Difference between revisions of "Extracting Energy from the Turing Tarpit (2012)"

Latest revision as of 20:41, 6 December 2017

about

two minutes to set this up

okay now is it I

love that we are the

testers for these microphones so I'd like

the AV people to turn off the video there take

take me about one minute to

set things up here

because this is actually in the

nature of a pep talk and

it's an optimistic

pep talk about

about software and it's based

on the work of many people

here I should mention that

many of my heroes are

in this room and not just the people

who got the Turing Awards but some

colleagues I've worked with over the years are

my heroes I think

we wind up

making Ecology's when we're

trying to do things this is sometimes been

been mentioned and these

ecologies are critical

because they actually require a wide variety

of different talents I've always felt that

Turing exemplified

a wide variety of talents

inside himself just pretty darn amazing

I

probably forgot something but okay let's let's

start here

so this pep

talk is about the Turing tarpit

and what we might do with it and about

it and I

don't know where the I was a big fan of L perlis

as a fantastic guy

who was the first Turing Award winner and early

he said beware of the Turing tarpit where ever

as possible but nothing is easy and

what's interesting about he was talking about programming languages

but in fact this is true the computer itself

that's the problem it's got all these

wonderful degrees of freedom and we

glorify in those because that's what makes it the

most interesting machine that anybody has ever invented

and of course the the

problem here is oops and

fallen and perish now I did

a little research on Tar Pits and

I could

not find anywhere that

any humans were ever found in

a tar pit that were not put there specifically

as a ritual burial so

it seems like humans are a lot smarter than sloths

sometimes you never can

tell but in fact it

humans were pretty good at avoiding the tar pit but

we created a different kind we realized

oh there's there are all these hydrocarbons

and fossil fuels and we wind up with this and

oh this and one of the slums in

Rio de Janeiro my two favorite pictures

of what I think of as software today

and

the problem is we can't see them we can only see 30

or 40 lines of code at a time and there's

this enormous festering whatever

it is and

so this goes from loops to a yikes

the tendency we

country is to beat everything to death with the club and

what what happens is the sub goals

become the goals so at some point just building

refineries become the goals we're

really what we wanted is energy and

it happens that 67%

of fossil fuels are burnt to make electricity and

well if we want electricity there are other

ways of doing it for instance photosynthesis is

pretty nice I used to be a biologist

and what happens

is through a beautiful series

of chemical reactions and some physical pathways

it's pretty darn efficient at getting electrons

and electrons or what we want so

we get a yay on that and there

are a lot of organisms that do this and

the ones that don't feed on the ones that do

and it happens that the metabolism

basal metabolism in all living

cells is somewhat similar and it's looking

from the energetic standpoint it's really about just transferring electrons

around and

so there are a lot of electrons there and in fact recently it

was discovered that many bacteria

extend microtubules between

each other not for the purposes of sex but

for the purpose of exchanging electrons

that incredible so

they can get a kind of a feeding from

each other they share it's a socialized electrons

and because

there are so many of these there Adam

favorite engineers who's also a biologist

says hey just stick

things into the ground anywhere on the earth including

the Sahara Desert and you've got a fuel cell

made out of living microbes that are just

happened to be there by the billions and trillions and

so in fact you can pretty much any

bucket of dirt that you get outside you can run in a 60 watt

bulb just by having

the right kinds of things that you stick in there it doesn't require any

additional power this is kind of a metaphor

for I think what we should be thinking

software we have to think about what it is that we actually want

to do and I don't think our main goal is writing millions

of lines of code what we want it is for to

do something so

we've heard this in various ways today

this idea of let's try a science and math

let's not beat it to death and

idea number two here is this

distinction between tactics and strategies when

we're building things and tactical stuff is usually pretty

incremental and somewhat similar to where you were

so bricks lead to piles

and stacks and if you scale them up

you get pyramids and walls and they

have a certain simplicity to them anybody can learn how

to be a bricklayer and so this has

a lot going for it it's very transferable and so

forth but it has some limitations and so

there's a strategic direction we could go which

is before we build things out of the materials

let's think of things we can make out of the materials that

will be new materials so in

architecture let's make some arches that's

where the term came from and these things are

incredibly efficient the

Romans made such good cement aluminum

silicates plus compaction

that many of these structures built thousands

of years ago still survived today

if you've been in the pantheon looks like it

was built yesterday instead of 2,000 years ago

in fact it looks like is made out of granite rather

than the best reinforced concrete anybody has ever made

by the way the frost giants in the

vogner operas came out of the inability

of the Goths and the Visigoths to tear down these

aqueducts in

the Dark Ages they concluded only Giants could

have built them but in fact it was just

people like us with some technique

and the same thing is true in computers

our building block is a comparison

we could call it the scheffers stroke if you want

and again we can go tactically

in calculators we can add

a strategic element the stored program I loves

jacquard looms and this

notion of storage models

of computing is recapitulated through many of our

languages and predominant

amount of programming today despite

some fringe areas is actually

done using this storage model in a wide variety of

forms including so-called object-oriented languages

so this is kind of the general thing you find

today most universities train towards

these and so we we're talking

about Turing really

interesting idea is this brick ideas yeah

you can program a computer to make something that's like the

computer you're on but you can also make

something a computer that is very different from the computer

it's on and the first one of these that I ever saw was ivan

sutherland sketchpad and it

definitely a computer it was programmable it

wasn't programmable like any other computer had ever been and

was completely different than the enormous tx2

computer that it that it ran on and

one way of thinking about it and EDD Feigenbaum

blazed the trail here is that

a lot of computing today is done in terms of house and

as far back

as 50 and 60 years ago people were already starting

about can't we just program in terms of what's another

one was john mccarthy

whose early paper on the advice

taker a an intelligent

terminal agent that you could give advice

to that could deal with things in common

sense terms lisp was

actually invented to be a programming language to make that that

was an early idea and of course Marvin Minsky

and Ed Fagin bellman and so forth have

talked about intelligent systems as

terminal agents I'm going to focus not

so much on AI here but just

this notion of what do we get if we can find

think in terms of and we got a Marvin

call the semantic information process

processing I'm gonna focus on sketchpad here because

it's not only Turing's 100th

birthday it happens to be the 50th birthday of sketchpad

this year and I'm sure Ivan has forgotten

this because he's famous of forgetting things like this

yes because he refuses to talk about

sketchpad I thought I would say a few words about it

so it's

famous for being the invention of interactive

computer graphics it's

less known that it was really the invent really the first

object-oriented system that had the

abstraction technique

of objects masters and instances

you can make a master rivet

and create instances from it and the

big knockout on sketchpad was the programming of it

was not done in terms of anything

like a storage model but was done by telling sketchpad

goals that

achieve and it had three spot home solvers in

it they would achieve those goals and one of the famous

examples here is this truss bridge

and it happens that there is

no movie available of this truss bridge and

the reason is that

tx2 took awhile to settle

the constraints on this bridge I believe

but because it's the 50th anniversary of

sketchpad we have recreated the

sketchpad display and this twinkling

ivan will recognize because it

actually plotted points and they had to be

randomized throughout core you go crazy

with vertigo on it and

so with sketch pad you could

you know

add a truss in here

you could turn on the constraints one of which is

gravity and sketch pay I would compute

all of the beams there and

we can see what effect

this this one has of adding it in here those

1962

and

a wait and

another way and

there's twinkling and stuff caused

a series of better displays to be made

but it's interesting that in many ways

the semantics are

xpressed here haven't been improved much on although

if we come into modern times we can make it look prettier

and we

have this model as do two Yoshiki Oshima and

Bert Freudenberg who made this and

now in the modern version of course

words

have weight so I'll say Ivan

for inventing

this

and we're

constraints a little bit differently here and

so we put them inside this weight

here here's a couple of them so here's

the spring constraint so the beams are all Springs

here this is gravity and this is the pinned constraint

so if I turn gravity off the

springs will pull it I

love the idea just

the idea that a physical object is actually a process

so it's gone to zero I turn gravity

back on and

let's turn off the

pin constraint the pins constraint is what

is holding all of these girders together at the at

the joints here so just pull it off

okay

ou know we have all these useful objects down there and

we know these are these objects what we're seeing

are just costumes on these objects so let's repurpose

them we'll give this system a different set of constraints

and I'll use the little balloon here to raise them up

okay

and we this is not such a big news because we

do our layout using constraints so

this is a user interface of the system I'm actually giving

this this talk in terms of

Steve Jobs might like the steel look but

I think being a little more colorful we can

try

we

can try a blue look here that looks

a little bit too much like a company we're all familiar

with so the system is a bit of a Frankenstein

monster so I'll go for a Halloween theme here

and

I've got a

this is kind of like a presentation

system except I can program in it so what I'm

going to what I'm going to do here is just

go to the sort of a slide presentation but

in fact I can still interact with it because it's

this is just a view there are no modes in

this system and this brings

us to what I think of as the third turning machine

we talked about the first 2/3 Turing

machine was the machines he built out of biology

and this is in fact the first turing paper i wrote was

that I read when I was a biologist was

morphogenesis paper and even though I was a math major also

at that time I will confess I did not

understand the mathematics in it it was deep and

actually he warns in the beginning of that paper of

what parts to read unless you're really into mathematics

but one of the ideas here is he

was trying to show that relatively simple systems

of gradients interacting with each other can

give rise to an enormous number of morphological

structures and these are some

some from his original paper

and these are computer generation of

some of his models more recently

and

you can do other things with these so

radiance we can do something

that's kind of like particles and fields here

we've got little ants following the gradient and

they'll all eventually migrate their way up into

that upper left-hand corner

it looks like they're somewhat coordinated

but in fact they're all just following their own

their own thing and even

though we could build our text handling

stuff in this form it

suggests yeah

well why not make the letters ants

and so if we tell these guys

to

interact with each other and

by the way this these three rules here

are the rules for this text editor here

so you can sort of see what that looks like

and another little wrinkle in here

this that was done by Ted kale or another wrinkle

here is done by Erin Lindsay and

it's that nowadays we have the computing power

so that we don't have to compute just one

version of something but we can compute multiple version

so for instance here are three

suggestions three views of this paragraph

computed all at once in different worlds

and we see the outline super opposed

over it and we

can sort of see how

this works and this underlines that when you're

doing what type programming you really want

to have a user interface that is

giving you a sense of what the possibilities are going on

because the system is doing more for you than when

you're doing sequential programming

and of course there's the question

of doing the graphics here and so

dan amma liang did the graphics for

this system and an assemble way using mathematical

relationships first here's a formula

for the involvement of a polygon

with with a pixel and then

he made a mathematical language

that allows us to express

in a form that runs so you can think of this as kind

of a specification that actually runs and in

previous discussions I'd say my prejudices

are to make our specification

language something that we can debug and then ship

because the problem is you're always involved

in not just programming something but

you also have to do all the reasons

for the programming and those can have bugs also

so I kind of like this way but I happen to agree with Butler

that sometimes trying to make things clean

is difficult but on the other hand think about

wonderful it is when you can make them clean so

that does things

like that and then we have Willian compositing

rules but there they all are just

95 lines of code

we have pen stroking and

like this and

we

have gradients

and texturing and stuff and the best way to show that is to go

back here and I'll just pick something in the user interface because

the whole system is live I'll say okay gradient

fill and I'll just wreak ustym

eyes my little in thing here

because that's the live thing

that goes along with that okay

and then back

up and then bitmap filters

and everything and so in this form all of

we're familiar with on a personal computer is

435 lines of code and yeah

you have to learn a language that's a little bit like AP element

meets Christopher stray key but in

compactness of it and the understandability

of it is fantastic

and in order to make languages like that

fast we made a metal language

Alex Wirth did this and it makes

converts expressions into

object relationships that you can

do things like compile with or interpret or you

can do something really interesting

and illuminating with it as Brett

vicar young fantastic user interface

designer Brett would say yeah that's not really

interaction you need to continuously experience

the meaning of your meanings not just hit

and have them happen and this is possible in

this graphics language because it's actually a

data flow system as well as as

well as a very high higher level language

and so the

oops

sorry so

here's an example of

the letter D and here's

what bread has done he has automatically

gone through those that code that

I showed you and he has built this visualization

over here automatically from it so

just so here's a Bezier curve

can edit this letter D here and you notice everything

else is reacting here the six

bezzie A's that becomes

the input of the rasterizer

that produces 49

span coverages and I can

from I can

open these up and

what

it does is it takes me on a tour automatically through the

code forwards and backwards and shows me what's

going on and of course the next step 2 after this would

be instead of writing this stuff over on the right first you

might want to start off with your examples first and develop

the stuff on the right

okay and so in

architecture for this is somewhat similar to things have been talked

about for a while this is Ellen

Hossam Savini who have been

working on this and basic ideas whenever you can stay

up at the what level the constraint level the meaning

level the relational level things are generally

good and you'd

like to have a language or two not

too many of them that really allows you to

express these not just for special cases

I mean one of the points of this is it's time

to start thinking of doing what programming for systems

programming making operating systems and basic

elements out of it where

the system is in charge of doing the house

the solvers the optimizations the pragmatics

and there's zillions of these

we want to

work up here this is kind of sketchpad like it's gets bad

I had three of these we actually need a lot of them

in between we need something that is

not just a kind of a chooser but also kind of an

expert system that knows about this idea

that can make judicious choices

and maybe even parallel choices to tie this together

so when

I look out on the world here and somebody

asked me about the Turing tarpit I think

it's a Turing opportunity and

if there's a tarp it around I

think it's inside of our own heads thank you very much

great so we'll take questions

you pointed someone and I'll run a mic to them and

we have about five minutes for questions

questions anyway I'm always

very great Butler always reminds me that's that

Butler gives great talks and he actually gets

done when he's supposed to and he's I'm

just grateful that he went on before I do because it reminded

me I should get done good Alex Wolff

hi Alex Wolff

aren't yesterday's what's

today's house on ad

infinitum

aren't

yesterday's what's today's house odd

infinitum

I'm

gonna let Alan repeat okay okay

shall I saying it again but the point is that you

know we don't know how to do something

we we then know how to do it yeah I

got it and then we complain about it yes

well actually some people even regarded Fortran

as an AI program back then because

it did something that only humans could do and people

complain that every time a problem gets solved it's

removed from the domain of ai ai ai never

gets any credit for it because it just goes into engineering

yeah there's something to be said about that and

maybe one way of looking at this is saying hey it's a

it's not that it people haven't been working on what's for

50 or 60 years but I think it's

way out of balance if you look at where

the programming is going and I believe

that the time is ripe now over

the next five to eight years to actually

do something serious at this

level that is

sort of in between specifications

requirements prototyping and making

something that can be delivered with perhaps by

adding optimizations that don't get

into the the the meaningful part

hat's why this is a pep talk it's come

on funders start funding the next revolution in

being able to do serious program not

just a special case program okay so there's a question over

here we're good

so tell us who

you are my name is Ken Pierre Allen

I'm surrounded by Dinah books got a little

one of my hand it's

been it's been 40 years and we've been talking

all day about predictions what are yours

well the easiest

you know there's a there's a saying that will go

on my tombstone but if you think about it the the

easiest way to predict the future is to prevent it so

one of the one of the ways of looking at today is

the discouraging amount of

stuff that's still around that was

barely scaling when it was invented and I so

it's easy to predict that a lot of that will be around real question

in I think in the experience

of many of us takes critical masses of

different kinds of people funded well to

actually make serious breakthroughs because

ideas are not

enough there are plenty of good

ideas around but I came greatly

to appreciate the

qualities of people who can turn ideas

into reality and so it's really the combination

of them this is what is so difficult for

instance from NSF funding as funding

projects large enough to do the engineering aspects

as well as the the ideational aspects

good we're gonna squeeze in one last question

how about something from over here

god what a bunch of wimps nobody's got

a hand up there weird oh okay I'll be right there

put your hand up

again good and tell us who you

are Simon cuskey from citrus

leaf Ellen you talked about preventing and

you showed us this nice WYSIWYG live very

few lines of code now the things that Ken

was just talking about about all his dire

botnets can you imagine using

those techniques to deal with things once it gets

your your screen and starts going into the real world where

there's spam and malware and adversaries

yeah well I'm I'm always accused

of being too optimistic but and

to me the many

of the protection aspects of things

I have a probably an over simplistic way of thinking

about it but I believe you have to do the safety

and protection aspects as the first part

of the design rather than trying to tack them on

afterwards and I

happen to like the internet a lot I

think those guys did a fantastic job and to

me it's the only real object-oriented system on the

planet because the machines themselves are

ncapsulated things and it is not possible to send

a message on the internet that will cause any machine

to crash because it's true

because it's only stupid software that other people

put on the machine interpreting what is

a pure message interpreting that in some stupid way

that allows that so to

Internet is a good model and it must have a few billion

nodes by now it has never had to be stopped

to be updated it's probably

exchanged out most of its atoms and

much of its bits at least once

since say the late 60s when the

ARPANET started so it it's the thing that is

like a living organism it's the thing that is going

into the future it's the thing that we have to look

at when we're thinking about building systems

and so on it's in a biological system the

the entire dynamic

in biology is not being correct

but in curtailing

error a lot of

the proteins made a third of the 10,000

proteins we have in each cell are there just

to correct various kinds of damage to

DNA and other important molecules that

are caused by kinetic

energy of heat and some carcinogens

and so it's not a question of the thing being

perfect it's like the Internet it's

not just IP but it's having something

like TCP that can make sure the retransmissions

and other things happen so you eventually

get the bits that you want but

not you may not get them for a while so it

becomes a kind of a stochastic computing

and I think that it

couples well to what Butler was saying and also

this model I was showing that it's it's

that the more we get into the what's the more we can build systems

that can do these stochastic convergent

strategies that

will allow us to build bigger systems on

that very optimistic note thank you

Difference between revisions of "Extracting Energy from the Turing Tarpit (2012)"

Latest revision as of 20:41, 6 December 2017

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@@ Line 3: / Line 3: @@
 |id=Vt8jyPqsmxE
 |alignment=left
-|autoresize=false
+|autoresize=true
 }}
+<subtitle id="0:0:18">about</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:0:21"> two minutes to set this up</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:0:24"> okay  now is it I</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:0:27"> love that we are the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:0:30"> testers  for these microphones so I'd like</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:0:33">the AV people to turn off the video  there take</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:0:36"> take me about one minute to</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:0:39">  set things up here</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:0:42"></subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:0:45"> because this is  actually in the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:0:48"> nature of a pep talk  and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:0:51"></subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:0:54"> it's an optimistic</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:0:57"> pep talk about</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:1:0">  about software and it's based</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:1:3"> on the  work of many people</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:1:6"> here I should  mention that</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:1:9"></subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:1:12"> many of my heroes are</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:1:15"> in  this room and not just the people</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:1:18"> who  got the Turing Awards but some</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:1:21">colleagues I've worked with over the  years are</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:1:24"> my heroes I think</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:1:27"> we wind up</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:1:30">  making Ecology's when we're</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:1:33">trying to do things this is sometimes  been</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:1:36"> been mentioned and these</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:1:39"> ecologies  are critical</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:1:42"> because they actually  require a wide variety</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:1:45"> of different  talents I've always felt that</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:1:48"> Turing  exemplified</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:1:51"> a wide variety of talents</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:1:54">  inside himself just pretty darn amazing</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:1:57">  I</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:2:0"> probably forgot something but okay  let's let's</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:2:3"> start here</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:2:6"> so this pep</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:2:9"> talk  is about the Turing tarpit</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:2:12"> and what we  might do with it and about</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:2:15"> it and I</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:2:18">don't know where the I was a big fan of  L perlis</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:2:21"> as a fantastic guy</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:2:24"> who was the  first Turing Award winner and early</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:2:27">he said beware of the Turing tarpit  where ever</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:2:30">  as possible but nothing is easy and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:2:33">what's interesting about he was talking  about programming languages</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:2:36"> but in fact  this is true the computer itself</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:2:39"> that's  the problem it's got all these</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:2:42"> wonderful  degrees of freedom and we</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:2:45">glorify in those because that's what  makes it the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:2:48"> most interesting machine  that anybody has ever invented</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:2:51"> and of  course the the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:2:54"> problem here is  oops and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:2:57"></subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:3:0"> fallen and perish now I did</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:3:3"> a  little research on Tar Pits and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:3:6"> I could</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:3:9">  not find anywhere that</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:3:12"> any humans were  ever found in</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:3:15"> a tar pit that were not  put there specifically</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:3:18"> as a ritual  burial so</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:3:21"> it seems like humans are a lot  smarter than sloths</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:3:24"> sometimes you never  can</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:3:27"> tell but in fact it</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:3:30">humans were pretty good at avoiding the  tar pit but</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:3:33"> we created a different kind  we realized</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:3:36"> oh there's there are all  these hydrocarbons</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:3:39"> and fossil fuels and  we wind up with this and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:3:42"> oh this and one  of the slums in</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:3:45"> Rio de Janeiro my two  favorite pictures</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:3:48"> of what I think of as  software today</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:3:51"> and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:3:54"> the problem is we  can't see them we can only see 30</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:3:57"> or 40  lines of code at a time and there's</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:4:0"> this  enormous festering whatever</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:4:3"> it is and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:4:6"> so  this goes from loops to a yikes</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:4:12">the tendency we</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:4:15">country is to beat everything to death  with the club and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:4:18"> what what happens is  the sub goals</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:4:21"> become the goals so at  some point just building</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:4:24"> refineries  become the goals we're</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:4:27"> really what we  wanted is energy and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:4:30"> it happens that 67%</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:4:33">of fossil fuels are burnt to make  electricity and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:4:36"> well if we want  electricity there are other</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:4:39"> ways of  doing it for instance photosynthesis is</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:4:42">  pretty nice I used to be a biologist</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:4:45"> and  what happens</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:4:48"> is through a beautiful  series</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:4:51"> of chemical reactions and some  physical pathways</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:4:54"> it's pretty darn  efficient at getting electrons</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:4:57"> and  electrons or what we want so</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:5:0"> we get a  yay on that and there</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:5:3"> are a lot of  organisms that do this and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:5:6"> the ones that  don't feed on the ones that do</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:5:9"> and it  happens that the metabolism</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:5:12"> basal  metabolism in all living</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:5:15"> cells is  somewhat similar and it's looking</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:5:18">from the energetic standpoint it's  really about just transferring electrons</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:5:21">  around and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:5:24"> so there are a lot of  electrons there and in fact recently it</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:5:27">  was discovered that many bacteria</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:5:30"> extend  microtubules between</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:5:33"> each other not for  the purposes of sex but</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:5:36"> for the purpose  of exchanging electrons</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:5:39"> that incredible  so</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:5:42"> they can get a kind of a feeding from</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:5:45">  each other they share it's a socialized  electrons</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:5:48"> and because</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:5:51"> there are so many  of these there Adam</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:5:54">favorite engineers who's also a  biologist</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:5:57"> says hey just stick</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:6:0">things into the ground anywhere on the  earth including</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:6:3"> the Sahara Desert and  you've got a fuel cell</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:6:6"> made out of  living microbes that are just</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:6:9"> happened  to be there by the billions and  trillions and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:6:12"> so in fact you can pretty  much any</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:6:15"> bucket of dirt that you get  outside you can run in a 60 watt</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:6:18"> bulb  just by having</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:6:21"> the right kinds of things  that you stick in there it doesn't  require any</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:6:24"> additional power  this is kind of a metaphor</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:6:27"> for I think  what we should be thinking</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:6:30">software we have to think about what it  is that we actually want</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:6:33"> to do and I  don't think our main goal is writing  millions</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:6:35"> of lines of code what we want  it is for to</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:6:39"> do something so</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:6:42"> we've heard  this in various ways today</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:6:45">this idea of let's try a science and  math</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:6:48"> let's not beat it to death and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:6:50"> idea  number two here is this</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:6:54"> distinction  between tactics and strategies when</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:6:56">we're building things and tactical stuff  is usually pretty</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:7:0"> incremental and  somewhat similar to where you were</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:7:3"> so  bricks lead to piles</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:7:5"> and stacks and if  you scale them up</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:7:9"> you get pyramids and  walls and they</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:7:11"> have a certain simplicity  to them anybody can learn how</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:7:15"> to be a  bricklayer and so this has</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:7:17"> a lot going  for it it's very transferable and so</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:7:21">  forth but it has some limitations and so</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:7:24">  there's a strategic direction we could  go which</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:7:26"> is before we build things out  of the materials</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:7:30"> let's think of things  we can make out of the materials that</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:7:32">  will be new materials so in</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:7:36"> architecture  let's make some arches that's</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:7:38"> where the  term came from and these things are</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:7:41">  incredibly efficient the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:7:45"> Romans made  such good cement aluminum</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:7:47"> silicates plus  compaction</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:7:51"> that many of these structures  built thousands</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:7:53"> of years ago still  survived today</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:7:56"> if you've been in the  pantheon looks like it</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:8:0"> was built  yesterday instead of 2,000 years ago</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:8:2">in fact it looks like is made out of  granite rather</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:8:6"> than the best reinforced  concrete anybody has ever made</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:8:8"> by the  way the frost giants in the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:8:12"> vogner  operas came out of the inability</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:8:14"> of the  Goths and the Visigoths to tear down  these</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:8:17"> aqueducts  in</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:8:21"> the Dark Ages they concluded only  Giants could</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:8:23"> have built them but in fact  it was just</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:8:27"> people like us with some  technique</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:8:29"> and the same thing is true in  computers</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:8:32"> our building block is a  comparison</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:8:35"> we could call it the  scheffers stroke if you want</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:8:38">  and again we can go tactically</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:8:41"> in  calculators we can add</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:8:44"> a strategic  element the stored program I loves</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:8:47">  jacquard looms and this</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:8:50"> notion of  storage models</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:8:53"> of computing is  recapitulated through many of our</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:8:56">  languages and predominant</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:8:59"> amount of programming today  despite</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:9:3"> some fringe areas is actually</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:9:5">done using this storage model in a wide  variety of</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:9:8"> forms including so-called  object-oriented languages</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:9:11"> so this is  kind of the general thing you find</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:9:14"> today  most universities train towards</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:9:17"> these  and so we we're talking</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:9:20"> about Turing  really</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:9:23"> interesting idea is this brick  ideas yeah</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:9:26"> you can program a computer to  make something that's like the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:9:29"> computer  you're on but you can also make</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:9:32">something a computer that is very  different from the computer</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:9:35"> it's on and  the first one of these that I ever saw  was ivan</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:9:39"> sutherland sketchpad and it</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:9:41">definitely a computer it was  programmable it</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:9:44"> wasn't programmable like  any other computer had ever been and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:9:47">was completely different than the  enormous tx2</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:9:50"> computer that it that it  ran on and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:9:53"> one way of thinking about it  and EDD Feigenbaum</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:9:56"> blazed the trail here  is that</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:9:59"> a lot of computing today is done  in terms of house and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:10:2"> as far back</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:10:5"> as 50  and 60 years ago people were already  starting</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:10:8"> about can't we just program in  terms of what's another</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:10:11"> one was john  mccarthy</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:10:14"> whose early paper on the advice</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:10:17">  taker a an intelligent</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:10:20"> terminal agent  that you could give advice</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:10:23"> to that could  deal with things in common</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:10:26"> sense terms  lisp was</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:10:29"> actually invented to be a  programming language to make that that</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:10:32">  was an early idea and of course Marvin  Minsky</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:10:35"> and Ed Fagin bellman and so forth  have</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:10:38"> talked about intelligent systems as</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:10:41">  terminal agents I'm going to focus not</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:10:44">  so much on AI here but just</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:10:47"> this notion  of what do we get if we can find</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:10:50">think in terms of  and we got a Marvin</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:10:53"> call the semantic  information process</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:10:56"> processing I'm gonna  focus on sketchpad here because</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:10:59"> it's not  only Turing's 100th</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:11:2"> birthday it happens  to be the 50th birthday of sketchpad</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:11:5">this year and I'm sure Ivan has  forgotten</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:11:8"> this because he's famous of  forgetting things like this</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:11:11"> yes because  he refuses to talk about</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:11:14"> sketchpad I  thought I would say a few words about it</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:11:17">  so it's</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:11:20"> famous for being the invention  of interactive</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:11:23"> computer graphics it's</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:11:26">less known that it was really the invent  really the first</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:11:29"> object-oriented system  that had the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:11:32"> abstraction technique</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:11:35"> of  objects masters and instances</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:11:38"> you can  make a master rivet</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:11:41"> and create instances  from it and the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:11:44"> big knockout on  sketchpad was the programming of it</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:11:47"> was  not done in terms of anything</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:11:50"> like a  storage model but was done by telling  sketchpad</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:11:53"> goals that</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:11:56">achieve and it had three spot home  solvers in</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:11:59"> it they would achieve those  goals and one of the famous</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:12:2"> examples  here is this truss bridge</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:12:5"> and it happens  that there is</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:12:8"> no movie available of this  truss bridge and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:12:11"> the reason is that</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:12:14"> tx2  took awhile to settle</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:12:17"> the constraints on  this bridge I believe</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:12:20"> but because it's  the 50th anniversary of</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:12:23"> sketchpad we  have recreated the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:12:26"> sketchpad display and  this twinkling</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:12:29"> ivan will recognize  because it</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:12:32"> actually plotted points and  they had to be</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:12:35"> randomized throughout  core you go crazy</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:12:38"> with vertigo on it and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:12:41">  so with sketch pad you could</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:12:44"> you know</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:12:47">  add a truss in here</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:12:50"> you could turn on  the constraints one of which is</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:12:53"> gravity  and sketch pay I would compute</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:12:56"> all of  the beams there and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:12:59"> we can see what  effect</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:13:2"> this this one has of adding it  in here those</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:13:5"> 1962</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:13:8"> and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:13:11"> a wait and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:13:14">  another way and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:13:17"> there's twinkling and  stuff caused</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:13:20"> a series of better displays  to be made</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:13:23"> but it's interesting that in  many ways</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:13:26"> the semantics are</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:13:29">xpressed here haven't been improved  much on although</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:13:32"> if we come into modern  times we can make it look prettier</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:13:35"></subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:13:38"> and  we</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:13:41"> have this model as do two Yoshiki  Oshima and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:13:44"> Bert Freudenberg who made  this and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:13:47"> now in the modern version of  course</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:13:50"> words</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:13:53"> have weight so I'll say  Ivan</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:14:2">for inventing</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:14:5"> this</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:14:8"> and we're</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:14:11">constraints a little bit differently  here and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:14:14"> so we put them inside this  weight</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:14:17"> here here's a couple of them so  here's</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:14:20"> the spring constraint so the  beams are all Springs</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:14:23"> here this is  gravity and this is the pinned  constraint</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:14:26"> so if I turn gravity off the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:14:29">  springs will pull it I</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:14:32"> love the idea  just</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:14:35"> the idea that a physical object is  actually a process</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:14:38"> so it's gone to zero  I turn gravity</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:14:41"> back on and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:14:44"> let's turn  off the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:14:47"> pin constraint the pins  constraint is what</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:14:50"> is holding all of  these girders together at the at</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:14:53"> the  joints here so just pull it off</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:14:56"></subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:14:59"></subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:15:2"> okay</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:15:5">ou know we have all these useful  objects down there and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:15:8"> we know these are  these objects what we're seeing</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:15:11">are just costumes on these objects so  let's repurpose</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:15:14"> them we'll give this  system a different set of constraints</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:15:17">and I'll use the little balloon here to  raise them up</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:15:20"> okay</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:15:23"> and we this is not  such a big news because we</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:15:26"> do our layout  using constraints so</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:15:29"> this is a user  interface of the system I'm actually  giving</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:15:32"> this this talk in terms of</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:15:35"> Steve  Jobs might like the steel look but</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:15:38"> I  think being a little more colorful we  can</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:15:41"> try</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:15:44"> we</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:15:47"> can try a blue look here that  looks</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:15:50"> a little bit too much like a  company we're all familiar</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:15:53"> with so the  system is a bit of a Frankenstein</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:15:56">  monster so I'll go for a Halloween theme  here</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:15:59"> and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:16:2"> I've got a</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:16:5">this is kind of like a presentation</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:16:8">  system except I can program in it so  what I'm</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:16:11"> going to what I'm going to do  here is just</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:16:14"> go to the sort of a slide  presentation but</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:16:17"> in fact I can still  interact with it because it's</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:16:20"> this is  just a view there are no modes in</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:16:23"> this  system and this brings</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:16:26"> us to what I  think of as the third turning machine</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:16:29"> we  talked about the first 2/3 Turing</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:16:32">machine was the machines he built out of  biology</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:16:35"> and this is in fact the first  turing paper i wrote was</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:16:38"> that I read  when I was a biologist was</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:16:41">morphogenesis paper and even though I  was a math major also</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:16:44"> at that time I  will confess I did not</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:16:47"> understand the  mathematics in it it was deep and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:16:50">actually he warns in the beginning of  that paper of</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:16:53"> what parts to read unless  you're really into mathematics</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:16:56"> but one  of the ideas here is he</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:16:59"> was trying to  show that relatively simple systems</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:17:2"> of  gradients interacting with each other  can</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:17:5"> give rise to an enormous number of  morphological</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:17:8"> structures and these are  some</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:17:11"> some from his original paper</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:17:14"> and  these are computer generation of</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:17:17"> some of  his models more recently</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:17:20"> and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:17:23"> you can do  other things with these so</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:17:26"> radiance we  can do something</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:17:29"> that's kind of like  particles and fields here</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:17:32"> we've got  little ants following the gradient and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:17:35">they'll all eventually migrate their way  up into</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:17:38"> that upper left-hand corner</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:17:41">it looks like they're somewhat  coordinated</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:17:44"> but in fact they're all just  following their own</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:17:47"> their own thing and  even</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:17:50"> though we could build our text  handling</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:17:53"> stuff in this form it</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:17:56"> suggests  yeah</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:17:59"> well why not make the letters ants</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:18:2">  and so if we tell these guys</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:18:5"> to</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:18:8"> interact  with each other and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:18:11"> by the way this  these three rules here</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:18:14"> are the rules for  this text editor here</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:18:17"> so you can sort of  see what that looks like</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:18:20">  and another little wrinkle in here</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:18:23"> this  that was done by Ted kale or another  wrinkle</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:18:26"> here is done by Erin Lindsay and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:18:29">  it's that nowadays we have the computing  power</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:18:32"> so that we don't have to compute  just one</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:18:35"> version of something but we can  compute multiple version</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:18:38"> so for instance  here are three</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:18:41"> suggestions three views  of this paragraph</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:18:44"> computed all at once  in different worlds</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:18:47"> and we see the  outline super opposed</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:18:50"> over it and we</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:18:53"> can  sort of see how</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:18:56"> this works and this  underlines that when you're</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:18:59"> doing what  type programming you really want</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:19:2"> to have  a user interface that is</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:19:5"> giving you a  sense of what the possibilities are  going on</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:19:8"> because the system is doing  more for you than when</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:19:11"> you're doing  sequential programming</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:19:14"> and of course  there's the question</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:19:17"> of doing the  graphics here and so</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:19:20"> dan amma liang did  the graphics for</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:19:23"> this system and an  assemble way using mathematical</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:19:26">  relationships first here's a formula</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:19:29"> for  the involvement of a polygon</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:19:32"> with with a  pixel and then</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:19:35"> he made a mathematical  language</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:19:38"> that allows us to express</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:19:41">in a form that runs so you can think of  this as kind</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:19:44"> of a specification that  actually runs and in</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:19:47">previous discussions I'd say my  prejudices</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:19:50"> are to make our specification</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:19:53">language something that we can debug and  then ship</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:19:56"> because the problem is you're  always involved</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:19:59"> in not just programming  something but</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:20:2"> you also have to do all  the reasons</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:20:5"> for the programming and  those can have bugs also</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:20:8"> so I kind of  like this way but I happen to agree with  Butler</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:20:11"> that sometimes trying to make  things clean</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:20:14"> is difficult but on the  other hand think about</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:20:17"> wonderful it is  when you can make them clean so</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:20:20"> that  does things</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:20:23"> like that and then we have  Willian compositing</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:20:26"> rules but there they  all are just</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:20:29"> 95 lines of code</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:20:32">  we have pen stroking and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:20:35"> like this and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:20:38">  we</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:20:41"> have gradients</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:20:44"> and texturing and  stuff and the best way to show that is  to go</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:20:47"> back here and I'll just pick  something in the user interface because</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:20:50">  the whole system is live I'll say okay  gradient</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:20:53"> fill and I'll just wreak ustym</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:20:56">  eyes my little in thing here</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:20:59"> because  that's the live thing</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:21:2"> that goes along  with that okay</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:21:5"> and then back</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:21:8"> up and then  bitmap filters</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:21:11"> and everything and so in  this form all of</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:21:14">we're familiar with on a personal  computer is</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:21:17"> 435 lines of code and yeah</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:21:20">you have to learn a language that's a  little bit like AP element</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:21:23"> meets  Christopher stray key but in</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:21:26">compactness of it and the  understandability</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:21:29"> of it is fantastic</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:21:32"> and  in order to make languages like that</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:21:35">fast  we made a metal language</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:21:38"> Alex Wirth did  this and it makes</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:21:41"> converts expressions  into</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:21:44"> object relationships that you can</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:21:47">  do things like compile with or interpret  or you</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:21:50"> can do something really  interesting</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:21:53"> and illuminating with it as  Brett</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:21:56"> vicar young fantastic user  interface</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:21:59"> designer Brett would say yeah  that's not really</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:22:2"> interaction you need  to continuously experience</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:22:5"> the meaning  of your meanings not just hit</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:22:8">and have them happen and this is  possible in</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:22:11"> this graphics language  because it's actually a</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:22:14"> data flow system  as well as as</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:22:17"> well as a very high higher  level language</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:22:20"> and so the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:22:23"> oops</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:22:26"> sorry  so</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:22:29"> here's an example of</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:22:32"> the letter D and  here's</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:22:35"> what bread has done he has  automatically</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:22:38"> gone through those that  code that</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:22:41"> I showed you and he has built  this visualization</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:22:44"> over here  automatically from it  so</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:22:47"> just so here's a Bezier curve</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:22:50">can edit this letter D here and you  notice everything</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:22:53"> else is reacting here  the six</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:22:56"> bezzie A's that becomes</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:22:59"> the  input of the rasterizer</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:23:2"> that produces 49</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:23:5">  span coverages and I can</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:23:8">from  I can</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:23:11"> open these up and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:23:14"> what</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:23:17"> it does is  it takes me on a tour automatically  through the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:23:20"> code forwards and backwards  and shows me what's</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:23:23"> going on and of  course the next step 2 after this would</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:23:26">be instead of writing this stuff over on  the right first you</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:23:29"> might want to start  off with your examples first and develop</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:23:32">  the stuff on the right</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:23:35"></subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:23:38"> okay and so in</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:23:41">architecture for this is somewhat  similar to things have been talked</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:23:44"> about  for a while this is Ellen</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:23:47">Hossam Savini  who have been</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:23:50"> working on this and basic  ideas whenever you can stay</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:23:53"> up at the  what level the constraint level the  meaning</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:23:56"> level the relational level  things are generally</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:23:59"> good and you'd</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:24:2"> like  to have a language or two not</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:24:5"> too many  of them that really allows you to</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:24:8">  express these not just for special cases</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:24:11">  I mean one of the points of this is it's  time</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:24:14"> to start thinking of doing what  programming for systems</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:24:17"> programming  making operating systems and basic</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:24:20">  elements out of it where</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:24:23"> the system is  in charge of doing the house</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:24:26"> the solvers  the optimizations the pragmatics</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:24:29"> and  there's zillions of these</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:24:32"> we want to</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:24:35">work up here this is kind of sketchpad  like it's gets bad</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:24:38"> I had three of these  we actually need a lot of them</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:24:41">  in between we need something that is</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:24:44"> not  just a kind of a chooser but also kind  of an</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:24:47"> expert system that knows about  this idea</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:24:50"> that can make judicious  choices</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:24:53"> and maybe even parallel choices  to tie this together</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:24:56"> so when</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:24:59"> I look out  on the world here  and somebody</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:25:2"> asked me about the Turing  tarpit I think</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:25:5"> it's a Turing opportunity  and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:25:8"> if there's a tarp it around  I</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:25:11"> think it's inside of our own heads  thank you very much</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:25:20">great so we'll take questions</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:25:23"> you  pointed someone and I'll run a mic to  them and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:25:26"> we have about five minutes for  questions</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:25:29"> questions anyway I'm always</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:25:32">  very great Butler always reminds me  that's that</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:25:35"> Butler gives great talks and  he actually gets</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:25:38"> done when he's supposed  to and he's I'm</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:25:41"> just grateful that he  went on before I do because it reminded</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:25:44">  me I should get done good Alex Wolff</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:25:47"> hi  Alex Wolff</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:25:50"> aren't yesterday's what's</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:25:53">  today's house on ad</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:25:56"> infinitum</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:25:59"> aren't</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:26:2">  yesterday's what's today's house odd</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:26:5">  infinitum</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:26:8"> I'm</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:26:11"> gonna let Alan repeat okay  okay</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:26:14"> shall I saying it again  but the point is that you</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:26:17"> know we don't  know how to do something</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:26:20"> we we then know  how to do it yeah I</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:26:23"> got it  and then we complain about it yes</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:26:26"> well  actually some people even regarded  Fortran</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:26:29"> as an AI program back then  because</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:26:32"> it did something that only  humans could do and people</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:26:35">complain that every time a problem gets  solved it's</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:26:38"> removed from the domain of  ai ai ai never</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:26:41"> gets any credit for it  because it just goes into engineering</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:26:44">  yeah there's something to be said about  that and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:26:47"> maybe one way of looking at  this is saying hey it's a</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:26:50"> it's not that  it people haven't been working on what's  for</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:26:53"> 50 or 60 years but I think it's</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:26:56"> way  out of balance if you look at where</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:26:59"> the  programming is going and I believe</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:27:2"> that  the time is ripe now over</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:27:5"> the next five  to eight years to actually</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:27:8"> do something  serious at this</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:27:11"> level that is</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:27:14"> sort of in  between specifications</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:27:17"> requirements  prototyping and making</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:27:20"> something that  can be delivered with perhaps by</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:27:23"> adding  optimizations that don't get</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:27:26"> into the  the the meaningful part</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:27:29">hat's why this is a pep talk it's  come</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:27:32"> on funders start funding the next  revolution in</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:27:35"> being able to do serious  program not</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:27:38"> just a special case program  okay so there's a question over</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:27:41"> here  we're good</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:27:44"> so tell us who</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:27:47"> you are my  name is Ken Pierre Allen</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:27:50"> I'm surrounded  by Dinah books got a little</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:27:53"> one of my  hand it's</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:27:56"> been it's been 40 years and  we've been talking</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:27:59"> all day about  predictions what are yours</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:28:2"> well the  easiest</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:28:5"> you know there's a there's a  saying that will go</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:28:8"> on my tombstone but  if you think about it the the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:28:11"> easiest  way to predict the future is to prevent  it so</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:28:14"></subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:28:17"></subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:28:20"> one of the one of the ways of  looking at today is</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:28:23"> the discouraging  amount of</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:28:26"> stuff that's still around that  was</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:28:29"> barely scaling when it was invented  and I so</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:28:32"> it's easy to predict that a lot  of that will be around real question</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:28:35"> in  I think in the experience</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:28:38"> of many of us  takes critical masses of</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:28:41"> different kinds  of people funded well to</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:28:44"> actually make  serious breakthroughs because</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:28:47"> ideas are  not</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:28:50"> enough there are plenty of good</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:28:53">  ideas around but I came greatly</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:28:56"> to  appreciate the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:28:59"> qualities of people who  can turn ideas</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:29:2"> into reality and so it's  really the combination</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:29:5"> of them this is  what is so difficult for</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:29:8"> instance from  NSF funding as funding</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:29:11"> projects large  enough to do the engineering aspects</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:29:14"> as  well as the the ideational aspects</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:29:17"> good  we're gonna squeeze in one last question</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:29:20">  how about something from over here</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:29:23"> god  what a bunch of wimps nobody's got</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:29:26"> a  hand up there weird oh okay I'll be  right there</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:29:29">  put your hand up</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:29:32"> again good and tell us  who you</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:29:35"> are  Simon cuskey from citrus</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:29:38"> leaf Ellen you  talked about preventing and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:29:41"> you showed  us this nice WYSIWYG live very</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:29:44"> few lines  of code now the things that Ken</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:29:47"> was just  talking about about all his dire</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:29:50"> botnets  can you imagine using</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:29:53"> those techniques  to deal with things once it gets</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:29:56">your your screen and starts going into  the real world where</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:29:59"> there's spam and  malware and adversaries</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:30:2"> yeah well I'm  I'm always accused</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:30:5"> of being too  optimistic but and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:30:8"> to me the many</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:30:11"> of the  protection aspects of things</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:30:14"> I have a  probably an over simplistic way of  thinking</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:30:17"> about it but I believe you have  to do the safety</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:30:20"> and protection aspects  as the first part</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:30:23"> of the design rather  than trying to tack them on</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:30:26"> afterwards  and I</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:30:29"> happen to like the internet a lot  I</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:30:32"> think those guys did a fantastic job  and to</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:30:35"> me it's the only real  object-oriented system on the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:30:38"> planet  because the machines themselves are</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:30:41">ncapsulated things and it is not  possible to send</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:30:44"> a message on the  internet that will cause any machine</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:30:47"> to  crash because it's true</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:30:50"> because it's  only stupid software that other people</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:30:53">  put on the machine interpreting what is</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:30:56">a pure message interpreting that in some  stupid way</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:30:59"> that allows that so to</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:31:2">Internet is a good model and it must  have a few billion</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:31:5"> nodes by now it has  never had to be stopped</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:31:8"> to be updated  it's probably</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:31:11"> exchanged out most of its  atoms and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:31:14"> much of its bits at least once</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:31:17">  since say the late 60s when the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:31:20"> ARPANET  started so it it's the thing that is</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:31:23">like a living organism it's the thing  that is going</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:31:26"> into the future it's the  thing that we have to look</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:31:29"> at when we're  thinking about building systems</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:31:32"> and so  on it's in a biological system the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:31:35"> the  entire dynamic</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:31:38"> in biology is not being  correct</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:31:41"> but in curtailing</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:31:44"> error a lot of</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:31:47">the proteins made  a third of the 10,000</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:31:50"> proteins we have  in each cell are there just</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:31:53"> to correct  various kinds of damage to</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:31:56"> DNA and other  important molecules that</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:31:59"> are caused by  kinetic</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:32:2"> energy of heat and some  carcinogens</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:32:5"> and so it's not a question  of the thing being</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:32:8"> perfect it's like the  Internet  it's</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:32:11"> not just IP but it's having  something</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:32:14"> like TCP that can make sure  the retransmissions</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:32:17"> and other things  happen so you eventually</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:32:20"> get the bits  that you want but</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:32:23"> not you may not get  them for a while so it</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:32:26"> becomes a kind of  a stochastic computing</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:32:29"> and I think that  it</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:32:32"> couples well to what Butler was  saying and also</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:32:35"> this model I was showing  that it's it's</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:32:38"> that the more we get into  the what's the more we can build systems</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:32:41">  that can do these stochastic convergent</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:32:44">  strategies that</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:32:47"> will allow us to build  bigger systems on</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:32:50"> that very optimistic  note thank you</subtitle>