> &lt;/note&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:23:26'&gt;If you're interested in I refer you to that work. he's also at Stanford and he's just written a pretty good book about it.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:23:33'&gt;This goes all the way back to McCarthy's original ideas on this. It is a very hard problem.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:23:41'&gt;But McCarthy's insight was very strong because we are going to be embedded in the midst of an information utility.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:23:51'&gt;It's happening willy-nilly. AT&amp;T could have done it after the divestiture, but they were frightened of the idea.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:24:59'&gt;Somebody told them they had a network, they said: &quot;network? We thought we had a telephone!&quot;&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:24:04'&gt;And, they fired the guy they had originally gotten in to do this project called Baby Bell, which was going to be a pervasive network in the early 80s that people could write applications to.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:24:16'&gt;But the point is that we're just now starting to go into a change as large, I believe, as the one from the mainframes to what you're doing today.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:24:28'&gt;And the question is how frightening is it actually going to be.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> <br /> == Seeds of Transition from Institutionalized Computing to Personal Computing ==<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:24:35'&gt;Well, I got a big surprise. I this is the first personal computer I did it was called the FLEX machine. (Must be a critic.)&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:24:46'&gt;it's called the FLEX machine.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;note for=&quot;00:24:50&quot;&gt;<br /> Doug Engelbart Institute website [http://www.dougengelbart.org/] has large collection of his group's work.<br /> &lt;/note&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:24:50'&gt;I did it, inspired by the work of Doug Engelbart over here at SRI. Great guy.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:24:59'&gt;This is one of the great things about our business is that we've compressed to 400 years of ordinary history of Technology into 40.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:25:09'&gt;So, all of these great people who have these original ideas are still alive and we can tell them that...&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:25:13'&gt;you know, giving a testimonial to somebody after they're dead really stinks but, it's wonderful that these people, &lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:25:21'&gt;who are real heroes because they did this stuff when it was really hard.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:25:25'&gt;We think it's hard now, but it's not even, not even close to what it was like back then.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:25:30'&gt;I think of him as the actual father of personal computing.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:25:34'&gt;He didn't do the first personal computer, that was done at Lincoln Labs in in 1962.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:25:41'&gt;But, he was the guy who thought about the users relationship to the machine in the way we think of today with with personal computing.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:25:48'&gt; I think that's the most important part of it. So, I got really excited. The main bug in the Engelbart's thing is he tried to do it on time sharing.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:25:56'&gt;You don't have enough cycles to do user interface the way it needs to be done. So, it was just getting, this is 1967 or so.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:26:08'&gt;(The chip,) General Instruments I think it was a company that no longer is with us had just come out with a marvelous chip that had 512 bits on it.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:26:19'&gt;It's 512 bit ROM.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;note for=&quot;00:26:25&quot;&gt;<br /> Core Rope Memory on Wikipedia [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core_rope_memory].<br /> &lt;/note&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:26:25'&gt;You know how we went to the moon? You guys have ever seen anything called core rope?&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:26:34'&gt;The way they program computers with read-only memory before then was they had magnetic cores which are about this big, and they were magnetized.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:26:40'&gt;You program them by stringing wire through them. Each core would have as many wires as you could string through it.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:26:49'&gt;Each wire was a sense wire.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:26:52'&gt;The computer that the astronauts went to the moon on was a program by a tangle of wire of about two cubic feet that was held onboard of that spacecraft.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:27:03'&gt;So, 512-bit rom was a big deal. It meant we could do micro coding in a way that would not completely drive us crazy.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:27:13'&gt;But, the problem with this approach and I think the approach of this middle way of going about it is that Engelbart's user interface was too violin-like.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:27:25'&gt;If you're willing to spend many many hours getting expert at it you could do truly amazing things.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:27:31'&gt;There's a real discontinuity. In 1968, I saw a terrific system done at RAND which did hand character recognition.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:27:41'&gt;That changed my whole notion about machines because Engelbart's way of thinking about it was that the mainframe is sort of like a railroad, and somebody needs to be Henry Ford.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:27:56'&gt;We don't want IBM or these big companies telling us what we can do with a computer.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:27:59'&gt;Everybody needs their own personal vehicle and that was a very powerful metaphor back then.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:28:05'&gt;But the thing that struck me when I saw the GRAIL system was that the computer is much more like paper.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:28:13'&gt;It's more like dynamic paper, and that changes every relationship because on a car we wait until people are 18 or so until they learned how to drive, which is really ridiculous when you think of it that's the most dangerous period to learn how to drive.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:28:28'&gt;10 year ten-year-old kid is much more sensible.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:28:37'&gt;This idea that if the thing is media, if it's like paper than it should extend in the world of childhood and it's a completely different relationship.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:28:47'&gt;It's an intimate relationship. So, we wind up with these neat slides that Larry Tesler did a couple years ago which is a way of characterizing these three major ways.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:29:03'&gt;You can think of it as like the institutional, the mainframe computer is sort of like the Ptolemaic system of astronomy.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:29:12'&gt;The middle one is sort of like Newtonian physics.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:29:15'&gt;The one on the right hand side is maybe the theory of relativity or something modern.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> <br /> == The Transition is not Incremental, but Qualitatively Different Relationship ==<br /> <br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:29:21'&gt;The important idea that these are huge. They are not progressive changes that are just about computers getting smaller.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:29:27'&gt;They're actually changes in point of view. Big changes in the relationship of the user to the machine.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:29:34'&gt;I'll just give you one example: if you take the mainframe, 3270 glass teletype screens way of doing things,&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:29:46'&gt;and that extends to the IBM PC because the IBM PC was sort of a way of doing a small mainframe without adding any new insights into how you were to interact with it.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:30:00'&gt;The basic idea of user interface on these machines is to think of it as access to function.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:30:09'&gt;Machine has their function keys, control keys.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:30:14'&gt;What we want to do in the user interface is do access to function.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:30:17'&gt;A lot of people who are trying to fit MS-DOS applications to MS Windows are simply mapping function keys into pulldown menus.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:30:28'&gt;They think of it as access to function. Now, it's not with what the Mac, in this middle category, is about at all.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:30:33'&gt;What the Mac is about is making the users aware of what the possibilities are.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:30:40'&gt;It's number one task is to gently teach you all the things that it can do and make you aware each time what can be done next.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:30:50'&gt;Putting things into pulldown menus as a primary strategy is a terrible one.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:30:56'&gt;When I see a Mac application that has no visible menus, I say: &quot;oh-oh, this thing probably ran on an IBM PC at some point and they're just trying to put Bearnaise sauce on the hot dog.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:31:11'&gt;But you have to do more. You have to change the user's relationship to the system and realize that your major task is to have the users learn as they go along.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:31:20'&gt;Just as that is a such a large revolution that most of the people who are trying to imitate it don't understand it.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> <br /> == Intimate Computing Will Be Proactive Engine == <br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:31:29'&gt;We're just starting on the next revolution which is going to be equally cataclysmic because the computer that goes wherever we are will probably not even have an on/off switch.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:31:41'&gt;It's not going to be a standalone laptop. It almost certainly will be hooked into digital cellular.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:31:47'&gt;It will not just be your phone, but it will be constantly trickling down information by means of agents.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:31:47'&gt;So that you will rarely have to do a proactive thing on the computer.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:32:01'&gt;You will have a kind of panorama of the up-to-date resources that you need as you go along.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:32:13'&gt;So, this change from reactive, my thesis in 1969 it was about the FLEX machine, I call it the reactive engine. The Mac is a reactive engine.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:32:23'&gt;But, what we're going to have in the next few years is a proactive engine.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:32:27'&gt;That's a proactive engine that's going to be embedded in a pervasive network.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:32:33'&gt;Not like local area net, not sharing files, but ones in which we are going to get resources not in a computer store.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:32:43'&gt;But, somebody in Timbuktu is going to write us an application.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:32:48'&gt;They don't know about us but they're going to write a component that is exactly what we want and our agent is going to find it for us.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:32:56'&gt;It better not be in Sanskrit when it shows up. So we have this problem.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:33:01'&gt;How do we find things? Right now, we find them by going to a store or that's usually on a floppy, sometimes on a local area net.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:33:11'&gt;How do we make use of those things once we found them?&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:33:16'&gt;And, how do we make them more into the thing that we actually wanted?&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:33:19'&gt;Those are the three questions that I want to ask over and over because I think these are the driving questions for the next 10 years.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:33:28'&gt;And, that the major difference is that we're asking those questions now in the Macintosh.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:33:32'&gt;A few years from now, we're going to have to start seriously asking them about an entirely new way of doing computing.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> <br /> == What is Relevant is Finding Important Information ==<br /> <br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:33:42'&gt;So, these are a couple of Larry's examples, which I think are particularly nice.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:33:46'&gt;People worried about response time on the mainframe.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:33:51'&gt;3090. Today typical 3090 in a public utilities that I'm familiar with, you get 0.05 MIPSs per user.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:33:51'&gt;It has lots.. that, you know, it's about a 30 MIPS machines but there are 450 terminals on it.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;note for=&quot;00:34:09&quot;&gt;<br /> A Wikipedia page on path length: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instruction_path_length].<br /> &lt;/note&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:34:09'&gt;What they worry about when they do software on it is what they call path length.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:34:13'&gt;(because) Does anybody in this room ever heard the expression path length? Right.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:34:20'&gt;I rest my case. Path length is all a talk at about in companies like Arthur Andersen and IBM.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:34:27'&gt;Path length is how many millions of instructions have to be executed by the mainframe before you get a response back to the terminal.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:34:38'&gt;Right? We don't worry about that. Instead, what we're in is a horsepower race.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:34:43'&gt;Most of you here are too young to remember the 50s. This is before the gas wars. In the 50s, we had these great old Dodges with 450 horsepower.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:34:54'&gt;They got about 6 miles to the gallon, and they made a lot of noise.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:34:57'&gt;You could lay a strip of rubber a block long and these things. That's where we are right now.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:35:04'&gt;Everybody is sort of thrusting around with a number of MIPS that they have.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:35:13'&gt;But, believe me, it's irrelevant. Totally irrelevant because all we're going to we're worried about five and ten years from now is access.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:35:25'&gt;We're gonna have tons of MIPS. 50 to 100 MIPS in 1995 easy.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:35:30'&gt;Much more than that, actually. (It's) We're going to be drowned in MIPS.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:35:35'&gt;We won't know what to do with the MIPS. In fact, the MIPS are going to disappear from our view just like path length is something that we no longer think about.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:35:46'&gt;We're going to worry about: can we find what we need out of the trillion objects or more that we're connected to dynamically.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:35:54'&gt;Can we find it?&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> <br /> == Integrate Information Key Ideas about Dynamic Linking ==<br /> <br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:36:00'&gt;Integrate information, what is something that is closer to home. We don't on a mainframe.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:36:04'&gt;The Mac does it by cutting and pasting, and I think everybody believes that what we need is dynamic linking of various kinds.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;note for=&quot;00:36:12&quot;&gt;<br /> System 7 was a version of Mac OS. The linking feature was Publish and Subscribe [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publish_and_Subscribe_(Mac_OS)].<br /> &lt;/note&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:36:12'&gt;System 7 has a way of doing dynamic linking. But, dynamic linking is more than just passing information from one place to another.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:36:22'&gt;Philosophically, dynamic linking is much more important.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:36:26'&gt;Dynamic linking means I have more dimensions in the computer than I ever have in my information space.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:36:35'&gt;You have this wonderful wonderful thing you can do.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:36:44'&gt;If you give me two dimensions and I make a spot here in a spot here I've generated the idea of distance.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:36:54'&gt;If you give me one more dimension I can always get rid of the distance.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:36:59'&gt;And the computer is that thing that always has one more dimension than any dimension of data that we have.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:37:04'&gt;One way of thinking about linking is in the classical way of thinking about linking.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:37:10'&gt;But a stronger ways to thinking of it is, what you're trying to do, is get a higher dimensional space on the data that people are interested in then the data has itself.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:37:19'&gt;If you can do that, then you can get all of the relevant stuff seem to be in the same place.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:37:26'&gt;A critical insight first had by Engelbart. &lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> <br /> == Feel of Interaction ==<br /> <br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:37:29'&gt;Feel of interaction. It feels like editing on a 3270 or an IBM PC. Layout on the Mac, you're moving around 2D things.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:37:39'&gt;Larry says orchestration, but I like to use the word conducting because what we're going to be manipulating on the in this next revolution is going to be active, proactive, objects not passive ones.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:37:58'&gt;Issue commands. Again, think of Institutional, well, you have to remember and type.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;note for=&quot;00:38:02&quot;&gt;<br /> Standard Operating Procedure manuals.<br /> &lt;/note&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:38:02'&gt;You know, there are all of these SOP manuals.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:38:05'&gt;I just had this amusing experience now I was spending thirty five minutes trying to take a Mac portable out of Apple.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:38:18'&gt;And, I had already signed for it in one place, but nobody had thought to give the guards a Mac with a link into the database that happened to know that I'd already signed for it.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:38:33'&gt;We don't use badges down in (..) Now, we don't use no stinking badges down in Los Angeles.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:38:43'&gt;In fact, nobody knew that I was kosher. It took a very very long time to get the thing.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:38:49'&gt;If anybody who'd like to steal a Mac portable, I can tell you it can be done in 35 minutes.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:39:00'&gt;This progression is coming from remembering type, seeing point on the Mac, visual, and then ask and tell and gesture.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:39:11'&gt;Going from institutional, personal, to intimate.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:39:19'&gt;Groupware is big. I think this is probably one of the topics of conversation developers are starting to bitch at Apple about servers and networks. Keep on.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:39:35'&gt;Now, because you have to realize that we have a symbiotic relationship with you.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:39:45'&gt;You are making our company by providing the content that runs on our machines. We're trying to help by doing some of the research.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:39:52'&gt;But in order for us all to get into this third phase and not leave it up to somebody like the Japanese to do, we have to be willing to turn the corner at the same time.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:40:02'&gt;And so the more the developers agitate for support for getting into this third way, this third paradigm of computing, the more easy it is for Apple to decide to do it.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:40:12'&gt;It works both ways.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> <br /> == Difference in Programming Models: COBOL vs. Object-Oriented ==<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:40:17'&gt;Here's an interesting one.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:40:21'&gt;The first thing probably is foreign to you, but it's what goes on in the other world out there. That world slightly to the east of the San Andreas Fault.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;note for=&quot;00:40:36&quot;&gt;<br /> This project was for Brooklyn Union Gas. A paper titled &quot;Object-oriented development at Brooklyn Union Gas&quot; by John Davis and Tom Morgan exists.<br /> &lt;/note&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:40:36'&gt;What happens is companies like Arthur Andersen get hired by a public utility as an example to do a billing program.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:40:47'&gt;They sit down and they have these design tools, and they figure: &quot;hmm, this program is going to take about 1.6 million lines of COBOL to do.&quot;&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:41:00'&gt;this is an actual example now. I can't tell you that I'm on Arthur Andersen's Advisory Board.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:41:06'&gt;So, I get to see stuff like this. &quot;1.6 million lines of COBOL, and we'll take about 250 people three years to do.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:41:17'&gt;And, that will be 22 million dollars, please.&quot; Okay, they do this all the time. Their gross is about 1.5 billion.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:41:26'&gt;An enormous large number of that comes from these kinds of jobs. 3090 mainframe 450 terminals. Got to have a good response time and all that stuff.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:41:36'&gt;It's unbelievable what they do. They use these CASE tools. CASE tools are an orthotic brace for hopelessly crippled patient.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:41:52'&gt;They come up with these custom applications. Now, in this middle personal area, the Mac sort of acts like it's object-oriented on the outside and a little bit less object-oriented inside.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:42:07'&gt;But, we're all supposed to be thinking object-oriented. So, it's a whole different way of doing things.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:42:13'&gt;Just to give you an example, because the Arthur people are interest in object-oriented stuff, I said: &quot;Well, instead of doing this thing with 1.6 million lines of COBOL, why don't you try and convince the public utility to try doing at an object-oriented form, and let's see what happens.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:42:33'&gt;So, they did and they had some people who've been doing object-oriented programming for five years at Arthur.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:42:40'&gt;Now, the problem was there wasn't any object-oriented system on the mainframe so they had to build one.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:42:46'&gt;So they prototyped it in Smalltalk. And then, on the mainframe they wrote an object-oriented environment using PL/1 macros, and implemented this billing system.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:43:03'&gt;Here's the interesting thing. A year and a half later, they were done. They did it with 30 people.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:43:10'&gt;And, the code size was 110,000 lines of PL/1 code, counting the code they had to write for the environment.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:43:18'&gt;So, that's a factor of about 14 and a half reduction in code size.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:43:24'&gt;A year less, and about a factor of 8 less people. They were able to certify the system in a month, instead of a year, because they're able to make changes and additions and fix bugs and stuff much more quickly.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:43:43'&gt;This project is now being written up as a case study.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:43:43'&gt;This is an amusing project to me because it is, simultaneously, the smallest mainframe program that has this functionality, and the largest object-oriented program that has ever been written.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:44:02'&gt;Anything that's over an order of magnitude should catch our attention as a way of dealing with things.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:44:09'&gt;The thing that shocked me about this was not that they got some improvement in code size, but the fact that the improvement was greater at that size of code.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:44:21'&gt;Basically, probably it says something really ugly about COBOL.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:44:26'&gt;Maybe then, instead of something good about object-oriented programming but I was aghast because I've seen typical factors of ten improvements on what I think of as large programs but are very small by this scale.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:44:41'&gt;But, the idea of having it go actually up to almost a factor of 15 on a job this size was shocking.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:44:47'&gt;And, we're now getting it at this position where we can't afford not to do object-oriented programs on the machine we dearly love namely the Mac.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:44:56'&gt;We have to do it.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:45:01'&gt;This is not a plea for Apple events, but it's just to get you to realize that what Apple events are about is to try and find an object-oriented protocol for things that are big and ugly inside, but are nonetheless going to have to be treated as objects in order to make progression as far as integration is concerned.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> <br /> == Objects to Components ==<br /> <br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:45:23'&gt;Now, the important thing is if you take a look at the right-hand panel there, what we see is not generic tools.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:45:30'&gt;The generic tool is like a spreadsheet, like a desktop publishing system.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:45:35'&gt;We can't afford to have those anymore guys. We cannot afford to have one company like lecture set try and do all the tools you need to do to do desktop publishing.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;note for='00:45:47'&gt;<br /> Lotus Jazz. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotus_Jazz].<br /> &lt;/note&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:45:47'&gt;You can't do is like Lotus'es failed attempt with Jazz.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:45:51'&gt;You just can't build in all of those tools.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:45:53'&gt;What you really want to do when you do a system like that is make an operating system for doing desktop publishing.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:46:01'&gt;It's a Finder for desktop publishing.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:46:02'&gt;You want, you can build in a few tools, but you should let fourth party developers build in those extra fancy tools in the toolbox.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:46:14'&gt;Think of what it actually means. You know, the person who comes up with the best one of these is always going to get bought.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:46:22'&gt;That's the operating system part of the thing.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:46:24'&gt;But, you can spread the risk, and widen the functionality by getting other people to develop tools for yourself.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:46:30'&gt;This is why you have to go object-oriented. You don't want to go object-oriented in the way that Smalltalk went many years ago.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:46:37'&gt;Smalltalk is almost 20 years old now. It's a middle kind of object-oriented system.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:46:43'&gt;You want to go object-oriented in the way on the right, which is towards components.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:46:48'&gt;Let's think of what the destiny of a component actually is.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:46:52'&gt;Well, it's to me, if you move a piece of data from one place to another, you're doing all sorts of awful things.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:47:02'&gt;Because you're giving the receiving end permission to zero out any of the fields. Data is quite unprotected.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:47:09'&gt;You're requiring the receiving end to write a lot of code to understand the data and use the data.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:47:14'&gt;If you ever change the format of the data you're requiring the receiving end to be able to take on transmitted changes of those formats.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:47:22'&gt;This is really ugly. It's a terrible way of doing things.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:47:27'&gt;If you move an object, classical object, from one place to the other, all the important code that knows about the internal formats and stuff goes with it.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:47:36'&gt;This is the promise of object-oriented programming. But you still have to write code in it's receiving end.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:47:42'&gt;In order for that object to be a component, it has to adhere to some sort of standard protocol.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:47:47'&gt;That's what Apple events is supposed to be about. But I think you can see that that is not going to last in the world of pervasive networking, right?&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:47:56'&gt;It's so hard, you know, the joke is that the only people smart enough to do a standard are too dumb to do a good one.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:48:04'&gt;So the idea that we can go into the world of pervasive networking with upwards more than a million applications, hundreds of millions of things that are going to be transmitted around, and have them adhere all to the same protocol was farcical.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:48:21'&gt;So what do we have to do? Well, these components have to be self configuring.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:48:26'&gt;They have to be things that when they are sent to a receiver, they can configure themselves, so they may have a completely different protocol than the receiver can do.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:48:39'&gt;But the receiver and the sender have to be able to work out what the protocol is going to be.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:48:43'&gt;That means that the components have to be much more self describing, even than objects are.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:48:49'&gt;This is a real challenge. It has not been done successfully. At the end of this talk, I'm going to show you a couple of examples of some experiments in this because I think it's a really interesting way of thinking about the future.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> <br /> == Tools Change Very Slowly: Screwdriver ==<br /> <br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:49:06'&gt;Finally, what's the key to all this stuff? Well, if you ask somebody for a screwdriver, and they just give you this, you would get very angry.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:49:15'&gt;They say: &quot;what's wrong? You know I'm giving you a screwdriver this is a mainframe. This is the functional part of it. What are you complaining about?&quot;&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:49:24'&gt;You say, &quot;well, no. I want the user interface.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:49:28'&gt;Because if I don't do that, I'm not going to have a tool. Now, when I was making this slide, I looked at this and it occurred to me that this was the dumbest design for a screwdriver that I'd ever saw.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:49:40'&gt;I'd never looked at it before. I was thinking that, wow, the mechanical advantage is the ratio of the diameter of the handle to the diameter of the shaft.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;note for=&quot;00:49:50&quot;&gt;<br /> Alan was gesturing the way where his palm would be on the side of the handle.<br /> &lt;/note&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:49:50'&gt;That's small. I get the most purchase on it by grabbing it like this, but I do it like this it slides off the screw.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;note for=&quot;00:49:56&quot;&gt;<br /> Here, his palm is at the end of handle but only fingers are used to turn the handle.<br /> &lt;/note&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:49:56'&gt;If I hold it the way it wants me to do I get very little leverage.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:50:59'&gt;As I started thinking &quot;what should a screwdriver look like?&quot; What should it look like?&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:50:05'&gt;A ball. Does anybody ever seen a screwdriver like that? Yeah. Somebody said this is...&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:50:15'&gt;Now it now what's interesting, I have a book from Diderot encyclopedia, which is published in France in the 1700s.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:50:22'&gt;And, there are screwdrivers in there that look exactly like the ones we buy in Sears today.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:50:27'&gt;So this is the MS-DOS of screwdrivers.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:50:36'&gt;But the moral of the story is that screwdrivers were made like this for literally hundreds of years.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:50:44'&gt;Hundreds of years, and nobody thought &quot;gee, it should look more like a ball&quot;, until recently.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:50:51'&gt;That's what we have to always be looking at.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:50:52'&gt;Just because something has been around for a long time. just because C has been around for a long time.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:51:04'&gt;What you want to ask is this thing an old kind of tools, or is this a new kind of tool?&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:51:09'&gt;User interface is the key here.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> <br /> == User Interface as the way to change the relationship ==<br /> <br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:51:14'&gt;The important idea in the user interface is that you can change the relationship of the user to his knowledge by giving them a different kind of representation system to think about it in terms of.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:51:29'&gt;That is a key notion. It is incredibly difficult to deal with numbers in terms of Roman numerals.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:51:39'&gt;I was just telling somebody today only the nerds in 60 BC could multiply numbers together. right?&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:51:46'&gt;There in any population, 5% of the people are natural-born nerds for whatever it is.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:51:53'&gt;We're all in this room together. But the other 95% have other, more reasonable, more balanced pursuits.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:52:07'&gt;The way of getting them to do multiplication [of] two [numbers] is to come up with Arabic notation that has a simple algorithm and then everybody can learn how to do it.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:52:17'&gt;If you want to communicate with an animal, then come up with a representation system that will link what you want to communicate with what the animal can deal with.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:52:26'&gt;This is an example of a chimpanzee doing a symbolic language in terms of icons that work quite well some years ago.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:52:37'&gt;So that's what we want to get interested in. So let's just take a look at a couple of examples here that I think are important to consider.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:52:45'&gt;the first one is how do we find our resources today. Well, generally we go into a store, sometimes we get it on the network, but we don't have an interesting way of finding things today.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:53:00'&gt;How do we make use of what we found.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:53:05'&gt;Well, we have a user interface that seems to work pretty well. Let me give you an example.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> <br /> == Lara uses Mac: Similarity among Applications ==<br /> <br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:53:22'&gt;This is a 22 month old little girl and her her mother is my accountant.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:53:31'&gt;Both their parents, when this was taken, worked at home. Each of them had a Macintosh.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:53:40'&gt;When I found out the little girl was interested in computers I gave her an Apple II, which she rejected.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:53:48'&gt;This is about 1985, and I originally used this video to try and convince Apple that they should put a hard disk in every machine.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:54:02'&gt;So, I want to warn you that this is not a first time user you're looking at. So, don't be impressed here.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:54:07'&gt;She's been using the Mac already for about six months.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:54:12'&gt;Now, even though this interface was originally developed with children in mind, it was still a little startling to see a 22 months old use it like this.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:54:23'&gt;But of course, why shouldn't she be able to use visible menus and MacPaint.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:54:29'&gt;That seems reasonable enough. So, she starts doing things, and. I said: &quot;all right, I believe this. This is not too impressive.&quot;&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:54:39'&gt;But what happened next really amazed me. She wants to get a clean sheet of paper.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:54:44'&gt;So she goes up to the close box of the window, and she saves her old drawing using the pop-up and then she goes to the pulldown to get a new one and she's off and rolling again.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:55:10'&gt;This was sewing that doesn't make you want to buy a Mac.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;note for='00:55:22'&gt;<br /> Somebody presumably joked about wanting to buy a child, not a Mac.<br /> &lt;/note&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:55:22'&gt;that's what's great about children. You can make them. you don't have to buy them.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:55:31'&gt;This was so intriguing that we took about another nine hours of her doing various things on the Mac.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:55:40'&gt;And, we discovered that she was about 70% literate in the Mac user interface.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:55:46'&gt;She could even start up a really hard application like PageMaker.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:55:52'&gt;She could make some marks in it. She could print the marks out. She could save them, get them back.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:55:58'&gt;About 70% of the things you expect from one Mac app to another, it was already part of her vocabulary at age 22 months.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:56:07'&gt;The mouse for her was about the size of a brick. But because of it, it was actually more stable than a pen.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:56:15'&gt;She couldn't really use crayons yet but she could use the mouse in a in a sensible way.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:56:22'&gt;Our solution to .. how do you use it once you've found it is that we want the Mac applications to be similar so that when you learn one you've learned 70% of the next one.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:56:34'&gt;Every time we do that, we're actually helping not just ourselves but we're helping our colleague developers, because you guys are really colleagues you aren't competitors&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:56:46'&gt;Every time the synergy goes together, especially when you start doing components for each other, it'll be (much more) something where everybody will be much more of a win-win situation, because every time somebody does something that can act as a repository for other things everybody gets to implement towards it&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:57:07'&gt;Now, in this world, how do we make it more like what we'd like it? that is really hard.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:57:14'&gt;Hypercard, we can go in and look at a script and move a button around.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:57:20'&gt;All the applications you guys are doing are not that way.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:57:24'&gt;You ever opened the hood of a Cadillac? If you wanted to find the carburetor you wouldn't even know where to look for it even if it had one.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:57:33'&gt;It can't fire off one cylinder without energizing about a hundred thousand transistors.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;note for=&quot;00:57:39&quot;&gt;<br /> The nickname of the Model T is Tin Lizzie, which is used to symbolize the VPRI's later work, including the domain name of this site.<br /> &lt;/note&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:57:39'&gt;There's nothing like a Model T. That's what it's like if the users are allowed to pop the hood of your applications.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:57:46'&gt;There's very little that they can do to customize it and yet every user that you have within the first month of using your tools has ideas about the way it should actually be.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:57:58'&gt;You give them something like an application written in HyperCard you can watch them making little changes.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:58:03'&gt;Maybe one or two changes a week is all they do, but after a few months, they've got it much more like the way they would like it to be.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:58:11'&gt;In order to get ahead, you're going to have to start thinking about making your applications that way.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:58:17'&gt;Because that will give you the possibility of doing something like this.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:58:29'&gt;This is a an application like MacDraw.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;note for='00:58:37'&gt;<br /> Egghead Software [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egghead_Software].<br /> &lt;/note&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:58:37'&gt;This one you might only spend 99 bucks for at Egghead. But in fact, this movie was taken in 1975.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;note for=&quot;00:58:48&quot;&gt;<br /> Possibly by Susan Hamet. See. [http://worrydream.com/EarlyHistoryOfSmalltalk]<br /> &lt;/note&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:58:48'&gt;This application, not the drawing here, but the application was designed and implemented by a twelve-year-old child.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:58:55'&gt;So, this is an example of end-user programming. This is almost impossible to do in HyperCard because she's not using pre-done graphics primitives here.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:59:05'&gt;She did the graphics programming herself as well.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:59:08'&gt;The entire amount of code she had to write for this was about 50 lines of code.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:59:14'&gt;About one page of code to do this application.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:59:17'&gt;This horrifies college professors when I suggest they do this as a term project for their beginning programming class because it's too hard in pascal.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:59:27'&gt;But, this is the kind of thing that when you think of the system ahead of time as being something that the end user is going to do more with and just twitch parameters you've said then you'll design it in a different way.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='00:59:50'&gt;What you'd like to see is even if you've got a Cadillac down there, and most of you guys have Ferraris, written in things much worse than C, screaming machine code.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='01:00:02'&gt;Even if you've got all that stuff down there, what you should start thinking about doing is give the user a Model T version of it to look at.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='01:00:10'&gt;When they pop the hood there's a schematic version of what you have optimized down below and let them change some of those things.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='01:00:18'&gt;It'll change their entire way of dealing with the Machine and thinking about you.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='01:00:31'&gt;What about agents? Similar to the screwdriver, if you want functionality with an agent you get one without a head.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='01:00:42'&gt;You need language and context to go along with it, and finally you get an agent who can actually do something for you.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='01:00:52'&gt;The important thing to remember is that the agent is watching you. You're not watching it so much anymore. It's watching you.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='01:00:59'&gt;And, you want it to track your goals in an extremely high-resolution way.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> <br /> == An example of Computer Agent: The Synthetic Performer ==<br /> <br /> &lt;subtitle id='01:01:04'&gt;I thought for quite a while and what can I show you that will illustrate an agent track and goals.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;note for=&quot;01:01:19&quot;&gt;<br /> The work is called The Synthetic Performer by Barry Vercoe with Larry Beauregard. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vOYky8MmrEU]<br /> &lt;/note&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='01:01:09'&gt;And, I found an agent done at MIT that I think illustrates this idea.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='01:01:19'&gt;Here, the computer is playing the harpsichord.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='01:02:03'&gt;Well, that's impressive, but of course the flute player didn't make any mistakes. That ain't the way it really goes.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='01:02:11'&gt;How did that work? Well, the computer had a model of the whole set of goals to be accomplished, including what it was supposed to do, and what the human was trying to accomplish.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='01:02:22'&gt;It was tracking both of them, and making some judgments about what the guy was playing expressively and so forth.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='01:02:29'&gt;But you'd really like this thing to be extremely robust in terms of errors.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='01:02:35'&gt;So here's an example of that same flute player now playing much more like an amateur, or the way we would be actually dealing with this situation.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='01:03:30'&gt;You can imagine the computer say: &quot;what is this guy doing?&quot;&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='01:03:36'&gt;You think about what was going on there it's fairly sophisticated, because it doesn't know whether he's playing expressively or he's made a mistake.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='01:03:44'&gt;It doesn't know where he's going to go to to pick up again. So it has to kind of noodle around, be looking pattern-matching ahead in the immediate space of where they were trying to figure out when the guy is getting back on the track again.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='01:03:58'&gt;That's precisely what our agent based software is going to have to do.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='01:04:02'&gt;This is one of the first tasks. The interesting thing about agents is they don't have to be terribly smart.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='01:04:08'&gt;This one is not terribly smart, and it works quite well.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;note for=&quot;01:04:11&quot;&gt;<br /> (Work at the ATARI Research. Not the one Alan describes but related work from ATARI Research can be seen here: [https://www.youtube.com/edit?o=U&amp;video_id=KMKVTbcF2ro]<br /> &lt;/note&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='01:04:11'&gt;One of the first agents I designed is one that simply stayed up all night and found you the newspaper you'd most like to read next morning.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='01:04:20'&gt;It did it by looking at 12 different databases, spending hours sifting through things.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='01:04:26'&gt;When it found something that looked interesting, it had a video disc with 45,000 pictures of famous people on it.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='01:04:35'&gt; So, if Mitterrand was mentioned in an article, it would find a picture of Mitterrand. Another one had 37,000 maps on it. So, if Paris was mentioned it could find you a map of Paris.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='01:04:46'&gt;You know would do the kinds of things people do and they gather newspaper articles, and would present it to you as a laid out thing next morning.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='01:04:53'&gt;The headline might say new fighting in Afghanistan, or it might say your three o'clock meeting was cancelled today because one of the news sources that went after was your own electronic mail.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='01:05:04'&gt;So something important to come in at night, the agent would recognize &quot;oh this is important I'd better make it a headline.&quot;&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='01:05:11'&gt;This is one of the hundred most interesting things I found tonight.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='01:05:15'&gt;You can imagine a sidebar saying your children slept well last night, right?&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='01:05:22'&gt;The idea is that every time a technology comes along it redefines news.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='01:05:26'&gt;The major thing about agents is not how smart they are. This is why in some sense these futuristic videos we do at Apple are misleading because they always show these incredibly smart agents.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='01:05:38'&gt;It's what what we call the Beethoven complex in AI, which is the belief by most AI funders that you have to do something much better than a human before it's interesting.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='01:05:47'&gt;whereas in truth we can't even do a decent cat yet.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='01:05:58'&gt;The important thing is to realize that it is not the intelligence of the agent that is making it so useful, but its ability to act autonomously.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='01:06:06'&gt;The places where it can best act autonomously are in information retrieval over enormously large possibilities.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='01:06:14'&gt;Possibilities that are so large you would never be able to do them by hand or ever want to.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='01:06:19'&gt;I believe that the first agents that are going to be commercially viable are going to be all of that kind.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='01:06:24'&gt;They won't have a guy with a bowtie. they won't need a guy with a bowtie.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='01:06:32'&gt;You know, eventually at some point, when the agent gets smart enough to start making you think anthropomorphic thoughts you're going to have to do something to let the user understand at what level of intelligence this thing is operating at.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='01:06:46'&gt;So you will have something like a cartoon character.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='01:06:49'&gt;But initially, the most important idea is that agents can do things for you while you're somewhere else.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='01:06:55'&gt;It's taken an amazing number of decades to do the simplest agent that anybody ever thought of.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='01:07:01'&gt;That's the one that automatically downloads your mail onto your hard disk while you're doing other things.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='01:07:08'&gt;It's unbelievable to me. The first good mail system I ever used fifteen years ago did that.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='01:07:17'&gt;This is sort of an Apple problem in a sense is that the the people who did Apple link refused to admit that most Mac's have hard disks on them.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='01:07:27'&gt;Because of that, they make you wait for the modem, and wait for the modem.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='01:07:30'&gt;You don't have to wait for the modem. An agent can download the stuff, and have it ready to go, and it can even do some of the reading of it while you're doing.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='01:07:37'&gt;Why don't one of you guys do one of those things.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='01:07:41'&gt;In credit, you know, because you can do agents now. So start doing it. We need them.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='01:07:49'&gt;The only way we can get better on this stuff is to have a lot of things to you and to criticize.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='01:07:53'&gt;It's the most important aspect. So, this is sort of an old farts talk I realize.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='01:08:01'&gt;I'm working on my old farts merit badge.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='01:08:07'&gt;But the way we make progress here is by trying to go for the good stuff, trying to find a romantic ideal, and realizing and having faith that the money will come by doing something good.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='01:08:22'&gt;That's how the Mac got there in the first place. The Mac was a romantic ideal of trying to change people's relationship with the computer.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='01:08:30'&gt;Now, we're all making money on it, but if we just set out to do money we would have done another MS-DOS clone like Compaq does.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='01:08:41'&gt;The same thing is true for this stuff. We can actually push into this new era and be one of the leaders for this new way of proactive computing.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='01:08:52'&gt;And we can do it starting now on the Macintosh with your help. As always the strongest weapon we have to explore a strange new world like this is the one between our ears, providing us loaded.&lt;/subtitle&gt;<br /> &lt;subtitle id='01:09:06'&gt;Thank you very much. Thank you.&lt;/subtitle&gt;</div>

Ezequiel