Difference between revisions of "Alan Kay Talk at 40th Anniversary of Dynabook (2008)"

Latest revision as of 00:28, 25 November 2021

good

evening everyone welcome

so

glad to have you with us tonight what a big crowd this

is fantastic I don't often do

this by the way I'm John Haller the CEO of the Computer History Museum for

of you I haven't met and I don't often do this but

I really have to give a giant thanks to

our staff to get ready for tonight

because it just so happens that the victory

party for the Silicon Valley branch of the Barack

Obama for president campaign

decided to rent the Computer History Museum

for its victory party last night and so we had we

had 2,000 people partying

until 1:30 or 2 o'clock in the morning and

as many of you were I'm sure and so

I just have to say that they did a wonderful job getting

everything ready for tonight and I just have to really salute them

so there's hardly anything better than a

reunion and tonight really has the feel of a reunion and

so for all of you who are being reunited around the 40th anniversary of

the Dynabook let me just say welcome it adds great

energy to the museum and we're really happy to

you here you know I've discovered in the short time

that I've been here that people get emotional when they come to the museum and

they do it for various reasons some people get

emotional when they see a trs-80 or some people get

emotional when they see the Utah teapot and

admit when I first came to the museum I got emotional about

something too and I was very surprised about it it wasn't an object

it was a text panel and

I read something on a text panel that I had

been quoting for many many years and there

it was attributed right there on this

panel and it said the best way to influence the

future is to invent it and

it was Alan Kay of course who said

that so when I saw that I thought now that is

really fantastic and I got a little emotional about it and

the reason obviously that is so

reason we're all here tonight is that the Dynabook embodies

the very best of that kind of thinking because it

was people coming together imagining

and better future and then inventing that future through

a computer that has changed the world and

the people who are here tonight did that and

it's exactly the kind of story that the museum

enjoys telling and I heard something a

minutes ago in the cocktail party that really hit hit

because one of our trustees had Feigenbaum

was relating a conversation he'd had with someone about why

he likes the museum and he said I like it because it's

as interested in collecting people as it is in boxes

so Alan and Chuck Thacker

two people we've collected over the years because

they are both fellows here at the museum and we're

to have them with us here tonight and I want to say pay a special

tribute to them as fellows because fellows are

important when they come back and it's always great to have fellows in the

museum now there are other ways of influencing the

by inventing things and of course

that is certainly true of One Laptop Per child

and dr. Mary Lou Jepsen who is also with

us tonight o LPC has generously underwritten

tonight's program and I want to take a moment to pay

tribute to OLPC n to dr. Jepsen because there

is a very strong genetic link between the

original vision of the Dynabook and the vision that

OLPC has for well really for

the world both share a vision of how computers

can be used to help children learn both are

dedicated to instilling in children a passion

exploring the world and sharing their discoveries with each

other and although we gather tonight to

to reunite and celebrate 40 years of the Dynabook

that idea is as fresh today as

the dream of OLPC is to bring education

and computing to all the world's children it's

a big idea big ideas or the hallmark of the computing

industry and of pioneers like Alan

Kay and Chuck Thacker in particular so I want to say thank you

to OLPC for helping this night be possible and for

all you're doing to bring access to children

in the 21st century

and now

it's my pleasure to introduce our moderator for tonight

Steve Hamm of Business Week Steve is a senior writer

for the magazine I think he has the best beat in the world

because he covers innovation globalization

and leadership that's about as big as it gets he writes a

wonderful blog on Business Week com if you haven't

seen it you should and if you were here early perhaps

lucky enough to get a signed copy of the book that

he has just written called the race for perfect

inside the quest to design the ultimate

portable computer I'll bet you can guess what

he ultimate portable computer was and he's here to moderate the

event tonight so please join me in welcoming Steve

one thing that occurs

to me is that just based on the

past half hour of my life here in the museum

there are probably more people in the

audience who know more about portable computing

in the two years that I spent researching it

so I think there just said this is like a wealth of

knowledge and experience here and it's

really very impressive to see all the people who've turned out

to celebrate this anniversary

in the past few days

something remarkable happened in it wasn't

it wasn't politics

and it was it went almost totally unnoticed

but in the computer world it was something that was kind

of a silent shift what

happened was in the third quarter of this year the

number of portable portable computers sold

overtook the number of desktop

computers sold there's something that's been

anticipated for a long time as so there's no big surprise but

it is a remarkable moment and of course

at the time that that that happens just

as quickly as that happens

there's another shift that's happening this that's you know even

even Wilder which is the shift to handheld

devices and then the fact that those numbers those number

the hundreds of millions but in the billions and these

days those are computers too so it's

kind of on this anniversary it's

great to notice that and it's great to have these

panelists here two of whom are

some of the great pioneers of computing

not just portable computing but computing itself personal computing

and another who who has already made

a great name for herself for Mary Lou but I think

represents in many ways the potential of the future

portable computing and personal computing

this is

what I found as I started working on my

this been a 40-year quest its

people are possessed with this with

these ideas with with these goals of making better

and better more personal computers and

the portable computer of course is the most personal

it's with you well it could be with you

all the time now that would iPhone other things like that but it could

be with you wherever you go and it

can be a true companion so

these are the the empowering computers

now when we were talking we

were setting up this event doing our plans and we've

quipping on the phone about about things Chuck

Thacker said that the Dynabook

is the most influential machine had never built

so I think right

so in fact Allen

in the past year had been trying to build

prototype he's been working on it I think it's well along the way and I think I'll tell

you more about it when he speaks but this

the Dynabook has been

something a something of a talisman there's something about icon

for decades and it's

it's something that inventors and

engineers and designers have have looked

at and said well you know this is kind of an ideal

we can aim for and they've

worked individually and in groups

many of them anonymously they're

you know they're there there are certain lots of famous names

that we know but there are people you know I just met

a few minutes ago the

guy who is the principal designer of the note-taker

who we the first portable computer and at

Xerox PARC had never met him before and

he gave me his car keys now always a wedding photographer so

he's graduated to career

but but just great to meet him a

wonderful guy so so

we've gone from those early days

as early the early concepts the

early personal computers at Parc and then did the commercial

computers you know from the locker bowls the laptops

the handhelds and now did

the smartphones we've seen this incredible evolution

you like to call it a revolution but 40 years seems

more revolutionary than revolutionary but they've been

certainly these great leaps ahead during the time and

where we are now you can it's just amazing to think back how far

we've come and the

quest is of course very far from over

there just so many things that you can imagine that can be done with with

portable computers in the future so I'm

going to move right along and introduce Alan

very well-known guy but just a just

a few high points but here's a guy who you

know grew up in various places in

the East it's but his team years in New York City I

think some formative times in the Queensboro

Public Library he told me where did the

tremendous amount of reading and Truman you know one of

important things happened to him and his was

he did a lot of educating himself and books

were a big part of that and you

know you can see how the Dynabook vision the vision of of

a computer book that the

children could use to amplify to give

themselves to empower themselves to

to to strengthen

their ability to learn and ultimately

to assert themselves in the world you can see how

that vision came it's not just metaphor it's

more than that you know he

got his start

in in portable computing when he was at

Utah University of Utah

studying computer science worked on an

early personal computer called the Flex machine

was inspired to to

think about portable computers

when he went to Lexington mass

and visited some computers in

the classroom projects run by Seymour Papert of MIT

and on the on

the flight home from from seeing that demonstration we

got this idea of a personal computer of

computers of empowering device for children so

that's where it all started and then you can see

how that is woven through his career at

Xerox PARC later Atari

Apple Disney 8

HP and now as a

professor as an independent researcher

you know still working on computer

programming that educational programming and

while he was a you know a pioneer he's

still at it hasn't stopped and

sign of slowing down so

one of the things that I when I last

when I interviewed Alan for my book

said at the end of the little bit long interview I said so

are you pleased with the progress you've seen

in in 40 years and he said as

a utopian you know you're pleased to see

some progress along a path but also

as a utopian you're never satisfied so

I think that that is the way that you

know you want to approach life never satisfied always looking

the next thing that you can do at this great

I do

so I I've given a million talks

about the

Dynabook and children's

education and

ideas about changing the future by the way the

quote is actually the best way to predict the future is to invent

it and I think

the fact that it was misquoted in

the history museum as an important thing

to notice about history

many of us were asked to write histories

of various kinds by various organizations like

the ACM over the years I think we all

found that even trying

to tell the truth it doesn't come out right because

there are too many actual factors

and reality is messy and

the tendency is to try and turn it into a story and

the other thing is that I

think many of us have been at

least as influenced by things that we hated

in our field as those that we've

loved and you

can you can in a history you can reference something

that you love in a sentence and a

footnote but if you hate something people

expect you to justify that hate

and all of a sudden you've run out of

pages for what you started doing the thing

so so I think it's very very difficult

to actually explain

what happened in any reasonable

way but those of us who

are privileged to be the right age with

the right funders to a

person when asked about this

what actually happened we've

all said that the context was

what made us better

than we were we weren't any smarter

than anybody today but

we got a lot more done because

we were just bricks like any other bricks but

we just happened to be in the era where the arch was functioning

and in other areas the bricks

could not do more than make simple piles but

there was an organizing principle in that community

and some of the people who set up

actually understood what those organizing principles

was great about it wasn't completely accidental

so I thought to set

the stage here I would just show

you a few things that I noticed around

that time that were part of the context

leading up to this idea and

my title for this is it's the 40th

anniversary of the Dynabook idea so

the idea is actually I think

still a good idea because it wasn't with

particular reference to any kind of hardware

or software is basically a kind of a service idea and we'll see

what that that was and it's in a second

so I can tell

by the amount of reflection from

the audience from either people with white hair or

no hair

that there

are a lot of people who know what the 50s were like

by actually being there and

not even

tossed in the shape of things to come up

there because even though the movie was made

in the late 30s you could actually watch it on television

in the 50s and it featured flat

screen displays and one of the things

that was in the air in science fiction salon before the

50s but especially in the 50s

was that there were going to be flat-screen televisions

a whole host of other things

that were going to be part of what modern life was

about it was just part of the context

and then we had this great enemy

who was a bit more like us than anybody in

America wanted to admit namely

the Russians they liked gadgets too

and so this

set up this pretty good

for most of the time rivalry which

only way that funders can really respond to anything

and

so a lot of really interesting things

started happening in the 50s and especially around MIT

so a whirlwind which I think

there's a piece of whirlwind in this museum was

arguably of the

many early computers it was one of the most influential

of all times in so many ways including

its architecture it was rather like

a mini computer although it was large and

it had some of the earliest

display as you can see in

the original Earl the that circular tube

that got made into the sage console of which there's at

least one downstairs and the

light gun for pointing at things on

the display and as the processor

cycle through the display list the light gun would see

a flash of light and they could correlate it through what piece

of graphics was being drawn back then and

through a little more machinery figure

out what what you're actually pointing at so all of this

was part of this huge

complex that was called sage and

if you've ever seen a sage computer I never

saw the original q7

I've seen pictures of it but

I thought the cue thirty-two and it was enormous because

it wasn't just one computer the

sage computers were actually in pairs both

computing the same thing and when I first

was taken to see the queue 32 I thought it

was small because it looked like a pdp-10 machine

room and then I was informed that this was just the console

and

man could they build computers

then when they were really hard to build it actually

took days for the Q 32 to crash

because

it was set up to detect

errors and it

had subroutines that emulated every

instruction out of whatever instructions were left

so it had this enormous thing so it's constantly

figuring out what instructions were actually working

on the thing and then patching those in so

it took a long time to go down

so people who saw this and it

wasn't me I wasn't I was in high school when this was going on

but this made a big impression on

a lot of people and

while this gigantism was going on

people I carry

Husky U is one of the earliest computer pioneers

beloved of many of us one

of the nicest guys ever in computing as

early as 1955 he

had done the g15 and actually with

my mentor later on in graduate school dave evans

appendix and so this is the other impulse

the impulse to have a machine

that you could just sit at for hours and make

things make things happen so this impulse towards

what we call personal computers goes way back

and then

we're gonna celebrate something in

2008 it's got to be John

so this really pisses me off

that it's great they were celebrating

I'm the most trivial thing we're celebrating is this

in a couple of weeks we're going to celebrate the

anniversary of the mother of all demos that Engelbart did

up in San Francisco and that was something worth while celebrating

that was a hell of a show but 50

years ago and on either side

of it McCarthy kind of thought his way out of

pretty much every assumption

anybody had ever made about computing up to that point

and it's just shocking

when you actually

look into all the stuff that John did more deeply

and so

he looked at sage and also saw that oh

the future of computing has got to be interactive

he realized

instantly in a way that

hardly anybody has been able to realize since then

that we couldn't deal

with computer in computer terms so

right at the very dawn of this he said we have to have something like

he calls an advice taker we

have to be able to deal with computers in terms of our own common sense and

so he thought of it as an artificially

intelligent entity and we'll

see later there's another way of thinking about dealing with computers

in terms of common sense and then he

just sat down and invented the best single programming

language ever invented Lisp just

I think

it worries me about this is that Lisp is now 50

and

pound-for-pound it's

still truly impressive compared to almost anything

most programmers are programming in because they just

don't get it and then John

did something even better which he wanted to show that

wonderful new symbol manipulation language

was actually a Turing machine and

not just in a trivial way but an ax turning

machine that could realize itself in one shot and that's

what is in the air which I've always called Maxwell

equations of computing and the

philosophical leap there for people who

troubles to go through it is enormous because it gave

about programming and programming languages

and making programming language that had never been around

before etc etc so this is one

of the great years of all time in our in

our field and

introduced the the sixties in many

ways was the decade of Marshall McLuhan he'd

written one great book just on one side of

1960 and understanding media was on the other side

and was loaded

with many kinds of insights and

McLuhan had this had

this notion that our biggest problem is

we are always thinking in terms of

what we know and therefore we're

completely locked in we're

basically not thinking at all so his idea was

if you're going to try and communicate with something in some way

some idea in some language that people know you

have to do it in a way that wakes them up so use something like Zen koans

but he called them pros so

this is one of them and

here's another nice image

steering only by looking

and most

can only see the present through the past that's because

we only use what we know to think about things

but artists can see

a little of the present as it is as a construction rather

than reality and once you can see something

as a construction you can see other constructions so artists

can see a little of the future and

his nobody could understand what this meant

medium is the message and so he wrote a book

called the medium as the massage

and that

came home to more people

because what he meant is when you're dealing with any

embodiment of any idea in any kind of system

it's what you have to become to

deal with that system that actually counts the

actual things are talked about in this system

are interesting but secondary but you

have to become a different kind of person in order to be a reader you have to become a

different kind of person in order to do science and

you have to become a different kind of person in order to watch

television for 24 hours a day

all of those things to him we're much

more important than the attempts to put content on

these media and another nice line

we shape our tools and then they turn around and reshape us and

Thoreau anticipated

this by saying we become the tools of our tools

children are the messages

we send to the future and children

are actually the future we send to the future so

this

started some

interesting thoughts from people who are actually looking at computers

is more than arithmetic engined pdp-1

appeared first in 1960

prototype is at BBN n its

immediate forbearer was a machine

called the tx2 which was on the TX 0 which is a

version a kind of a version of whirlwind

and highly

influential on a number of people especially this man

known as wick because

he was a psychologist who hung a rat hung

around BBN he was consulting there and he got fascinated and

because he was not a computer person or a technical

person he knew other things

like he understood symbiosis

and he realized right away that the

computer was more than a tool because of its

active nature it could act more like a like a

helpful Cynthia and

interesting thing that pretty much only biologists know you

may know we have a hundred trillion cells in

our body which is kind of a lot of cells

but you may not know that

forty percent of those cells forty trillion of

your hundred trillion cells are bacteria

think about that for just a second

it

turns out half of the 60 trillion that are left are red

blood cells and they only lived

for about a hundred days in your body

so just percolate on that for

a second and so liq

also had a beautiful personality people

like this man and

because of that and these

ideas that he started having in

a couple of years when the space program

has moved from DoD to NASA there was money left

over and according

to the stories there was literally one

of these meetings in the cosmos Club

in Washington probably with cigars and

certainly no women around the

agenda the old boys club and they

table and somebody said well hey let's give this money to lick

and that thus was born

ARPA i pto the information processing techniques office

and because of this man the

world is completely different today because

he was wise and we can talk about these

in the panel if people are interested many

people here knew him personally and

will never forget him

also

in the early 60s the johniac

downstairs one

of the worst computers to program ever invented if

you ever looked at the order code on it

very old and slow they

were going to get rid of it at Rand and cliff

Shaw of Newell Simon and Shaw he was also a

programmer and just a pretty nifty character

spoke about two words a year

he got them to give

throwing this machine away he said give it to me and let me

do something with it and so he did the first great end user

system and you can sum up what

Joss was like in this quote of says

the acceptance of an interactive computing system

depends on the little things the hundreds and hundreds of little things in

he's one of the few people in our history who

ever taken the pains to do every single one of those hundreds

of things so anybody who ever used Joss back

then Joss couldn't do a lot but

what it did it did it perfectly and in such

a way it made you feel good to be a human being and be privileged

to actually use a computer

then on the other end we

have this crazy genius Bob

Barton who

said why are people programming a machine

code they need to program and

higher-level languages and the answer was well that they

through slowly in Bart and said well let's make a machine to

run them fast so the B 5000

was the first really serious attempt

to make a higher-level architecture and

almost every idea in it is a classic

idea and these ideas

been used over and over again and reinvented over and over again

unfortunately mostly in software today because it's

very hard to buy any piece of silicon that has

an architecture anywhere near as interesting as the

B 5,000 was

the third machine I learned 1962

another

landmark and I can't

resist just showing a little bit

of sketchpad cuz I've been doing it for as long as I've

been able to show movies

lovely thing about this was there was no actual display

on the TX - Ivan actually programmed it

using the multiple program counter feature that

it had so the basic idea just sketched

something and then he indicated at the sides there

want them all to be mutually perpendicular and you just saw sketchpad

solve that problem and now

he's going to show that it can find

other solutions of course it could have constrained to the ratios

of size also but

here the constraints always wind up with a symmetrical

rivet

and wants one that looks more like a real rivet

and

of course one rivet is not

that interesting so what

you want to be able to do is make zillions of these and

so this system not only did

real time problem solving of constraints

and gave you

the first real working graphics system but it also

had this thing that people have called object-oriented

programming so there's one rivet

that he's going to stick

into that flange there

and then he's going

to show that he can make a few more rivets

and each of these rivets is

and then he realized whoops

I got that still got those crossbars I should make those invisible

so now he's making them invisible on the

master which we would call a class today and but

lo and behold the instances feel that

so here in one year and a PhD thesis you have kind

what I would call the romance of interactive computing

so

here's my vote for the first wheel personal computer

there's one downstairs Wes

hell of a guy I

love when

the ACM asked him to write a paper about

for the history of workstations

conference he was so modest his

title was the link was early and small

the

other thing that was great about this machine was it was

a study in parsimony and

that it got a hell of a lot of function

out of almost nothing and was

set up actually as a kit that all the first links were

by the people who are going to use them they had a kind

of a summer camp they came to Lincoln labs

and they were made really for biomedical

experimentation and so the people would come and they actually

built their own link and the everybody learned how to take

care of it and took it back to their labs and

many many links were made in the 60s

so pw1

phase two if we go up to 1962

Steve Russell he

was I think here tonight I know that he's here

at this but he was down there

he is my hero

nly

30 percent for space war by putting it up here because this

is a very significant thing to happen because it got people

thinking and it was a spreadable thing

in the way that sketchpad wasn't thinking 7 70

% Steve is my hero because here's

the guy that made the first list work and

going from McCarthy's way of thinking

about it to something would actually run

requires a very special kind of person as

special as John McCarthy but of a different kind so

Steve is one of that kind and

a little bit later is

another one of these special

there's gonna be a huge celebration

demo

I'd like to see one

I say now computer

switching that will bring in a camera picture

from the camera mounted on his console such as the

camera mounted on - I built that's

great now we're connected audio you can see

my work you can point at it and I can see your face we could talk

so bill was about billa's down

in Menlo Park and the demo was up in in San

Francisco and I always ask computer

people today how did they get sub-second response and

all of this stuff on a computer whose total

memory was the size of that picture

it's

192k picture and that's how much memory the

STS 940 had

it was a time-sharing machine it was a half MIT

24 bits and I've

only gotten gotten to correct the answer from one person over

the years who was a sophomore at UCLA and

the answer was they goddamn wanted to get sub-second response

anytime

want to get sub-second response you can get sub-second response and

the reason we don't have it today is because most

people who are making the systems don't

want it badly enough and most people who using the systems don't

realize that would help them

that's why it's this old stuff is really fun because

the people who who did this

stuff were just completely nutty as fruitcakes

in exactly the right way

you know who

another wonderful system so

the mouse was invented in 1964 but most people don't realize

the tablet the RAM tablet was also

then

move the connector out of the way so that we may draw a box in

its place

the

printing in the box is being used as commentary only

in this case oh if we

could only do with that well today isn't

it interesting so one of the simple things they did was just buffered

the recognition so you could write as

fast as you could write didn't make

you wait until it there was just almost

perfect user interface

and unlike the ankle Barb's which

had the feeling of a really beautiful tool

you have much more of a feeling

of being in a warm embrace with grail because

you're interacting with it tactically

in a way that you couldn't do

with a mouse so this is a very influential

system going on and

pdp-1 again it's kind of an epicenter for a

lot of things around 1964

Peter Deutsch who is maybe

16 at the time did an interactive

list on the PDP one that

had a number of wonderful points too it's a beautiful

machine code program but

he also realized that if you had a powerful

language like Lisp you don't need no operating system

that as

Dan Ingalls has pointed

out an operating system is just all that stuff that got left out

of the programming language you'd rather use

and you sort

confirming that if you start with the operating system so

starting with the programming language and just keep it

alive during the whole life of the of the

system and also

in that time there are just lots and

lots of things that I would

computers but there were certainly single user computers

they lack the service idea

of a personal computer but the

16:20 of course is the early 60s control de Deus

160 a I wrote some programs for that I

learned much more than I ever wanted to

know about how the 1130 worked when I was doing

my thesis project so

this idea of the utility of single user

computing was around and

65 is

when Gordon Moore wrote his day donation article the

original prediction was this green guy right here

which is a factor of two

doubling and then later

at God have banded to a factor of two doubling every 18 months

here every year every

18 months and so the reality for processors

was kind of on the doubling

every 24 months and

memories dynamic

RAM memories are kind of in between those

curves and the prediction went out to just 1995

so if you're willing to

believe this and a lot of people didn't believe

think it was relevant because his predictions were actually

for MOS process it was

really slow most people who are using

lower

scale integrated circuits we're using bipolar because they were fast

bipolar we had a lot of layers and was difficult to predict

mos was simple it was slow but

it also was essentially pumping capacitors

electrons and so it was easy to calculate how

fast things would run if you could make them smaller

university of utah started thinking

yes this is

thing that Dave this I would say was the perfect way

of characterizing the whole Arco community

ittsan Carl Hewitt down there nodding

basically nobody cared how

crazy anybody was as long as they could sing

1966 I saw this article in

the ACM about

Simula and had a stroke of

little flash of lightning because it was

programming language that was kind of like sketchpad

and it reminded me a

little bit of biology and I'll take that story

up in a little bit so

in 1967 there are rumors of a 512

bit wrong from national

semiconductor it's hard to explain to

anybody who was young today how exciting

but I

because it was really

I mean we went the Apollo guidance

system was a core rope computer

magnetic cores that actually

had wires strung through them and it looked like a basketball-sized

of mess and that

was basically to hold

the controls for the instruction

sequences so the idea of a 512 bit

wrong that you could just use for storing

various kind of controlling information was very exciting

and this guy ed Cheadle wanted to do a little

machine as he called it and so the two

of us started started working on it and this

is its self-portrait on its own display

but what it actually looked like was this as a hewlett packard

display on top of in 1130

with a whole bunch of the hardware and software that we had done

so that was very instructive

and right around that time

Butler Lampson was in full

flight doing amazing things

and it's hard to believe that in

1965 or 66 about the Lampson there's

only 23 years old because he from

my way of looking at Butler

he was always a senior guy and

a couple of years

later a guy

whose hair is now whiter than this Chuck

Thacker joined this project

and as he said he never looked back

so this is a very serious attempt

to provide a service as

a time sharing system but it was attempt to actually provide

real services to real users real early

and Minsky

huge influence back

then and for me because like Minsky was

loved Papp Ritz work

and talk about Pafford all the time and it was through Minsky

that I decided to go visit tapper

then look lighter and now Bob Taylor

as he looked back then Bob

was the third of the funders at ARPA wrote

this highly influential paper thinking

about what the computer is not as a computer but as

a medium and that fit

in very well with the way Marshall

McLuhan thought of media and

the way I was starting to think about media and

liq did

not want this network that he wanted to have worldwide

be small so he always

call it the intergalactic Network back

then because he realized that you know

engineers are human and

so if they're given a

task of a certain size they will try and meet that task

so he wanted to give them a task that

was too large for them to me in

the hopes that the result might actually scale

and so as always

talked about in these terms and liquid had this wonderful

a psychologist he knew he was not qualified

to pass judgment on goals

even make up goals so he didn't make up goals he just made up visions

and he trusted the technical people

something about that visions and oh if the funders were just like that

today because aslak

said you can't have a decent idea inside

the beltway in Washington DC so

what

you need to do is to find people outside the

Beltway to do things so

this way of thinking about things I've

been painting a picture gradually here of what

I think of as one of the dominant ways that

ARPA community thought about things is that they gradually started

thinking about things in terms of no centers

so in order to scale the networks

were interested in couldn't have a center and

the programming languages that

sketchpad didn't have a center and

the object stuff that I was thinking about didn't have a center and

object stuff that Carl Hewitt sorry think about I didn't have a center all

of these things were like these

networks of things and like biological

cells no Center so we lose

many many cells each

year and we lose every atom in our body every

7 years gets replaced even the ones in our bones

Barry Wesler is here and

Barry

was working in the ARPA eye PTO office

at that time as Taylor's

deputy and he

was also very interested in the ARPANET and making it happen it

hadn't happened yet in 68 and Barry

the youngest guy there and there was an idea that the

people who actually did the work namely the graduate students

our pair should actually have a conference of their

own it shouldn't just be the the contractors and the first

one was held at the University of Illinois in the

summer of 1968 and

whole bunch of interesting people showed up there

but we had a tour of the

University of Illinois who saw that thing remember Barry so

this is Don bit sirs first working

plasma panel display for the Plato terminal

and suddenly something that

was 50 science fiction was but yet only

an inch square was actually working and could

display the University

of Illinois on it so it

was going to happen we started talking about gee

maybe a little desktop computer like the Flex machine could go on

the back of one of these lasting displays someday

so here's the

the slide that involves me my

background was in bio math I did

a lot of theater and music and

basically I got

reacting to things so I saw a sketchpad and Simula

and because of the bio and the

math I thought objects

and I saw Engelbart and the

Grail system and

that

came up with this thing that didn't have a mouse but a tablet

on it that was kind of a desktop

personal computer that had cheadle and I did

and then right

about 40 years ago today maybe

40 years ago last week I went to

visit Seymour papper because I'd

started visiting people who

could be users

of a desktop computer so I was interested in

working with people who are not professional

computer users and Seymour was working the children

and I saw the following

interesting thing that

Seymour is a mathematician and

he had studied with Piaget he

should be here tonight I think many of you know the

tragic story that a couple of years

ago Seymour was in Hanoi and got run over by a motorcycle

had to have part of his brain

removed to save his life but he's not recovered

from that so this is the this

the evening that is really dedicated to this man

who has meant so much to us in every phase

of our of our lives

and our ideas in

both the professional and educational levels

and Seymour was just

a complete genius at coming up with insights

and one of

the ideas he got was children are

egocentric but in

a charming way they do everything relative

to them so if they were a coordinate system there would be an

inertial coordinate system and an

inertial coordinate system is the differential

geometry of Gauss and

if you keep track of this in the right way you actually

get the differential geometry of vectors

and in fact a child is one

of those vectors and so is a turtle and

he thought boy this is

so close to the way children already think I wonder what they

would do if we put some formalism on it and allowed them

to treat it as mathematics and so

you get a little kid and say can

you draw a circle with your body and the little kid would go like this

and you'd say to the little kid what

are you doing and the kid would say well I'm going a little

and turning a little over and over and going

a little and logo is forward and turning a

LITTLEST turn and over and over is repeat

in so if you just tell the

turtle to do that by

golly you get a circle and since those numbers

whatever numbers you throw in there you're going to get circles of

different kinds and all of a sudden you've

differential equation here that is infinitely

simpler than trying to do differential equations

of geometry and analytic geometry and a little sudden you've

got something that children can so this completely blew my mind

this is the turning point on this

idea because once you've

got something it is incredibly powerful that a child can learn

you've no longer got an

you actually have something like the printing press that's

one of the great 500-year inventions

in human history because if children can

learn these powerful ideas then you actually have a chance

of having them not just increment on what's already known they

will actually help over several

generations and bend something new and so so

that combined with just seeing

the splat panel display and all

these wise words and the clue ins in my mind on the

plane ride back to Utah from that

meeting with Seymour I drew this little cartoon

with kids out in the grass because if

make a personal computer for kids don't put it on a desk

that isn't them and so

it immediately took the fun

idea of making a flat screen computer and made it paramount

that if you're actually going to do something serious

here with regard to children you had to make

a computer that was in every way made for

a child to take

with them to do with them just as they would take a book away from

adults to learn by themselves and

because our Poe was

thinking about packet radio not just doing

a packet network back then I thought okay well

absolutely it's gonna have Wireless and

it'll have a stylus and it

will have a touchscreen and it has to have a

keyboard because the one thing we learned from Grail is either if

you have perfect character recognition it's still not fast

enough for doing bulk typing and so

all of those things coalesced in

if

somebody helped me had

this where I could find it so

I after I got back to Utah I

found a cardboard box and

started making a model of this thing that I'd

drawn and the original version of this for quite

a few years did not have this cover his cover was put

on at Xerox it was not called the Dynabook until

Xerox but

basically the ideas that had to have a removable memory

which I would have killed for one megabyte of

removable file storage back then

has a stylist

many interesting

problems on it and probably the most interesting thing we

did is you could load it up with lead shotgun pellets

make it heavier and heavier

and heavier we could even make it as heavy as some of

the portable computers today

but

back then because we weren't interested

in coping we're interested in actually what is a max

weight and the definition of

portability I came up with was well you're always

carrying something else too so something

that's portable if you can carry it and something else

at the same time and so

if you combine a thing full of lead pellets

with other things you quickly realize that two pounds is if

there's two pounds of 1968

and it's two pounds in 2000 a

period

but of course as a service

idea you don't have to do it like this

so Ivan at that very

time was working on the head-mounted display just moved from Harvard

to Utah and we thought that

actually a head mounted display with liquid crystal

would beat a large panel because of the

contamination problems that you

their area dependent on large panels Thomas nobody

was cared about these the Japanese cared

a lot about making flat screen televisions so they put

enormous amount of effort into getting yield out of those

larger displays in a saner world

the head-mounted glasses would have come the

Negro pot II had this idea that basically

the whole world is going to be networked up and

so all you need is a thing on your wrist that identifies

you to the room that you walk into and knows where you're

pointing and they actually did a pretty scarily neat version

of that in the 70s later

those ideas got attributed

to somebody else and given a different name but there's actually

originally negroponte zayed in

the seventies and again if you think of this as a service idea

right away what you're interested in asking

is what what are the actual services

so then we're almost

to the end of this little context here

les Ernest is in the crowd where

are you les yay my favorite

guy

besides being

nice guy he was willing to put up with me for a year at

Stanford when I was supposed to be working on

the hand/eye project

there but actually spent a lot of time thinking

about what it would mean to do the end user experiments

because the problem is it's not the technology

stupid basically that if you're gonna do

one of these things you have to have some understanding of the end-users

and so what I really wanted was some

portable little computers like

this or maybe like this was the kind of a thing

I sketched out at Xerox PARC and

in between Xerox PARC happened and when

I asked tailor what I should do he just said follow your instincts

and I never asked him another question

again and we just started working on it and

here's the thing in a nutshell and

we can talk later about why there isn't a Dynabook

today if you want but basically it came down

to four things that besides

all the media stuff that were obvious and simple

to do in emulating regular books and doing

television and animation and all that stuff there

are four four things we have to learn about

what powerful ideas were and how

they could be learned we're interested

in whether computers could aid as Patrick

had

shown us we

needed to understand how

this could work with human mentors teachers and parents and

I was most interested in

whether you could make computer mentors to

do this because my confidence

in adults was very low back then

and it still is basically

the biggest bottleneck in all forms of education

today and especially all forms of educational reform

are the adults that are in the system

and many in the third

world it's the lack of adults

but in our world is almost the lack

of adults almost no elementary school teachers understand

anything about math and science and so in

a way things might even be better if they weren't there

because the children would not be getting

misinformation about it so these

were the four parts and the idea that whatever

it is it's like reading and writing so it has to succeed for

over 90% of the children not for the 10% who

are set up by nature to be good at it and

of course the problem with technologists doing is we were all set up by

nature to be in that 10% that were good at all of

us learn to program in a week I'll bet you anything

it's not that hard if you

almost know what it is and if you don't almost

know what it is it could be really daunting for people

and this is why computer people generally design

terrible computer interfaces because they

are so they're not only willing to

cope with something bad they're pleased to

because it's a little challenge for

them

okay so at Xerox

we had this HP 35 calculator

which I only had for two weeks because it was

tolen cost a lot

of money and after

crying about it for a day I was happy because I realized

this is the first time I've ever seen a computer that

somebody could actually steal

and

so Butler

instigated and Bill English and others

instigated a thing called the old character

generator that

to try and understand what it would be like to make

readable things on a computer display and by

character generator we actually made a bitmap

memory that

allowed painting and other kinds of animations and

be done and so this was kind of the first bitmap

memory and what it looked like and

so one of the things that happened in 1972

is a lot of things that were

being thought about got simulated using

very expensive equipment like this old character generator data

general Nova computers and so forth so

a lot was known about what animation

was going to be like and what music was going

to be like and and so forth

and now we're just about to the end of the story here

because we're starting to take

that was an idea and is still an idea and

in a way ideas on account

for a little in computing because you

kind of have to implement the stuff this is

part of the story that really makes me plush up my throat

because every time you implement something you five

years go away and you

do learn something so but

the important part here is that the

kind of the super basketball team the

super sports team that's a real Research Center has people of every different

kind of temperament and when

they can work together you get this enormous synergy

of talents and we have a

couple here tonight that chuck was

kind of the master hardware

architect at Parc made

these ideas and ideas of his ideas

of Butler's real in such

a way that we could actually try things out and Dan

made a lot of these software ideas real

in such a way that we could actually try things out and under understand

them and so I'll end this

little context by

just pointing out that whenever

we honor somebody in our community the

community we're actually honoring

every single one of us because none

of those ideas would have happened without this

incredible intellectual environment

and practical

environment to have ideas and to

bring them to life thank you very much

thanks very much Ellen

and that 15 minutes did stretch beyond here

yeah yeah I was warned about this

effect you warned me about it so

just very quickly some quick introductions if that

Chuck Thacker why don't you just

Chuck you

saw Chuck in the and the slide show in his earlier days but

he hasn't aged that much

Chuck a close

colleague of Alan's at Xerox

PARC of the project leader of the alto

computer the first personal computer

co-inventor

of Ethernet and it just it just it just

contributor

to the laser printer laser

later worked at digital's Research Center

and now works for

Microsoft Research where he helped himself as

a Cambridge lab he's now back in Pell in

Mountain View effect just across the street here and

he was the hardware designer of

Microsoft's tablet PC

which was the realization of all those years of

dreaming of pen computing and finally

getting one that got in the market and actually sold

well and proved that that idea was

more than just a concept it was actually something could be achieved and you

know when I asked Alan would

look back on the 40 years and we've gone

with this the decision of Dynabook what's the computer

that's closest to your vision didn't hesitate for a second he

said the exo computer from the one left her child

organization and Mary Lou was

who designed that computers who looks great the cheese on stage

here now she's a scientist an entrepreneur

and inventor she's concentrated on advanced

display technologies but her interests

and skills go way beyond that

zone for work with the OLPC co-founder

of the One Laptop Per child project along with with

Nicholas Negroponte and the really

there are lots of remarkable things about that machine but

I'll call out is the fact that they needed to have

a machine that was very versatile very flexible

could be and could be used in all sorts of situations lighting

situations including outdoors and

she achieved that with a display on the on the

EXO computer so we're gonna have to

little discussion here I'm gonna ask some questions hopefully

they'll be kind of like a conversation but on

your seats there are some cards we'll

time at the end for some questions from the audience and so

please pass them up to the people who

collect them and we'll get some of those answers as well so

very good

all right Chuck

that's your chance you know one

of one of the great things I thought about the the contextual

setting that how long did

was it just showed all those threads that

that kind of came together over those couple

of decades that the that

fed into his ideas invited a lot of people ideas

and there was this incredible fertile ground and

I think you know a lot of people know that it was a Xerox PARC in

the 60s it's so much of this came together we

came from you know concepts

into some technologies that were really truly personal

yeah seventy-five years yeah

so

anyway so what

was it about that time and that place that

made that possible well I think it was a it was

combination of things number one there was the

arbor community and our community I

mean you can't quite understand how how it was

in those days because it was actually possible

ssentially everybody in the field because

it wasn't all that big and ARPA

had had

generated a style of doing research

that was

really quite effective and when

Park was founded

they were fortunate us to bring in Bob Taylor to

run the computer science lab and he

knew everybody so he could pick

who he wanted and he did pick

a lot of us so it's a pity that he isn't here

tonight but he he's insist on staying upon

his skill in Woodside but

I think that yeah

it was a it was a pretty collegial enterprise

yeah there's almost kind

of a middle ground between an

academic kind of research and product developers

well no we were much much more like academics than

like product developers we really did not think

of these things as products

what we were doing was essentially the way I characterize

it we were spending a lot of money to simulate the future

and that's not the way you build a product right

now

you're at the opposite end of the spectrum we're

taking these decades of technology

and advancement all the tremendous work done by

the Japanese on displays and trying to take

that some of these machines we were looking before downstairs

there was the note taker the side next to it

cost fifty thousand dollars to make this this one device

and I think Doug said that it really wasn't quite

that much but it still a tremendous amount a

expensive computer very expensive portable computer the

first one and you've made one that where

the material cost I think is $180 so

if you and and

but in a very collaborative kind

environment so if you would just talk about how you

could have you guys worked kind

of the other end of that almost like an open source

project hardware and software right mostly

some things are closed but well Allen came

and he sort of said you know here's

here's how it's got to work you know

how do you make a hundred

dollar laptop well if you look at the cost of the screen it's more

than a hundred dollars and so you can start

there and some Nicholas had started with a kind

of a science project projector and I looked

at that and I thought we got a ship the

kids are still kids were there it's about sin

so that really bounded the project and so we

just were able to bring in all sorts of people from all

you know this was the chance we had

a chance to everybody

came to the project had a chance to use their skills

in a way not just to make another product but

this product if we could pull it off could change the

world and so you think you work hard on any

product that you make but this product you don't stay

up just one night two nights three nights you know just

don't sleep for two years and I think that was the

the effort of a large number of

extraordinary individuals that that came

together to make it happen a lot of lots of different

ideas yeah but but a focus when we got to

ship this it's got actually work no no

yeah and I knew well you you

clearly had a goal in terms of that kind of a hardware

spec kind of goal and price kind of goal but

the but the but the main thing that was driving you was this desire

to make an affordable and flexible computer

for children I have a dramatic impact on that

certainly that was what was been driving

Alan all these years how did that

kind of inform your engineering and

design decisions well

you know a lot

of people thought it was impossible but if you looked

at the cost of you know super low cost CPUs they

were available a lot of people

came to the project AMD came to the project and and

really put forward a

lot of companies put forward extraordinary price points

and if you looked at you

know the cost of Wi-Fi and come-come way down stuck

with a screen problem of that being a hundred bucks so

we had I designed a new screen in convince

manufacturers to

but really the way we did it

was to not start with the engineering to

really just think about it a long time

a lot of thought a lot of going out talking to

the countries convincing them that

that they they believed us that we could

low-cost laptop and they said wow if he can do that why

don't you come and talk to the press I'll buy two million

of them and the president Lula da Silva did that first in

Brazil and we went actually back to the

US after that and got

calls from every other head of state in Latin America saying you

know we were thinking you know when a

lot of it was sort of getting

the groundswell in the the

different heads of state throughout the world

to say they would buy these laptops if they existed where

when the manufacturers heard that they could fill

their factories with this kind of volume they

were interested and so we thought we'd

pick a country in Latin America a country in Africa a

Middle East a country in Southeast Asia and so forth

but when we took Brazil on as

our country in Latin America

every other head of state in Latin America called us

and said how can Brazil possibly represent us

they

don't even speak Spanish

that's a good point

okay

that's right they do rot in and so

that just shut I think almost after the UN summit

on the digital divide where Kofi Annan unveiled

our functional tethered prototype

Allen was there and convinced

us to actually have a motherboard underneath the table

I think every head of state except for Miramar

North Korea and Belgium had essentially

signed on to the project that was enough to

convince the manufacturers to work with us so they

so the the XO was the closest thing to your

vision of the Dynabook but the

data book is the you know the the computer

built the idea that was never built so why was

it never built in spite of all these people

really trying very hard to make

it happen well I think

you know in spite of the fact that I

have a cardboard model and

drew pictures of it as

I said to me it was a service idea

and the four

things that I put up in one of those

slides near the end so we have to learn what

our powerful ideas are and how to learn them how computers

could help learn them what kind

of mentoring can be done by humans and

to do my computer

those are the four things and

just working on the first two

with our 90%

success threshold for children led

to 25 years of

failure because we

were paying for this research ourself

nobody would actually fund the children's

research because we did these long projects

and we

didn't believe in most forms of the testing that are reported

in educational literature and stuff so we wanted

to actually convince ourselves that children were

getting fluent and that 90% of them were getting fluid

so by those criteria it was just one failure

after another and but

basically after each one of these which would last

five to ten years depending on the

effort we've learned something and about 10

years ago one of the systems that we did

started touching many more

children with adult health in

a much stronger way and so

I think it's safe to say after 40 years the first

two ideas

and a little bit about what kind of human mentoring

you need have been solved of the three things

but boy when Nicholas started

up the OLPC project my heart sunk

even

as I supported it because

mentoring if it's tough

to get good human mentors in the United States it is really

tough out in the third world and so

for instance there doesn't exist today

even the simplest

program like

interface that's in common use today can even find

out what its user is and what its user

knows and what it can do or just the simplest things

it can't find out what level of reading the

user do and help them do the next level of reading

so if you think about the the

common sense version of we did of McCarthy's idea

of what you needed for a common sense was the

common sense of using the world so we

made a relatively we made a world populated

with objects that reacted to what humans did

but they didn't interact very strongly whereas

that isn't enough pure discovery

learning took us a hundred thousand years to get to

science and so you actually need

learning that is actually facilitated

and if you can't make a

thousand good teachers in a year to save

yourself you have to have a user interface that can do that

to me that is and actually Danny Barbaro is

here somewhere Danny was

at parking known Danny for a thousand

years and you guys were supposed

to be doing this Danny what what happened

yeah

you can't don't evolve it

invent it no but so the

this this dream of having a user

interface that could facilitate is

as old as artificial intelligence that's

why I brought it up it is artificial

but you know you could say robot

yeah but what I'm saying is is that the

to me that was the thing we

would have worked on it if we'd had even one good idea but

I've never had a good AI idea in my entire career

and so it's a different temperament

a different kind of person and my thought was eventually

they'll catch up at the past and we'll

be able to actually make up for no teachers and

make up for bad teachers at least we'll probably never do as

well as a good teacher but we should

be able to do something and so when the OLPC project

started thinking oh my god we

are lacking the one piece of the technology

like if we could just ship that

with a simple program that would teach the children to learn how

to in their native language that would be the killer

app on that machine and wouldn't have to worry about anything

else for a number of years but that

technology doesn't really exist yes

I know everybody has it's like

it's like in the old days the

rule was everybody can make a one-inch

square flat panel display and nobody can make a 5 inch

square one still

be so I'm just saying that it's it's

that gap I believe that has to be bridged in

order to fulfill the educational goals that the Dynabook has if

you have to have some way of getting around the adults in

the system that make educational reform difficult

hat's

happening I mean here's the here's the day that prude

didn't believe that the kids could learn how to use the laptops

themselves they did a couple pilots and Peru

measured themselves on a World Economic Forum study

of primary school education throughout the world

142 countries participated in a study Peru

came 140 second dead

last but they said well you know at least we have a baseline

there are more than 200 countries in

world and so you know we're not that bad so they got

the laptops they're in primary

school education 15 1 5

of the children could pass reading comprehension tests

at grade level and in the schools we

put the OLPC xo1 to zero

percent of the children could pass reading comprehension

tests at grade level and they have

they have scores three two one or zero this

three is passing to is almost passing one

and zero are self explanatory we

went into schools where zero percent of the children

could pass at grade three and they were all zeros

or ones six months with the laptops

30 percent of the children got

grade passed at the reading comprehension at

grade level of at three forty percent

of the got scores of two and the

rest were heroes one that was incredible and

that wasn't perfect they could learn how to read and

it was a testing data we

didn't actually expect this as a result

in fact we were sort of saying all while testing teaches the

test let's not do that but that was enough to convince Peru

to buy four hundred thousand laptops and really deploy

them across the country so it's working

somehow we don't understand how but

you know when Nicolas started this project I said to

him if nothing else it's likely

to make this a topic of conversation

now to actually bring the idea of a children's computer

topic and if you can get a bunch of other companies trying

to compete with you in doing it that

will be a wonderful result of

the oil PC because that kind

of competition is very

often healthy for the genre and

I think there are at least seven

vendors now they're making machines

that they claim or aimed at children one way or

another and are less expensive and

the stuff that powers education

is the software that can ride on these machines

and so just like laptops became a category after

awhile I think more and more people are

thinking about this who maybe not have

children's best interests in mind but just think of it as another marketing

area that draw it can drive some good things

and so I believe this whole thing

is a step forward and

I still think there's a ways to go before

the thing I haven't done is escalated

the goals of the Dynabook from

back then because the of course

the the goodness of displays and

the size of the memory and the speed of the processors is far far

far beyond anything I postulated

back then but doesn't actually matter to

that makes some of these goals a little easier but

the problem is these goals are actually things

require invention and so they're only facilitated

by technology not they're not brought

forth by it automatically you

you know Xerox PARC days

through most of your career very

you know you're an academic type researcher

yet it was you and other

people bert healy by feeling

and I think also Lampson at

Microsoft Research a little bit he who made

who made the tablet happen and you know this is an incredible thing you know early

90s John doar or some of these others

who kind of whipped this excitement up around that the pen

computing also Apple I'm involved in it

really collapsed at

that time because partly because handwriting

just wasn't good enough but you guys came back

a decade later and made

it happen so so what's the thing that what

was different about a decade later that that could wasn't

just the technology resembled it's Moore's

law and that's all it all that it is and that in

1999 it was possible to build

a processor that dissipated less than five watts

it was not the geode that's in the oil

PC it was a transmitter processor and

with that and a modest modest

sized battery you could get you know essentially all day all

day life and we actually showed this machine

to Alan I took it down to Glendale when

we got the first prototype and I had

loaded squeak which was the system alan alluded to upon

it and Dan Ingalls grabbed it out of my hand

started running a benchmark and he said this is a fast computer

and I said yeah that's a pretty fast computer

that prototype is nicer than any

of this commercial versions

and

yes handwriting recognition is

bad but you can do exactly the trick that that Alan alluded

to in the talk you don't do the recognition initially

you do it in a background thread and and you fire

off strokes as you get them and it all works just

fine I have built that system unfortunately you

can't quite get it on on

the current tablet PCs but I think

we're getting there and there are some fine

new pieces of silicon out there in the world

ideas are so easy because

they have no mass and they're not affected by gravity

right exactly

we

have several questions here talked

about here question was what hardware limitations

still remains whether

the battery life that would you most like to see overcome

well the the problem that

I see in these devices for children is

that you would that you would really think of very much

its ruggedness and I guarantee

you that if you drop one of these things

it will break

well I actually know a

small company in in Palo Alto that

I like I got to design a thing that was we've

actually looked at this idea too about how to build low-cost

computers for children and and yes

we came up with a number 185 dollars to

but

the I was very worried about the ruggedness

of the liquid crystal displays now you could make them out of plastic

but that's you know that's a tough thing to do right

now manufacturers much rather make

of glass and the problem is when they make it they build

incredible stresses into it and so if you drop

it and it means a little bit then you got a stress

crack propagating right through the cover plate and I've

I've broken laptops displays and

probably many of you have too and we could not

tolerate that in a machine that's going to be used by children because

children use their their

school objects for many different purposes including

as weapons fact

one of the things we did it at Utah with

the cardboard because when I was a kid we used to

hit waiting for the school bus we used to hit baseballs with our

schoolbooks yep exactly so 700

G's we tested the exo

for that and five foot shocks

well I I was

interested in this question and

so I went and I Ivan I'm not

a mechanical engineer so I I went and hired one and

they built one for me that

was they used

some secret sauce but they called me up a couple of days later

and they said Chuck were not going

to be able to get the drop tests finished

time we said and I said what's the matter and he said well

the idea here was this machine unlike the XO has

a case that is an integral shock

control thing the case is actually made out of an elastomer

and the

display is supported in such a way that it can't bend

or without adding hundreds of G's

and

they said well the problem is every time we drop it from a

nut from an altitude of a foot higher we have to

take it all apart because it gotta live it up and we got to look at the display

carefully magnifiers to see if it's broken and

he said and we're up to ten feet and we're out of a light out

of ladders so if you need

a highly ruggedized laptop I know someone

who knows how to make it my

research the first think pad was

actually a tablet and it was made for

with the idea of field service you know

technicians and things like this and also insurance

adjusters oh yeah when we got into the

tablet business we knew immediately that we were going to

get 200,000 units a year and that was quite

predictable because all the previous tablets

had the resistive digitizers would go over to a more standard

thing and they all have this Atlantic

thought that they so they I think it was nation

something the adjustments would take you things on the field and

the first thing they would do when they wanted

of kneel down and write something as they would put they

would actually put the computer down and kneel on it

so

they busted a bunch of screens that way you

know I wanted to ask me you know you're you're doing a lot of work with

is place now that's really I understand the focus

of pixel Qi so what's your

vision of what you've wait where you can take the the work you

with the XO and One Laptop show what were you taking

that now it goes back to

the question that was just asked neglecting power consumption

that is the thing that we care about is battery life and

it feeds into everything

it feeds into robustness it feeds into use K feeds

into the fan noise everything and so in the

limit I just

think why is there a motherboard why is there a CPU

why isn't the laptop just a screen with it with some kind

wireless and cloud computing so physically all the circuitry

is in the screen your time or in the

so what what

we're focused on is really

trying the screen is by far

the most expensive part of a portable

and the most power hungry and the second most

expensive part of a portable is the battery

and so if you want to

to work better portables I think

somebody's got

and I think most

people when they're designing hardware don't even consider

this screen really part of the hardware

anymore so anyway I know a lot about screens

and I've convinced the LCD manufacturers

to work with me we're working with about 30% of the worldwide

LCD capacity sort of saying you know it's

kind of like CMOS TFT

LCD if you want there's all these sort of visions

of the future and display as well and

very few of them get into mass production

when they even starts a sample

that the patents have expired and I think it's

like 20-30 years ago face it CMOS one forget

the silicon and Sapphire gallium arsenide very good for

niche stuff but if you want to

make stuff that actually ships you

know there are six masks on top of an amorphous

is amorphous silicon you can make things so we're

focused on that making sunlight-readable splays displays

from reading things like that but

the XO is the first part of that it's

the only sunlight readable screen in a laptop right

now it's also a 1 watt laptop the

laptop battery lasts for 20 hours and

we made it for yeah poor kids

in the developing world but you guys can all buy

one starting November 17th and they give one get one program

sorry I had to plug it but um

you know you can get one too if

you if you buy two you have to give one to a kid in a

refugee camp but you can get one it's left

discussion

is the

computer as a as a empowering device for children

we don't have too many children in the audience today

but there must be but there must have been

at least one because this one

says though you may not have noticed there is representation

from the younger generation in the audience where

oh you left okay

all right so they went to bed so here's the question having

seen the whole spectrum of computing so far what is your

message to the younger generation

learn everything you can

forget it and just smell the perfume

that you have

to learn everything you can but

you can't take it first order seriously

in order to think you

has it has to be there where you can draw on it rather than it running

you around I think that the secret

of getting educated is

being able to use the knowledge rather than

having the knowledge use you that's that's the

and one of the biggest problems with a lot

of the youngsters doing computing today it's they turned

it into more like a pop culture where

and I've said to them on many occasions

is you could very well be smarter than the smartest person

back in the 60s and the 70s but you're not smarter

than a hundred of them and the 16 the 7

is very interesting because that was where aggregates

of very smart people in 20s 30s

and a hundreds did things

that no single smart person could

o and they did things of a different kind than most

of the stuff that's being done in computing today which

i think is hugely incremental and

there are some even some good reasons for the incremental

ISM but a lot of the incrementalism is just

because people are more interested in novelty

actually in getting above

some important threshold and the way to get beyond

novelty like Cicero said

the person who knows only his own generation remains

forever a child so

the way to get out out of that and I I would

say one of the things that was interesting about that time Chuck

can comment but cool thing was you couldn't get an

undergraduate degree in computing back then it was

so good you had to learn

something and

so everybody in

the ARPA community had gotten an undergraduate degree or master's

degree or some of them even PhDs or or not

but basically they had mastered something that was an

existing discipline that was really hard where the thresholds

were very strict and didn't matter where there was physics like with

Butler electrical engineering or mathematics and

everybody had a I think a really good

detector for what was

just playing what was just a or guitar in computing

uitar

hero machines including in Microsoft Research

I notice now yes yeah oh yeah this is one

outside very close to your office could be alright

look like you were about to say something what's your message well

young people I

outside I'm not sure exactly I would give this man

one of the things that I've that I'm very

worried about is that there

are a couple things that are happening in our society

this is this is an interesting

thing I've been trying to fact out my wife told me this that

had read somewhere that there was a study done of the

vocabulary of graduates she fought from middle

but it might have been from grammar school in

about 2008

now and

20 years ago and the answer was

that the vocabularies of kids have dropped

substantially more

so than then I think you could you

could account

for you know people just aren't getting are

you know we're not putting anything in the water but

we also see you know there's a rise with things

like attention deficit disorder and

a lot of that I think comes from

things like television

we did a lot of study on

how to help use computers to

help kids learn how to read and we

finally decided that the only thing that we

could possibly do that might work and

and this is in the u.s.

now this is not in Peru where they maybe want

it's

in the US where they would much rather watch television the

only thing that we could possibly figure that would

rag the kid away from the television when their parents weren't

there because that's the norm now

and it wasn't 40 or 50 years ago is use

videogames and so we tried to develop a

system that combined both good pedagogy and

an experience that the kid would actually enjoy we

failed but when

I told Alan that we were doing this kind of thing he said he

you're gonna try to teach kids to read and I said yeah and he said I'd

never do that it's way too hard and he was right

you know I one

of the messages I would give to young people is

on occasion and maybe frequently

leave your computer behind and just go for a walk and

and don't plug your iPhone in your ears either just

like start to have some some sensory experiences

with the world around you how

many of you are without your iPod

right now

without

and

this is an audience filled of filled

with the elderly and only I don't

have them I don't have one like and to

think you used to be one day

I

was only here for about one year 1968

last word

generation

it reminds me of this is very short story but

I was with Alan and Nicholas and in Tunisia northern

Africa a couple years ago and after

a grueling week we went to a Roman

ruins and dukkha and Alan

pointed to this rot in the road

that had been made by the carriage is being pulled over

the road for centuries and said he'd

buy lunch for anybody that could say

what the rut in the road was and I

was I'm tired I don't know it give up

but what's the name of the

rut in the Rhode Island the rut

in the road which is actually not worn by chariots for centuries

but was cut there for the chariots

is curriculum

that

is where our modern and you can look at

it as a bad thing and is a good thing you

know basically it meant the way towards

where you're trying to go the path that you take

to get there that's what it was and it came from

that rut in the road which by the way was

interestingly reversed and became

if you measure some of the ones that error then roman

ruins you'll find the gauges of some of the railroads

in Europe are exactly that with

try

to take that story I'm suggesting

just a few quick things to close up

Ellen I got a text from Cicero

he said you didn't quite have that quote right but

we're going to have it checked and

in the interest of protecting the

museum's reputation at the expense of my own let

me just say I blew the quote it's right downstairs

and I just want to

Cicero quote I was trying to

modernize it and remove gender from it

okay

only his own generation

remains forever a child that's great

that's fantastic let's

let me just the Steve Allen had the very good suggestion

that everybody who was involved with the Dynamo project at

ARPA Park everybody who was involved in ARPA and

Park in the audience okay please

stand up so we can recognize you

wonderful thank

second

Steve's book is going to be on sale in the

lobby at the front desk afterwards so please

check that out I want to invite you on Thursday

November 20th if you can make it to one of our lunch

hail to the historian series Steve

Blank talking about secrets of Silicon Valley so

if you can make that we'd really love to have you and please join me in thanking

everyone who is involved tonight Alan

shock Mary Lewis Lee thank you very much

ave a safe trip home everyone

Difference between revisions of "Alan Kay Talk at 40th Anniversary of Dynabook (2008)"

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 |autoresize=true
 }}
+<subtitle id="0:0:8">good</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:0:11"> evening everyone welcome</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:0:14"></subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:0:17"> so</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:0:20"> glad to have you with us tonight what a big crowd this</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:0:23"> is fantastic I don't often do</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:0:26">this by the way I'm John Haller the CEO of the Computer History Museum for</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:0:29">of you I haven't met and I don't often do this but</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:0:32"> I really have to give a giant thanks to</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:0:35"> our staff to get ready for tonight</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:0:38"> because it just so happens that the victory</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:0:41"> party for the Silicon Valley branch of the Barack</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:0:44"> Obama for president campaign</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:0:47"> decided to rent the Computer History Museum</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:0:50"> for its victory party last night and so we had we</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:0:53"> had 2,000 people partying</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:0:56"> until 1:30 or 2 o'clock in the morning and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:0:59"> as many of you were I'm sure and so</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:1:2"> I just have to say that they did a wonderful job getting</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:1:5">everything ready for tonight and I just have to really salute them</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:1:14">so there's hardly anything better than a</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:1:17">reunion and tonight really has the feel of a reunion and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:1:20"> so for all of you who are being reunited around the 40th anniversary of</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:1:23"> the Dynabook let me just say welcome it adds great</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:1:26"> energy to the museum and we're really happy to</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:1:29">you here you know I've discovered in the short time</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:1:32"> that I've been here that people get emotional when they come to the museum and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:1:35"> they do it for various reasons some people get</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:1:38"> emotional when they see a trs-80 or some people get</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:1:41"> emotional when they see the Utah teapot and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:1:44">admit when I first came to the museum I got emotional about</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:1:47"> something too and I was very surprised about it it wasn't an object</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:1:50"> it was a text panel and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:1:53"> I read something on a text panel that I had</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:1:56">been quoting for many many years and there</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:1:59"> it was attributed right there on this</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:2:2"> panel and it said the best way to influence the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:2:5"> future is to invent it and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:2:8"> it was Alan Kay of course who said</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:2:11"> that so when I saw that I thought now that is</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:2:14">really fantastic and I got a little emotional about it and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:2:17"> the reason obviously that is so</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:2:20">reason we're all here tonight is that the Dynabook embodies</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:2:23"> the very best of that kind of thinking because it</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:2:26"> was people coming together imagining</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:2:29">and better future and then inventing that future through</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:2:32"> a computer that has changed the world and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:2:35"> the people who are here tonight did that and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:2:38"> it's exactly the kind of story that the museum</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:2:41"> enjoys telling and I heard something a</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:2:44">minutes ago in the cocktail party that really hit hit</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:2:47">because one of our trustees had Feigenbaum</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:2:50"> was relating a conversation he'd had with someone about why</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:2:53"> he likes the museum and he said I like it because it's</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:2:56"> as interested in collecting people as it is in boxes</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:2:59"> so Alan and Chuck Thacker</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:3:2"> two people we've collected over the years because</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:3:5"> they are both fellows here at the museum and we're</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:3:8">to have them with us here tonight and I want to say pay a special</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:3:11"> tribute to them as fellows because fellows are</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:3:14">important when they come back and it's always great to have fellows in the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:3:17">museum now there are other ways of influencing the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:3:20">by inventing things and of course</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:3:23"> that is certainly true of One Laptop Per child</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:3:26"> and dr. Mary Lou Jepsen who is also with</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:3:29"> us tonight o LPC has generously underwritten</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:3:32"> tonight's program and I want to take a moment to pay</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:3:35"> tribute to OLPC n to dr. Jepsen because there</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:3:38"> is a very strong genetic link between the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:3:41"> original vision of the Dynabook and the vision that</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:3:44"> OLPC has for well really for</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:3:47"> the world both share a vision of how computers</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:3:50"> can be used to help children learn both are</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:3:53"> dedicated to instilling in children a passion</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:3:56">exploring the world and sharing their discoveries with each</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:3:59"> other and although we gather tonight to</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:4:2"> to reunite and celebrate 40 years of the Dynabook</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:4:5"> that idea is as fresh today as</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:4:8"> the dream of OLPC is to bring education</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:4:11"> and computing to all the world's children it's</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:4:14"> a big idea big ideas or the hallmark of the computing</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:4:17"> industry and of pioneers like Alan</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:4:20"> Kay and Chuck Thacker in particular so I want to say thank you</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:4:23"> to OLPC for helping this night be possible and for</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:4:26">all you're doing to bring access to children</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:4:29"> in the 21st century</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:4:35">and now</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:4:38"> it's my pleasure to introduce our moderator for tonight</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:4:41"> Steve Hamm of Business Week Steve is a senior writer</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:4:44">for the magazine I think he has the best beat in the world</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:4:47"> because he covers innovation globalization</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:4:50"> and leadership that's about as big as it gets he writes a</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:4:53"> wonderful blog on Business Week com if you haven't</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:4:56"> seen it you should and if you were here early perhaps</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:4:59">lucky enough to get a signed copy of the book that</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:5:2"> he has just written called the race for perfect</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:5:5"> inside the quest to design the ultimate</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:5:8"> portable computer I'll bet you can guess what</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:5:11">he ultimate portable computer was and he's here to moderate the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:5:14"> event tonight so please join me in welcoming Steve</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:5:29">one thing that occurs</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:5:32"> to me is that just based on the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:5:35"> past half hour of my life here in the museum</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:5:38"> there are probably more people in the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:5:41"> audience who know more about portable computing</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:5:44">in the two years that I spent researching it</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:5:47"> so I think there just said this is like a wealth of</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:5:50"> knowledge and experience here and it's</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:5:53"> really very impressive to see all the people who've turned out</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:5:56"> to celebrate this anniversary</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:5:59"> in the past few days</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:6:2"> something remarkable happened in it wasn't</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:6:5"> it wasn't politics</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:6:8"> and it was it went almost totally unnoticed</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:6:11"> but in the computer world it was something that was kind</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:6:14"> of a silent shift what</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:6:17"> happened was in the third quarter of this year the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:6:20">number of portable portable computers sold</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:6:23"> overtook the number of desktop</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:6:26"> computers sold there's something that's been</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:6:29"> anticipated for a long time as so there's no big surprise but</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:6:32"> it is a remarkable moment and of course</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:6:35"> at the time that that that happens just</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:6:38"> as quickly as that happens</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:6:41"> there's another shift that's happening this that's you know even</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:6:44"> even Wilder which is the shift to handheld</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:6:47"> devices and then the fact that those numbers those number</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:6:50">the hundreds of millions but in the billions and these</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:6:53"> days those are computers too so it's</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:6:56"> kind of on this anniversary it's</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:6:59"> great to notice that and it's great to have these</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:7:2"> panelists here two of whom are</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:7:5"> some of the great pioneers of computing</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:7:8"> not just portable computing but computing itself personal computing</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:7:11"> and another who who has already made</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:7:14"> a great name for herself for Mary Lou but I think</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:7:17"> represents in many ways the potential of the future</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:7:20">portable computing and personal computing</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:7:23"> this is</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:7:26"> what I found as I started working on my</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:7:29">this been a 40-year quest its</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:7:32"> people are possessed with this with</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:7:35"> these ideas with with these goals of making better</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:7:38"> and better more personal computers and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:7:41"> the portable computer of course is the most personal</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:7:44"> it's with you well it could be with you</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:7:47"> all the time now that would iPhone other things like that but it could</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:7:50"> be with you wherever you go and it</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:7:53"> can be a true companion so</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:7:56"> these are the the empowering computers</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:7:59"> now when we were talking we</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:8:2"> were setting up this event doing our plans and we've</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:8:5"> quipping on the phone about about things Chuck</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:8:8"> Thacker said that the Dynabook</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:8:11"> is the most influential machine had never built</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:8:14"> so I think right</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:8:17"> so in fact Allen</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:8:20"> in the past year had been trying to build</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:8:23">prototype he's been working on it I think it's well along the way and I think I'll tell</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:8:26"> you more about it when he speaks but this</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:8:29"> the Dynabook has been</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:8:32">something a something of a talisman there's something about icon</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:8:35"> for decades and it's</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:8:38"> it's something that inventors and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:8:41"> engineers and designers have have looked</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:8:44"> at and said well you know this is kind of an ideal</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:8:47"> we can aim for and they've</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:8:50"> worked individually and in groups</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:8:53"> many of them anonymously they're</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:8:56">you know they're there there are certain lots of famous names</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:8:59"> that we know but there are people you know I just met</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:9:2"> a few minutes ago the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:9:5"> guy who is the principal designer of the note-taker</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:9:8"> who we the first portable computer and at</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:9:11"> Xerox PARC had never met him before and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:9:14">he gave me his car keys now always a wedding photographer so</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:9:17"> he's graduated to career</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:9:20"> but but just great to meet him a</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:9:23">wonderful guy so so</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:9:26"> we've gone from those early days</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:9:29"> as early the early concepts the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:9:32"> early personal computers at Parc and then did the commercial</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:9:35"> computers you know from the locker bowls the laptops</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:9:38"> the handhelds and now did</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:9:41"> the smartphones we've seen this incredible evolution</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:9:44"> you like to call it a revolution but 40 years seems</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:9:47"> more revolutionary than revolutionary but they've been</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:9:50"> certainly these great leaps ahead during the time and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:9:53"> where we are now you can it's just amazing to think back how far</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:9:56"> we've come and the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:9:59"> quest is of course very far from over</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:10:2"> there just so many things that you can imagine that can be done with with</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:10:5"> portable computers in the future so I'm</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:10:8">going to move right along and introduce Alan</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:10:11"> very well-known guy but just a just</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:10:14"> a few high points but here's a guy who you</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:10:17"> know grew up in various places in</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:10:20">the East it's but his team years in New York City I</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:10:23"> think some formative times in the Queensboro</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:10:26"> Public Library he told me where did the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:10:29"> tremendous amount of reading and Truman you know one of</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:10:32">important things happened to him and his was</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:10:35"> he did a lot of educating himself and books</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:10:38"> were a big part of that and you</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:10:41"> know you can see how the Dynabook vision the vision of of</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:10:44"> a computer book that the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:10:47"> children could use to amplify to give</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:10:50"> themselves to empower themselves to</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:10:53"> to to strengthen</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:10:56"> their ability to learn and ultimately</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:10:59"> to assert themselves in the world you can see how</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:11:2">that vision came it's not just metaphor it's</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:11:5"> more than that you know he</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:11:8"> got his start</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:11:11"> in in portable computing when he was at</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:11:14"> Utah University of Utah</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:11:17"> studying computer science worked on an</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:11:20"> early personal computer called the Flex machine</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:11:23"> was inspired to to</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:11:26"> think about portable computers</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:11:29"> when he went to Lexington mass</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:11:32"> and visited some computers in</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:11:35"> the classroom projects run by Seymour Papert of MIT</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:11:38"> and on the on</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:11:41">the flight home from from seeing that demonstration we</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:11:44"> got this idea of a personal computer of</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:11:47">computers of empowering device for children so</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:11:50"> that's where it all started and then you can see</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:11:53"> how that is woven through his career at</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:11:56"> Xerox PARC later Atari</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:11:59"> Apple Disney 8</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:12:2"> HP and now as a</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:12:5"> professor as an independent researcher</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:12:8"> you know still working on computer</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:12:11">programming that educational programming and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:12:14"> while he was a you know a pioneer he's</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:12:17"> still at it hasn't stopped and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:12:20">sign of slowing down so</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:12:23"></subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:12:26"> one of the things that I when I last</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:12:29"> when I interviewed Alan for my book</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:12:32">said at the end of the little bit long interview I said so</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:12:35"> are you pleased with the progress you've seen</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:12:38"> in in 40 years and he said as</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:12:41"> a utopian you know you're pleased to see</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:12:44"> some progress along a path but also</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:12:47"> as a utopian you're never satisfied so</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:12:50"> I think that that is the way that you</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:12:53"> know you want to approach life never satisfied always looking</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:12:56">the next thing that you can do at this great</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:13:5">I do</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:13:11">so I I've given a million talks</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:13:14"> about the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:13:17"> Dynabook and children's</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:13:20"> education and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:13:23"> ideas about changing the future by the way the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:13:26"> quote is actually the best way to predict the future is to invent</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:13:29"> it and I think</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:13:32"> the fact that it was misquoted in</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:13:35"> the history museum as an important thing</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:13:38"> to notice about history</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:13:47">many of us were asked to write histories</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:13:50">of various kinds by various organizations like</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:13:53"> the ACM over the years I think we all</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:13:56"> found that even trying</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:13:59"> to tell the truth it doesn't come out right because</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:14:2"> there are too many actual factors</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:14:5"> and reality is messy and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:14:8">the tendency is to try and turn it into a story and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:14:11"> the other thing is that I</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:14:14"> think many of us have been at</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:14:17"> least as influenced by things that we hated</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:14:20"> in our field as those that we've</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:14:23"> loved and you</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:14:26"> can you can in a history you can reference something</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:14:29"> that you love in a sentence and a</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:14:32"> footnote but if you hate something people</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:14:35"> expect you to justify that hate</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:14:38"> and all of a sudden you've run out of</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:14:41"> pages for what you started doing the thing</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:14:44"> so so I think it's very very difficult</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:14:47"> to actually explain</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:14:50"> what happened in any reasonable</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:14:53"> way but those of us who</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:14:56"> are privileged to be the right age with</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:14:59"> the right funders to a</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:15:2"> person when asked about this</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:15:5"> what actually happened we've</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:15:8"> all said that the context was</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:15:11"> what made us better</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:15:14"> than we were we weren't any smarter</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:15:17"> than anybody today but</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:15:20"> we got a lot more done because</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:15:23"> we were just bricks like any other bricks but</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:15:26"> we just happened to be in the era where the arch was functioning</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:15:29"> and in other areas the bricks</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:15:32"> could not do more than make simple piles but</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:15:35"> there was an organizing principle in that community</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:15:38"> and some of the people who set up</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:15:41">actually understood what those organizing principles</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:15:44">was great about it wasn't completely accidental</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:15:47"> so I thought to set</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:15:50"> the stage here I would just show</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:15:53"> you a few things that I noticed around</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:15:56"> that time that were part of the context</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:15:59"> leading up to this idea and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:16:2"> my title for this is it's the 40th</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:16:5"> anniversary of the Dynabook idea so</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:16:8"> the idea is actually I think</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:16:11"> still a good idea because it wasn't with</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:16:14"> particular reference to any kind of hardware</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:16:17"> or software is basically a kind of a service idea and we'll see</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:16:20"> what that that was and it's in a second</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:16:23"> so I can tell</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:16:26"> by the amount of reflection from</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:16:29"> the audience from either people with white hair or</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:16:32"> no hair</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:16:35"> that there</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:16:38">are a lot of people who know what the 50s were like</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:16:41"> by actually being there and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:16:44"> not even</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:16:47"> tossed in the shape of things to come up</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:16:50"> there because even though the movie was made</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:16:53"> in the late 30s you could actually watch it on television</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:16:56"> in the 50s and it featured flat</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:16:59"> screen displays and one of the things</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:17:2"> that was in the air in science fiction salon before the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:17:5"> 50s but especially in the 50s</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:17:8"> was that there were going to be flat-screen televisions</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:17:11"> a whole host of other things</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:17:14"> that were going to be part of what modern life was</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:17:17"> about it was just part of the context</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:17:20"> and then we had this great enemy</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:17:23"> who was a bit more like us than anybody in</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:17:26"> America wanted to admit namely</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:17:29"> the Russians they liked gadgets too</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:17:32"> and so this</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:17:35"> set up this pretty good</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:17:38"> for most of the time rivalry which</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:17:41">only way that funders can really respond to anything</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:17:44"> and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:17:47"> so a lot of really interesting things</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:17:50"> started happening in the 50s and especially around MIT</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:17:53"> so a whirlwind which I think</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:17:56"> there's a piece of whirlwind in this museum was</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:17:59"> arguably of the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:18:2"> many early computers it was one of the most influential</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:18:5"> of all times in so many ways including</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:18:8"> its architecture it was rather like</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:18:11"> a mini computer although it was large and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:18:14"> it had some of the earliest</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:18:17"> display as you can see in</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:18:20"> the original Earl the that circular tube</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:18:23">that got made into the sage console of which there's at</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:18:26"> least one downstairs and the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:18:29"> light gun for pointing at things on</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:18:32"> the display and as the processor</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:18:35">cycle through the display list the light gun would see</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:18:38"> a flash of light and they could correlate it through what piece</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:18:41"> of graphics was being drawn back then and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:18:44"> through a little more machinery figure</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:18:47">out what what you're actually pointing at so all of this</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:18:50"> was part of this huge</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:18:53"> complex that was called sage and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:18:56"> if you've ever seen a sage computer I never</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:18:59"> saw the original q7</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:19:2"> I've seen pictures of it but</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:19:5"> I thought the cue thirty-two and it was enormous because</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:19:8"> it wasn't just one computer the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:19:11"> sage computers were actually in pairs both</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:19:14"> computing the same thing and when I first</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:19:17"> was taken to see the queue 32 I thought it</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:19:20">was small because it looked like a pdp-10 machine</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:19:23"> room and then I was informed that this was just the console</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:19:26">and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:19:29"> man could they build computers</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:19:32">then when they were really hard to build it actually</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:19:35"> took days for the Q 32 to crash</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:19:38"> because</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:19:41"> it was set up to detect</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:19:44"> errors and it</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:19:47"> had subroutines that emulated every</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:19:50"> instruction out of whatever instructions were left</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:19:53"> so it had this enormous thing so it's constantly</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:19:56"> figuring out what instructions were actually working</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:19:59"> on the thing and then patching those in so</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:20:2"> it took a long time to go down</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:20:5"> so people who saw this and it</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:20:8"> wasn't me I wasn't I was in high school when this was going on</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:20:11"> but this made a big impression on</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:20:14"> a lot of people and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:20:17"> while this gigantism was going on</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:20:20"> people I carry</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:20:23"> Husky U is one of the earliest computer pioneers</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:20:26"> beloved of many of us one</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:20:29"> of the nicest guys ever in computing as</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:20:32"> early as 1955 he</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:20:35"> had done the g15 and actually with</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:20:38"> my mentor later on in graduate school dave evans</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:20:41"> appendix and so this is the other impulse</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:20:44"> the impulse to have a machine</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:20:47">that you could just sit at for hours and make</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:20:50"> things make things happen so this impulse towards</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:20:53"> what we call personal computers goes way back</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:20:56"> and then</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:20:59"> we're gonna celebrate something in</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:21:2"> 2008 it's got to be John</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:21:5"> so this really pisses me off</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:21:8"> that it's great they were celebrating</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:21:11">I'm the most trivial thing we're celebrating is this</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:21:14"> in a couple of weeks we're going to celebrate the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:21:17">anniversary of the mother of all demos that Engelbart did</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:21:20"> up in San Francisco and that was something worth while celebrating</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:21:23"> that was a hell of a show but 50</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:21:26"> years ago and on either side</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:21:29"> of it McCarthy kind of thought his way out of</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:21:32"> pretty much every assumption</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:21:35">anybody had ever made about computing up to that point</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:21:38"> and it's just shocking</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:21:41"> when you actually</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:21:44"> look into all the stuff that John did more deeply</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:21:47"> and so</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:21:50"> he looked at sage and also saw that oh</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:21:53">the future of computing has got to be interactive</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:21:56">he realized</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:21:59"> instantly in a way that</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:22:2"> hardly anybody has been able to realize since then</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:22:5"> that we couldn't deal</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:22:8"> with computer in computer terms so</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:22:11"> right at the very dawn of this he said we have to have something like</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:22:14"> he calls an advice taker we</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:22:17"> have to be able to deal with computers in terms of our own common sense and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:22:20"> so he thought of it as an artificially</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:22:23"> intelligent entity and we'll</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:22:26"> see later there's another way of thinking about dealing with computers</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:22:29"> in terms of common sense and then he</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:22:32"> just sat down and invented the best single programming</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:22:35"> language ever invented Lisp just</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:22:41">I think</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:22:44"> it worries me about this is that Lisp is now 50</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:22:47"> and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:22:50"> pound-for-pound it's</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:22:53"> still truly impressive compared to almost anything</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:22:56"> most programmers are programming in because they just</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:22:59"> don't get it and then John</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:23:2"> did something even better which he wanted to show that</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:23:5">wonderful new symbol manipulation language</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:23:8"> was actually a Turing machine and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:23:11"> not just in a trivial way but an ax turning</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:23:14"> machine that could realize itself in one shot and that's</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:23:17"> what is in the air which I've always called Maxwell</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:23:20"> equations of computing and the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:23:23"> philosophical leap there for people who</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:23:26">troubles to go through it is enormous because it gave</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:23:29">about programming and programming languages</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:23:32"> and making programming language that had never been around</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:23:35"> before etc etc so this is one</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:23:38"> of the great years of all time in our in</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:23:41"> our field and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:23:44"> introduced the the sixties in many</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:23:47"> ways was the decade of Marshall McLuhan he'd</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:23:50"> written one great book just on one side of</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:23:53"> 1960 and understanding media was on the other side</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:23:56"> and was loaded</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:23:59"> with many kinds of insights and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:24:2"> McLuhan had this had</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:24:5"> this notion that our biggest problem is</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:24:8"> we are always thinking in terms of</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:24:11"> what we know and therefore we're</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:24:14"> completely locked in we're</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:24:17"> basically not thinking at all so his idea was</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:24:20"> if you're going to try and communicate with something in some way</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:24:23">some idea in some language that people know you</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:24:26"> have to do it in a way that wakes them up so use something like Zen koans</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:24:29"> but he called them pros so</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:24:32"> this is one of them and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:24:35"> here's another nice image</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:24:38"> steering only by looking</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:24:41"> and most</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:24:44">can only see the present through the past that's because</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:24:47"> we only use what we know to think about things</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:24:50"> but artists can see</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:24:53"> a little of the present as it is as a construction rather</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:24:56"> than reality and once you can see something</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:24:59">as a construction you can see other constructions so artists</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:25:2"> can see a little of the future and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:25:5"> his nobody could understand what this meant</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:25:8">medium is the message and so he wrote a book</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:25:11"> called the medium as the massage</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:25:14"> and that</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:25:17"> came home to more people</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:25:20"> because what he meant is when you're dealing with any</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:25:23"> embodiment of any idea in any kind of system</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:25:26"> it's what you have to become to</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:25:29"> deal with that system that actually counts the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:25:32"> actual things are talked about in this system</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:25:35"> are interesting but secondary but you</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:25:38"> have to become a different kind of person in order to be a reader you have to become a</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:25:41"> different kind of person in order to do science and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:25:44"> you have to become a different kind of person in order to watch</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:25:47"> television for 24 hours a day</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:25:50"> all of those things to him we're much</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:25:53"> more important than the attempts to put content on</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:25:56"> these media and another nice line</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:25:59"> we shape our tools and then they turn around and reshape us and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:26:2"> Thoreau anticipated</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:26:5"> this by saying we become the tools of our tools</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:26:8"> children are the messages</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:26:11"> we send to the future and children</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:26:14"> are actually the future we send to the future so</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:26:17"> this</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:26:20"> started some</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:26:23">interesting thoughts from people who are actually looking at computers</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:26:26"> is more than arithmetic engined pdp-1</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:26:29"> appeared first in 1960</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:26:32"> prototype is at BBN n its</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:26:35"> immediate forbearer was a machine</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:26:38"> called the tx2 which was on the TX 0 which is a</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:26:41"> version a kind of a version of whirlwind</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:26:44"> and highly</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:26:47"> influential on a number of people especially this man</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:26:50"> known as wick because</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:26:53"> he was a psychologist who hung a rat hung</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:26:56"> around BBN he was consulting there and he got fascinated and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:26:59"> because he was not a computer person or a technical</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:27:2"> person he knew other things</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:27:5"> like he understood symbiosis</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:27:8"> and he realized right away that the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:27:11"> computer was more than a tool because of its</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:27:14">active nature it could act more like a like a</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:27:17"> helpful Cynthia and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:27:20">interesting thing that pretty much only biologists know you</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:27:23"> may know we have a hundred trillion cells in</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:27:26"> our body which is kind of a lot of cells</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:27:29"> but you may not know that</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:27:32"> forty percent of those cells forty trillion of</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:27:35"> your hundred trillion cells are bacteria</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:27:38"> think about that for just a second</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:27:41"> it</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:27:44"> turns out half of the 60 trillion that are left are red</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:27:47"> blood cells and they only lived</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:27:50"> for about a hundred days in your body</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:27:53"> so just percolate on that for</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:27:56"> a second and so liq</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:27:59"> also had a beautiful personality people</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:28:2"> like this man and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:28:5"> because of that and these</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:28:8"> ideas that he started having in</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:28:11"> a couple of years when the space program</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:28:14"> has moved from DoD to NASA there was money left</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:28:17"> over and according</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:28:20"> to the stories there was literally one</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:28:23"> of these meetings in the cosmos Club</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:28:26"> in Washington probably with cigars and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:28:29"> certainly no women around the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:28:32"> agenda the old boys club and they</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:28:35">table and somebody said well hey let's give this money to lick</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:28:38"> and that thus was born</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:28:41"> ARPA i pto the information processing techniques office</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:28:44"> and because of this man the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:28:47"> world is completely different today because</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:28:50"> he was wise and we can talk about these</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:28:53"> in the panel if people are interested many</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:28:56"> people here knew him personally and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:28:59"> will never forget him</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:29:2">also</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:29:5"> in the early 60s the johniac</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:29:8">downstairs one</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:29:11"> of the worst computers to program ever invented if</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:29:14"> you ever looked at the order code on it</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:29:17"> very old and slow they</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:29:20"> were going to get rid of it at Rand and cliff</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:29:23"> Shaw of Newell Simon and Shaw he was also a</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:29:26"> programmer and just a pretty nifty character</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:29:29"> spoke about two words a year</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:29:32"> he got them to give</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:29:35">throwing this machine away he said give it to me and let me</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:29:38"> do something with it and so he did the first great end user</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:29:41"> system and you can sum up what</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:29:44"> Joss was like in this quote of says</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:29:47"> the acceptance of an interactive computing system</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:29:50"> depends on the little things the hundreds and hundreds of little things in</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:29:53"> he's one of the few people in our history who</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:29:56"> ever taken the pains to do every single one of those hundreds</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:29:59"> of things so anybody who ever used Joss back</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:30:2"> then Joss couldn't do a lot but</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:30:5"> what it did it did it perfectly and in such</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:30:8"> a way it made you feel good to be a human being and be privileged</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:30:11"> to actually use a computer</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:30:14"> then on the other end we</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:30:17"> have this crazy genius Bob</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:30:20"> Barton who</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:30:23"> said why are people programming a machine</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:30:26"> code they need to program and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:30:29"> higher-level languages and the answer was well that they</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:30:32">through slowly in Bart and said well let's make a machine to</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:30:35"> run them fast so the B 5000</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:30:38"> was the first really serious attempt</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:30:41"> to make a higher-level architecture and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:30:44"> almost every idea in it is a classic</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:30:47"> idea and these ideas</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:30:50">been used over and over again and reinvented over and over again</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:30:53">unfortunately mostly in software today because it's</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:30:56"> very hard to buy any piece of silicon that has</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:30:59"> an architecture anywhere near as interesting as the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:31:2"> B 5,000 was</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:31:5"> the third machine I learned 1962</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:31:8"> another</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:31:11"> landmark and I can't</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:31:14"> resist just showing a little bit</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:31:17"> of sketchpad cuz I've been doing it for as long as I've</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:31:20"> been able to show movies</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:31:23"></subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:31:26"> lovely thing about this was there was no actual display</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:31:29"> on the TX - Ivan actually programmed it</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:31:32"> using the multiple program counter feature that</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:31:35"> it had so the basic idea just sketched</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:31:38"> something and then he indicated at the sides there</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:31:41">want them all to be mutually perpendicular and you just saw sketchpad</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:31:44"> solve that problem and now</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:31:47"> he's going to show that it can find</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:31:50"> other solutions of course it could have constrained to the ratios</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:31:53"> of size also but</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:31:56"> here the constraints always wind up with a symmetrical</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:31:59"> rivet</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:32:2"> and wants one that looks more like a real rivet</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:32:5"></subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:32:8"> and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:32:11"> of course one rivet is not</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:32:14"> that interesting so what</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:32:17"> you want to be able to do is make zillions of these and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:32:20"> so this system not only did</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:32:23"> real time problem solving of constraints</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:32:26"> and gave you</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:32:29"> the first real working graphics system but it also</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:32:32"> had this thing that people have called object-oriented</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:32:35"> programming so there's one rivet</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:32:38"> that he's going to stick</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:32:41"> into that flange there</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:32:44"> and then he's going</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:32:47"> to show that he can make a few more rivets</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:32:50"> and each of these rivets is</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:32:59">and then he realized whoops</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:33:2"> I got that still got those crossbars I should make those invisible</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:33:5"> so now he's making them invisible on the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:33:8"> master which we would call a class today and but</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:33:11"> lo and behold the instances feel that</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:33:14"> so here in one year and a PhD thesis you have kind</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:33:17">what I would call the romance of interactive computing</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:33:20"></subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:33:23"> so</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:33:26"></subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:33:29"> here's my vote for the first wheel personal computer</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:33:32"> there's one downstairs Wes</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:33:35">hell of a guy I</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:33:38"></subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:33:41"> love when</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:33:44"> the ACM asked him to write a paper about</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:33:47"> for the history of workstations</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:33:50"> conference he was so modest his</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:33:53"> title was the link was early and small</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:33:56"></subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:33:59"> the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:34:2"> other thing that was great about this machine was it was</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:34:5"> a study in parsimony and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:34:8"> that it got a hell of a lot of function</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:34:11"> out of almost nothing and was</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:34:14"> set up actually as a kit that all the first links were</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:34:17">by the people who are going to use them they had a kind</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:34:20"> of a summer camp they came to Lincoln labs</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:34:23"> and they were made really for biomedical</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:34:26"> experimentation and so the people would come and they actually</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:34:29"> built their own link and the everybody learned how to take</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:34:32"> care of it and took it back to their labs and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:34:35"> many many links were made in the 60s</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:34:38"> so pw1</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:34:41"> phase two if we go up to 1962</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:34:44"> Steve Russell he</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:34:47"> was I think here tonight I know that he's here</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:34:50"> at this but he was down there</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:34:53"> he is my hero</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:35:2">nly</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:35:5"> 30 percent for space war by putting it up here because this</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:35:8"> is a very significant thing to happen because it got people</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:35:11"> thinking and it was a spreadable thing</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:35:14"> in the way that sketchpad wasn't thinking 7 70</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:35:17"> % Steve is my hero because here's</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:35:20"> the guy that made the first list work and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:35:23"> going from McCarthy's way of thinking</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:35:26"> about it to something would actually run</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:35:29"> requires a very special kind of person as</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:35:32"> special as John McCarthy but of a different kind so</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:35:35"> Steve is one of that kind and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:35:38"> a little bit later is</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:35:41"> another one of these special</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:35:44"></subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:35:47"> there's gonna be a huge celebration</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:35:50"></subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:35:53"> demo</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:35:56"></subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:35:59"></subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:36:2"></subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:36:5"></subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:36:8"> I'd like to see one</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:36:11"></subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:36:14"></subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:36:17"></subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:36:20"></subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:36:23"> I say now computer</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:36:26">switching that will bring in a camera picture</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:36:29"> from the camera mounted on his console such as the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:36:32"> camera mounted on - I built that's</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:36:35"> great now we're connected audio you can see</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:36:38"> my work you can point at it and I can see your face we could talk</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:36:41"> so bill was about billa's down</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:36:44"> in Menlo Park and the demo was up in in San</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:36:47"> Francisco and I always ask computer</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:36:50"> people today how did they get sub-second response and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:36:53"> all of this stuff on a computer whose total</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:36:56"> memory was the size of that picture</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:36:59">it's</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:37:2"> 192k picture and that's how much memory the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:37:5"> STS 940 had</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:37:8"> it was a time-sharing machine it was a half MIT</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:37:11"> 24 bits and I've</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:37:14"> only gotten gotten to correct the answer from one person over</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:37:17">the years who was a sophomore at UCLA and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:37:20"> the answer was they goddamn wanted to get sub-second response</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:37:23"> anytime</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:37:26">want to get sub-second response you can get sub-second response and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:37:29"> the reason we don't have it today is because most</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:37:32"> people who are making the systems don't</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:37:35">want it badly enough and most people who using the systems don't</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:37:38"> realize that would help them</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:37:41"></subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:37:44"> that's why it's this old stuff is really fun because</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:37:47"> the people who who did this</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:37:50"> stuff were just completely nutty as fruitcakes</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:37:53"> in exactly the right way</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:37:56"> you know who</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:38:2">another wonderful system so</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:38:5"> the mouse was invented in 1964 but most people don't realize</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:38:8"> the tablet the RAM tablet was also</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:38:11"> then</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:38:14"> move the connector out of the way so that we may draw a box in</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:38:17"> its place</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:38:20"> the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:38:23"> printing in the box is being used as commentary only</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:38:26"> in this case oh if we</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:38:29"> could only do with that well today isn't</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:38:32"> it interesting so one of the simple things they did was just buffered</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:38:35"> the recognition so you could write as</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:38:38"> fast as you could write didn't make</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:38:41"> you wait until it there was just almost</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:38:44"> perfect user interface</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:38:47"> and unlike the ankle Barb's which</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:38:50"> had the feeling of a really beautiful tool</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:38:53"> you have much more of a feeling</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:38:56"> of being in a warm embrace with grail because</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:38:59"> you're interacting with it tactically</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:39:2"> in a way that you couldn't do</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:39:5"> with a mouse so this is a very influential</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:39:8"> system going on and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:39:11"> pdp-1 again it's kind of an epicenter for a</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:39:14"> lot of things around 1964</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:39:17"> Peter Deutsch who is maybe</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:39:20"> 16 at the time did an interactive</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:39:23"> list on the PDP one that</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:39:26">had a number of wonderful points too it's a beautiful</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:39:29"> machine code program but</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:39:32"> he also realized that if you had a powerful</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:39:35"> language like Lisp you don't need no operating system</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:39:38"> that as</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:39:41"> Dan Ingalls has pointed</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:39:44"> out an operating system is just all that stuff that got left out</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:39:47"> of the programming language you'd rather use</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:39:50"> and you sort</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:39:53">confirming that if you start with the operating system so</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:39:56">starting with the programming language and just keep it</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:39:59"> alive during the whole life of the of the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:40:2"> system and also</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:40:5"> in that time there are just lots and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:40:8"> lots of things that I would</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:40:11">computers but there were certainly single user computers</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:40:14"> they lack the service idea</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:40:17"> of a personal computer but the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:40:20"> 16:20 of course is the early 60s control de Deus</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:40:23"> 160 a I wrote some programs for that I</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:40:26"> learned much more than I ever wanted to</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:40:29"> know about how the 1130 worked when I was doing</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:40:32"> my thesis project so</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:40:35"> this idea of the utility of single user</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:40:38"> computing was around and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:40:41"> 65 is</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:40:44"> when Gordon Moore wrote his day donation article the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:40:47"> original prediction was this green guy right here</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:40:50"> which is a factor of two</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:40:53"> doubling and then later</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:40:56"> at God have banded to a factor of two doubling every 18 months</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:40:59"> here every year every</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:41:2"> 18 months and so the reality for processors</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:41:5"> was kind of on the doubling</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:41:8"> every 24 months and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:41:11"> memories dynamic</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:41:14"> RAM memories are kind of in between those</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:41:17"> curves and the prediction went out to just 1995</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:41:20"> so if you're willing to</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:41:23"> believe this and a lot of people didn't believe</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:41:26">think it was relevant because his predictions were actually</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:41:29"> for MOS process it was</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:41:32"> really slow most people who are using</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:41:35"> lower</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:41:38"> scale integrated circuits we're using bipolar because they were fast</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:41:41"> bipolar we had a lot of layers and was difficult to predict</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:41:44"> mos was simple it was slow but</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:41:47"> it also was essentially pumping capacitors</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:41:50">electrons and so it was easy to calculate how</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:41:53"> fast things would run if you could make them smaller</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:41:56"></subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:41:59"> university of utah started thinking</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:42:2"> yes this is</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:42:5">thing that Dave this I would say was the perfect way</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:42:8"> of characterizing the whole Arco community</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:42:11"> ittsan Carl Hewitt down there nodding</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:42:14"> basically nobody cared how</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:42:17"> crazy anybody was as long as they could sing</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:42:20"></subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:42:23"> 1966 I saw this article in</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:42:26"> the ACM about</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:42:29"> Simula and had a stroke of</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:42:32"> little flash of lightning because it was</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:42:35">programming language that was kind of like sketchpad</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:42:38"> and it reminded me a</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:42:41"> little bit of biology and I'll take that story</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:42:44"> up in a little bit so</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:42:47"> in 1967 there are rumors of a 512</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:42:50"> bit wrong from national</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:42:53"> semiconductor it's hard to explain to</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:42:56"> anybody who was young today how exciting</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:43:2">but I</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:43:8">because it was really</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:43:11"> I mean we went the Apollo guidance</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:43:14"> system was a core rope computer</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:43:17"> magnetic cores that actually</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:43:20">had wires strung through them and it looked like a basketball-sized</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:43:23"> of mess and that</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:43:26"> was basically to hold</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:43:29"> the controls for the instruction</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:43:32"> sequences so the idea of a 512 bit</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:43:35"> wrong that you could just use for storing</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:43:38"> various kind of controlling information was very exciting</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:43:41"> and this guy ed Cheadle wanted to do a little</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:43:44"> machine as he called it and so the two</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:43:47"> of us started started working on it and this</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:43:50"> is its self-portrait on its own display</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:43:53"> but what it actually looked like was this as a hewlett packard</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:43:56"> display on top of in 1130</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:43:59"> with a whole bunch of the hardware and software that we had done</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:44:2"> so that was very instructive</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:44:5"> and right around that time</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:44:8"> Butler Lampson was in full</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:44:11"> flight doing amazing things</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:44:14"> and it's hard to believe that in</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:44:17"> 1965 or 66 about the Lampson there's</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:44:20"> only 23 years old because he from</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:44:23"> my way of looking at Butler</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:44:26"> he was always a senior guy and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:44:29"> a couple of years</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:44:32"> later a guy</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:44:35"> whose hair is now whiter than this Chuck</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:44:38"> Thacker joined this project</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:44:41"> and as he said he never looked back</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:44:44"> so this is a very serious attempt</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:44:47"> to provide a service as</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:44:50"> a time sharing system but it was attempt to actually provide</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:44:53"> real services to real users real early</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:44:56"> and Minsky</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:44:59"> huge influence back</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:45:2"> then and for me because like Minsky was</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:45:5"> loved Papp Ritz work</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:45:8"> and talk about Pafford all the time and it was through Minsky</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:45:11"> that I decided to go visit tapper</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:45:14"> then look lighter and now Bob Taylor</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:45:17"> as he looked back then Bob</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:45:20"> was the third of the funders at ARPA wrote</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:45:23"> this highly influential paper thinking</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:45:26"> about what the computer is not as a computer but as</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:45:29"> a medium and that fit</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:45:32"> in very well with the way Marshall</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:45:35"> McLuhan thought of media and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:45:38"> the way I was starting to think about media and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:45:41"> liq did</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:45:44"> not want this network that he wanted to have worldwide</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:45:47"> be small so he always</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:45:50"> call it the intergalactic Network back</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:45:53"> then because he realized that you know</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:45:56"> engineers are human and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:45:59"> so if they're given a</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:46:2"> task of a certain size they will try and meet that task</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:46:5"> so he wanted to give them a task that</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:46:8"> was too large for them to me in</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:46:11"> the hopes that the result might actually scale</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:46:14"> and so as always</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:46:17">talked about in these terms and liquid had this wonderful</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:46:20">a psychologist he knew he was not qualified</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:46:23"> to pass judgment on goals</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:46:26">even make up goals so he didn't make up goals he just made up visions</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:46:29"> and he trusted the technical people</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:46:32">something about that visions and oh if the funders were just like that</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:46:35"> today because aslak</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:46:38"> said you can't have a decent idea inside</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:46:41"> the beltway in Washington DC so</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:46:44"> what</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:46:47"> you need to do is to find people outside the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:46:50"> Beltway to do things so</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:46:53"> this way of thinking about things I've</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:46:56"> been painting a picture gradually here of what</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:46:59"> I think of as one of the dominant ways that</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:47:2">ARPA community thought about things is that they gradually started</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:47:5"> thinking about things in terms of no centers</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:47:8"> so in order to scale the networks</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:47:11">were interested in couldn't have a center and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:47:14"> the programming languages that</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:47:17"> sketchpad didn't have a center and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:47:20">the object stuff that I was thinking about didn't have a center and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:47:23">object stuff that Carl Hewitt sorry think about I didn't have a center all</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:47:26"> of these things were like these</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:47:29"> networks of things and like biological</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:47:32"> cells no Center so we lose</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:47:35"> many many cells each</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:47:38"> year and we lose every atom in our body every</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:47:41"> 7 years gets replaced even the ones in our bones</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:47:44"></subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:47:47"> Barry Wesler is here and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:47:50"> Barry</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:47:53"> was working in the ARPA eye PTO office</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:47:56"> at that time as Taylor's</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:47:59"> deputy and he</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:48:2"> was also very interested in the ARPANET and making it happen it</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:48:5"> hadn't happened yet in 68 and Barry</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:48:8">the youngest guy there and there was an idea that the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:48:11"> people who actually did the work namely the graduate students</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:48:14">our pair should actually have a conference of their</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:48:17"> own it shouldn't just be the the contractors and the first</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:48:20"> one was held at the University of Illinois in the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:48:23"> summer of 1968 and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:48:26">whole bunch of interesting people showed up there</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:48:29"> but we had a tour of the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:48:32">University of Illinois who saw that thing remember Barry so</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:48:35"> this is Don bit sirs first working</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:48:38"> plasma panel display for the Plato terminal</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:48:41"> and suddenly something that</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:48:44"> was 50 science fiction was but yet only</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:48:47"> an inch square was actually working and could</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:48:50"> display the University</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:48:53"> of Illinois on it so it</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:48:56">was going to happen we started talking about gee</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:48:59"> maybe a little desktop computer like the Flex machine could go on</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:49:2"> the back of one of these lasting displays someday</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:49:5"> so here's the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:49:8"> the slide that involves me my</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:49:11"> background was in bio math I did</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:49:14"> a lot of theater and music and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:49:17"> basically I got</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:49:20">reacting to things so I saw a sketchpad and Simula</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:49:23"> and because of the bio and the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:49:26"> math I thought objects</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:49:29"> and I saw Engelbart and the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:49:32"> Grail system and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:49:35"> that</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:49:38">came up with this thing that didn't have a mouse but a tablet</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:49:41"> on it that was kind of a desktop</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:49:44"> personal computer that had cheadle and I did</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:49:47"> and then right</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:49:50"> about 40 years ago today maybe</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:49:53"> 40 years ago last week I went to</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:49:56"> visit Seymour papper because I'd</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:49:59"> started visiting people who</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:50:2"> could be users</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:50:5"> of a desktop computer so I was interested in</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:50:8">working with people who are not professional</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:50:11"> computer users and Seymour was working the children</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:50:14"> and I saw the following</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:50:17"> interesting thing that</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:50:20"> Seymour is a mathematician and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:50:23"> he had studied with Piaget he</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:50:26"> should be here tonight I think many of you know the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:50:29"> tragic story that a couple of years</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:50:32"> ago Seymour was in Hanoi and got run over by a motorcycle</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:50:35"> had to have part of his brain</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:50:38"> removed to save his life but he's not recovered</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:50:41"> from that so this is the this</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:50:44"> the evening that is really dedicated to this man</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:50:47"> who has meant so much to us in every phase</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:50:50"> of our of our lives</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:50:53"> and our ideas in</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:50:56"> both the professional and educational levels</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:50:59"> and Seymour was just</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:51:2"> a complete genius at coming up with insights</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:51:5"> and one of</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:51:8"> the ideas he got was children are</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:51:11"> egocentric but in</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:51:14"> a charming way they do everything relative</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:51:17">to them so if they were a coordinate system there would be an</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:51:20"> inertial coordinate system and an</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:51:23"> inertial coordinate system is the differential</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:51:26"> geometry of Gauss and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:51:29"> if you keep track of this in the right way you actually</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:51:32"> get the differential geometry of vectors</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:51:35"> and in fact a child is one</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:51:38"> of those vectors and so is a turtle and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:51:41"> he thought boy this is</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:51:44"> so close to the way children already think I wonder what they</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:51:47"> would do if we put some formalism on it and allowed them</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:51:50"> to treat it as mathematics and so</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:51:53"> you get a little kid and say can</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:51:56"> you draw a circle with your body and the little kid would go like this</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:51:59"> and you'd say to the little kid what</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:52:2"> are you doing and the kid would say well I'm going a little</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:52:5"> and turning a little over and over and going</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:52:8"> a little and logo is forward and turning a</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:52:11"> LITTLEST turn and over and over is repeat</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:52:14"> in so if you just tell the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:52:17"> turtle to do that by</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:52:20"> golly you get a circle and since those numbers</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:52:23">whatever numbers you throw in there you're going to get circles of</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:52:26"> different kinds and all of a sudden you've</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:52:29">differential equation here that is infinitely</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:52:32"> simpler than trying to do differential equations</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:52:35"> of geometry and analytic geometry and a little sudden you've</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:52:38"> got something that children can so this completely blew my mind</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:52:41"> this is the turning point on this</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:52:44"> idea because once you've</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:52:47"> got something it is incredibly powerful that a child can learn</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:52:50"> you've no longer got an</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:52:53">you actually have something like the printing press that's</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:52:56"> one of the great 500-year inventions</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:52:59"> in human history because if children can</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:53:2"> learn these powerful ideas then you actually have a chance</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:53:5">of having them not just increment on what's already known they</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:53:8"> will actually help over several</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:53:11"> generations and bend something new and so so</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:53:14"> that combined with just seeing</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:53:17"> the splat panel display and all</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:53:20"> these wise words and the clue ins in my mind on the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:53:23"> plane ride back to Utah from that</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:53:26"> meeting with Seymour I drew this little cartoon</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:53:29"> with kids out in the grass because if</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:53:32">make a personal computer for kids don't put it on a desk</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:53:35"> that isn't them and so</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:53:38"> it immediately took the fun</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:53:41"> idea of making a flat screen computer and made it paramount</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:53:44"> that if you're actually going to do something serious</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:53:47"> here with regard to children you had to make</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:53:50"> a computer that was in every way made for</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:53:53"> a child to take</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:53:56"> with them to do with them just as they would take a book away from</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:53:59"> adults to learn by themselves and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:54:2"> because our Poe was</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:54:5"> thinking about packet radio not just doing</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:54:8"> a packet network back then I thought okay well</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:54:11"> absolutely it's gonna have Wireless and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:54:14"> it'll have a stylus and it</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:54:17"> will have a touchscreen and it has to have a</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:54:20">keyboard because the one thing we learned from Grail is either if</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:54:23"> you have perfect character recognition it's still not fast</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:54:26"> enough for doing bulk typing and so</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:54:29"> all of those things coalesced in</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:54:32">if</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:54:35"> somebody helped me had</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:54:38"> this where I could find it so</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:54:41"> I after I got back to Utah I</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:54:44"></subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:54:47"> found a cardboard box and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:54:50"> started making a model of this thing that I'd</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:54:53"> drawn and the original version of this for quite</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:54:56"> a few years did not have this cover his cover was put</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:54:59"> on at Xerox it was not called the Dynabook until</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:55:2"> Xerox but</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:55:5"> basically the ideas that had to have a removable memory</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:55:8"> which I would have killed for one megabyte of</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:55:11"> removable file storage back then</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:55:14"> has a stylist</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:55:17"> many interesting</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:55:20"> problems on it and probably the most interesting thing we</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:55:23"> did is you could load it up with lead shotgun pellets</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:55:26"> make it heavier and heavier</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:55:29"> and heavier we could even make it as heavy as some of</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:55:32"> the portable computers today</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:55:35"> but</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:55:38"> back then because we weren't interested</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:55:41"> in coping we're interested in actually what is a max</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:55:44"> weight and the definition of</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:55:47"> portability I came up with was well you're always</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:55:50"> carrying something else too so something</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:55:53"> that's portable if you can carry it and something else</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:55:56"> at the same time and so</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:55:59"> if you combine a thing full of lead pellets</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:56:2"> with other things you quickly realize that two pounds is if</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:56:5"> there's two pounds of 1968</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:56:8"> and it's two pounds in 2000 a</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:56:11"> period</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:56:14"> but of course as a service</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:56:17"> idea you don't have to do it like this</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:56:20"> so Ivan at that very</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:56:23">time was working on the head-mounted display just moved from Harvard</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:56:26"> to Utah and we thought that</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:56:29"> actually a head mounted display with liquid crystal</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:56:32"> would beat a large panel because of the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:56:35"> contamination problems that you</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:56:38">their area dependent on large panels Thomas nobody</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:56:41"> was cared about these the Japanese cared</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:56:44"> a lot about making flat screen televisions so they put</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:56:47">enormous amount of effort into getting yield out of those</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:56:50"> larger displays in a saner world</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:56:53"> the head-mounted glasses would have come the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:56:56"> Negro pot II had this idea that basically</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:56:59"> the whole world is going to be networked up and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:57:2"> so all you need is a thing on your wrist that identifies</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:57:5"> you to the room that you walk into and knows where you're</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:57:8"> pointing and they actually did a pretty scarily neat version</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:57:11"> of that in the 70s later</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:57:14"> those ideas got attributed</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:57:17"> to somebody else and given a different name but there's actually</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:57:20"> originally negroponte zayed in</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:57:23">the seventies and again if you think of this as a service idea</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:57:26"> right away what you're interested in asking</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:57:29"> is what what are the actual services</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:57:32"> so then we're almost</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:57:35"> to the end of this little context here</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:57:38"> les Ernest is in the crowd where</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:57:41"> are you les yay my favorite</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:57:44"> guy</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:57:47"> besides being</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:57:50">nice guy he was willing to put up with me for a year at</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:57:53"> Stanford when I was supposed to be working on</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:57:56"> the hand/eye project</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:57:59"> there but actually spent a lot of time thinking</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:58:2"> about what it would mean to do the end user experiments</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:58:5"> because the problem is it's not the technology</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:58:8"> stupid basically that if you're gonna do</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:58:11"> one of these things you have to have some understanding of the end-users</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:58:14"> and so what I really wanted was some</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:58:17"> portable little computers like</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:58:20"> this or maybe like this was the kind of a thing</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:58:23"> I sketched out at Xerox PARC and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:58:26"> in between Xerox PARC happened and when</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:58:29">I asked tailor what I should do he just said follow your instincts</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:58:32"> and I never asked him another question</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:58:35"> again and we just started working on it and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:58:38"> here's the thing in a nutshell and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:58:41"> we can talk later about why there isn't a Dynabook</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:58:44"> today if you want but basically it came down</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:58:47"> to four things that besides</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:58:50"> all the media stuff that were obvious and simple</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:58:53"> to do in emulating regular books and doing</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:58:56"> television and animation and all that stuff there</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:58:59"> are four four things we have to learn about</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:59:2"> what powerful ideas were and how</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:59:5"> they could be learned we're interested</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:59:8"> in whether computers could aid as Patrick</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:59:11"> had</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:59:14"> shown us we</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:59:17"> needed to understand how</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:59:20"> this could work with human mentors teachers and parents and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:59:23"> I was most interested in</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:59:26"> whether you could make computer mentors to</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:59:29"> do this because my confidence</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:59:32"> in adults was very low back then</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:59:35"> and it still is basically</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:59:38"> the biggest bottleneck in all forms of education</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:59:41"> today and especially all forms of educational reform</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:59:44"> are the adults that are in the system</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:59:47"> and many in the third</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:59:50"> world it's the lack of adults</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:59:53"> but in our world is almost the lack</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:59:56"> of adults almost no elementary school teachers understand</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="0:59:59"> anything about math and science and so in</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:0:2"> a way things might even be better if they weren't there</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:0:5"> because the children would not be getting</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:0:8"> misinformation about it so these</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:0:11"> were the four parts and the idea that whatever</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:0:14"> it is it's like reading and writing so it has to succeed for</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:0:17"> over 90% of the children not for the 10% who</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:0:20"> are set up by nature to be good at it and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:0:23"> of course the problem with technologists doing is we were all set up by</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:0:26"> nature to be in that 10% that were good at all of</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:0:29"> us learn to program in a week I'll bet you anything</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:0:32"> it's not that hard if you</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:0:35"> almost know what it is and if you don't almost</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:0:38"> know what it is it could be really daunting for people</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:0:41"> and this is why computer people generally design</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:0:44"> terrible computer interfaces because they</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:0:47"> are so they're not only willing to</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:0:50"> cope with something bad they're pleased to</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:0:53"></subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:0:56"> because it's a little challenge for</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:0:59"> them</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:1:2"> okay so at Xerox</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:1:8">we had this HP 35 calculator</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:1:11"> which I only had for two weeks because it was</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:1:14">tolen cost a lot</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:1:17"> of money and after</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:1:20"> crying about it for a day I was happy because I realized</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:1:23"> this is the first time I've ever seen a computer that</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:1:26"> somebody could actually steal</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:1:29"></subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:1:32"> and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:1:35"> so Butler</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:1:38"> instigated and Bill English and others</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:1:41"> instigated a thing called the old character</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:1:44"> generator that</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:1:47"> to try and understand what it would be like to make</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:1:50"> readable things on a computer display and by</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:1:53">character generator we actually made a bitmap</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:1:56"> memory that</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:1:59"> allowed painting and other kinds of animations and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:2:2">be done and so this was kind of the first bitmap</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:2:5"> memory and what it looked like and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:2:8"> so one of the things that happened in 1972</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:2:11"> is a lot of things that were</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:2:14"> being thought about got simulated using</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:2:17"> very expensive equipment like this old character generator data</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:2:20"> general Nova computers and so forth so</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:2:23"> a lot was known about what animation</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:2:26"> was going to be like and what music was going</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:2:29"> to be like and and so forth</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:2:32"> and now we're just about to the end of the story here</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:2:35"> because we're starting to take</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:2:38">that was an idea and is still an idea and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:2:41"> in a way ideas on account</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:2:44"> for a little in computing because you</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:2:47"> kind of have to implement the stuff this is</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:2:50">part of the story that really makes me plush up my throat</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:2:53"> because every time you implement something you five</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:2:56"> years go away and you</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:2:59"> do learn something so but</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:3:2"> the important part here is that the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:3:5"> kind of the super basketball team the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:3:8">super sports team that's a real Research Center has people of every different</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:3:11"> kind of temperament and when</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:3:14"> they can work together you get this enormous synergy</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:3:17"> of talents and we have a</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:3:20"> couple here tonight that chuck was</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:3:23"> kind of the master hardware</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:3:26"> architect at Parc made</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:3:29"> these ideas and ideas of his ideas</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:3:32"> of Butler's real in such</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:3:35"> a way that we could actually try things out and Dan</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:3:38"> made a lot of these software ideas real</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:3:41">in such a way that we could actually try things out and under understand</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:3:44"> them and so I'll end this</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:3:47"> little context by</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:3:50"> just pointing out that whenever</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:3:53"> we honor somebody in our community the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:3:56">community we're actually honoring</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:3:59"> every single one of us because none</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:4:2"> of those ideas would have happened without this</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:4:5"> incredible intellectual environment</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:4:8"> and practical</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:4:11"> environment to have ideas and to</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:4:14"> bring them to life thank you very much</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:4:29">thanks very much Ellen</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:4:32"> and that 15 minutes did stretch beyond here</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:4:41">yeah yeah I was warned about this</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:4:44"> effect you warned me about it so</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:4:47"> just very quickly some quick introductions if that</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:4:50"> Chuck Thacker why don't you just</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:4:59">Chuck you</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:5:2"> saw Chuck in the and the slide show in his earlier days but</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:5:5"> he hasn't aged that much</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:5:8"> Chuck a close</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:5:11"> colleague of Alan's at Xerox</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:5:14"> PARC of the project leader of the alto</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:5:17"> computer the first personal computer</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:5:20"> co-inventor</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:5:23"> of Ethernet and it just it just it just</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:5:26">contributor</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:5:29"> to the laser printer laser</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:5:32">later worked at digital's Research Center</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:5:35"> and now works for</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:5:38"> Microsoft Research where he helped himself as</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:5:41"> a Cambridge lab he's now back in Pell in</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:5:44">Mountain View effect just across the street here and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:5:47"> he was the hardware designer of</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:5:50"> Microsoft's tablet PC</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:5:53"> which was the realization of all those years of</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:5:56"> dreaming of pen computing and finally</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:5:59">getting one that got in the market and actually sold</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:6:2"> well and proved that that idea was</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:6:5"> more than just a concept it was actually something could be achieved and you</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:6:8"> know when I asked Alan would</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:6:11"> look back on the 40 years and we've gone</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:6:14"> with this the decision of Dynabook what's the computer</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:6:17"> that's closest to your vision didn't hesitate for a second he</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:6:20"> said the exo computer from the one left her child</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:6:23"> organization and Mary Lou was</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:6:26">who designed that computers who looks great the cheese on stage</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:6:29"> here now she's a scientist an entrepreneur</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:6:32"> and inventor she's concentrated on advanced</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:6:35"> display technologies but her interests</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:6:38"> and skills go way beyond that</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:6:41"> zone for work with the OLPC co-founder</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:6:44">of the One Laptop Per child project along with with</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:6:47"> Nicholas Negroponte and the really</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:6:50"> there are lots of remarkable things about that machine but</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:6:53">I'll call out is the fact that they needed to have</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:6:56"> a machine that was very versatile very flexible</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:6:59"> could be and could be used in all sorts of situations lighting</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:7:2"> situations including outdoors and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:7:5"> she achieved that with a display on the on the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:7:8"> EXO computer so we're gonna have to</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:7:11">little discussion here I'm gonna ask some questions hopefully</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:7:14"> they'll be kind of like a conversation but on</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:7:17"> your seats there are some cards we'll</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:7:20">time at the end for some questions from the audience and so</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:7:23"> please pass them up to the people who</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:7:26"> collect them and we'll get some of those answers as well so</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:7:29"> very good</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:7:32"> all right Chuck</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:7:35"> that's your chance you know one</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:7:38"> of one of the great things I thought about the the contextual</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:7:41"> setting that how long did</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:7:44"> was it just showed all those threads that</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:7:47"> that kind of came together over those couple</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:7:50"> of decades that the that</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:7:53"> fed into his ideas invited a lot of people ideas</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:7:56">and there was this incredible fertile ground and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:7:59"> I think you know a lot of people know that it was a Xerox PARC in</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:8:2">the 60s it's so much of this came together we</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:8:5"> came from you know concepts</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:8:8">into some technologies that were really truly personal</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:8:11"> yeah seventy-five years yeah</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:8:14"> so</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:8:17"> anyway so what</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:8:20"> was it about that time and that place that</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:8:23"> made that possible well I think it was a it was</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:8:26">combination of things number one there was the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:8:29"> arbor community and our community I</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:8:32"> mean you can't quite understand how how it was</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:8:35"> in those days because it was actually possible</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:8:38">ssentially everybody in the field because</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:8:41"> it wasn't all that big and ARPA</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:8:44"> had had</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:8:47"> generated a style of doing research</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:8:50"> that was</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:8:53"> really quite effective and when</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:8:56"> Park was founded</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:8:59"> they were fortunate us to bring in Bob Taylor to</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:9:2"> run the computer science lab and he</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:9:5"> knew everybody so he could pick</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:9:8"> who he wanted and he did pick</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:9:11"> a lot of us so it's a pity that he isn't here</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:9:14"> tonight but he he's insist on staying upon</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:9:17"> his skill in Woodside but</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:9:20"> I think that yeah</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:9:23"> it was a it was a pretty collegial enterprise</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:9:26"> yeah there's almost kind</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:9:29"> of a middle ground between an</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:9:32"> academic kind of research and product developers</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:9:35"> well no we were much much more like academics than</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:9:38"> like product developers we really did not think</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:9:41"> of these things as products</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:9:44"> what we were doing was essentially the way I characterize</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:9:47"> it we were spending a lot of money to simulate the future</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:9:50"> and that's not the way you build a product right</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:9:53"> now</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:9:56"> you're at the opposite end of the spectrum we're</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:9:59"> taking these decades of technology</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:10:2"> and advancement all the tremendous work done by</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:10:5"> the Japanese on displays and trying to take</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:10:8"> that some of these machines we were looking before downstairs</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:10:11"> there was the note taker the side next to it</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:10:14">cost fifty thousand dollars to make this this one device</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:10:17"> and I think Doug said that it really wasn't quite</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:10:20"> that much but it still a tremendous amount a</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:10:23">expensive computer very expensive portable computer the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:10:26"> first one and you've made one that where</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:10:29"> the material cost I think is $180 so</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:10:32"> if you and and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:10:35"> but in a very collaborative kind</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:10:38">environment so if you would just talk about how you</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:10:41"> could have you guys worked kind</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:10:44"> of the other end of that almost like an open source</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:10:47"> project hardware and software right mostly</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:10:50"> some things are closed but well Allen came</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:10:53"> and he sort of said you know here's</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:10:56"> here's how it's got to work you know</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:10:59"> how do you make a hundred</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:11:2"> dollar laptop well if you look at the cost of the screen it's more</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:11:5"> than a hundred dollars and so you can start</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:11:8"> there and some Nicholas had started with a kind</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:11:11"> of a science project projector and I looked</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:11:14"> at that and I thought we got a ship the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:11:17"> kids are still kids were there it's about sin</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:11:20"> so that really bounded the project and so we</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:11:23"> just were able to bring in all sorts of people from all</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:11:26"> you know this was the chance we had</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:11:29"> a chance to everybody</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:11:32">came to the project had a chance to use their skills</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:11:35"> in a way not just to make another product but</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:11:38"> this product if we could pull it off could change the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:11:41"> world and so you think you work hard on any</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:11:44">product that you make but this product you don't stay</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:11:46"> up just one night two nights three nights you know just</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:11:49"> don't sleep for two years and I think that was the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:11:52"> the effort of a large number of</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:11:56"> extraordinary individuals that that came</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:11:58"> together to make it happen a lot of lots of different</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:12:1"> ideas yeah but but a focus when we got to</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:12:4"> ship this it's got actually work no no</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:12:7">yeah and I knew well you you</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:12:10"> clearly had a goal in terms of that kind of a hardware</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:12:13">spec kind of goal and price kind of goal but</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:12:16"> the but the but the main thing that was driving you was this desire</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:12:19"> to make an affordable and flexible computer</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:12:22"> for children I have a dramatic impact on that</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:12:25"> certainly that was what was been driving</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:12:28"> Alan all these years how did that</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:12:31"> kind of inform your engineering and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:12:34"> design decisions well</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:12:37"> you know a lot</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:12:40"> of people thought it was impossible but if you looked</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:12:43"> at the cost of you know super low cost CPUs they</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:12:46"> were available a lot of people</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:12:49"> came to the project AMD came to the project and and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:12:52"> really put forward a</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:12:55"> lot of companies put forward extraordinary price points</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:12:58"> and if you looked at you</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:13:1"> know the cost of Wi-Fi and come-come way down stuck</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:13:4"> with a screen problem of that being a hundred bucks so</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:13:7"> we had I designed a new screen in convince</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:13:10"> manufacturers to</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:13:13"></subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:13:16"></subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:13:19"> but really the way we did it</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:13:22"> was to not start with the engineering to</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:13:25"> really just think about it a long time</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:13:28"> a lot of thought a lot of going out talking to</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:13:31"> the countries convincing them that</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:13:34"> that they they believed us that we could</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:13:37">low-cost laptop and they said wow if he can do that why</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:13:40"> don't you come and talk to the press I'll buy two million</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:13:43"> of them and the president Lula da Silva did that first in</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:13:46"> Brazil and we went actually back to the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:13:49"> US after that and got</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:13:52"> calls from every other head of state in Latin America saying you</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:13:55"> know we were thinking you know when a</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:13:58"> lot of it was sort of getting</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:14:1"> the groundswell in the the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:14:4"> different heads of state throughout the world</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:14:7"> to say they would buy these laptops if they existed where</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:14:10"> when the manufacturers heard that they could fill</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:14:13"> their factories with this kind of volume they</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:14:16"> were interested and so we thought we'd</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:14:19"> pick a country in Latin America a country in Africa a</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:14:22">Middle East a country in Southeast Asia and so forth</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:14:25"> but when we took Brazil on as</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:14:28"> our country in Latin America</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:14:31">every other head of state in Latin America called us</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:14:34"> and said how can Brazil possibly represent us</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:14:37"> they</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:14:40"> don't even speak Spanish</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:14:43"> that's a good point</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:14:46"> okay</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:14:49"> that's right they do rot in and so</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:14:52"> that just shut I think almost after the UN summit</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:14:55"> on the digital divide where Kofi Annan unveiled</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:14:58"> our functional tethered prototype</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:15:1"> Allen was there and convinced</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:15:4"> us to actually have a motherboard underneath the table</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:15:7"> I think every head of state except for Miramar</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:15:10"> North Korea and Belgium had essentially</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:15:13"> signed on to the project that was enough to</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:15:16"> convince the manufacturers to work with us so they</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:15:19"> so the the XO was the closest thing to your</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:15:22"> vision of the Dynabook but the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:15:25"> data book is the you know the the computer</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:15:28">built the idea that was never built so why was</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:15:31"> it never built in spite of all these people</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:15:34"> really trying very hard to make</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:15:37"> it happen well I think</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:15:40"> you know in spite of the fact that I</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:15:43"> have a cardboard model and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:15:46"> drew pictures of it as</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:15:49"> I said to me it was a service idea</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:15:52"> and the four</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:15:55"> things that I put up in one of those</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:15:58"> slides near the end so we have to learn what</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:16:1"> our powerful ideas are and how to learn them how computers</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:16:4"> could help learn them what kind</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:16:7"> of mentoring can be done by humans and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:16:10">to do my computer</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:16:13"> those are the four things and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:16:16"> just working on the first two</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:16:19"> with our 90%</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:16:22"> success threshold for children led</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:16:25"> to 25 years of</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:16:28"> failure because we</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:16:31"> were paying for this research ourself</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:16:34">nobody would actually fund the children's</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:16:37"> research because we did these long projects</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:16:40"> and we</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:16:43"> didn't believe in most forms of the testing that are reported</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:16:46"> in educational literature and stuff so we wanted</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:16:49"> to actually convince ourselves that children were</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:16:52"> getting fluent and that 90% of them were getting fluid</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:16:55"> so by those criteria it was just one failure</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:16:58"> after another and but</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:17:1">basically after each one of these which would last</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:17:4"> five to ten years depending on the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:17:7"> effort we've learned something and about 10</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:17:10"> years ago one of the systems that we did</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:17:13"> started touching many more</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:17:16"> children with adult health in</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:17:19"> a much stronger way and so</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:17:22"> I think it's safe to say after 40 years the first</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:17:25"> two ideas</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:17:28"> and a little bit about what kind of human mentoring</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:17:31"> you need have been solved of the three things</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:17:34"> but boy when Nicholas started</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:17:37"> up the OLPC project my heart sunk</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:17:40">even</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:17:43"> as I supported it because</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:17:46"> mentoring if it's tough</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:17:49"> to get good human mentors in the United States it is really</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:17:52"> tough out in the third world and so</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:17:55"> for instance there doesn't exist today</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:17:58"> even the simplest</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:18:1"> program like</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:18:4">interface that's in common use today can even find</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:18:7"> out what its user is and what its user</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:18:10"> knows and what it can do or just the simplest things</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:18:13"> it can't find out what level of reading the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:18:16"> user do and help them do the next level of reading</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:18:19"> so if you think about the the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:18:22">common sense version of we did of McCarthy's idea</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:18:25"> of what you needed for a common sense was the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:18:28"> common sense of using the world so we</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:18:31"> made a relatively we made a world populated</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:18:34"> with objects that reacted to what humans did</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:18:37"> but they didn't interact very strongly whereas</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:18:40"> that isn't enough pure discovery</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:18:43">learning took us a hundred thousand years to get to</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:18:46"> science and so you actually need</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:18:49"> learning that is actually facilitated</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:18:52"> and if you can't make a</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:18:55"> thousand good teachers in a year to save</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:18:58">yourself you have to have a user interface that can do that</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:19:1"> to me that is and actually Danny Barbaro is</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:19:4"> here somewhere Danny was</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:19:7"> at parking known Danny for a thousand</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:19:10"> years and you guys were supposed</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:19:13"> to be doing this Danny what what happened</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:19:16"></subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:19:19"> yeah</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:19:22"> you can't don't evolve it</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:19:25"> invent it no but so the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:19:28"> this this dream of having a user</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:19:31"> interface that could facilitate is</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:19:34"> as old as artificial intelligence that's</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:19:37"> why I brought it up it is artificial</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:19:40"> but you know you could say robot</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:19:43"> yeah but what I'm saying is is that the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:19:46"> to me that was the thing we</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:19:49"> would have worked on it if we'd had even one good idea but</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:19:52"> I've never had a good AI idea in my entire career</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:19:55"> and so it's a different temperament</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:19:58"> a different kind of person and my thought was eventually</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:20:1"> they'll catch up at the past and we'll</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:20:4"> be able to actually make up for no teachers and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:20:7">make up for bad teachers at least we'll probably never do as</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:20:10"> well as a good teacher but we should</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:20:13"> be able to do something and so when the OLPC project</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:20:16"> started thinking oh my god we</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:20:19"> are lacking the one piece of the technology</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:20:22"> like if we could just ship that</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:20:25">with a simple program that would teach the children to learn how</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:20:28"> to in their native language that would be the killer</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:20:31"> app on that machine and wouldn't have to worry about anything</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:20:34"> else for a number of years but that</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:20:37"> technology doesn't really exist yes</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:20:40"> I know everybody has it's like</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:20:43"> it's like in the old days the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:20:46"> rule was everybody can make a one-inch</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:20:49"> square flat panel display and nobody can make a 5 inch</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:20:52"> square one still</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:20:55"> be so I'm just saying that it's it's</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:20:58"> that gap I believe that has to be bridged in</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:21:1"> order to fulfill the educational goals that the Dynabook has if</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:21:4"> you have to have some way of getting around the adults in</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:21:7"> the system that make educational reform difficult</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:21:10">hat's</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:21:13"> happening I mean here's the here's the day that prude</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:21:16">didn't believe that the kids could learn how to use the laptops</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:21:19"> themselves they did a couple pilots and Peru</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:21:22">measured themselves on a World Economic Forum study</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:21:25"> of primary school education throughout the world</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:21:28"> 142 countries participated in a study Peru</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:21:31"> came 140 second dead</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:21:34"> last but they said well you know at least we have a baseline</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:21:40">there are more than 200 countries in</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:21:43">world and so you know we're not that bad so they got</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:21:46"> the laptops they're in primary</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:21:49"> school education 15 1 5</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:21:52">of the children could pass reading comprehension tests</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:21:55"> at grade level and in the schools we</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:21:58"> put the OLPC xo1 to zero</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:22:1"> percent of the children could pass reading comprehension</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:22:4"> tests at grade level and they have</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:22:7"> they have scores three two one or zero this</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:22:10"> three is passing to is almost passing one</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:22:13"> and zero are self explanatory we</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:22:16"> went into schools where zero percent of the children</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:22:19"> could pass at grade three and they were all zeros</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:22:22"> or ones six months with the laptops</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:22:25"> 30 percent of the children got</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:22:28"> grade passed at the reading comprehension at</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:22:31"> grade level of at three forty percent</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:22:34"> of the got scores of two and the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:22:37"> rest were heroes one that was incredible and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:22:40">that wasn't perfect they could learn how to read and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:22:43"> it was a testing data we</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:22:46"> didn't actually expect this as a result</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:22:49">in fact we were sort of saying all while testing teaches the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:22:52"> test let's not do that but that was enough to convince Peru</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:22:55"> to buy four hundred thousand laptops and really deploy</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:22:58"> them across the country so it's working</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:23:1"> somehow we don't understand how but</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:23:4">you know when Nicolas started this project I said to</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:23:7"> him if nothing else it's likely</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:23:10"> to make this a topic of conversation</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:23:13"> now to actually bring the idea of a children's computer</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:23:16">topic and if you can get a bunch of other companies trying</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:23:19"> to compete with you in doing it that</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:23:22"> will be a wonderful result of</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:23:25"> the oil PC because that kind</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:23:28"> of competition is very</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:23:31"> often healthy for the genre and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:23:34"> I think there are at least seven</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:23:37"> vendors now they're making machines</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:23:40"> that they claim or aimed at children one way or</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:23:43"> another and are less expensive and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:23:46"> the stuff that powers education</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:23:49"> is the software that can ride on these machines</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:23:52"> and so just like laptops became a category after</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:23:55"> awhile I think more and more people are</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:23:58"> thinking about this who maybe not have</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:24:1">children's best interests in mind but just think of it as another marketing</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:24:4"> area that draw it can drive some good things</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:24:7"> and so I believe this whole thing</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:24:10"> is a step forward and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:24:13"> I still think there's a ways to go before</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:24:16"> the thing I haven't done is escalated</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:24:19"> the goals of the Dynabook from</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:24:22"> back then because the of course</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:24:25"> the the goodness of displays and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:24:28"> the size of the memory and the speed of the processors is far far</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:24:31"> far beyond anything I postulated</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:24:34"> back then but doesn't actually matter to</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:24:37">that makes some of these goals a little easier but</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:24:40"> the problem is these goals are actually things</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:24:43"> require invention and so they're only facilitated</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:24:46"> by technology not they're not brought</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:24:49"> forth by it automatically you</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:24:52"> you know Xerox PARC days</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:24:55"> through most of your career very</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:24:58"> you know you're an academic type researcher</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:25:1"> yet it was you and other</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:25:4"> people bert healy by feeling</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:25:7"> and I think also Lampson at</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:25:10"> Microsoft Research a little bit he who made</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:25:13"> who made the tablet happen and you know this is an incredible thing you know early</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:25:16"> 90s John doar or some of these others</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:25:19"> who kind of whipped this excitement up around that the pen</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:25:22"> computing also Apple I'm involved in it</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:25:25"> really collapsed at</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:25:28"> that time because partly because handwriting</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:25:31">just wasn't good enough but you guys came back</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:25:34"> a decade later and made</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:25:37"> it happen so so what's the thing that what</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:25:40">was different about a decade later that that could wasn't</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:25:43"> just the technology resembled it's Moore's</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:25:46"> law and that's all it all that it is and that in</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:25:49"> 1999 it was possible to build</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:25:52"> a processor that dissipated less than five watts</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:25:55"> it was not the geode that's in the oil</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:25:58"> PC it was a transmitter processor and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:26:1"> with that and a modest modest</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:26:4"> sized battery you could get you know essentially all day all</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:26:7"> day life and we actually showed this machine</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:26:10"> to Alan I took it down to Glendale when</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:26:13"> we got the first prototype and I had</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:26:16"> loaded squeak which was the system alan alluded to upon</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:26:19"> it and Dan Ingalls grabbed it out of my hand</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:26:22">started running a benchmark and he said this is a fast computer</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:26:25"> and I said yeah that's a pretty fast computer</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:26:28"> that prototype is nicer than any</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:26:31"> of this commercial versions</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:26:34"> and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:26:37"> yes handwriting recognition is</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:26:40"> bad but you can do exactly the trick that that Alan alluded</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:26:43">to in the talk you don't do the recognition initially</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:26:46"> you do it in a background thread and and you fire</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:26:49"> off strokes as you get them and it all works just</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:26:52"> fine I have built that system unfortunately you</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:26:55"> can't quite get it on on</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:26:58"> the current tablet PCs but I think</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:27:1"> we're getting there and there are some fine</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:27:4"> new pieces of silicon out there in the world</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:27:7"> ideas are so easy because</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:27:10"> they have no mass and they're not affected by gravity</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:27:13"> right exactly</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:27:16">we</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:27:19"> have several questions here talked</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:27:22">about here question was what hardware limitations</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:27:25"> still remains whether</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:27:28"> the battery life that would you most like to see overcome</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:27:31"> well the the problem that</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:27:34"> I see in these devices for children is</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:27:37">that you would that you would really think of very much</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:27:40"> its ruggedness and I guarantee</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:27:43"> you that if you drop one of these things</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:27:46"> it will break</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:27:49"></subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:27:52"></subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:27:55"> well I actually know a</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:27:58"> small company in in Palo Alto that</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:28:1"> I like I got to design a thing that was we've</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:28:4"> actually looked at this idea too about how to build low-cost</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:28:7"> computers for children and and yes</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:28:10"> we came up with a number 185 dollars to</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:28:13"> but</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:28:16"> the I was very worried about the ruggedness</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:28:19"> of the liquid crystal displays now you could make them out of plastic</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:28:22"> but that's you know that's a tough thing to do right</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:28:25"> now manufacturers much rather make</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:28:28">of glass and the problem is when they make it they build</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:28:31"> incredible stresses into it and so if you drop</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:28:34"> it and it means a little bit then you got a stress</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:28:37">crack propagating right through the cover plate and I've</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:28:40"> I've broken laptops displays and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:28:43"> probably many of you have too and we could not</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:28:46"> tolerate that in a machine that's going to be used by children because</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:28:49"> children use their their</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:28:52"> school objects for many different purposes including</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:28:55"> as weapons fact</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:28:58"> one of the things we did it at Utah with</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:29:1"> the cardboard because when I was a kid we used to</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:29:4"> hit waiting for the school bus we used to hit baseballs with our</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:29:7"> schoolbooks yep exactly so 700</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:29:10"> G's we tested the exo</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:29:13"> for that and five foot shocks</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:29:16"> well I I was</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:29:19"> interested in this question and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:29:22"> so I went and I Ivan I'm not</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:29:25"> a mechanical engineer so I I went and hired one and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:29:28"> they built one for me that</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:29:31"> was they used</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:29:34"> some secret sauce but they called me up a couple of days later</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:29:37"> and they said Chuck were not going</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:29:40"> to be able to get the drop tests finished</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:29:43">time we said and I said what's the matter and he said well</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:29:46"> the idea here was this machine unlike the XO has</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:29:49"> a case that is an integral shock</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:29:52"> control thing the case is actually made out of an elastomer</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:29:55"> and the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:29:58"> display is supported in such a way that it can't bend</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:30:1"> or without adding hundreds of G's</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:30:4">and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:30:7"> they said well the problem is every time we drop it from a</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:30:10"> nut from an altitude of a foot higher we have to</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:30:13">take it all apart because it gotta live it up and we got to look at the display</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:30:16">carefully magnifiers to see if it's broken and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:30:19"> he said and we're up to ten feet and we're out of a light out</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:30:22"> of ladders so if you need</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:30:25"> a highly ruggedized laptop I know someone</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:30:28"> who knows how to make it my</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:30:31"> research the first think pad was</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:30:34"> actually a tablet and it was made for</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:30:37"> with the idea of field service you know</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:30:40"> technicians and things like this and also insurance</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:30:43"> adjusters oh yeah when we got into the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:30:46">tablet business we knew immediately that we were going to</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:30:49"> get 200,000 units a year and that was quite</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:30:52"> predictable because all the previous tablets</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:30:55">had the resistive digitizers would go over to a more standard</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:30:58"> thing and they all have this Atlantic</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:31:1"> thought that they so they I think it was nation</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:31:4">something the adjustments would take you things on the field and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:31:7"> the first thing they would do when they wanted</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:31:10">of kneel down and write something as they would put they</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:31:13"> would actually put the computer down and kneel on it</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:31:16"> so</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:31:19">they busted a bunch of screens that way you</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:31:22"> know I wanted to ask me you know you're you're doing a lot of work with</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:31:25">is place now that's really I understand the focus</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:31:28"> of pixel Qi so what's your</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:31:31"> vision of what you've wait where you can take the the work you</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:31:34">with the XO and One Laptop show what were you taking</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:31:37"> that now it goes back to</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:31:40">the question that was just asked neglecting power consumption</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:31:43"> that is the thing that we care about is battery life and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:31:46"> it feeds into everything</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:31:49"> it feeds into robustness it feeds into use K feeds</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:31:52"> into the fan noise everything and so in the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:31:55"> limit I just</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:31:58"> think why is there a motherboard why is there a CPU</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:32:1"> why isn't the laptop just a screen with it with some kind</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:32:4">wireless and cloud computing so physically all the circuitry</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:32:7"> is in the screen your time or in the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:32:10"> so what what</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:32:13"> we're focused on is really</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:32:16"> trying the screen is by far</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:32:19"> the most expensive part of a portable</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:32:22"> and the most power hungry and the second most</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:32:25"> expensive part of a portable is the battery</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:32:28"> and so if you want to</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:32:31"> to work better portables I think</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:32:34"> somebody's got</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:32:37">and I think most</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:32:40"> people when they're designing hardware don't even consider</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:32:43"> this screen really part of the hardware</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:32:46"> anymore so anyway I know a lot about screens</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:32:49"> and I've convinced the LCD manufacturers</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:32:52"> to work with me we're working with about 30% of the worldwide</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:32:55"> LCD capacity sort of saying you know it's</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:32:58"> kind of like CMOS TFT</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:33:1"> LCD if you want there's all these sort of visions</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:33:4"> of the future and display as well and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:33:7"> very few of them get into mass production</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:33:10"> when they even starts a sample</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:33:13"> that the patents have expired and I think it's</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:33:16"> like 20-30 years ago face it CMOS one forget</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:33:19"> the silicon and Sapphire gallium arsenide very good for</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:33:22"> niche stuff but if you want to</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:33:25"> make stuff that actually ships you</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:33:28"> know there are six masks on top of an amorphous</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:33:31">is amorphous silicon you can make things so we're</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:33:34"> focused on that making sunlight-readable splays displays</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:33:37"> from reading things like that but</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:33:40"> the XO is the first part of that it's</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:33:43"> the only sunlight readable screen in a laptop right</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:33:46"> now it's also a 1 watt laptop the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:33:49"> laptop battery lasts for 20 hours and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:33:52"> we made it for yeah poor kids</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:33:55"> in the developing world but you guys can all buy</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:33:58"> one starting November 17th and they give one get one program</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:34:1"> sorry I had to plug it but um</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:34:4"> you know you can get one too if</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:34:7"> you if you buy two you have to give one to a kid in a</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:34:10"> refugee camp but you can get one it's left</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:34:13">discussion</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:34:16"> is the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:34:19"> computer as a as a empowering device for children</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:34:22"> we don't have too many children in the audience today</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:34:25"> but there must be but there must have been</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:34:28"> at least one because this one</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:34:31">says though you may not have noticed there is representation</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:34:34"> from the younger generation in the audience where</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:34:37"> oh you left okay</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:34:40"> all right so they went to bed so here's the question having</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:34:43"> seen the whole spectrum of computing so far what is your</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:34:46"> message to the younger generation</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:34:49"></subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:34:52"> learn everything you can</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:34:55"> forget it and just smell the perfume</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:35:4">that you have</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:35:7"> to learn everything you can but</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:35:10"> you can't take it first order seriously</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:35:13"> in order to think you</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:35:16">has it has to be there where you can draw on it rather than it running</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:35:19"> you around I think that the secret</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:35:22"> of getting educated is</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:35:25"> being able to use the knowledge rather than</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:35:28"> having the knowledge use you that's that's the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:35:31">and one of the biggest problems with a lot</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:35:34"> of the youngsters doing computing today it's they turned</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:35:37"> it into more like a pop culture where</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:35:40"> and I've said to them on many occasions</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:35:43"> is you could very well be smarter than the smartest person</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:35:46"> back in the 60s and the 70s but you're not smarter</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:35:49"> than a hundred of them and the 16 the 7</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:35:52"> is very interesting because that was where aggregates</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:35:55"> of very smart people in 20s 30s</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:35:58"> and a hundreds did things</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:36:1"> that no single smart person could</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:36:4">o and they did things of a different kind than most</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:36:7"> of the stuff that's being done in computing today which</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:36:10"> i think is hugely incremental and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:36:13"> there are some even some good reasons for the incremental</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:36:16"> ISM but a lot of the incrementalism is just</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:36:19"> because people are more interested in novelty</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:36:22">actually in getting above</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:36:25"> some important threshold and the way to get beyond</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:36:28"> novelty like Cicero said</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:36:31"> the person who knows only his own generation remains</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:36:34"> forever a child so</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:36:37"> the way to get out out of that and I I would</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:36:40"> say one of the things that was interesting about that time Chuck</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:36:43"> can comment but cool thing was you couldn't get an</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:36:46"> undergraduate degree in computing back then it was</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:36:49"> so good you had to learn</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:36:52"> something and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:36:55"> so everybody in</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:36:58"> the ARPA community had gotten an undergraduate degree or master's</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:37:1"> degree or some of them even PhDs or or not</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:37:4"> but basically they had mastered something that was an</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:37:7"> existing discipline that was really hard where the thresholds</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:37:10"> were very strict and didn't matter where there was physics like with</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:37:13"> Butler electrical engineering or mathematics and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:37:16"> everybody had a I think a really good</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:37:19"> detector for what was</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:37:22"> just playing what was just a or guitar in computing</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:37:31">uitar</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:37:34"> hero machines including in Microsoft Research</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:37:37"> I notice now yes yeah oh yeah this is one</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:37:40"> outside very close to your office could be alright</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:37:43">look like you were about to say something what's your message well</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:37:46"> young people I</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:37:49"></subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:37:52"></subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:37:55"> outside I'm not sure exactly I would give this man</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:37:58"> one of the things that I've that I'm very</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:38:1"> worried about is that there</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:38:4"> are a couple things that are happening in our society</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:38:7"> this is this is an interesting</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:38:10"> thing I've been trying to fact out my wife told me this that</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:38:13">had read somewhere that there was a study done of the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:38:16"> vocabulary of graduates she fought from middle</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:38:19">but it might have been from grammar school in</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:38:22"> about 2008</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:38:25"> now and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:38:28"> 20 years ago and the answer was</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:38:31"> that the vocabularies of kids have dropped</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:38:34"> substantially more</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:38:37"> so than then I think you could you</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:38:40"> could account</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:38:43"> for you know people just aren't getting are</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:38:46">you know we're not putting anything in the water but</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:38:49"> we also see you know there's a rise with things</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:38:52"> like attention deficit disorder and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:38:55"> a lot of that I think comes from</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:38:58"> things like television</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:39:1"> we did a lot of study on</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:39:4"> how to help use computers to</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:39:7"> help kids learn how to read and we</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:39:10"> finally decided that the only thing that we</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:39:13"> could possibly do that might work and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:39:16"> and this is in the u.s.</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:39:19"> now this is not in Peru where they maybe want</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:39:22">it's</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:39:25"> in the US where they would much rather watch television the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:39:28"> only thing that we could possibly figure that would</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:39:31">rag the kid away from the television when their parents weren't</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:39:34"> there because that's the norm now</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:39:37"> and it wasn't 40 or 50 years ago is use</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:39:40"> videogames and so we tried to develop a</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:39:43"> system that combined both good pedagogy and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:39:46"> an experience that the kid would actually enjoy we</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:39:49"> failed but when</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:39:52"> I told Alan that we were doing this kind of thing he said he</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:39:55">you're gonna try to teach kids to read and I said yeah and he said I'd</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:39:58"> never do that it's way too hard and he was right</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:40:1"> you know I one</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:40:4"> of the messages I would give to young people is</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:40:7"> on occasion and maybe frequently</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:40:10"> leave your computer behind and just go for a walk and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:40:13"> and don't plug your iPhone in your ears either just</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:40:16"> like start to have some some sensory experiences</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:40:19"> with the world around you how</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:40:22"> many of you are without your iPod</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:40:25"> right now</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:40:28"> without</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:40:31"> and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:40:34"> this is an audience filled of filled</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:40:37"> with the elderly and only I don't</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:40:40"> have them I don't have one like and to</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:40:43"> think you used to be one day</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:40:46"> I</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:40:49"> was only here for about one year 1968</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:40:52"> last word</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:40:55"> generation</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:40:58"> it reminds me of this is very short story but</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:41:1"> I was with Alan and Nicholas and in Tunisia northern</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:41:4"> Africa a couple years ago and after</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:41:7"> a grueling week we went to a Roman</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:41:10"> ruins and dukkha and Alan</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:41:13"> pointed to this rot in the road</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:41:16">that had been made by the carriage is being pulled over</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:41:19"> the road for centuries and said he'd</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:41:22"> buy lunch for anybody that could say</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:41:25"> what the rut in the road was and I</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:41:28"> was I'm tired I don't know it give up</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:41:31"> but what's the name of the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:41:34"> rut in the Rhode Island the rut</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:41:37"> in the road which is actually not worn by chariots for centuries</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:41:40"> but was cut there for the chariots</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:41:43"> is curriculum</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:41:46"></subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:41:49"> that</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:41:52"> is where our modern and you can look at</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:41:55"> it as a bad thing and is a good thing you</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:41:58"> know basically it meant the way towards</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:42:1"> where you're trying to go the path that you take</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:42:4"> to get there that's what it was and it came from</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:42:7"> that rut in the road which by the way was</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:42:10"> interestingly reversed and became</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:42:13"> if you measure some of the ones that error then roman</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:42:16"> ruins you'll find the gauges of some of the railroads</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:42:19"> in Europe are exactly that with</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:42:22"></subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:42:25"> try</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:42:28"> to take that story I'm suggesting</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:42:34">just a few quick things to close up</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:42:37"> Ellen I got a text from Cicero</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:42:40"> he said you didn't quite have that quote right but</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:42:43"> we're going to have it checked and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:42:46">in the interest of protecting the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:42:49"> museum's reputation at the expense of my own let</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:42:52"> me just say I blew the quote it's right downstairs</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:42:55"> and I just want to</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:42:58"> Cicero quote I was trying to</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:43:1"> modernize it and remove gender from it</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:43:4"> okay</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:43:7"> only his own generation</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:43:10"> remains forever a child that's great</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:43:13"> that's fantastic let's</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:43:16"> let me just the Steve Allen had the very good suggestion</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:43:19"> that everybody who was involved with the Dynamo project at</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:43:22"> ARPA Park everybody who was involved in ARPA and</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:43:25"> Park in the audience okay please</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:43:28"> stand up so we can recognize you</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:43:31"> wonderful thank</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:43:46">second</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:43:49"> Steve's book is going to be on sale in the</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:43:52"> lobby at the front desk afterwards so please</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:43:55"> check that out I want to invite you on Thursday</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:43:58"> November 20th if you can make it to one of our lunch</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:44:1"> hail to the historian series Steve</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:44:4"> Blank talking about secrets of Silicon Valley so</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:44:7"> if you can make that we'd really love to have you and please join me in thanking</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:44:10"> everyone who is involved tonight Alan</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:44:13"> shock Mary Lewis Lee thank you very much</subtitle>
+<subtitle id="1:44:19">ave a safe trip home everyone</subtitle>